Harriet Jacobs - Knowledge

6011: 2340: 2161: 2282:, published in 1852, had become an instant bestseller, was going to England. Jacobs then asked Cornelia Willis to propose to Stowe that Jacobs's daughter Louisa accompany her to England and tell the story during the journey. In reply, Stowe forwarded the story outline to Willis and declined to let Louisa join her, citing the possibility of Louisa being spoiled by too much sympathy shown to her in England. Jacobs felt betrayed because her employer thus came to know about the parentage of her children, which was the cause for Jacobs feeling ashamed. In a letter to Post, she analyzed the racist thinking behind Stowe's remark on Louisa with bitter irony: "what a pity we poor blacks cant have the firmness and stability of character that you white people have." In consequence, Jacobs gave up the idea of enlisting Stowe's help. 2070:

Harriet Jacobs decided to escape. A white woman, who was a slaveholder herself, hid her at great personal risk in her house. After a short time, Jacobs had to hide in a swamp near the town, and at last she found refuge in a "tiny crawlspace" under the roof of her grandmother's house. The "garret" was only 9 feet (3 m) by 7 feet (2 m) and 3 feet (1 m) at its highest point. The impossibility of bodily exercise caused health problems which she still felt while writing her autobiography many years later. She bored a series of small holes into the wall, thus creating an opening approximately an inch square that allowed fresh air and some light to enter and that allowed her to see out. The light was barely sufficient to sew and to read the Bible and newspapers.

225: 2560: 316: 2708:. In 1873, her brother John S. returned to the U.S. together with his English wife, their son Joseph and two stepchildren to live close to his sister in Cambridge. He died in December of the same year, 1873. In 1877 Harriet and Louisa Jacobs moved to Washington, D.C., where Louisa hoped to get work as a teacher. However, she found work only for short periods. Mother and daughter again took to keeping a boarding house, until in 1887/88 Harriet Jacobs became too sick to continue with the boarding house. Mother and daughter took on odd jobs and were supported by friends, among them Cornelia Willis. Harriet Jacobs died on March 7, 1897, in Washington, D.C., and was buried at 40: 2082:

thus frustrating Norcom's plan for revenge. In her autobiography, Jacobs accuses Sawyer of not having kept his promise to legally manumit their children. Still, Sawyer allowed his enslaved children to live with their great-grandmother Molly Horniblow. After Sawyer married in 1838, Jacobs asked her grandmother to remind him of his promise. He asked and obtained Jacobs's approval to send their daughter to live with his cousin in Brooklyn, New York, where slavery had already been abolished. He also suggested sending their son to the Free States. While locked in her cell, Jacobs could often observe her unsuspecting children.

2359:. Brown, who was executed in December, was considered a martyr and hero by many abolitionists, among them Harriet Jacobs, who added a tribute to Brown as the final chapter to her manuscript. She then sent the manuscript to publishers Phillips and Samson in Boston. They were ready to publish it under the condition that either Nathaniel Parker Willis or Harriet Beecher Stowe would supply a preface. Jacobs was unwilling to ask Willis, who held pro-slavery views, but she asked Stowe, who declined. Soon after, the publishers failed, thus frustrating Jacobs's second attempt to get her story printed. 2446: 2458: 2030: 2140:, the home of Mary Stace Willis's sister and her husband Reverend William Vincent, while Willis went to London and to the Continent. In her autobiography, she reflects on the experiences made during the journey: She did not notice any sign of racism, which often embittered her life in the US. In consequence of this, she gained a new access to her Christian faith. At home, Christian ministers treating blacks with contempt or even buying and selling slaves had been an obstacle to her spiritual life. 2074: 9429: 2620: 267: 2110: 2286: 2762:. Yellin also conceived of the idea of the Harriet Jacobs Papers Project. In 2000, an advisory board for the project was established, and after funding was awarded, the project began on a full-time basis in September 2002. Of the approximately 900 documents by, to, and about Harriet Jacobs, her brother John S. Jacobs, and her daughter Louisa Matilda Jacobs amassed by the Project, over 300 were published in 2008 in a two volume edition entitled 2689: 2605: 258:

without the knowledge of Harriet's master, Norcom. Harriet was convinced that her father should have been called Jacobs because his father was Henry Jacobs, a free white man. After Harriet's mother died, her father married a free African American. The only child from that marriage, Harriet's half brother, was called Elijah after his father and always used Knox as his family name, which was the name of his father's enslaver.

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brother John, her grandmother Molly Horniblow and Molly's son Mark. Being sold at public auction was a traumatic experience for twelve-year old John. Friends of hers bought Molly Horniblow and Mark with money Molly had been working hard to save over the many years of her servitude at the tavern. Afterwards Molly Horniblow was set free, and her own son Mark became her slave. Because of legal restrictions on

2802:, published in 2016, said: "Harriet Jacobs is a big referent for the character of Cora", the heroine of the novel. Cora has to hide in a place in the attic of a house in Jacobs's native North Carolina, where like Jacobs she is not able to stand, but like her can observe the outside life through a hole that "had been carved from the inside, the work of a previous occupant" (p. 185). 2551:, consisting of black soldiers led by white officers. Since the Lincoln administration had declined to use African American soldiers only a few months past, this was a highly symbolic event. Jacobs expressed her joy and pride in a letter to Lydia Maria Child: "How my heart swelled with the thought that my poor oppressed race were to strike a blow for freedom !" 2568:

supported a project conceived by the black community in 1863 to found a new school. In the fall of 1863 her daughter Louisa Matilda who had been trained as a teacher, came to Alexandria in the company of Virginia Lawton, a black friend of the Jacobs family. After some struggle with white missionaries from the North who wanted to take control of the school, the

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sister's book) mentions Edenton as his birthplace and uses the correct given names, but abbreviates most family names. So Dr. Norcom is "Dr. Flint" in Harriet's book, but "Dr. N-" in John's. An author's name is not given on the title page, but the "Preface by the author" is signed "Linda Brent" and the narrator is called by that name throughout the story.

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Some days later, she wrote a letter to Jacobs informing her of her intention to buy Jacobs's freedom. Jacobs replied that she preferred to join her brother who had gone to California. Regardless, Cornelia Willis bought her freedom for $ 300. In her autobiography, Jacobs describes her mixed feelings: Bitterness at the thought that "a human being

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enslaved mothers of being separated from their children is an important theme, spoke to her employer of the sacrifice that letting go of her baby daughter meant to her. Cornelia Willis answered by explaining that the slave catchers would have to return the baby to the mother, if Jacobs should be caught. She would then try to rescue Jacobs.

2184:. His sister Harriet supported him, having been relieved of the daily care for her children (Joseph had left the Boston print shop where his mother had apprenticed him after suffering from racist abuse and had gone on a whaling voyage while his mother had been in England, and Louisa had been sent to a boarding school). 2576:, Harriet Jacobs explained that it was not disapproval of white teachers that made her fight for the school being controlled by the black community. But she wanted to help the former slaves, who had been raised "to look upon the white race as their natural superiors and masters", to develop "respect for their race". 180:, she was sexually harassed by her enslaver. When he threatened to sell her children if she did not submit to his desire, she hid in a tiny crawl space under the roof of her grandmother's house, so low she could not stand up in it. After staying there for seven years, she finally managed to escape to the 3753:, Yellin consistently uses the name "Harriet Jacobs" without any middle name or middle initial. In the index she is listed (on p. 384) as "Jacobs, Harriet". Not a single of the many documents cited in both books has a middle name "Ann". The inscription on the tombstone simply reads "Harriet Jacobs". 3762:

Her biographer Yellin gives 1813 as the year of her birth, without detailing day, month or season. Her tombstone, however, gives February 11, 1815, as the date of her birth (see picture at the end of the article). Mary Maillard, who would in 2017 become the editor of the letters of Jacobs's daughter,

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together with his uncle John. Later the two had continued on to Australia. John S. Jacobs later went to England, while Joseph stayed in Australia. Some time later, no more letters reached Jacobs from Australia. Using her connections to Australian clergymen, Child had an appeal on behalf of her friend

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In the spring of 1867, she visited the widow of her uncle Mark who was the only survivor of the family still living in Edenton. At the end of the year she undertook her last journey to Great Britain in order to collect money for the projected orphanage and asylum in Savannah. But after her return she

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In most slave states, teaching slaves to read and write had been forbidden. Virginia had even prohibited teaching these skills to free blacks. After Union troops occupied Alexandria in 1861, some schools for blacks emerged, but there was not a single free school under African American control. Jacobs

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In February 1852, Jacobs read in the newspaper that her legal owner, the daughter of the recently deceased Norcom, had arrived at a New York Hotel together with her husband, obviously intending to re-claim their fugitive slave. Again, Cornelia Willis sent Jacobs to Massachusetts together with Lilian.

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was a Southerner and former slaveholder. He ordered the removal of many freedmen from the land which had been allotted to them by the army just one year before. The land question together with the unjust labor contracts forced on the former slaves by their former enslavers with the help of the army,

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In 1850, Jacobs paid a visit to Nathaniel Parker Willis in New York, wanting to see the now eight-years old Imogen again. Willis's second wife, Cornelia Grinnell Willis, who had not recovered well after the birth of her second child, prevailed upon Jacobs once again to become the nanny of the Willis

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Norcom reacted by selling Jacobs's children and her brother John to a slave trader demanding that they should be sold in a different state, thus expecting to separate them forever from their mother and sister. However, the trader was secretly in league with Sawyer, to whom he sold all three of them,

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were enslaved at birth by the tavern keeper's family, as a mother's status was passed to her children. Still, according to the same principle, mother and children should have been free, because Molly Horniblow, Delilah's mother, had been freed by her white father, who also was her owner. But she had

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Three months before she died in 1825, Jacobs' mistress Margaret Horniblow had signed a will leaving her slaves to her mother. Dr. James Norcom and a man named Henry Flury witnessed a later codicil to the will directing that the girl Harriet be left to Norcom's daughter Mary Matilda. The codicil was

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Louisa copied the manuscript, standardizing orthography and punctuation. Yellin observes that both style and content are "completely consistent" with the rest of Jacobs's writing and states, "there is no evidence to suggest that Louisa Matilda had any significant impact on either the subject matter

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In late 1852 or early 1853, Amy Post suggested that Jacobs should write her life story. Jacobs's brother had for some time been urging her to do so, and she felt a moral obligation to tell her story to help build public support for the antislavery cause and thus save others from suffering a similar

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The former "slave girl" who had never been to school, and whose life had mostly been confined by the struggle for her own survival in dignity and that of her children, now found herself in circles that were about to change America through their - by the standards of the time - radical set of ideas.

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and had been absent for more than three years. From Boston, Harriet Jacobs wrote to her grandmother asking her to send Joseph there, so that he could live there with his uncle John. After Joseph's arrival, she returned to her work as Imogen Willis's nanny. Her work with the Willis family came to an

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When Jacobs was six years old, her mother died. She then lived with her owner, a daughter of the deceased tavern keeper, who taught her not only to sew, but also to read and write. Very few slaves were literate, although it was only in 1830 that North Carolina explicitly outlawed teaching slaves to

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While Harriet's mother and grandmother were known by their owner's family name of Horniblow, Harriet used the opportunity of the baptism of her children to register Jacobs as their family name. She and her brother John also used that name after having escaped from slavery. The baptism was conducted

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in front of the African American soldiers of a military hospital in Alexandria. Many abolitionists, among them Frederick Douglass, stopped over in Alexandria while touring the South in order to see Jacobs and her work. On a personal level, she found her labors highly rewarding. Already in December

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The publication did not cause contempt as Jacobs had feared. On the contrary, Jacobs gained respect. Although she had used a pseudonym, in abolitionist circles she was regularly introduced with words like "Mrs. Jacobs, the author of Linda", thereby conceding her the honorific "Mrs." which normally

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In May 1858, Harriet Jacobs sailed to England, hoping to find a publisher there. She carried good letters of introduction, but was not able to get her manuscript into print. The reasons for her failure are not clear. Yellin supposes that her contacts among the British abolitionists feared that the

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While using the little spare time a children's nurse had to write her story, Jacobs lived with the Willis family at Idlewild, their new country residence. With N.P.Willis being largely forgotten today, Yellin comments on the irony of the situation: "Idlewild had been conceived as a famous writer's

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In October 1853, she wrote to Amy Post that she had decided to become the author of her own story. In the same letter, only a few lines earlier, she had informed Post of her grandmother's death. Yellin concludes that the "death of her revered grandmother" made it possible for Jacobs to "reveal her

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When Jacobs came to know the Posts in Rochester, they were the first white people she met since her return from England, who did not look down on her color. Soon, she developed enough trust in Amy Post to be able to tell her her story which she had kept secret for so long. Post later described how

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In the spring of 1851, Jacobs was again informed that she was in danger of being recaptured. Cornelia Willis sent Jacobs together with her (Willis's) one-year-old daughter Lilian to Massachusetts which was comparatively safe. Jacobs, in whose autobiography the constant danger for herself and other

