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modern warfare. His goal was to make the
National Revolutionary Army like the army in Germany after the war, a force which could make up for what it lacked in quantity with its high quality of professional soldiers. In addition, Seeckt stressed he wanted an end to regionalism in the Chinese military. The army was to be led by officers who were loyal to Chiang alone, with no regional loyalties. In addition, Seeckt urged Chiang to fortify the lower Yangtze valley, and to adopt policies to industrialize China to gain independence from Western manufacturing. To this end, Seeckt suggested a trade agreement between China and Germany, where Germany would receive minerals needed for weapon manufacture, especially tungsten, and China would be provided with weapons and the industrial machinery needed to make China self-sufficient in producing such weapons. In March 1934, Chiang not only appointed Seeckt as his Chief Military Advisor, but also appointed him as the Deputy Chairman of the Military Affairs Council. In that capacity Seeckt chaired the twice weekly meetings at Nanjing between Chiang and his most senior generals. At a meeting at
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sacred duty. For then neither officers nor the people will lapse into enfeebling illusions of peace, but will remain aware that in the moment of truth only personal and national stature counts. If fate once again calls the German people to arms, and who can doubt that day will come, then officers should not have to call on a nation of weaklings, but of strong men ready to take up familiar and trusted weapons. The form these weapons take is not important as long as they are wielded by hands of steel and hearts of iron. So let us do our utmost to ensure that on that future day there is no lack of such hearts and hands. Let us strive tirelessly to strengthen our own bodies and minds and those of our fellow
Germans ... It is the duty of every member of the general staff to make the
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eventually be compelled to fight a war against its historic enemy, France, and that when such an event occurred
England would be looking for an ally on the continent to carry the burden of a land war. He felt a strong Germany would be a more attractive ally than a weak one. The support between Germany and the Soviets was seen in this light, as an agreement that would add to the strength of both nations. He did not believe such an agreement would alienate England. Though Seeckt was strongly anti-communist and was committed to keeping communism from Germany, that did not mean he would not make deals with the Soviet Union that would help Germany's position in the world.
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It is echoed by many bourgeois-pacifist elements, but among the workers, and also among the members of the official Social
Democratic Party there are many who are not prepared to eat out of the hands of France and Poland. It is true that there is a widespread and understandable need for peace among the German people. The clearest heads, when considering the pros and cons of war, will be those of the military, but to pursue a policy means to take a lead. In spite of everything, the German people will follow the leader in the struggle for their existence. Our task is to prepare for this struggle, for we shall not be spared it.
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Egypt and India are certainly infinitely more important at the moment than those on the Rhine, and an understanding between
Britain and France at Germany's expense, that is, a concession by Britain in return for an immediate advantage, is by no means improbable. Yet even such an understanding would be only temporary. The moment is coming, and must come, when Britain will be looking for allies on the Continent. When that moment arrives she will prefer the mercenary who is growing in strength, and will even have to make him stronger.
1224:, who was to be sent out as the Ambassador to Moscow. Brockdorff-Rantzau was just as committed as Seeckt to the destruction of Versailles, but rather preferred to accomplish that goal through an alliance with Britain. Moreover, Brockdorff-Rantzau feared that a too close rapprochement with the Soviet Union would alienate Britain and drive her into the arms of France. In response, on 11 September 1922, Seeckt sent a memo to Brockdorff-Rantzau entitled "Germany's Attitude to the Russian Problem". Some of Seeckt's salient points were:
1518:. In October 1933, Seeckt arrived in China to head the German military mission. At the time of his arrival, Sino-German relations were in a bad state owing to the racial arrogance of the Germans, and Chiang was considering firing the Germans and bringing in a French military mission. In order to save the military mission, Seeckt ordered the German officers to behave with more tact towards the Chinese and to start showing some respect for Chinese sensibilities. In this way, Seeckt saved Germany's position in China.
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against attempts by German communists to take power, but his concern over communism did not affect his attitude toward relations with the Soviet Union. Seeckt regarded his informal alliance with the Soviet Union in practical rather than ideological terms. Both nations were weak at the end of the war, and had external threats. In working together, he believed the hand of both nations were strengthened. Seeckt regarded the efforts of
General
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1107:. In working to build a professional army within and without the confines of the Treaty of Versailles, Seeckt advanced the concept of the army as a "state-within-a-state". This matched the conditions of the Versailles Treaty which were aimed at creating a long-term professional army with a ceiling of 100,000 volunteers and without significant reserves - a force which would not be able to challenge the much larger French Army.
