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306:. He later said that he thought Communism was related to "a wild and vaguely defined phenomenon going on in a primitive country thousands of miles away." For other Americans, the economic crisis challenged faith in capitalism. A week before Christmas 1932, Gold was laid off by the sugar company. Both Harry and his father Sam looked for work each morning, to no avail. The Gold family faced economic ruin.
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Unable to make the $ 100,000 bail, Gold was jailed for 7 and a half months before his trial. In 1951, he was convicted and sentenced to 30 years' imprisonment. In May 1965, one of his appeals resulted in his being paroled for good behavior after serving less than half that time. He was also credited
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In the early 20th century, immigrant groups in
Philadelphia clashed over territory; Gold as a boy in the neighborhood suffered with this, especially since he was small and slight, and non-athletic. His father complained of discrimination by newly hired Italian immigrants at the Victor Company, where
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In 1917, Goldâs mother had another son, named Yussel (Joseph) after a grandfather. Neighbors on Philip Street later described the Gold family as unusually quiet and stand-offish, but Harry Gold said he had a happy and secure childhood. He greatly enjoyed learning and was a good student in school. To
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and chose to go into woodworking. He became a carpenter. Henrich's mother, Celia, first emigrated from central occupied
Ukraine (annexed lands of the Russian Empire) as a teenager to Paris, where she studied dentistry. She supported the Zionist movement. After running out of money, she took a job in
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Gold was offered a job by Tom Black, a former classmate, at the
Holbrook Manufacturing Company in Jersey City. Black befriended him and tried to recruit Gold to the Communist Party. Grateful to Black for his friendship and a chance to work, Gold reluctantly became involved. But he continued to hold
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to the Soviet Union, which had then been a US ally. Fuchs denied working with other spies, except for a courier who collected information from him. When initially shown photographs of suspects, including Gold, Fuchs refused to identify him. After prompting by the prosecution, he identified Gold.
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views against the Party. When Gold found that the PA Sugar
Company was hiring at the same salary he was making, he decided to return to the company, Philadelphia, and his family. Black visited Gold and his family, all the while encouraging him to attend communist meetings and join the party.
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suggested they shorten their surname to Gold, to which they agreed. In the United States, the boy became known as Harry. They first went to
Chicago, where Sam worked in a coalyard and Celia in a tobacco factory, both limited by their lack of English. After a year, they left. Sam went to
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he was one of the few Jews. In the mid-1920s an Irish foreman tried to drive him out of the factory, but he persisted. Gold admired his father's stoicism but resented the conflicts and developed a desire to fight prejudice. He had an early interest in chemistry and graduated from
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While seeking other positions, Gold found employment at the
Pennsylvania Sugar Company. Employment there provided economic security and the opportunity to work with college-educated chemists in state-of-the art labs. He saved money from his work and attended the
403:, who were also charged with conspiracy to commit espionage. Gold cooperated and was a prosecution witness in the trial of the Rosenbergs, as was Greenglass. The latter's testimony contributed to their convictions and death sentences; they were executed.
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After the war, tensions increased between the US and the Soviet Union following its takeover of territory in
Eastern Europe. Communist governments led East Germany, Poland, Yugoslavia, and other eastern nations dominated by the Soviet Union. The
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supplement Sam's modest earnings, Celia taught Hebrew and
Yiddish to neighborhood children, and was considered an excellent teacher. She expanded the lessons with Jewish folklore and Hebrew literature.
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Gold was arrested that year. Under interrogation by US law enforcement officials, he admitted that he had been involved in espionage since 1934 and had helped Fuchs pass classified documents from the
244:, where he had some relatives. Celia took their son to Philadelphia, where her brother Shama had settled. When the shipyard job and conditions in Norfolk did not work out, Sam joined them in
399:. Greenglass worked as a machinist at the Manhattan Project and had also passed material to Gold. Greenglass's cooperation resulted in the 1950 arrest of his sister Ethel and her husband
379:, an NKVD agent, was arrested in England and charged with espionage. Fuchs confessed that while working in the United States during World War II, he had passed information about the
227:, where his father was a successful merchant. He was sent to Switzerland for additional schooling, as opportunities for Jews were limited in Russia, but he was influenced by reading
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After high school graduation, Gold was offered a job by one of his fatherâs acquaintances at
Giftcrafters, a woodworking firm in the northern Kensington section of the city.
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in 1915 in the Jewish section. Ethnic Irish occupied territory to the north, and
Italians to the west. After some other jobs, Sam found work as a cabinetmaker at the
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Cold War International History Project (CWIHP) Full text of Alexander Vassiliev's notebooks, including more information on Gold's involvement in espionage.
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When Heinrich was 4, his family immigrated to the United States, seeking more opportunity. After they arrived at New York in July 1914, an agent at
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U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act, 84th Cong., 2d sess.
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203:, he found work and finished his degree in chemistry at night. He returned to work as a clinical chemist after release from prison.
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Allen Hornblum's book: "The invisible Harry Gold : the man who gave the Soviets the atom bomb" (Yale University Press, 2010)
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In 1934, Gold started passing industrial secrets to Black from the sugar company. During this time, Gold also attended
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Gold had expressed interest in the Socialist Party early in life, influenced by his mother, and the family bought the
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Alexander Vassiliev's Notes on Anatoly Gorsky's December 1948 Memo on Compromised American Sources and Networks
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395:. Gold's confession identified many other people connected to the espionage network and led to the arrest of
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164:, December 11, 1910 â August 28, 1972) was a Swiss-born American laboratory chemist who was convicted as a
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recruited Gold to be a spy for the Soviet Union, but Golos was not a recruited agent of the
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Annotated bibliography for Harry Gold from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
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Hoover, J. Edgar (May 1951). "The Crime of the Century: the Case of the A-Bomb Spies".