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In Boston Jacobs took on odd jobs. Her stay there was interrupted by the death of Mary Stace Willis in March 1845. Nathaniel Willis took his daughter Imogen on a ten-month visit to the family of his deceased wife in England. For the journey, Jacobs resumed her job as nanny. For several months, she

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When, by mid-1857, her work was finally nearing completion, she asked Amy Post for a preface. Even in this letter she mentions the shame that made writing her story difficult for herself: "as much pleasure as it would afford me and as great an honor as I would deem it to have your name associated

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Norcom soon started harassing Jacobs sexually, causing the jealousy of his wife. When Jacobs fell in love with a free black man who wanted to buy her freedom and marry her, Norcom intervened and forbade her to continue with the relationship. Hoping for protection from Norcom's harassment, Jacobs

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master. Her brother John and most of her other property was inherited by the tavern keeper's widow. Dr. Norcom hired John and the Jacobs siblings lived together in his household. Following the death of the widow, her slaves were sold at the New Year's Day auction, 1828. Among them were Harriet's

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John Horniblow had died in 1799. His widow, Elizabeth Horniblow, continued running the tavern and at first also kept Molly Horniblow and her children as her slaves. She gave Molly's daughter Delilah to her own invalid and unmarried daughter Margaret, who in consequence became the first owner of

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In her book, Harriet Jacobs does not mention the town or even the state, where she was held as a slave, and changes all personal names, given names as well as family names, with the only exception of the Post couple, whose names are given correctly. However, John Jacobs (called "William" in his

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In April 1835, Norcom finally moved Jacobs from her grandmother's to the plantation of his son, some 6 miles (10 km) away. He also threatened to expose her children to the hard life of the plantation slaves and to sell them, separately and without the mother, after some time. In June 1835,

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Jacobs met Child in Boston, and Child not only agreed to write a preface, but also to become the editor of the book. Child then re-arranged the material according to a more chronological order. She also suggested dropping the final chapter on Brown and adding more information on the anti-black

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Many recent editions of her autobiography call her "Harriet A. Jacobs" or "Harriet Ann Jacobs". Her biographer and editor Jean Fagan Yellin uses "Harriet A. Jacobs" on the title page and "Jacobs, Harriet Ann" in the index (p. 330) of her edition of the autobiography. However, in her 2004

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Still, Jacobs had acted against moral ideas commonly shared in her time, including by herself, by consenting to a sexual relationship with Sawyer. The shame caused by this memory and the resulting fear of having to tell her story had been the reason for her initially avoiding contact with the

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The same year, 1828, Molly Horniblow's youngest son, Joseph, tried to escape. He was caught, paraded in chains through Edenton, put into jail, and finally sold to New Orleans. The family later learned that he escaped again and reached New York. After that he was lost to the family. The Jacobs

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Jacobs herself had been taught before North Carolina passed a law to that effect in 1830. Between the introduction of that law and her escape, Jacobs taught an old enslaved Christian who longed to be able to read the Bible only after warning him that if discovered, they would both be

2492:". Many of them found refuge in makeshift camps, suffering and dying from want of the most basic necessities. Originally, Jacobs had planned to follow the example her brother John S. had set nearly two decades ago and become an abolitionist speaker, but now she saw that helping the 2488:. Thousands of African Americans, having escaped from slavery in the South, gathered just north of the front. Since Lincoln's administration continued to regard them as their masters' property, these refugees were in most cases declared "contraband of war" and simply called " 2546:

While doing relief work in Alexandria, Jacobs was also involved in the political world. In May 1863 she attended the yearly conference of the New England Anti-Slavery Society in Boston. Together with the other participants she watched the parade of the newly created

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difficult it was for Jacobs to tell of her traumatic experiences: "Though impelled by a natural craving for human sympathy, she passed through a baptism of suffering, even in recounting her trials to me. ... The burden of these memories lay heavily on her spirit".

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Already in July 1866, mother and daughter Jacobs left Savannah which was more and more suffering from anti-black violence. Once again, Harriet Jacobs went to Idlewild, to assist Cornelia Willis in caring for her dying husband until his death in January 1867.

1814: 2517:. The author was featured as "Mrs. Jacobs, the author of 'Linda'". This report is a description of the fugitives' misery designed to appeal to donors, but it is also a political denunciation of slavery. Jacobs emphasizes her conviction that the 6853: 2383:. She kept contact with Jacobs via mail, but the two women failed to meet a second time during the editing process, because with Cornelia Willis passing through a dangerous pregnancy and premature birth Jacobs was not able to leave Idlewild. 2055:(born 1832/33). When she learned of Jacobs's pregnancy, Mrs. Norcom forbade her to return to her house, which enabled Jacobs to live with her grandmother. Still, Norcom continued his harassment during his numerous visits there; the distance 2117:

In 1843 Jacobs heard that Norcom was on his way to New York to force her back into slavery, which was legal for him to do everywhere inside the United States. She asked Mary Willis for a leave of two weeks and went to her brother John in

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David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass. Prophet of Freedom. New York 2018, p. 418. This is the only time Jacobs is mentioned in this book, while Douglass is mentioned on 30 different pages in Yellin, Harriet Jacobs (according to the

4848:"... when N.P.Willis is mentioned today it is generally as a footnote to some else's story."; Baker, Thomas N. Sentiment and Celebrity: Nathaniel Parker Willis and the Trials of Literary Fame. New York, Oxford University Press, 2001. 278:

In 1825, the owner of Harriet and John Jacobs died. She willed Harriet to her three-year-old niece Mary Matilda Norcom. Mary Matilda's father, the physician Dr. James Norcom (son-in-law of the deceased tavern keeper), became her

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The book was promoted via the abolitionist networks and was well received by the critics. Jacobs arranged for a publication in Great Britain, which was published in the first months of 1862, soon followed by a pirated edition.

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abolitionist movement her brother John had joined in the 1840s. Finally, Jacobs overcame her trauma and feeling of shame, and she consented to publish her story. Her reply to Post describing her internal struggle has survived.

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guaranteed a certain level of security. Moving to Boston also gave her the opportunity to take her daughter Louisa Matilda from the house of Sawyer's cousin in Brooklyn, where she had been treated not much better than a slave.

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been kidnapped, and had no chance for legal protection because of her dark skin. Harriet and John's father was Elijah Knox, also enslaved, but enjoying some privileges due to his skill as an expert carpenter. He died in 1826.

2122:. John Jacobs, in his capacity as personal servant, had accompanied his owner Sawyer on his marriage trip through the North in 1838. He had gained his freedom by leaving his master in New York. After that he had gone 2543:, the teacher, feminist and abolitionist, whom she had already known in Rochester, she was distributing clothes and blankets and at the same time struggling with incompetent, corrupt, or openly racist authorities. 2631:

Mother and daughter Jacobs continued their relief work in Alexandria until after the victory of the Union. Convinced that the freedmen in Alexandria were able to care for themselves, they followed the call of the

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papers at the University of Rochester, state and local historical societies, and the Horniblow and Norcom papers at the North Carolina state archives, to establish both that Harriet Jacobs was the true author of

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story of her liaison with Sawyer would be too much for Victorian Britain's prudery. Disheartened, Jacobs returned to her work at Idlewild and made no further efforts to publish her book until the fall of 1859.

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The headline of this section is taken from the subtitle which Jacobs had once intended to give to her work and which her friend William C. Nell used when advertising the autobiography in Garrison's

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Jacobs's work in Alexandria was recognized on the local as well as on the national level, especially in abolitionist circles. In the spring of 1864 she was elected to the executive committee of the

6079: 3846:, this was in 1844. But in her biography of Jacobs (published 2004), Yellin gives an exhaustive account of the flight which took place a few days after "one Sunday morning in late October" 1843. 8808: 8549: 2375:. Jacobs confessed to Amy Post, that after suffering another rejection from Stowe, she could hardly bring herself to asking another famous writer, but she "resolved to make my last effort". 5584: 2227:

had made it much easier for slaveholders to reclaim their fugitive "chattels", she gave her word to John S. Jacobs that she would not let his sister fall into the hands of her persecutors.

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Referring to the law that made her the property of Norcom's daughter, Jacobs writes: "I regarded such laws as the regulations of robbers, who had no rights that I was bound to respect."

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Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl: Written by Herself. Enlarged Edition. Edited and with an Introduction by Jean Fagan Yellin. Now with "A True Tale of Slavery" by John S. Jacobs

2276:, proposing to tell her story to Stowe so that Stowe could transform it into a book. Before Stowe's answer arrived, Jacobs read in the papers that the famous author, whose novel 288:, Mark had to remain his mother's slave until in 1847 or 1848 she finally succeeded in freeing him. John Jacobs was bought by Dr. Norcom, thus he and his sister stayed together. 8484: 6845: 3874: 2785: 2339: 5172:

For the symbolic and political value of this regiment cf. David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass. Prophet of Freedom. New York 2018, pp. 388–402, especially p. 398.

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The map shows the situation in 2019, but the streets are the same as during the 1830s, also having the same names, only that "East" and "West" have been added since then.

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with my Book –Yet believe me dear friend there are many painful things in it – that make me shrink from asking the sacrifice from one so good and pure as your self–."

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read or write. Although Harriet's brother John succeeded in teaching himself to read, he still was not able to write when he escaped from slavery as a young adult.

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This section is about the genesis of Jacobs's autobiography, seen as part of the story of her life. For the content and an analysis of the autobiography, see

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abrupt end in October 1843, when Jacobs learned that her whereabouts had been betrayed to Norcom. Again, she had to flee to Boston, where the strength of the

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wrote in 1862, that Linda Brent was a true "heroine", giving an example "of endurance and persistency in the struggle for liberty" and "moral rectitude".

2198:, run by Frederick Douglass, who today is considered the most influential African American of his century. Jacobs lived at the house of the white couple 2160: 1420: 1061: 2409:). Both siblings relate in their respective narratives their own experiences, experiences made together, and episodes in the life of the other sibling. 7708: 7389: 39: 2850:

sense, 'representative'; expressing the idea of the struggle for freedom, her life empowers others. On my desk her portrait, smiling, urges me onward.

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In June 1853, Jacobs chanced to read a defense of slavery entitled "The Women of England vs. the Women of America" in an old newspaper. Written by

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Critical edition ed. Julie R. Adams, with introduction and resources for teachers and students. American Studies at the University of Virginia.

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siblings, who, even as children, were talking about escaping to freedom, saw him as a hero. Both of them would later name their sons for him.

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Harriet Jacobs re-hired by Willis's second wife Cornelia. Her brother John S. goes to California, then to Australia, and finally to England.

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Abolitionist drawing of a scene that probably never happened: John Brown meets an enslaved mother and her child while being led to execution

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A celebration introduced by the abolitionists in order to demonstrate the backwardness of the US in comparison with the British colonies.

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finally appeared before the public. The next month, an abridged and censored version of her brother John S. Jacob's own memoir, entitled

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At first, Jacobs did not feel that she was up to writing a book. She wrote a short outline of her story and asked Amy Post to send it to

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viii. The portrait on the front cover of the book is a detail of the 1894 photograph, which is shown at the beginning of this article.

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in the free city of New York", happiness at the thought that her freedom was secured, and "love" and "gratitude" for Cornelia Willis.

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Stevenson, Brenda E. (2013). "What's Love Got to do with It? Concubinage and Enslaved Women and Girls in the Antebellum South".

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Church in Edenton, where Harriet Jacobs and her children were baptized, and where both Dr. Norcom and Molly Horniblow were

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argues in favor of 1815 in an article published in 2013. The dates and ages in this article are given according to Yellin.

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Jacobs's grandmother dies. Her first published writing is an anonymous letter to a New York newspaper. She begins writing

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in Cambridge next to her brother. Her tombstone reads, "Patient in tribulation, fervent in spirit serving the Lord". (Cf.

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of an unnamed trader in Alexandria, Virginia. Photograph from the 1860s. Jacobs describes her visit to Birch's (formerly

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retreat, but its owner never imagined that it was his children's nurse who would create an American classic there".

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reformers. Even in New York City, her freedom was in danger until her employer was able to pay off her legal owner.

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Short biography by Friends of Mount Auburn, including pictures of the tombstones of Harriet, John and Louisa Jacobs

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Harriet and Louisa Matilda Jacobs and their students in front of the Jacobs School, Alexandria, Virginia, 1864

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and other groups rendered these projects impossible. The money collected was given to the asylum fund of the

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40 (Children's baptism), 53 (Norcom holding various church offices), 72 (Molly Horniblow as a communicant);

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The difficulties Blacks in similar circumstances had to overcome some decades later are discussed e.g. in:

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Harriet and Louisa Matilda Jacobs leave Savannah. Harriet helps Cornelia Willis nursing her dying husband.

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Harriet Jacobs has to flee from New York and is reunited with her brother and both her children in Boston.

3176:

Jacobs's 4th year in the garret begins. Sawyer goes to Chicago to marry. John S. Jacobs gains his freedom.

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troubled sexual history" which she could never have done "while her proud, judgmental grandmother lived."