709:. As was the case in the Gorlice offensive, Seeckt played a major role in the planning and execution of the operations in Serbia between 6 October and 24 November 1915. The saying spread through the German army "Where Mackensen is, Seeckt is; where Seeckt is, victory is." For his achievements he was awarded the Oak Leaves to the Pour le MĂ©rite. In June 1916 he became chief of staff for the Austro-Hungarian 7th Army in
1447:. Seeckt created 57 different committees to study the last war to provide lessons learned for the next war. Seeckt stated: "It is absolutely necessary to put the experience of the war in a broad light and collect this experience while the impressions won on the battlefield are still fresh and a major portion of the experienced officers are still in leading positions". The result was the 1921 book
2008:, p. 120, "The secret alliance signed 14 August 1914 had stipulated that General Liman von Sanders and his mission would be given 'an effective influence on the general direction' of the Ottoman army. The Germans soon found out that neither Enver Pasha nor anyone else in the upper echelons of the Ottoman army was prepared to surrender control of the war effort to them.".
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Russian defenses. This was a break from the established method of securing flanks by advancing along a uniform front, using reserve formations to assist in overcoming strong points. By pressing the reserves forward into the
Russian rear areas the Russian positions were destabilized, resulting in a collapse of the Russian defensive line. For his contributions he received the
936:, as this was where defensive positions had already been built. In the East, German troops would invade Poland and attempt to establish contacts with the Soviet Union, after which they would both march against France and Britain. He added that German war material would now no longer be sold or destroyed and that the army should be reduced on paper only. An
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where the superior firepower of the
Nationalists would give them an advantage. Following Seeckt's advice, in the spring and summer of 1934 the Kuomintang built three thousand "turtle shell" forts linked by a series of roads while at the same time pursuing a scorched earth policy around the forts as part of the Fifth Bandit Extermination Campaign in
1301:. Seeckt was aware that the purpose of the insurgencies was to overthrow the government that had accepted the terms of the Treaty and to start a war against France, but he reasoned the result would have led to the destruction of Germany's small forces and a French occupation of German territory. On the night of 29–30 September 1923, the Black
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military point of view, so long as
Germany does not voluntarily co-operate. The idea springs from the notions of our 1919 diplomats, and there have been three years of work since then. War on the Rhine between France and Russia is a political bogy. Germany will not be Bolshevized, even by an understanding with Russia on external matters.
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ourselves; Russia can never tolerate Poland. With Poland collapses one of the strongest pillars of the Peace of
Versailles, France's advance post of power . The attainment of this objective must be one of the firmest guiding principles of German policy, as it is capable of achievement — but only through Russia or with her help.
803:, as the notion of peace being maintained by such an organization was, in his opinion, unlikely. Though in favor of peace in general, he reasoned that war was a recurring state in human history and that the duty of a German officer was to be prepared to fight the next war, if and when that came to pass. Seeckt argued:
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For instance, rather than the harsh punishments of the Imperial Army, minor offenders were forced to spend off-hour duties lying under a bed and singing old Lutheran hymns. To make the training appear less military, photographs were published of recruits being taught topics like horse anatomy and beekeeping.
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the toughest in the world. He trained them in anti-air and anti-tank fighting by creating wooden weapons and staging mock battles under the guise of training the soldiers for reintroduction into civilian life. Seeckt's discipline of this small army was quite different from that of past German armies.