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Gold returned to Philadelphia. He worked as a clinical chemist in the pathology lab of
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a cigar factory in Bern, where she met Samson. They married around 1907 or 1908.
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438:(1995), includes information about Harry Gold and his role in Soviet espionage.
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was unfolding, and he returned to Pennsylvania Sugar to help his family.
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The Invisible Harry Gold: The Man Who Gave the Soviets the Atom Bomb,
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The Invisible Harry Gold: The Man Who Gave the Soviets the Atom Bomb
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Bomb: The Race to Buildâand Stealâthe World's Most Dangerous Weapon
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180:. Gold served as a government witness and testified in the case of
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Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations,
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Harry Gold testimony, April 26, 1956, part 20, and 1020, both in
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and was then part of the Russian Empire. Samson had grown up in
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An Interactive Rosenberg Espionage Ring Timeline and Archive
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Semenov remained Gold's control officer until March 1944.
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full time from 1930 to 1932 before his money ran out. The
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American people convicted of spying for the Soviet Union
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Heinrich Golodnitsky was born on December 11, 1910, in
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710:, Roaring Brook Press, 2012; YA non-fiction book
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215:to Samson and Celia (Ominsky) Golodnitsky, both
364:between the US and the Soviet Union had begun.
138:Conspiracy to commit espionage (50 U.S.C. § 32)
653:Scope of Soviet Activity in the United States,
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550:Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. pp. 83â84.
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344:appropriated Gold from Golos for use by the
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19:For other people named Harry Gold, see
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1641:South Philadelphia High School alumni
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685:Lamphere, Robert and Shachtman, Tom.
451:Steve Sheinkin's book, "Bomb" (2014)
296:Great Depression, work, and espionage
1631:Swiss emigrants to the United States
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575:. Harvard University Press. p.
469:. Most known information about Gold.
624:"1972 Death of Harry Gold Revealed"
622:Alden Whitman (February 14, 1974).
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567:Williams, Robert Chadwell (1987).
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601:"Interview with Robert Lamphere"
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270:South Philadelphia High School
254:Victor Talking Machine Company
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44:Gold after his arrest by the
1530:Vladimir Mikhaylovich Petrov
689:New York: Random House, 1986
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172:passing atomic secrets from
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191:, to parents from the
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571:Klaus Fuchs: Atom Spy
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147:30 years imprisonment
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303:Jewish Daily Forward
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1114:Clayton J. Lonetree
1054:David Sheldon Boone
976:Alexander Ulanovsky
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671:Hornblum, Allen M.
339:Soviet Case Officer
337:In the late 1940s,
162:Henrich Golodnitsky
57:Henrich Golodnitsky
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1370:Michael John Smith
1104:Andrew Daulton Lee
1094:Robert Lee Johnson
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841:Whittaker Chambers
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528:Alan M. Hornblum,
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702:978-1-929631-75-9
681:978-0-300-15676-8
416:Har Nebo Cemetery
389:Manhattan Project
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189:Bern, Switzerland
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1477:SanzĆ Nosaka
1433:Elena Miller
1390:John Vassall
1365:Goronwy Rees
1320:George Blake
1302:Konon Molody
1287:Morris Cohen
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1190:Anna Chapman
1109:Robert Lipka
1099:Karl Koecher
1049:Aldrich Ames
1011:Maria Wicher
951:Vincent Reno
946:Lee Pressman
931:Victor Perlo
926:William Perl
916:Boris Morros
911:Hede Massing
901:George Koval
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851:Morris Cohen
831:Earl Browder
759:Find a Grave
728:, retrieved
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605:. Retrieved
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480:Atomic Spies
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170:Soviet Union
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83:(1972-08-28)
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1601:1972 deaths
1596:1910 births
1555:Herman Simm
1540:Alfred Redl
1496:Elsewhere /
1395:Arthur Wynn
1335:Klaus Fuchs
1325:David Crook
1249:Guy Burgess
1178:Post-Soviet
1069:Jack Dunlap
1044:Rudolf Abel
1016:Nathan Witt
991:Harold Ware
966:Saville Sax
896:Donald Hiss
866:Klaus Fuchs
836:Boris Bukov
508:Golodnitzki
377:Klaus Fuchs
333:rezidentura
328:Jacob Golos
229:Leo Tolstoy
174:Klaus Fuchs
1590:Categories
1282:Lona Cohen
1264:Kim Philby
1139:Myra Soble
1134:Jack Soble
876:Harry Gold
861:Noel Field
846:Lona Cohen
755:Harry Gold
491:References
207:Early life
158:Harry Gold
63:1910-12-11
32:Harry Gold
1448:Fred Rose
1355:John Peet
1292:Ethel Gee
936:J. Peters
821:Joel Barr
801:In the US
730:April 21,
603:. PBS.org
434:'s book,
381:atom bomb
375:In 1950,
350:GUS, GOS,
325:spymaster
272:in 1929.
1418:Sam Carr
1036:Cold War
816:John Abt
474:See also
362:Cold War
187:Born in
168:for the
120:Deceased
1225:In the
633:July 7,
221:Ukraine
166:courier
1410:Canada
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354:GOOSE.
217:Jewish
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225:Smila
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698:ISBN
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635:2008
609:2014
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463:ISBN
453:ISBN
443:ISBN
346:NKVD
322:NKVD
78:Died
53:Born
1457:In
1408:In
757:at
577:196
418:in
352:or
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46:FBI
1592::
1227:UK
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