2047:, a white lawyer and member of North Carolina's white elite, who would some years later be elected to the 315: 243:, to Delilah Horniblow, enslaved by the Horniblow family who owned a local tavern. Under the principle of 9251: 9243: 9186: 9101: 8589: 8494: 8350: 8332: 8234: 7893: 7863: 7588: 7508: 7487: 7397: 7298: 7144: 6500: 3703: 2168:

John S. Jacobs got more and more involved with abolitionism, i. e. the anti-slavery movement led by

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1862 she had written to Amy Post that the preceding six months had been the happiest in her whole life.

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The parallel between the respective hiding places of Jacobs and Cora has been observed by Martin Ebel:

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In the 1860s a personal tragedy occurred: In the early 1850s, her son Joseph had gone to California to

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to abolish slavery. On August 1, 1864, she delivered the speech on occasion of the celebration of the

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in November 1860, the slavery question caused first the secession of most slave states and then the

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together with her daughter, organizing help and founding two schools for fugitive and freed slaves.

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Harriet Jacobs escapes to the North. In New York she finds work as a nurse to the baby daughter of

3032: 2697: 2102:. Although she had no references, Mary Stace Willis, the wife of the then extremely popular author 2077:

Map of the town center of Edenton. Norcom's house is marked N, Sawyer's S, and Molly Horniblow's M.

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Harriet Jacobs's mistress dies, and Harriet becomes the property of Dr. Norcom's little daughter.

616: 9201: 8751: 8405: 8374: 8154: 8094: 7959: 7702: 6787: 6711: 6633: 6516: 6168: 5912:"Transatlantic interracial sisterhoods: Sarah Remond, Ellen Craft, and Harriet Jacobs in England" 4011: 3327: 3252: 2806: 2207: 2103: 1925: 1664: 1614: 1542: 1315: 1093: 1037: 1020: 451: 245: 240: 177: 55: 9116: 8846: 8084: 7878: 7868: 7806: 7616: 7555: 7171: 7088: 6577: 6405: 6288: 6271: 6192: 5490: 3713: 3477: 3142: 3082: 2169: 2137: 2044: 1998: 1967: 1472: 1213: 1125: 973: 697: 663: 658: 181: 5774:"The United States Governed by Six Hundred Thousand Despots: A True Story of Slavery (Part 2)" 5773: 5746:"The United States Governed by Six Hundred Thousand Despots: A True Story of Slavery (Part 1)" 5513: 9454: 9191: 8704: 8569: 8524: 8340: 8059: 8024: 7843: 7826: 7633: 7550: 7120: 7056: 6669: 6643: 6541: 6305: 6240: 6162: 4543: 3558: 3164: 3101: 3027: 2897: 2713: 2709: 2387: 2273: 2052: 1834: 1689: 1602: 1587: 1269: 1257: 1003: 988: 773: 548: 470: 441: 185: 133: 83: 20: 4003: 2172:. He undertook several lecture tours, either alone or with fellow abolitionists, among them 9459: 9433: 8841: 8604: 8415: 8367: 8239: 8129: 8034: 7801: 7791: 7763: 7628: 7482: 7318: 7308: 6970: 6861: 6754: 6556: 5025: 3593: 3408: 3198: 2809:, where her experience living in a crawl space was compared with the wartime experience of 2676: 2637: 2613: 2504: 2278: 1972: 1876: 1839: 1767: 1711: 1580: 1537: 1351: 1281: 956: 736: 638: 522: 429: 6042:

including her first published text, some of her reports from her work with fugitives, and

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During the fall of 1862, she traveled through the North using her popularity as author of

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children. Knowing that this involved a considerable risk for Jacobs, especially since the

8: 9216: 8574: 8489: 7969: 7758: 7648: 7578: 7313: 6925: 6716: 6623: 6505: 6464: 6459: 6352: 5585:"Why A 19th Century American Slave Memoir Is Becoming A Bestseller In Japan's Bookstores" 3574:

Harriet Jacobs goes to Washington, D.C. and Alexandria, Virginia to help escaped slaves.

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But the political situation had changed: Lincoln had been assassinated and his successor

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John S. Jacobs returns to the U. S. and settles close to his sister's house. His death.

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From January 1863, she made Alexandria the center of her activity. Together with Quaker

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Whispers of Cruel Wrongs: The Correspondence of Louisa Jacobs and Her Circle, 1879–1911

5778: 5750: 5494: 5486: 4165: 4116: 3597: 3562: 2976: 2775: 2742:. However, Yellin found and used a variety of historical documents, including from the 2705: 2624: 2485: 2402: 2202:. Douglass and the Posts were staunch enemies of slavery and racism, and supporters of 2199: 2173: 1706: 1552: 1527: 1517: 1482: 1477: 1445: 1410: 1403: 1344: 1337: 1194: 1013: 1008: 998: 768: 621: 579: 574: 527: 495: 485: 422: 200: 6793: 6198: 5745: 2728:'s research in the 1980s, the accepted academic opinion, voiced by such historians as 2401:, was published in London (in 1855 the original version had been published in full by 643: 589: 8736: 8457: 8119: 8089: 7684: 7441: 7179: 6765: 6649: 6362: 6006: 5973: 5954: 5941: 5871: 5851: 5826: 5695: 5498: 4849: 2828: 2770: 2739: 2725: 2641: 2372: 2312: 2057: 1794: 1512: 1507: 1450: 1435: 1415: 1237: 1232: 1167: 1130: 963: 929: 758: 611: 500: 379: 5933: 5482: 5234: 5098: 4782: 3187:

Jacobs's 5th year in the garret begins. John S. Jacobs goes on his whaling journey.

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and that the narrative was her autobiography, not a work of fiction. Her edition of

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The United States Governed by Six Hundred Thousand Despots: A True Story of Slavery

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read in Australian churches, but to no avail. Jacobs never again heard of her son.

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The United States Governed by Six Hundred Thousand Despots: A True Story of Slavery

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In January 1861, nearly four years after she had finished the manuscript, Jacobs's

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Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)

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will be able to build self-determined lives, if they get the necessary support.

2051:. Sawyer became the father of Jacobs's only children, Joseph (born 1829/30) and 9324: 8729: 8692: 8682: 8442: 8437: 8379: 8214: 8144: 8074: 7573: 7497: 6759: 6739: 6726: 6664: 6551: 6469: 6386: 6323: 6186: 6180: 6035: 6002: 5685: 3387: 3231:

Jacobs's 7th and final year in the garret begins. John S. still on the whaler.

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together with her daughter. Among her boarders were faculty members of nearby

2507:. She summarized her experiences during the first months in a report entitled 2176:, three years his junior. In 1849, John S. Jacobs took responsibility for the 9448: 8282: 8264: 8254: 8224: 8169: 8124: 8109: 8054: 8044: 8029: 7979: 7974: 7944: 7741: 7669: 7492: 6770: 6749: 6721: 6659: 6618: 6607: 6567: 6526: 6521: 6484: 6430: 6234: 6204: 5823:

Harriet Jacobs and Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl: New Critical Essays

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Stamped from the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America

3391: 2099: 2073: 1915: 1844: 1291: 1274: 1049: 879: 869: 653: 303: 5553:"Colson Whitehead: "Underground Railroad". Enzyklopädie der Dehumanisierung" 3622:

Harriet and Louisa Matilda Jacobs go to Savannah, Georgia to help freedmen.

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Harriet Jacobs travels to England in her capacity as Imogen Willis's nanny.

2619: 266: 8594: 8362: 8287: 8259: 8244: 8229: 8184: 8159: 8139: 8049: 8019: 8014: 7984: 7934: 7786: 7472: 7248: 7240: 6582: 6536: 6510: 6449: 6329: 5637: 2991: 2665: 2540: 2128: 2109: 2091: 1920: 1757: 1733: 1639: 1632: 1363: 891: 864: 827: 805: 692: 409: 389: 367: 357: 347: 342: 332: 3167:, editor of an abolitionist paper, is murdered by mob in Alton, Illinois. 3127:

Harriet Jacobs goes into hiding in the garret of her grandmother's house.

2755:

was published in 1987 with the endorsement of Professor John Blassingame.

2644:

in November 1865, only 11 months after the slaves there had been freed by

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Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition

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Jacobs's uncle Joseph escapes, is returned in chains, and escapes again.

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the 16th President (November 7). South Carolina secedes (December 20).

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Frederick Douglass escapes to freedom, only weeks before John S. does.

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In 2004, Yellin published an exhaustive biography (394 pages) entitled

2302: 1910: 1207: 911: 778: 192:. She found work as a nanny and got into contact with abolitionist and 8485:

Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)

4784:

LETTER FROM A FUGITIVE SLAVE. Slaves Sold under Peculiar Circumstances

3814:

The date of Molly Horniblow's burial in Edenton was September 4, 1853.

3492:, then travels to England, unsuccessfully trying to get it published. 3045:

Jacobs's grandmother is bought by a friend and subsequently set free.

2835:, was taken from the Norcom's notice advertising Jacobs as a runaway. 8763: 8609: 8114: 7898: 7836: 7731: 5911: 5641: 3380: 3292: 3239: 3216:

Jacobs's 6th year in the garret begins. John S. still on the whaler.

2688: 2583:, a women's organization founded in 1863 in response to an appeal by 2461: 2210:, the world's first convention on women's rights, and had signed the 1155: 820: 682: 7410: 837: 9236: 9231: 8741: 6954: 6638: 6596: 6093: 6024: 6020: 5612:"Elizabeth Colomba's "Mythologies" Reclaims Whitewashed Narratives" 3480:: Blacks had "no rights which the white man was bound to respect". 3342: 3288:

into the Northern and Southern conventions over the slavery issue.

2743: 2518: 2315:, comments, "When the letter was printed ..., an author was born." 1745: 1303: 1247: 1199: 859: 704: 559: 465: 8500:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

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listed by Donna Campbell, Professor at Washington State University

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After her return from England, Jacobs retired to private life. In

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Yellin, Jean Fagan; Thomas, Joseph M.; et al., eds. (2008),

5638:"Tricked Out in a Gay and Fashionable Finery – Harriet P. Jacobs" 4544:"Harriet Jacobs gave an account of Steventon in the 19th Century" 2789:

are commonly viewed as the two most important slave narratives."

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opened in January 1864 under Louisa Matilda's leadership. In the

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Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States

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Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave

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Video of a 2013 lecture by Jean Fagan Yellin on Harriet Jacobs

3716:, American scientist, grandson of Jacobs's half brother Elijah 3689:

Death of Harriet Jacobs on March 7, 1897, in Washington, D.C.

2786:

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave

2496:

would mean rendering her race a service more urgently needed.

2155: 8499: 687: 673: 648: 3917:"Dating Harriet Jacobs: Why Birthdates Matter to Historians" 2664:

had to realize that the anti-black terror in Georgia by the

8544: 5023:

How a lost story of American slavery was found in Australia

2656:

are an important subject in Jacobs's reports from Georgia.

554: 384: 2206:. The year before, Douglass and Amy Post had attended the 2090:

In 1842, Jacobs finally got a chance to escape by boat to

5843:

Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. Written by Herself

4004:"Twenty-One Months a Slave: Cornelius Sinclair's Odyssey" 3669:

Jacobs returns from England and retires to private life.

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Abraham Lincoln inaugurated as 16th President (March 4).

2831:

painted a portrait of Jacobs. The title of the portrait,

2769:

Today, Jacobs is seen as an "icon of female resistance".

2362: 6822:

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano

2599: 3341:

Harriet Jacobs moves to Rochester, her friendship with

2094:, where she was aided by anti-slavery activists of the 2061:

between the two houses was only 600 feet (180 m).

155:(1813 or 1815 – March 7, 1897) was an African-American 3842:

According to Yellin's timeline in her 2000 edition of

2528:

to build up a network to support her relief work. The

184:, where she was reunited with her children Joseph and 6076:

Selected Writings and Correspondence: Harriet Jacobs.

5866:

Jacobs, Harriet A. (2000), Yellin, Jean Fagan (ed.),

4966:

The Public Life of Capt. John Brown by James Redpath.