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of a political and, thus also, a military association. It is beyond a doubt that such a double association would strengthen Germany-and also Russia … The whole policy of reconciliation and appeasement towards France — no matter whether it is pursued by a Stinnes or by General Ludendorff — is hopeless
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its economic value, though that is by no means inconsiderable, but its political achievement. This association between Germany and Russia is the first and almost the only increase in power which we have so far obtained since peace was made. That this association should begin in the field of economics
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from the politics of Germany. Some refer to the Reichswehr as operating as a “state within the state”, meaning it was operating largely outside of the control of the politicians. The heart of Seeckt’s policy was to maintain the power and prestige of the army by avoiding internal dissension. This was
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as Chief of Staff of the Ottoman Army. In choosing Seeckt, Germany was sending a first rate staff officer, but this made little impression on the Turks. The alliance between the Ottoman Empire and Germany was weak. The crumbling Ottoman Empire was enticed to join in the conflict with the promise that
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from 1919 to 1920 and commander in chief of the German Army from 1920 until he resigned in October 1926. During this period he engaged in the reorganization of the army and laid the foundation for the doctrine, tactics, organization, and training of the German army. By the time Seeckt left the German
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In early 1934, Seeckt advised Chiang that to defeat the Chinese Communists he needed to employ a scorched earth policy, which required building a series of lines and forts around areas controlled by the Communists in the Jiangxi Soviet in order to force the Communist guerrillas to fight in the open,
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s doctrine in the Second World War. Seeckt envisioned Germany winning the next war by a series of highly mobile operations featuring combined arms operations of artillery, infantry, armor, and air power working together to concentrate superior firepower to crush the enemy at crucial points. Seeing a
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I will touch one or two more objections to the policy demanded towards Russia. Germany today is certainly not in a position to resist France. Our policy should be to prepare the means of doing so in the future. A French advance through Germany to go to the help of Poland would make nonsense from the
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on a secret mission to Moscow to make contacts with the Soviets. In the summer of 1920, Pasha sent Seeckt a letter from Moscow asking for German arms deliveries to the Soviet Union in exchange for which Trotsky promised to partition Poland with Germany. Seeckt did not hesitate to use military force
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and returned to Germany in November 1918. Though the Armistice took effect in November 1918, the British continued to blockade German ports, leading to widespread starvation. Seeckt was initially sent to the east to organize the orderly withdrawal of German troops there. In the spring of 1919 he was
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Seeckt advised Chiang that China would need 60 divisions to form an army, which he proposed to arm with modern weapons and train in the combined arms operations which he had previously used in training the German Army in the 1920s. Seeckt stressed he would need the best Chinese officers to train in
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The German nation, with its Socialist majority, would be averse to a policy of action, which has to reckon with the possibility of war. It must be admitted that the spirit surrounding the Peace Delegation at Versailles has not yet disappeared, and that stupid cry of 'No more war!' is widely echoed.
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to create an anti-communist, German-dominated state in the Baltic as a ludicrous attempt to turn back the clock. Seeckt was all for seeing Goltz conquer the Baltic states if that was possible, but he was very antagonistic towards Goltz's efforts to use his proposed state as a basis for overthrowing
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was designed as a cadre force that could be expanded if need be. Officers and NCOs were trained to be able to command at least at the next higher unit level. At the beginning of World War Two suitable NCOs were commissioned, as the NCOs trained by Seeckt were seen as easily suitable to command much
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replied to inquiries from Berlin by stating "It is an impossible state of affairs to be allied with the Turks and to stand up for the Armenians. In my view, any consideration, Christian, sentimental or political, must be eclipsed by its clear necessity for the war effort." Seeckt also supported the
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far from Western Europe. Since the start of the conflict German efforts to influence Ottoman strategy met with limited success. Neither Bronsart nor Seeckt were able to get much consideration for a grand strategy in the Ottoman Empire. Though Enver Pasha would take counsel from the German officers,
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England is drifting towards another historic conflict with France, even through she does not face imminent war. That lurks in the background. A glance at the East is surely sufficient even for those who before Genoa did not wish to use their eyes and ears. The British interests in the Dardanelles,
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Germany must pursue a policy of action. Every State must do that. The moment it stops pursuing a forward policy it ceases to be a State. An active policy must have a goal and a driving force. For carrying it out it is essential to assess one's own strength correctly and at the same time understand