3463:

The slavery issue leads to open violence in Kansas ("

3237:

goes on the whaling journey that would later inspire

2855:

Timeline: Harriet Jacobs, abolitionism and literature

2033:

Reward notice issued for the return of Harriet Jacobs

5782:. Sydney, New South Wales. April 26, 1855. p. 3 5754:. Sydney, New South Wales. April 25, 1855. p. 2 2805:

In 2017 Jacobs was the subject of an episode of the

1685:

Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

5825:, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 3968:(Norcom–here called "Dr. Flint"–as "communicant"), 2623:Terror by the Ku-Klux-Klan, engraving published in 2293:(1855), presenting a southern view of the residence 19:"Linda Brent" redirects here. For the actress, see 7390:Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery 16:African-American abolitionist and writer (d. 1897) 5821:Garfield, Deborah M.; Zafar, Rafia, eds. (1996), 5511: 2838:At the end of her preface to the 2000 edition of 9446: 8535:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 6078:Collection of documents and resource guide from 2824:by Yuki Horikoshi became a bestseller in Japan. 2037: 1800:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution 8580:Black players in professional American football 8530:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 7344:List of last surviving American enslaved people 3403:Cornelia Willis buys Harriet Jacobs's freedom. 2951:is founded to resettle freed blacks in Africa. 2435: 2351:On October 16, 1859, the anti-slavery activist 2136:stayed together with Imogen in the vicarage at 6934:Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo" 3511:declares the Fugitive Slave Law constitutional 3268:John S. Jacobs returns and settles in Boston. 2636:for teachers to help instruct the freedmen in 2499:In the spring of 1862, Harriet Jacobs went to 2242: 7426: 6109: 5865: 5839: 5820: 5800: 5714: 5669: 5654: 5211: 4904: 4882: 4766: 4737: 4672: 4662: 4645: 4419: 4402: 4351: 4334: 4316: 4300: 4282: 4110: 4055: 3972:(Baptism of Harriet Jacobs and her children). 3959: 3886: 2449:Heroicized painting of the famous assault on 2006: 8293:Historically black colleges and universities 2334: 2267: 1805:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom 9520:19th-century African-American women writers 9485:African Americans in the American Civil War 5550: 5530: 4559: 4557: 4104: 3997: 3488:Harriet Jacobs completes the manuscript of 2833:Tricked Out in a Gay and Fashionable Finery 2587:which aimed at collecting signatures for a 2440: 2156:Background: Abolitionism and early feminism 169:, is now considered an "American classic". 44:Jacobs's only known formal photograph, 1894 7433: 7419: 6116: 6102: 5972:, The University of North Carolina Press, 5967: 5884: 5856:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5453: 5431: 4159: 4127: 3117:Slavery is abolished in the British Empire 2536:) gave her credentials as a relief agent. 2217: 2192:was in the same building as the newspaper 2013: 1999: 38: 8510:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC) 7358:Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book 5571:"Futility Closet 138: Life in a Cupboard" 5468: 4541: 3756: 3659:Jacobs goes to England to collect money. 3025:. His slaves are sold to cover his debt. 2612:, depicting the President disbanding the 2379:violence which occurred in Edenton after 2214:, which demanded equal rights for women. 7339:Treatment of slaves in the United States 7113:Ama: A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade 6427:(1766 Saint-Dominque – June 30, 1853 NY) 5948: 5909: 5729: 5446: 5424: 5409: 5394: 5379: 5364: 5349: 5334: 5319: 5304: 5289: 5264: 5249: 5196: 5181: 5157: 5142: 5127: 5112: 5082: 5067: 5052: 5037: 5006: 4991: 4976: 4951: 4936: 4919: 4889: 4865: 4833: 4818: 4803: 4759: 4744: 4721: 4706: 4691: 4630: 4593: 4578: 4563: 4554: 4526: 4511: 4496: 4481: 4466: 4451: 4436: 4383: 4368: 4267: 4251: 4236: 4221: 4206: 4191: 4176: 4144: 4095: 4080: 4065: 4040: 4025: 3981: 3952: 3937: 3900: 3522:Lydia Maria Child becomes the editor of 3155:Jacobs's 3rd year in the garret begins. 3141:Jacobs's 2nd year in the garret begins. 2687: 2683: 2618: 2603: 2558: 2456: 2444: 2416: 2338: 2284: 2246: 2159: 2108: 2072: 2064: 2028: 1810:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf 1675:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery 1655:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90 265: 261: 223: 165:, published in 1861 under the pseudonym 5870:, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 5766: 5738: 5694:. New York: Nation Books. p. 157. 5636:Colomba, Elizabeth (October 6, 2022). 5635: 5609: 5471:The Journal of African American History 5028:, 12 July 2024. Retrieved 12 July 2024. 3730: 3190:Slaves take control of the slave-ship, 2773:' review of Yellin's 2004 biography in 2511:, published in September in Garrison's 2098:. After a short stay, she continued to 9447: 9409:Topics related to the African diaspora 8515:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) 7276:Frederick Douglass and the White Negro 7097:Queen: The Story of an American Family 7017:Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp 6070:Some Links to Harriet Jacobs resources 3548:Davis inaugurated as president of the 2363:Lydia Maria Child as the book's editor 9515:19th-century African-American writers 9389:Landmark African-American legislation 7440: 7414: 7049:Roots: The Saga of an American Family 6878:Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl 6314:(c. 1745 Nigeria – 31 March 1797 Eng) 6097: 6050:Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl 6044:Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl 5994:Works by Harriet Jacobs in eBook form 5917:Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 5684: 4975:Jacobs to Post, October 8, 1860, cf. 4542:Dimitrova, Galya (October 28, 2023). 4121: 3543:Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl 2781:Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl 2753:Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl 2735:Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl 2600:Relief work with freedmen in Savannah 2395:Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl 2355:tried to incite a slave rebellion at 2150:Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl 2085: 1697:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention 1374:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea 162:Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl 121:Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl 8520:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) 6894:Life and Times of Frederick Douglass 6389:(1783 England – 1821 United States) 6123: 5900: 5610:Shearer, Jessica (August 25, 2023). 5385:210–211, 217 and note on p. 345 5236:Letter from Teachers of the Freedmen 5228:H.Jacobs to L.M.Child, published in 4612:. Rochester Regional Library Council 3773:Delilah's children Harriet and John. 2796:, author of the best selling novel, 2554: 2549:54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment 2453:by the 54th Massachusetts, July 1863 2426:was reserved for married women. The 2178:Anti-Slavery Office and Reading Room 2143: 1889:Slave marriages in the United States 1493:Human trafficking in the Middle East 9505:People from Edenton, North Carolina 9470:19th-century American women writers 8874:African-American Vernacular English 5512:David S. Reynolds (July 11, 2004). 1228:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia 239:Harriet Jacobs was born in 1813 in 13: 8792:U.S. cities with large populations 8495:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 7233:The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom 7105:Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons 6383:(c. 1710 Portugal – 1734 Montreal) 6336:Nunzio Otello Francesco Gioacchino 5551:Martin Ebel (September 17, 2017). 4015:(86). The Faculty Lounge: 457–512. 3478:Supreme Court ruling on Dred Scott 3447:John S. Jacobs has his narrative, 2634:New England Freedmen's Aid Society 1882:last survivors of American slavery 219: 14: 9546: 9535:People enslaved in North Carolina 7665:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013 7661:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 7468:African American founding fathers 7334:Songs of the Underground Railroad 7294:Abolitionism in the United States 6802:(c. 1795 Nigeria – ? Brazil) 6433:(c. 1819 – ???, Puerto Rico) 5987: 5953:, New York: Basic Civitas Books, 4299:So called (not "crawl space") in 3783:not signed by Margaret Horniblow. 3066:is inaugurated as 7th President. 2738:was a fictional novel written by 843:Field slaves in the United States 710:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate 199:During and immediately after the 9490:Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery 9427: 8545:United Negro College Fund (UNCF) 7690:Nadir of American race relations 7382:Slave Songs of the United States 6886:The Underground Railroad Records 6796:(? Puerto Rico – 1555 Venezuela) 6028: 6012:Works by or about Harriet Jacobs 5970:The Harriet Jacobs Family Papers 5794: 5723: 5708: 5678: 5663: 5648: 5629: 5603: 5577: 5563: 5543: 5524: 5505: 5462: 5440: 5418: 5403: 5388: 5373: 3849: 3836: 3632:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 2820:magazine, a 2013 translation of 2764:The Harriet Jacobs Family Papers 2593:British West Indian Emancipation 720:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 715:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate 544:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 314: 159:and writer whose autobiography, 7551:Civil rights movement 1954–1968 7541:Civil rights movement 1865–1896 6762:(19th century Indian Territory) 6736:(1766 Saint-Dominque – 1853 NY) 5934:10.5250/fronjwomestud.38.1.0166 5814: 5491:10.5323/jafriamerhist.98.1.0099 5483:10.5323/jafriamerhist.98.1.0099 5358: 5343: 5328: 5313: 5298: 5283: 5273: 5258: 5222: 5205: 5190: 5175: 5166: 5151: 5136: 5121: 5091: 5076: 5061: 5046: 5031: 5015: 5000: 4985: 4969: 4960: 4945: 4930: 4913: 4898: 4876: 4859: 4842: 4827: 4812: 4797: 4775: 4753: 4736:Transcribed in the appendix to 4730: 4715: 4700: 4685: 4656: 4639: 4624: 4602: 4587: 4572: 4535: 4520: 4505: 4490: 4475: 4460: 4445: 4430: 4413: 4396: 4377: 4362: 4345: 4328: 4309: 4293: 4276: 4260: 4245: 4230: 4215: 4200: 4185: 4170: 4153: 4138: 4089: 4074: 4049: 4034: 4019: 3990: 3827: 3817: 3808: 3795: 3786: 3776: 3766: 2816:According to a 2017 article in 2096:Philadelphia Vigilant Committee 1670:Committee of Experts on Slavery 1221:East, Southeast, and South Asia 249:, both Harriet and her brother 9480:African-American abolitionists 8540:Thurgood Marshall College Fund 7546:Civil right movement 1896–1954 7366:Slave-Trading in the Old South 6420:(c. 1788 Bermuda – after 1833) 5255:177. For the context, 176–178. 5230:National Anti-Slavery Standard 3975: 3946: 3931: 3909: 3894: 3880: 3868: 3742: 3060:Birth of Jacobs's son Joseph. 2987:Harriet Jacobs's mother dies. 2910:U.S. declares war on Britain ( 2574:National Anti-Slavery Standard 1369:Slave raiding in Easter Island 1: 9525:19th-century American writers 9475:Activists from North Carolina 8720:Cherokee freedmen controversy 7696:The Negro Motorist Green Book 7041:The Confessions of Nat Turner 7006: 6999: 6830:The Narrative of Robert Adams 6244: 4678:200–201. Italics of the word 4227:33, 351 (note to p. 224) 4212:33, 351 (note to p. 224) 3862: 3557:Confederate soldiers fire on 3406:Harriet Beecher Stowe writes 3257:John S. still on the whaler. 3221:World Anti-Slavery Convention 3076:Virginia slave revolt led by 2949:American Colonization Society 2581:Women's Loyal National League 2038:Coping with sexual harassment 9465:19th-century American slaves 7374:Sarah Johnson's Mount Vernon 7329:Slavery in the United States 6686:Greensbury Washington Offley 5926:University of Nebraska Press 5537:Connecticut College Magazine 5111:. Summary of the report in: 5021:Baker, Nick and Coombe, Ian 4393:between p. 266 and 267. 4315:Jacobs calls it a "garret", 3875:Journal of the Civil War Era 3390:starts to advocate for the " 2436:Civil War and Reconstruction 2289:Title page of Willis's book 2043:started a relationship with 1660:Temporary Slavery Commission 1321:Slavery in the Mongol Empire 214: 7: 9510:Writers of slave narratives 8590:Black players in ice hockey 8525:National Urban League (NUL) 8351:American Society of Muslims 7589:Selma to Montgomery marches 7509:Brown v. Board of Education 7398:The Hemingses of Monticello 7299:African-American literature 6027:(public domain audiobooks) 6003:Works by Harriet Ann Jacobs 5949:Yellin, Jean Fagan (2004), 4982:140 and note on p. 314 3919:. Black Past. June 17, 2013 3704:African-American literature 3697: 3507:'s raid on Harper's Ferry. 2381:Nat Turner's 1831 rebellion 2327:or the style of the book." 2301:, wife of former president 2243:Obstacles: Trauma and shame 1680:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery 725:Volga Bulgarian slave trade 10: 9551: 8747:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 8505:Nashville Student Movement 7516:Children of the plantation 7214:A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin 6320:(c. 1705 Bornu – 1775 Eng) 6136:Slave Narrative Collection 6063:December 19, 2019, at the 5100:Life among the Contrabands 4266:The distance according to 3451:, published in Australia. 2646:Sherman's March to the Sea 2509:Life among the Contrabands 2470:Life among the Contrabands 2468:) slave pen in her report 2225:Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 2147: 1865:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 1702:Anti-Slavery International 1467:North Africa and West Asia 18: 9417: 9384:Index of related articles 9262: 9177: 8901: 8834: 8772: 8672: 8633: 8565: 8558: 8473: 8393: 8385:Doctrine of Father Divine 8331: 8273: 7922: 7777: 7769:Women's suffrage movement 7722:Reconstruction Amendments 7529:Voting Rights Act of 1965 7448: 7286: 7259: 7224: 7207:To a Southern Slaveholder 7198: 7163: 6995:The Bondwoman's Narrative 6944: 6870:My Bondage and My Freedom 6854:The Life of Josiah Henson 6838:American Slavery as It Is 6813: 6780: 6440: 6396: 6371: 6345: 6298: 6281: 6266:Andreas Matthäus Wolfgang 6155: 6144: 6131: 4824:306 (note to p. 124) 4182:363 (note to p. 254) 3625:Confederate surrender at 3588:Emancipation Proclamation 3204:American Slavery As It Is 2719: 2405:in Sydney, Australia, as 2335:Searching for a publisher 2268:Writing of the manuscript 2212:Declaration of Sentiments 1961:Emancipation Proclamation 1633:Opposition and resistance 1391:Sex trafficking in Europe 1379:Blackbirding in Polynesia 942:Trans-Saharan slave trade 139: 128: 115: 107: 89: 79: 62: 49: 37: 30: 9500:Literate American slaves 9495:Burials in Massachusetts 9434:United States portal 8869:African-American English 8298:Inventors and scientists 7990:George Washington Carver 7594:Chicago Freedom Movement 7153:The Underground Railroad 6918:The Peculiar Institution 6563:Sarah Jane Woodson Early 5910:Salenius, Sirpa (2017), 5887:"A True Tale of Slavery" 5885:Jacobs, John S. (1861), 5840:Jacobs, Harriet (1861), 4242:278 (note to p. 39) 3735: 3386:Women's rights activist 3033:The Last of the Mohicans 2922:Harriet Jacobs is born. 2868:Politics and literature 2799:The Underground Railroad 2698:Cambridge, Massachusetts 2589:constitutional amendment 2441:Relief work and politics 2386:After the book had been 2049:House of Representatives 1741:Compensated emancipation 952:Indian Ocean slave trade 73:March 7, 1897 (aged 84) 9357:African-American firsts 8406:Back-to-Africa movement 8375:Black Hebrew Israelites 8155:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 7703:Partus sequitur ventrem 7324:Films featuring slavery 6788:Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua 6712:William Henry Singleton 6517:Ellen and William Craft 6036:Works by Harriet Jacobs 6021:Works by Harriet Jacobs 4743:253–255. Summarized in 4012:Mississippi Law Journal 3378:Herman Melville writes 3328:Seneca Falls Convention 3018:Harriet's father dies. 2827:In 2022, French artist 2807:Futility Closet Podcast 2692:Grave of Harriet Jacobs 2466:Franklin and Armfield's 2403:a progressive newspaper 2218:Obtaining legal freedom 2208:Seneca Falls Convention 2104:Nathaniel Parker Willis 1665:1926 Slavery Convention 1421:Germany in World War II 1038:North and South America 560:Contract of manumission 246:partus sequitur ventrem 241:Edenton, North Carolina 207:-occupied parts of the 178:Edenton, North Carolina 56:Edenton, North Carolina 9325:Spingarn Medal winners 8814:States and territories 8585:Black NFL quarterbacks 8085:Martin Luther King Jr. 7617:Dred Scott v. Sandford 7556:Montgomery bus boycott 7172:Amos Fortune, Free Man 6406:Juan Francisco Manzano 6381:Marie-Joseph Angélique 6289:Brigitta Scherzenfeldt 6272:Johann Georg Wolffgang 6254:Guðríður Símonardóttir 6193:James Leander Cathcart 5951:Harriet Jacobs: A Life 5901:Maillard, Mary (ed.), 3751:Harriet Jacobs: A Life 3714:William Jacob Knox Jr. 3201:'s anti-slavery book, 3085:begins publication of 3083:William Lloyd Garrison 2852: 2760:Harriet Jacobs: A Life 2693: 2628: 2616: 2564: 2473: 2454: 2399:A True Tale of Slavery 2344: 2294: 2252: 2170:William Lloyd Garrison 2165: 2164:William Lloyd Garrison 2114: 2078: 2034: 1146:British Virgin Islands 698:Circassian slave trade 664:Safavid imperial harem 659:Ottoman Imperial Harem 271: 236: 75:Washington, D.C., U.S. 9530:American women slaves 8635:Athletic associations 8570:Negro league baseball 8341:African-American Jews 8060:Ketanji Brown Jackson 8025:Henry Highland Garnet 7884:Negro National Anthem 7634:George Floyd protests 7599:Post–civil rights era 7121:Walk Through Darkness 7057:Underground to Canada 6670:Jermain Wesley Loguen 6615:(1848/1854 VA – 1957) 6542:Ayuba Suleiman Diallo 6358:Konstantin Mihailović 6306:Lovisa von Burghausen 4682:in the autobiography. 3627:Appomatox Court House 3612:opens in Alexandria. 3145:elected to Congress. 3102:Louisa Matilda Jacobs 3028:James Fenimore Cooper 2898:Harriet Beecher Stowe 2844: 2714:Epistle to the Romans 2710:Mount Auburn Cemetery 2691: 2684:Later years and death 2622: 2607: 2562: 2460: 2448: 2417:Reception of the book 2367:Jacobs now contacted 2342: 2291:Out-doors at Idlewild 2288: 2274:Harriet Beecher Stowe 2251:Amy Post in the 1860s 2250: 2163: 2129:abolitionist movement 2112: 2076: 2065:Seven years concealed 2032: 1385:Europe and North Asia 1345:Australia and Oceania 1045:Pre-Columbian America 617:Slave raid of Suðuroy 549:Slavery in al-Andalus 471:Black Sea slave trade 400:21st-century jihadism 269: 262:Early life in slavery 227: 84:Mount Auburn Cemetery 21:Linda Brent (actress) 8842:Afro-Seminole Creole 8368:Azusa Street Revival 8240:Booker T. Washington 7764:Underground Railroad 7629:Free people of color 7483:Atlantic slave trade 7319:Caribbean literature 7309:Atlantic slave trade 6862:Twelve Years a Slave 6755:Booker T. Washington 6557:Jordan Winston Early 5531:Rick Koster (2017). 3731:Notes and references 3323:Mexican–American War 3199:Theodore Dwight Weld 2505:Alexandria, Virginia 1840:Indentured servitude 1768:Underground Railroad 1568:United Arab Emirates 957:Zanzibar slave trade 924:By country or region 737:Atlantic slave trade 639:Ma malakat aymanukum 523:Venetian slave trade 9237:Trinidad and Tobago 8852:Black American Sign 8679:By African descent 8673:Ethnic subdivisions 8660:Southwestern (SWAC) 8575:Baseball color line 8490:Black Panther Party 8394:Political movements 8311:in computer science 7970:Carol Moseley Braun 7759:Tulsa race massacre 7752:Treatment of slaves 7584:March on Washington 7579:Birmingham movement 7314:Captivity narrative 7145:The Book of Negroes 6926:The Slave Community 6790:(1845–1847, Brazil) 6717:James Lindsay Smith 6624:John Andrew Jackson 6559:(1814 – after 1894) 6513:(1845 KY – 1938 OH) 6506:William Wells Brown 6465:Jared Maurice Arter 6460:William J. Anderson 6353:Johann Schiltberger 5591:. November 15, 2017 5573:. January 23, 2017. 4671:. Corresponding to 3640:abolishes slavery. 3592:Union victories at 3529:Abraham Lincoln is 3437:Kansas-Nebraska Act 3330:on women's rights. 2963:Henry David Thoreau 2369:Thayer and Eldridge 2182:Rochester, New York 1926:Slave Route Project 1057:Americas indigenous 947:Red Sea slave trade 937:Contemporary Africa 800:Topics and practice 570:Crimean slave trade 565:Bukhara slave trade 518:Genoese slave trade 395:Contemporary Africa 375:Forced prostitution 203:, she travelled to 9335:US representatives 9330:US cabinet members 9222:Dominican Republic 8809:Metropolitan areas 8650:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 8475:Civic and economic 8453:Self-determination 8274:Education, science 8195:Fred Shuttlesworth 8175:A. Philip Randolph 8080:Coretta Scott King 8005:Frederick Douglass 7832:Harlem Renaissance 7737:Separate but equal 7727:Reconstruction era 7715:Plessy v. Ferguson 7606:Cornerstone Speech 7520:Civil Rights Acts 7503:Black Lives Matter 7478:American Civil War 7268:Unchained Memories 6773:(b. c. 1780 Congo) 6547:Frederick Douglass 6318:Ukawsaw Gronniosaw 6217:Maria ter Meetelen 5790:– via Trove. 5762:– via Trove. 5518:The New York Times 3509:The Supreme Court 3366:Fugitive Slave Law 3351:Civil Disobedience 3307:Congress declares 3290:Edgar Allan Poe's 3100:Birth of daughter 2977:Frederick Douglass 2932:Harriet's brother 2865:Jacobs and family 2776:The New York Times 2706:Harvard University 2694: 2640:. They arrived in 2629: 2617: 2565: 2474: 2455: 2345: 2295: 2253: 2200:Amy and Isaac Post 2174:Frederick Douglass 2166: 2115: 2086:Escape and freedom 2079: 2035: 1707:Blockade of Africa 1014:Somali slave trade 930:Sub-Saharan Africa 622:Turkish Abductions 580:Khivan slave trade 575:Khazar slave trade 528:Balkan slave trade 486:Prague slave trade 272: 237: 201:American Civil War 9442: 9441: 9270:African Americans 9142:Dallas–Fort Worth 8737:Black Southerners 8668: 8667: 8120:Thurgood Marshall 8090:Bernard Lafayette 7685:Million Man March 7442:African Americans 7408: 7407: 7180:I, Juan de Pareja 7164:Young adult books 6971:Uncle Tom's Cabin 6814:Non-fiction books 6809: 6808: 6766:Harriet E. Wilson 6650:Elizabeth Keckley 6496:Henry "Box" Brown 6414:(1860–1965, Cuba) 6408:(1797–1854, Cuba) 6363:George of Hungary 6338:(1792 – fl. 1828) 6007:Project Gutenberg 5979:978-0-8078-3131-1 5877:978-0-6740-0271-5 5701:978-1-5685-8464-5 5616:Boston Art Review 4000:Brophy, Alfred L. 3695: 3694: 3409:Uncle Tom's Cabin 2829:Elizabeth Colomba 2792:In an interview, 2771:David S. Reynolds 2740:Lydia Maria Child 2726:Jean Fagan Yellin 2642:Savannah, Georgia 2614:Freedmen's Bureau 2555:The Jacobs School 2429:London Daily News 2373:Lydia Maria Child 2313:Jean Fagan Yellin 2279:Uncle Tom's Cabin 2144:The autobiography 2058:as the crow flies 2023: 2022: 1973:Freedmen's Bureau 1795:Third Servile War 1790:International law 1357:Human trafficking 1119:Human trafficking 794:Thirteen colonies 612:Sack of Baltimore 380:Human trafficking 209:Confederate South 150: 149: 9542: 9432: 9431: 9430: 9394:Lynching victims 8893:Louisiana Creole 8864:American English 8752:Louisiana Creole 8725:Choctaw freedmen 8563: 8562: 8100:Huddie Ledbetter 8040:Fannie Lou Hamer 8010:W. E. B. Du Bois 8000:Claudette Colvin 7995:Shirley Chisholm 7812:Family structure 7680:Military history 7562:Browder v. Gayle 7435: 7428: 7421: 7412: 7411: 7011: 7008: 7004: 7001: 6979:The Heroic Slave 6734:Pierre Toussaint 6729:(1793 VA – 1860) 6693:(1827 VA – 1900) 6425:Pierre Toussaint 6260:Antoine Qaurtier 6249: 6246: 6153: 6152: 6125:Slave narratives 6118: 6111: 6104: 6095: 6094: 6032: 6031: 6016:Internet Archive 5982: 5963: 5944: 5905: 5896: 5892:The Leisure Hour 5880: 5861: 5855: 5847: 5835: 5809: 5798: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5770: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5742: 5736: 5727: 5721: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5682: 5676: 5667: 5661: 5652: 5646: 5645: 5633: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5581: 5575: 5574: 5567: 5561: 5560: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5466: 5460: 5444: 5438: 5422: 5416: 5407: 5401: 5392: 5386: 5377: 5371: 5362: 5356: 5347: 5341: 5332: 5326: 5317: 5311: 5302: 5296: 5287: 5281: 5277: 5271: 5262: 5256: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5239:, April 16, 1864 5226: 5220: 5209: 5203: 5194: 5188: 5179: 5173: 5170: 5164: 5155: 5149: 5140: 5134: 5125: 5119: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5095: 5089: 5080: 5074: 5065: 5059: 5050: 5044: 5035: 5029: 5019: 5013: 5004: 4998: 4989: 4983: 4973: 4967: 4964: 4958: 4949: 4943: 4934: 4928: 4917: 4911: 4902: 4896: 4880: 4874: 4863: 4857: 4846: 4840: 4831: 4825: 4816: 4810: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4779: 4773: 4757: 4751: 4734: 4728: 4719: 4713: 4704: 4698: 4689: 4683: 4660: 4654: 4643: 4637: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4606: 4600: 4591: 4585: 4576: 4570: 4561: 4552: 4551: 4539: 4533: 4524: 4518: 4509: 4503: 4494: 4488: 4479: 4473: 4464: 4458: 4449: 4443: 4434: 4428: 4417: 4411: 4400: 4394: 4381: 4375: 4366: 4360: 4349: 4343: 4332: 4326: 4313: 4307: 4297: 4291: 4280: 4274: 4264: 4258: 4249: 4243: 4234: 4228: 4219: 4213: 4204: 4198: 4189: 4183: 4174: 4168: 4157: 4151: 4142: 4136: 4125: 4119: 4108: 4102: 4093: 4087: 4078: 4072: 4053: 4047: 4038: 4032: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4008: 3994: 3988: 3979: 3973: 3950: 3944: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3913: 3907: 3898: 3892: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3856: 3853: 3847: 3840: 3834: 3831: 3825: 3821: 3815: 3812: 3806: 3799: 3793: 3790: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3770: 3764: 3760: 3754: 3746: 3561:(April 12). The 3207:, is published. 