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Seeckt saw France, with its large continental army, as the main threat to Germany, and the opponent in a future war. He saw Poland as a vassal state of France. He advocated strengthening Germany by whatever means were available, including reaching out to the Soviet Union. He believed England would
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fired on jeering Berliners, killing a number of them. Only those few officers and soldiers who had attempted to defend the republic were dismissed. The officers led by Seeckt who had done nothing to defend the republic were allowed to continue with their jobs. Seeckt's remark to the leaders of the
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sent to represent the German General Staff at the peace conference in Paris. He tried unsuccessfully to persuade the Allies to limit their demands for the disarmament of Germany. Seeckt sought to keep a force of 200,000 men, which was denied. In June 1919 the Germans submitted to the terms of the
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of 2 May – 27 June 1915, where he was credited with engineering Mackensen's breakthrough which split the two Russian armies opposing them. The Russians never fully recovered. Here Seeckt implemented a change in handling the thrust of the offensive, pushing reserve formations through breaks in the
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The years 1814/15 saw France in complete military and political collapse, yet no one at the Congress of Vienna followed a more active policy than Talleyrand — to France's advantage. Has the world ever seen a greater catastrophe than that suffered by Russia in the last war? Yet with what vigor the
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that Seeckt must resign or he would have to resign himself. He was supported by the cabinet, so Hindenburg asked for Seeckt's resignation. In a painful final interview with Seeckt, Hindenburg emphasized that he had to go to keep the government from resigning, not because of his invitation to the
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between Germany and Russia would not have a decisive influence on Britain's attitude either in making a concession to France or in searching for an ally. British policy is ruled by other more compelling motives than anxiety about some far-distant threat from a Russia made strong with the help of
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German officers, and especially members of the general staff, have never sought a fight for its own sake or been war-mongers. And they should not do so now. But they should never forget the great deeds achieved by German warriors. Keeping the memory of them alive in ourselves and our people is a
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of Armenians along its eastern border in 1915. The brutal slaughter met with an outcry from German civilians, churchmen and statesmen. When Seeckt arrived in Turkey two years later he argued such actions were a necessary measure to save Turkey from "internal decay". In a July 1918 message Seeckt
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because he believed it was compromising Germany's connections with the Soviet Union. In particular, Seeckt objected to joining the League as one of the conditions for League membership was the commitment not to engage in aggression against other League members, something that put something of a
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With Poland we come now to the core of the Eastern problem. The existence of Poland is intolerable and incompatible with Germany's vital interests. She must disappear and will do so through her own inner weakness and through Russia — with our help. Poland is more intolerable for Russia than for
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for German aid to the Soviet arms industry. In September 1921, at a secret meeting in Schleicher's apartment, the details of an arrangement for German financial and technological aid for building up the Soviet arms industry in exchange for Soviet support in helping Germany evade the disarmament
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Poland can never offer Germany any advantage, either economically, because she is incapable of development, or politically, because she is a vassal state of France. The restoration of the frontier between Russia and Germany is a necessary condition before both sides can become strong. The 1914
675:. Early in 1915, after they were attacked by the French near Soissons, Seeckt devised a counterattack that took thousands of prisoners and dozens of guns. He was promoted to colonel on 27 January 1915. In March 1915, he was transferred to the Eastern front to serve as chief of staff to General
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greatly restricted the size of the German military and disbanded the General Staff of the Imperial German Army. It also prohibited the German army from using or procuring modern weapons. Seeckt was appointed Chairman of the new Military Committee charged with reorganizing the German army in
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He is not so bad and is an old parliamentarian. For this post he seems quite unsuitable, especially as a Jew; not only because this is in itself provocative, but because the Jewish talent is purely critical, hence negative and can never help in the construction of a state. This is no
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that had been agreed to in September and instead go to war with France in 1923. Seeckt, knowing the most probable outcome of such war, preferred that the Weimar Republic stay in existence, at least for the moment when painful compromises were necessary. Seeckt strongly opposed the
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Soviet Government recovered, both at home and abroad! Did not the Sick Man of Europe seem to be dead once more and for all, and buried by the Treaty of Sèvres? Yet today, after the victory over Greece, he stands up to England with confidence. He followed an active Turkish policy.