3023:Thomas Jefferson 2859: 2858: 2842:, Yellin writes, 2794:Colson Whitehead 2730:John Blassingame 2670:New York Friends 2585:Susan B. Anthony 2530:New York Friends 2503:and neighboring 2501:Washington, D.C. 2308:New York Tribune 2204:women's suffrage 2015: 2008: 2001: 1985:Emancipation Day 1818: 1785:Slave Trade Acts 476:Byzantine Empire 318: 291: 290: 270:Dr. James Norcom 188:and her brother 72: 70: 42: 28: 27: 9550: 9549: 9545: 9544: 9543: 9541: 9540: 9539: 9445: 9444: 9443: 9438: 9428: 9426: 9413: 9379:Historic places 9372:US state firsts 9258: 9173: 8897: 8830: 8802:2010 majorities 8797:2000 majorities 8768: 8715:Black Seminoles 8664: 8655:Southern (SIAC) 8638: 8637:and conferences 8636: 8629: 8625:Serena Williams 8620:Jackie Robinson 8554: 8478: 8476: 8469: 8389: 8356:Nation of Islam 8327: 8275: 8269: 8210:Sojourner Truth 8200:Clarence Thomas 8165:Gabriel Prosser 8065:Michael Jackson 7940:Crispus Attucks 7930:Ralph Abernathy 7918: 7874:Musical theater 7773: 7639:Great Migration 7611:COVID-19 impact 7569:Sit-in movement 7444: 7439: 7409: 7404: 7350:Book of Negroes 7304:Anti-Tom novels 7282: 7255: 7220: 7194: 7159: 7129:The Known World 7009: 7002: 6940: 6902:Up from Slavery 6805: 6794:Miguel de Buría 6776: 6745:Wallace Turnage 6681:Solomon Northup 6613:Fountain Hughes 6455:Jordan Anderson 6442: 6436: 6412:Esteban Montejo 6398: 6392: 6373: 6367: 6341: 6312:Olaudah Equiano 6294: 6277: 6247: 6211:Elizabeth Marsh 6199:Ólafur Egilsson 6187:Felice Caronni 6148: 6146: 6140: 6127: 6122: 6084:Yale University 6065:Wayback Machine 6029: 5998:Standard Ebooks 5990: 5980: 5961: 5878: 5849: 5848: 5833: 5817: 5812: 5799: 5795: 5785: 5783: 5772: 5771: 5767: 5757: 5755: 5744: 5743: 5739: 5728: 5724: 5713: 5709: 5702: 5686:Kendi, Ibram X. 5683: 5679: 5668: 5664: 5653: 5649: 5634: 5630: 5620: 5618: 5608: 5604: 5594: 5592: 5583: 5582: 5578: 5569: 5568: 5564: 5557:Deutschlandfunk 5548: 5544: 5529: 5525: 5514:"To Be a Slave" 5510: 5506: 5467: 5463: 5459:xxiv-xxvi, xxix 5445: 5441: 5423: 5419: 5408: 5404: 5393: 5389: 5378: 5374: 5363: 5359: 5348: 5344: 5333: 5329: 5318: 5314: 5303: 5299: 5288: 5284: 5278: 5274: 5263: 5259: 5242: 5240: 5233: 5227: 5223: 5210: 5206: 5195: 5191: 5180: 5176: 5171: 5167: 5156: 5152: 5141: 5137: 5126: 5122: 5105: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5092: 5081: 5077: 5066: 5062: 5051: 5047: 5036: 5032: 5020: 5016: 5005: 5001: 4990: 4986: 4974: 4970: 4965: 4961: 4950: 4946: 4935: 4931: 4918: 4914: 4903: 4899: 4881: 4877: 4864: 4860: 4847: 4843: 4832: 4828: 4817: 4813: 4802: 4798: 4789: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4776: 4758: 4754: 4735: 4731: 4720: 4716: 4705: 4701: 4690: 4686: 4661: 4657: 4644: 4640: 4629: 4625: 4615: 4613: 4608: 4607: 4603: 4592: 4588: 4577: 4573: 4562: 4555: 4540: 4536: 4525: 4521: 4510: 4506: 4495: 4491: 4480: 4476: 4465: 4461: 4450: 4446: 4435: 4431: 4418: 4414: 4401: 4397: 4382: 4378: 4367: 4363: 4350: 4346: 4333: 4329: 4314: 4310: 4298: 4294: 4281: 4277: 4265: 4261: 4250: 4246: 4235: 4231: 4220: 4216: 4205: 4201: 4190: 4186: 4175: 4171: 4158: 4154: 4143: 4139: 4126: 4122: 4109: 4105: 4094: 4090: 4079: 4075: 4054: 4050: 4039: 4035: 4024: 4020: 4006: 3998:Crump, Judson; 3995: 3991: 3980: 3976: 3951: 3947: 3936: 3932: 3922: 3920: 3915: 3914: 3910: 3899: 3895: 3885: 3881: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3859: 3854: 3850: 3841: 3837: 3832: 3828: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3809: 3800: 3796: 3791: 3787: 3781: 3777: 3771: 3767: 3761: 3757: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3725:Solomon Northup 3709:Olaudah Equiano 3700: 3552:(February 18). 3541:Publication of 3465:Bleeding Kansas 3348:Thoreau writes 3235:Herman Melville 2996:Herman Melville 2884:Abraham Lincoln 2880:Edgar Allan Poe 2857: 2722: 2686: 2677:search for gold 2627:, February 1872 2625:Harper's Weekly 2602: 2557: 2443: 2438: 2419: 2365: 2337: 2270: 2245: 2220: 2158: 2153: 2146: 2088: 2067: 2040: 2019: 1990: 1989: 1894:Slave narrative 1850:Fugitive slaves 1830: 1822: 1821: 1812: 1780:Slave rebellion 1635: 1625: 1624: 1583: 1573: 1572: 1395:United Kingdom 1331:Yankee princess 925: 917: 916: 644:Avret Pazarları 590:Avret Pazarları 459:Medieval Europe 425: 415: 414: 353:Forced marriage 328: 264: 222: 220:Family and name 217: 74: 68: 66: 54: 45: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9548: 9538: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9440: 9439: 9437: 9436: 9424: 9418: 9415: 9414: 9412: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9375: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9354: 9353: 9352: 9347: 9345:Visual artists 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9305:Mathematicians 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9266: 9264: 9260: 9259: 9257: 9256: 9255: 9254: 9246: 9241: 9240: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9211: 9210: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9183: 9181: 9175: 9174: 9172: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9155: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9129: 9124: 9122:South Carolina 9119: 9114: 9113: 9112: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9092:North Carolina 9089: 9088: 9087: 9077: 9072: 9071: 9070: 9060: 9055: 9054: 9053: 9045: 9044: 9043: 9037:Massachusetts 9035: 9034: 9033: 9023: 9018: 9017: 9016: 9006: 9001: 9000: 8999: 8989: 8984: 8983: 8982: 8972: 8967: 8966: 8965: 8955: 8954: 8953: 8948: 8938: 8933: 8932: 8931: 8926: 8916: 8911: 8905: 8903: 8899: 8898: 8896: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8884: 8883: 8882: 8881: 8879:social context 8876: 8866: 8856: 8855: 8854: 8844: 8838: 8836: 8832: 8831: 8829: 8828: 8827: 8826: 8821: 8811: 8806: 8805: 8804: 8799: 8789: 8788: 8787: 8776: 8774: 8770: 8769: 8767: 8766: 8761: 8760: 8759: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8733: 8732: 8730:Creek Freedmen 8727: 8722: 8717: 8707: 8705:Alabama Creole 8702: 8701: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8676: 8674: 8670: 8669: 8666: 8665: 8663: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8645:Central (CIAA) 8641: 8639: 8634: 8631: 8630: 8628: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8566: 8560: 8556: 8555: 8553: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8481: 8479: 8474: 8471: 8470: 8468: 8467: 8462: 8461: 8460: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8438:Pan-Africanism 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8419: 8418: 8408: 8403: 8397: 8395: 8391: 8390: 8388: 8387: 8382: 8380:Black theology 8377: 8372: 8371: 8370: 8360: 8359: 8358: 8353: 8343: 8337: 8335: 8329: 8328: 8326: 8325: 8324: 8323: 8321:in STEM fields 8318: 8313: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8279: 8277: 8276:and technology 8271: 8270: 8268: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8215:Harriet Tubman 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8145:Michelle Obama 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8075:Barbara Jordan 8072: 8070:Harriet Jacobs 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7960:Amelia Boynton 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7926: 7924: 7923:Notable people 7920: 7919: 7917: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7859:LGBT community 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7840: 7839: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7783: 7781: 7775: 7774: 7772: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7755: 7754: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7711: 7706: 7699: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7658: 7653: 7652: 7651: 7646: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7602: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7574:Freedom Riders 7571: 7566: 7558: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7537: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7518: 7513: 7505: 7500: 7498:Black genocide 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7454: 7452: 7446: 7445: 7438: 7437: 7430: 7423: 7415: 7406: 7405: 7403: 7402: 7394: 7386: 7378: 7370: 7362: 7354: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7290: 7288: 7284: 7283: 7281: 7280: 7272: 7263: 7261: 7257: 7256: 7254: 7253: 7245: 7237: 7228: 7226: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7218: 7210: 7202: 7200: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7192: 7184: 7176: 7167: 7165: 7161: 7160: 7158: 7157: 7149: 7141: 7133: 7125: 7117: 7109: 7101: 7093: 7089:Middle Passage 7085: 7077: 7069: 7061: 7053: 7045: 7037: 7029: 7021: 7013: 6991: 6983: 6975: 6967: 6959: 6950: 6948: 6946:Fiction/novels 6942: 6941: 6939: 6938: 6930: 6922: 6914: 6906: 6898: 6890: 6882: 6874: 6866: 6858: 6850: 6842: 6834: 6826: 6817: 6815: 6811: 6810: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6803: 6797: 6791: 6784: 6782: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6774: 6768: 6763: 6760:Wallace Willis 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6740:Harriet Tubman 6737: 6730: 6727:Austin Steward 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6697:William Parker 6694: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6672: 6667: 6665:J. Vance Lewis 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6629:Harriet Jacobs 6626: 6621: 6616: 6610: 6605: 6603:William Grimes 6600: 6595:(19th century 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6565: 6560: 6554: 6552:Kate Drumgoold 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6470:Solomon Bayley 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6446: 6444: 6441:North America: 6438: 6437: 6435: 6434: 6428: 6421: 6415: 6409: 6402: 6400: 6397:North America: 6394: 6393: 6391: 6390: 6387:John R. Jewitt 6384: 6377: 6375: 6372:North America: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6349: 6347: 6346:Ottoman Empire 6343: 6342: 6340: 6339: 6333: 6327: 6324:Jean Marteilhe 6321: 6315: 6309: 6302: 6300: 6296: 6295: 6293: 6292: 6285: 6283: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6275: 6269: 6263: 6257: 6251: 6238: 6232: 6226: 6220: 6214: 6208: 6207:(late 19th c.) 6202: 6196: 6190: 6184: 6181:Isaac Brassard 6178: 6172: 6166: 6159: 6157: 6150: 6149:of enslavement 6142: 6141: 6139: 6138: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6121: 6120: 6113: 6106: 6098: 6092: 6091: 6086: 6073: 6067: 6055: 6046: 6033: 6018: 6009: 6000: 5989: 5988:External links 5986: 5985: 5984: 5978: 5965: 5959: 5946: 5907: 5898: 5882: 5876: 5863: 5837: 5831: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5810: 5793: 5765: 5737: 5722: 5715:Yellin (ed.), 5707: 5700: 5677: 5670:Yellin (ed.), 5662: 5655:Yellin (ed.), 5647: 5628: 5602: 5576: 5562: 5542: 5523: 5504: 5461: 5439: 5417: 5402: 5387: 5372: 5357: 5342: 5327: 5312: 5297: 5282: 5272: 5257: 5221: 5204: 5189: 5174: 5165: 5150: 5135: 5120: 5090: 5075: 5060: 5045: 5030: 5014: 4999: 4984: 4968: 4959: 4944: 4929: 4912: 4905:Yellin (ed.), 4897: 4883:Yellin (ed.), 4875: 4858: 4841: 4826: 4811: 4796: 4774: 4767:Yellin (ed.), 4752: 4738:Yellin (ed.), 4729: 4714: 4699: 4684: 4673:Yellin (ed.), 4655: 4638: 4623: 4601: 4586: 4571: 4553: 4534: 4519: 4504: 4489: 4474: 4459: 4444: 4429: 4412: 4395: 4391:Map of Edenton 4376: 4361: 4344: 4327: 4308: 4301:Yellin (ed.), 4292: 4275: 4259: 4244: 4229: 4214: 4199: 4184: 4169: 4152: 4137: 4120: 4103: 4088: 4073: 4048: 4033: 4018: 3989: 3974: 3945: 3930: 3908: 3893: 3887:Yellin (ed.), 3879: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3857: 3848: 3835: 3826: 3816: 3807: 3794: 3785: 3775: 3765: 3755: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3728: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3711: 3706: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3643: 3642: 3638:13th Amendment 3623: 3620: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3607: 3603: 3602: 3584: 3582: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3568: 3567: 3546: 3539: 3535: 3534: 3527: 3520: 3516: 3515: 3502: 3500: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3486: 3482: 3481: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3468: 3461: 3459: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3445: 3441: 3440: 3434: 3432: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3418: 3414: 3413: 3404: 3401: 3397: 3396: 3388:Amelia Bloomer 3376: 3374: 3370: 3369: 3363: 3360: 3356: 3355: 3346: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3312: 3305: 3303: 3299: 3298: 3296:is published. 3282: 3279: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3266: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3249: 3245: 3244: 3232: 3229: 3225: 3224: 3217: 3214: 3210: 3209: 3188: 3185: 3181: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3170: 3169: 3156: 3153: 3149: 3148: 3146: 3139: 3135: 3134: 3128: 3125: 3121: 3120: 3114: 3112: 3108: 3107: 3105: 3098: 3094: 3093: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3067: 3064:Andrew Jackson 3061: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3049: 3043: 3039: 3038: 3019: 3016: 3010: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3000: 2999: 2988: 2985: 2981: 2980: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2966: 2959: 2957: 2953: 2952: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2934:John S. Jacobs 2930: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2916: 2915: 2908: 2906: 2902: 2901: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2887: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2856: 2853: 2811:Patrick Fowler 2779:, states that 2721: 2718: 2702:boarding house 2685: 2682: 2653:Andrew Johnson 2610:Andrew Johnson 2601: 2598: 2556: 2553: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2418: 2415: 2364: 2361: 2357:Harper's Ferry 2336: 2333: 2269: 2266: 2244: 2241: 2219: 2216: 2195:The North Star 2157: 2154: 2145: 2142: 2113:Boston in 1841 2087: 2084: 2066: 2063: 2053:Louisa Matilda 2039: 2036: 2021: 2020: 2018: 2017: 2010: 2003: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1988: 1987: 1982: 1981: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1907: 1906: 1901: 1891: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1879: 1872:List of slaves 1869: 1868: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1776: 1775: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1754: 1753: 1743: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1731: 1721: 1720: 1719: 1714: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1636: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1606: 1605: 1600: 1590: 1584: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1469: 1468: 1464: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1416:Dutch Republic 1413: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1401: 1393: 1387: 1386: 1382: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1360: 1359: 1348: 1347: 1341: 1340: 1335: 1334: 1333: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1307: 1306: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1284: 1279: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1224: 1223: 1217: 1216: 1211: 1204: 1203: 1202: 1197: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1165: 1160: 1159: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1066: 1065: 1064: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1041: 1040: 1034: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 960: 959: 949: 944: 939: 933: 932: 926: 923: 922: 919: 918: 915: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 888: 887: 883: 882: 877: 875:Child soldiers 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 851: 850: 840: 835: 830: 825: 824: 823: 818: 813: 802: 801: 797: 796: 791: 786: 784:Spanish Empire 781: 776: 771: 766: 764:Middle Passage 761: 756: 751: 746: 740: 739: 733: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 701: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 626: 625: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 594: 593: 592: 585:Ottoman Empire 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 546: 540: 539: 533: 532: 531: 530: 520: 515: 510: 509: 508: 503: 498: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 462: 461: 455: 454: 449: 444: 439: 433: 432: 426: 421: 420: 417: 416: 413: 412: 407: 405:Sexual slavery 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 371: 370: 365: 363:Child marriage 360: 350: 345: 340: 338:Child soldiers 335: 329: 324: 323: 320: 319: 311: 310: 300: 299: 263: 260: 221: 218: 216: 213: 190:John S. Jacobs 186:Louisa Matilda 153:Harriet Jacobs 148: 147: 144:John S. Jacobs 141: 137: 136: 130: 126: 125: 117: 113: 112: 109: 105: 104: 103: 102: 99: 96: 91: 87: 86: 81: 77: 76: 64: 60: 59: 51: 47: 46: 43: 35: 34: 32:Harriet Jacobs 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9547: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9452: 9450: 9435: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9419: 9416: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9404:Neighborhoods 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9367:Sports firsts 9365: 9363: 9360: 9359: 9358: 9355: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9272: 9271: 9268: 9267: 9265: 9261: 9253: 9250: 9249: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9214: 9212: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9189: 9188: 9185: 9184: 9182: 9180: 9176: 9170: 9169:West Virginia 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9134: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9111: 9108: 9107: 9106:Pennsylvania 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9086: 9085:New York City 9083: 9082: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9069: 9066: 9065: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9052: 9049: 9048: 9046: 9042: 9039: 9038: 9036: 9032: 9029: 9028: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9015: 9012: 9011: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 8998: 8995: 8994: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8981: 8978: 8977: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8964: 8961: 8960: 8959: 8956: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8943: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8930: 8929:San Francisco 8927: 8925: 8922: 8921: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8906: 8904: 8902:By state/city 8900: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8871: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8861: 8860: 8857: 8853: 8850: 8849: 8848: 8847:American Sign 8845: 8843: 8840: 8839: 8837: 8833: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8816: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8794: 8793: 8790: 8786: 8783: 8782: 8781: 8780:Neighborhoods 8778: 8777: 8775: 8771: 8765: 8762: 8758: 8755: 8754: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8712: 8711: 8710:Black Indians 8708: 8706: 8703: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8680: 8678: 8677: 8675: 8671: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8642: 8640: 8632: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8567: 8564: 8561: 8557: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8482: 8480: 8472: 8466: 8463: 8459: 8456: 8455: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8417: 8414: 8413: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8398: 8396: 8392: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8369: 8366: 8365: 8364: 8361: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8348: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8334: 8330: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8308: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8288:Black schools 8286: 8284: 8283:Black studies 8281: 8280: 8278: 8272: 8266: 8265:Whitney Young 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8255:Oprah Winfrey 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8225:Denmark Vesey 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8170:Joseph Rainey 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8125:Toni Morrison 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8110:Joseph Lowery 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8055:Jesse Jackson 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8045:Kamala Harris 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8030:Marcus Garvey 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7980:Blanche Bruce 7978: 7976: 7975:Edward Brooke 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7965:James Bradley 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7945:James Baldwin 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7927: 7925: 7921: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7889:Neighborhoods 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7838: 7835: 7834: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7784: 7782: 7780: 7776: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7753: 7750: 7749: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7742:Silent Parade 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7717: 7716: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7704: 7700: 7698: 7697: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7670:Jim Crow laws 7668: 7666: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7641: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7619: 7618: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7564: 7563: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7553: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7521: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7493:Black cowboys 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7455: 7453: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7436: 7431: 7429: 7424: 7422: 7417: 7416: 7413: 7400: 7399: 7395: 7392: 7391: 7387: 7384: 7383: 7379: 7376: 7375: 7371: 7368: 7367: 7363: 7360: 7359: 7355: 7352: 7351: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7291: 7289: 7285: 7278: 7277: 7273: 7270: 7269: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7260:Documentaries 7258: 7251: 7250: 7246: 7243: 7242: 7238: 7235: 7234: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7223: 7216: 7215: 7211: 7208: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7197: 7190: 7189: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7177: 7174: 7173: 7169: 7168: 7166: 7162: 7155: 7154: 7150: 7147: 7146: 7142: 7139: 7138: 7134: 7131: 7130: 7126: 7123: 7122: 7118: 7115: 7114: 7110: 7107: 7106: 7102: 7099: 7098: 7094: 7091: 7090: 7086: 7083: 7082: 7078: 7075: 7074: 7070: 7067: 7066: 7062: 7059: 7058: 7054: 7051: 7050: 7046: 7043: 7042: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7030: 7027: 7026: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7014: 6997: 6996: 6992: 6989: 6988: 6984: 6981: 6980: 6976: 6973: 6972: 6968: 6965: 6964: 6960: 6957: 6956: 6952: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6943: 6936: 6935: 6931: 6928: 6927: 6923: 6920: 6919: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6907: 6904: 6903: 6899: 6896: 6895: 6891: 6888: 6887: 6883: 6880: 6879: 6875: 6872: 6871: 6867: 6864: 6863: 6859: 6856: 6855: 6851: 6848: 6847: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6827: 6824: 6823: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6812: 6801: 6798: 6795: 6792: 6789: 6786: 6785: 6783: 6781:South America 6779: 6772: 6771:Zamba Zembola 6769: 6767: 6764: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6750:Bethany Veney 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6735: 6731: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6722:Venture Smith 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6702:James Roberts 6700: 6698: 6695: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6660:Lunsford Lane 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6645: 6644:Paul Jennings 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6619:Omar ibn Said 6617: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6608:Josiah Henson 6606: 6604: 6601: 6598: 6594: 6593:William Green 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6573: 6569: 6568:Peter Fossett 6566: 6564: 6561: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6527:Lucinda Davis 6525: 6523: 6522:Hannah Crafts 6520: 6518: 6515: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6491: 6490:James Bradley 6488: 6486: 6485:Leonard Black 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6443:United States 6439: 6432: 6431:Marcos Xiorro 6429: 6426: 6422: 6419: 6416: 6413: 6410: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6395: 6388: 6385: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6370: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6344: 6337: 6334: 6331: 6328: 6325: 6322: 6319: 6316: 6313: 6310: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6297: 6290: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6280: 6273: 6270: 6267: 6264: 6261: 6258: 6255: 6252: 6242: 6239: 6236: 6235:Thomas Pellow 6233: 6230: 6227: 6224: 6221: 6218: 6215: 6212: 6209: 6206: 6205:Petro Kilekwa 6203: 6200: 6197: 6194: 6191: 6188: 6185: 6182: 6179: 6176: 6173: 6170: 6167: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6154: 6151: 6143: 6137: 6134: 6133: 6130: 6126: 6119: 6114: 6112: 6107: 6105: 6100: 6099: 6096: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6074: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6047: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6034: 6026: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5995: 5992: 5991: 5981: 5975: 5971: 5966: 5962: 5960:0-465-09288-8 5956: 5952: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5879: 5873: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5853: 5845: 5844: 5838: 5834: 5832:0-521-49779-5 5828: 5824: 5819: 5818: 5808: 5805: 5804: 5797: 5781: 5780: 5775: 5769: 5753: 5752: 5747: 5741: 5734: 5733: 5726: 5719: 5718: 5711: 5703: 5697: 5693: 5692: 5687: 5681: 5674: 5673: 5666: 5659: 5658: 5651: 5643: 5639: 5632: 5617: 5613: 5606: 5590: 5586: 5580: 5572: 5566: 5558: 5555:(in German). 5554: 5546: 5538: 5534: 5527: 5519: 5515: 5508: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5477:(1): 99–125. 5476: 5472: 5465: 5458: 5457: 5456:Family Papers 5451: 5450: 5443: 5436: 5435: 5434:Family Papers 5429: 5428: 5421: 5414: 5413: 5406: 5399: 5398: 5391: 5384: 5383: 5376: 5369: 5368: 5361: 5354: 5353: 5346: 5339: 5338: 5331: 5324: 5323: 5316: 5309: 5308: 5301: 5294: 5293: 5286: 5276: 5269: 5268: 5261: 5254: 5253: 5238: 5237: 5231: 5225: 5219: 5216: 5215: 5208: 5201: 5200: 5193: 5186: 5185: 5178: 5169: 5162: 5161: 5154: 5147: 5146: 5139: 5132: 5131: 5124: 5117: 5116: 5102: 5101: 5094: 5087: 5086: 5079: 5072: 5071: 5064: 5057: 5056: 5049: 5042: 5041: 5034: 5027: 5024: 5018: 5011: 5010: 5003: 4996: 4995: 4988: 4981: 4980: 4972: 4963: 4956: 4955: 4948: 4941: 4940: 4933: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4916: 4909: 4908: 4901: 4894: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4879: 4873: 4870: 4869: 4862: 4855: 4854:0-19-512073-6 4851: 4845: 4838: 4837: 4830: 4823: 4822: 4815: 4808: 4807: 4800: 4786: 4785: 4778: 4771: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4756: 4749: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4733: 4726: 4725: 4718: 4711: 4710: 4703: 4696: 4695: 4688: 4681: 4677: 4676: 4670: 4667: 4666: 4659: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4642: 4635: 4634: 4627: 4611: 4605: 4598: 4597: 4590: 4583: 4582: 4575: 4568: 4567: 4560: 4558: 4549: 4545: 4538: 4531: 4530: 4523: 4516: 4515: 4508: 4501: 4500: 4493: 4486: 4485: 4478: 4471: 4470: 4463: 4456: 4455: 4448: 4441: 4440: 4433: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4416: 4410: 4407: 4406: 4399: 4392: 4388: 4387: 4380: 4373: 4372: 4365: 4359: 4356: 4355: 4348: 4342: 4339: 4338: 4331: 4324: 4321: 4320: 4312: 4305: 4304: 4296: 4290: 4287: 4286: 4279: 4272: 4271: 4263: 4256: 4255: 4248: 4241: 4240: 4233: 4226: 4225: 4218: 4211: 4210: 4203: 4196: 4195: 4188: 4181: 4180: 4173: 4167: 4164: 4163: 4156: 4149: 4148: 4141: 4135: 4132: 4131: 4124: 4118: 4115: 4114: 4107: 4100: 4099: 4092: 4085: 4084: 4077: 4070: 4069: 4063: 4060: 4059: 4052: 4045: 4044: 4037: 4030: 4029: 4022: 4014: 4013: 4005: 4001: 3993: 3986: 3985: 3978: 3971: 3967: 3964: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3949: 3942: 3941: 3934: 3918: 3912: 3905: 3904: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3883: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3852: 3845: 3839: 3830: 3820: 3811: 3804: 3803:The Liberator 3798: 3789: 3779: 3769: 3759: 3752: 3745: 3741: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3633: 3628: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3610:Jacobs School 3608: 3605: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3595: 3589: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3544: 3540: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3525: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3487: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3446: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3411: 3410: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3392:Bloomer dress 3389: 3383: 3382: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3371: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3352: 3347: 3344: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3309:war on Mexico 3306: 3304: 3301: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3294: 3287: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3264: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3241: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3194: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3182: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3165:E. P. Lovejoy 3161: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3089: 3088:The Liberator 3084: 3079: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3041: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2871: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2860: 2851: 2849: 2843: 2841: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2801: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2788: 2787: 2782: 2778: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2717: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2700:, she kept a 2699: 2690: 2681: 2678: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2661: 2657: 2654: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2626: 2621: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2570:Jacobs School 2561: 2552: 2550: 2544: 2542: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2515: 2514:The Liberator 2510: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2480:of president 2479: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2452: 2447: 2433: 2431: 2430: 2423: 2414: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2389: 2384: 2382: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2341: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2309: 2304: 2300: 2292: 2287: 2283: 2281: 2280: 2275: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2249: 2240: 2238: 2232: 2228: 2226: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2196: 2191: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2162: 2151: 2141: 2139: 2133: 2130: 2125: 2121: 2111: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2100:New York City 2097: 2093: 2083: 2075: 2071: 2062: 2060: 2059: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2045:Samuel Sawyer 2031: 2027: 2016: 2011: 2009: 2004: 2002: 1997: 1996: 1994: 1993: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1916:Slave catcher 1914: 1912: 1909: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1874: 1873: 1870: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1852: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1845:Forced labour 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1826: 1825: 1816: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1722: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1691: 1690:Abolitionists 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1629: 1628: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1582: 1577: 1576: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 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1163:Latin America 1161: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1114:interregional 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1099:prison labour 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1069:United States 1067: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 958: 955: 954: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 934: 931: 928: 927: 921: 920: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 889: 885: 884: 881: 880:White slavery 878: 876: 873: 871: 870:Slave raiding 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 849: 846: 845: 844: 841: 839: 838:Corvée labour 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 808: 807: 804: 803: 799: 798: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 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Wells 8235:David Walker 8230:C. T. Vivian 8185:Paul Robeson 8180:Hiram Revels 8160:Colin Powell 8140:Barack Obama 8095:James Lawson 8069: 8050:Jimi Hendrix 8020:James Farmer 8015:Medgar Evers 7985:Ralph Bunche 7935:Maya Angelou 7909:Middle class 7787:Afrofuturism 7713: 7701: 7694: 7615: 7560: 7507: 7473:Afrocentrism 7463:Abolitionism 7396: 7388: 7380: 7372: 7364: 7356: 7348: 7274: 7266: 7247: 7241:The Octoroon 7239: 7231: 7212: 7186: 7178: 7170: 7151: 7143: 7135: 7127: 7119: 7111: 7103: 7095: 7087: 7079: 7071: 7063: 7055: 7047: 7039: 7031: 7023: 7015: 6993: 6985: 6977: 6969: 6961: 6953: 6932: 6924: 6916: 6908: 6900: 6892: 6884: 6876: 6868: 6860: 6852: 6844: 6836: 6828: 6820: 6634:Thomas James 6628: 6583:Moses Grandy 6578:David George 6537:Lucy Delaney 6511:Peter Bruner 6450:Sam Aleckson 6330:Roustam Raza 6241:Joseph Pitts 6163:Robert Adams 6147:by continent 6049: 6043: 5969: 5950: 5921: 5915: 5902: 5890: 5867: 5842: 5822: 5815:Bibliography 5802: 5796: 5784:. Retrieved 5777: 5768: 5756:. Retrieved 5749: 5740: 5731: 5725: 5716: 5710: 5690: 5680: 5671: 5665: 5656: 5650: 5640:– via 5631: 5619:. Retrieved 5615: 5605: 5593:. Retrieved 5588: 5579: 5565: 5545: 5536: 5526: 5517: 5507: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5455: 5448: 5442: 5433: 5426: 5420: 5411: 5405: 5396: 5390: 5381: 5375: 5366: 5360: 5351: 5345: 5336: 5330: 5321: 5315: 5310:162, cf. 167 5306: 5300: 5291: 5285: 5275: 5266: 5260: 5251: 5243:December 31, 5241:, retrieved 5235: 5229: 5224: 5213: 5207: 5198: 5192: 5183: 5177: 5168: 5159: 5153: 5144: 5138: 5129: 5123: 5114: 5106:December 22, 5104:, retrieved 5099: 5093: 5084: 5078: 5069: 5063: 5054: 5048: 5039: 5033: 5017: 5008: 5002: 4993: 4987: 4978: 4971: 4962: 4953: 4947: 4938: 4932: 4921: 4915: 4906: 4900: 4891: 4884: 4878: 4867: 4861: 4856:, p. 4. 4844: 4835: 4829: 4820: 4814: 4805: 4799: 4788:, retrieved 4783: 4777: 4768: 4761: 4755: 4746: 4739: 4732: 4723: 4717: 4708: 4702: 4693: 4687: 4679: 4674: 4664: 4658: 4647: 4641: 4632: 4626: 4614:. Retrieved 4604: 4595: 4589: 4580: 4574: 4565: 4547: 4537: 4528: 4522: 4513: 4507: 4498: 4492: 4483: 4477: 4468: 4462: 4453: 4447: 4438: 4432: 4421: 4415: 4404: 4398: 4390: 4385: 4379: 4370: 4364: 4353: 4347: 4336: 4330: 4318: 4311: 4302: 4295: 4284: 4278: 4269: 4262: 4253: 4247: 4238: 4232: 4223: 4217: 4208: 4202: 4193: 4187: 4178: 4172: 4161: 4155: 4146: 4140: 4129: 4123: 4112: 4106: 4097: 4091: 4086:14, 223, 224 4082: 4076: 4067: 4057: 4051: 4042: 4036: 4027: 4021: 4010: 3992: 3983: 3977: 3961: 3954: 3948: 3939: 3933: 3921:. Retrieved 3911: 3902: 3896: 3888: 3882: 3870: 3851: 3843: 3838: 3829: 3819: 3810: 3802: 3797: 3788: 3778: 3768: 3758: 3750: 3744: 3636: 3630: 3609: 3591: 3556: 3553: 3542: 3523: 3508: 3489: 3448: 3421: 3407: 3385: 3379: 3349: 3336: 3326: 3291: 3289: 3269: 3256: 3238: 3202: 3197: 3191: 3163: 3086: 3081: 3055: 3046: 3031: 3026: 3013: 2992:Walt Whitman 2846:She was, in 2845: 2839: 2837: 2832: 2826: 2821: 2817: 2815: 2804: 2797: 2791: 2784: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2763: 2759: 2757: 2752: 2748: 2733: 2723: 2716:, 12:11–12) 2695: 2674: 2669: 2666:Ku-Klux-Klan 2662: 2658: 2650: 2633: 2630: 2578: 2573: 2569: 2566: 2545: 2541:Julia Wilbur 2538: 2529: 2525: 2523: 2512: 2508: 2498: 2493: 2475: 2469: 2427: 2424: 2420: 2411: 2406: 2398: 2394: 2392: 2385: 2377: 2366: 2350: 2346: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2306: 2296: 2290: 2277: 2271: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2221: 2193: 2190:Reading Room 2189: 2186: 2177: 2167: 2134: 2116: 2092:Philadelphia 2089: 2080: 2068: 2056: 2041: 2024: 1921:Slave patrol 1758:Freedom suit 1734:Sierra Leone 1724:Colonization 1640:Abolitionism 1620:Baháʼí Faith 1593:Christianity 1543:Saudi Arabia 1399:Penal Labour 1364:Blackbirding 1270:Debt bondage 1258:penal system 1084:Contemporary 1074:Field slaves 1062:U.S. Natives 1021:South Africa 892:Galley slave 865:Slave market 855:House slaves 828:Blackbirding 806:Conscription 730:21st century 693:Umm al-walad 537:Muslim world 506:Emancipation 410:Wage slavery 390:Penal labour 368:Wife selling 358:Bride buying 343:Conscription 333:Child Labour 326:Contemporary 280: 277: 273: 256: 244: 238: 234:communicants 198: 171: 166: 160: 157:abolitionist 152: 151: 119: 53:1813 or 1815 25: 9460:1897 deaths 9340:US senators 9310:Republicans 9295:Journalists 9152:San Antonio 9117:Puerto Rico 9058:Mississippi 8951:Tallahassee 8924:Los Angeles 8615:Jesse Owens 8600:Arthur Ashe 8458:Nationalism 8448:Raised fist 8411:Black power 8316:in medicine 8250:Roy Wilkins 8205:Emmett Till 8190:Al Sharpton 7955:Julian Bond 7950:James Bevel 7914:Upper class 7904:Stereotypes 7797:Black mecca 7709:Plantations 7488:Black Codes 7010: 1861 7003: 1853 6707:Moses Roper 6691:John Parker 6677:(1790–1880) 6655:Boston King 6646:(1799–1874) 6475:Polly Berry 6418:Mary Prince 6332:(1783–1845) 6326:(1684-1777) 6308:(1698–1733) 6291:(1684–1736) 6274:(1644–1744) 6268:(1660–1736) 6262:(1632–1702) 6256:(1598–1682) 6248: 1735 6231:(1708–1754) 6223:Mende Nazer 6213:(1735–1785) 6201:(1564–1639) 6195:(1767–1843) 6189:(1747–1815) 6183:(1620–1702) 6175:Francis Bok 6171:(1714-1761) 6169:Marcus Berg 6165:(c. 1790–?) 6145:Individuals 5928:: 166–196, 5232:, entitled 4790:December 7, 4616:December 6, 3720:Mary Prince 3559:Fort Sumter 3550:Confederacy 3545:(January). 3223:in London. 2912:War of 1812 2732:, was that 2608:Cartoon of 2494:Contrabands 2490:Contrabands 2451:Fort Wagner 2388:stereotyped 2299:Julia Tyler 1936:court cases 1813: [ 1763:Slave Power 1751:Manumission 1598:Catholicism 1473:Afghanistan 1214:Puerto Rico 1126:The Bahamas 1104:Slave codes 907:Shanghaiing 897:Impressment 789:Slave Coast 669:Qajar harem 629:Concubinage 602:slave trade 286:manumission 228:St. Paul's 167:Linda Brent 132:Joseph and 9449:Categories 9285:Astronauts 9075:New Jersey 8919:California 8423:Capitalism 8220:Nat Turner 8150:Rosa Parks 8135:Diane Nash 8105:John Lewis 7894:Newspapers 7864:Literature 7849:Juneteenth 7802:Businesses 7656:Exodusters 7624:Free Negro 7188:Copper Sun 7137:Unburnable 7073:Dessa Rose 6800:Osifekunde 6732:Venerable 6675:James Mars 6588:Lear Green 6572:Monticello 6532:Noah Davis 6501:John Brown 6480:Henry Bibb 6423:Venerable 6229:Hark Olufs 5621:August 30, 5589:Forbes.com 4610:"Amy Post" 4160:J.Jacobs, 4128:J.Jacobs, 3863:References 3749:biography 3594:Gettysburg 3586:Lincoln's 3505:John Brown 3253:N.P.Willis 3193:La Amistad 3131:Mark Twain 3078:Nat Turner 2749:Incidents, 2532:(i.e. the 2476:After the 2353:John Brown 2303:John Tyler 1951:J.Q. 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