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In the following article the words "Reichswehr" and "German army" are used interchangeably, but the official designation of the German Army from 1919 to 1935 was actually the "Reichsheer" ("army of the Reich") and the navy was the "Reichsmarine" which together constituted the
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After the Allies sent the German government a list of war criminals to be tried, Seeckt called a conference of Staff Officers and departmental heads on 9 February 1920 and said to them that if the German government refused, or were unable, to reject the Allied demands, the
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to punish "traitors" who, for example, revealed the locations of weapons' stockpiles or names of members. During the trials of some of those charged with the murders, prosecutors alleged that the killings were ordered by the officers from Bock's group. The journalist
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A common view in the German high command was that internal division in a nation undermines a nation's ability to successfully conduct a military campaign. Seeckt held this view, even to the point of supporting the leadership of the Ottoman Empire as it conducted the
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Seeckt believed that war was inevitable, and that a future Germany would either defend itself or be at the mercy of its neighbors. He worked to ensure the German army maintained the defiant, offensive spirit that was its tradition. Though clear in stating that the
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went to war in WWII, it had only four classes of officer compared to the 40 of the German imperial army. This was partially because the German officers, including Seeckt, had had a disdain for a levee en masse style organisation, originally stemming from
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While Seeckt ran multiple schemes to increase the number of reserves these proved largely ineffective. Officers were encouraged to leave regular units and join the reserve. Apart from the labour corps there also were the border guard units from the
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for the first time on 11 March 1923 he wrote: "We were one in our aim; only our paths were different". Of course, Seeckt was not fully aware of what Hitler's aims might be. He soon found he had to oppose a number of insurgencies, including the
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was not looking for conflict, he did not believe that men could be stopped from "thinking like men", and argued that one of the primary duties of a German officer was to keep his men and the population at large prepared to defend Germany,
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oath, which committed the military to defending the republic. Seeckt ordered the military to disregard Ebert's orders to defend the republic, and instead assumed a stance of apparent neutrality, which in effect meant siding with the Kapp
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must oppose this by all means even if this meant the reopening of hostilities. He further said that if the Allies invaded Germany—which he believed they would not—then the German army in the West should retire behind the
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The man who bases his political ideas on the weakness of his own country, who sees only dangers, or whose only desire is to remain stationary, is not pursuing a policy at all, and should be kept far away from the scene of
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turned out to be the most effective at procuring trained manpower. They were led by former NCOs and officers and were equipped with small arms and armoured cars and given basic military training. During the 1920 the
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Many in the military refused to accept the democratic Weimar Republic as legitimate due to its agreement with the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. Under the leadership of Seeckt, an effort was made to insulate the
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Seeckt held conservative political views. He was a monarchist who encouraged the retention of traditional links with the old Imperial Army. To this purpose he designated individual companies and squadrons of the new
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In a memo written during 1919, Seeckt expressed anger which was widely held by other German officers over the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. He also remarked that he was against the idea of Germany joining the
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My own training in history prevents me from seeing in the idea of permanent peace anything more than a dream whereby it remains an open question whether one can consider it, in Moltke's phrase, a 'good dream' or
2068:, p. 164, "The pursuit of victory meant, in German military thinking, no toleration of supposedly disloyal elements behind the front lines, and that came to mean the Armenian population in toto.".
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ensured that Germany did not fall behind in military technology in the 1920s despite being disarmed by Versailles, and laid the covert foundations in the 1920s for the overt rearmament of the 1930s.
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to attend army manoeuvres in the uniform of the old imperial First Foot Guards without first seeking government approval. It created a storm when the republican press publicized the transgression.
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damper on Seeckt's plans for aggression against Poland. In a 1925 memo, Seeckt stated: "We must become powerful, and as soon as we have power, we will naturally take back everything we have lost"
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wrote: "... did nothing but carry out the orders given him, and that certainly Colonel von Bock, and probably Colonel von Schleicher and General Seeckt, should be sitting in the dock beside him."
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failed only after the government called for a general strike, which shut down the German economy. Once it had become clear that the regime established in Berlin under the nominal leadership of
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not only a reliable pillar of the state, but also a school for the leaders of the nation. Beyond the army itself, every officer will sow the seed of manly attitudes throughout the population.
1382:, which was created in 1921, mostly guarding Germany's eastern border, these were equipped with small arms as well as machine guns and received military training. The security units of the
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in 1934, Seeckt's plan for 60 divisions was adopted. To create that army, a 10-year plan was adopted. The officers trained by Seeckt were important later in the Chinese resistance to the
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Seeckt held stereotypical, derogatory views of most Jewish people. In a letter to his wife, herself partially Jewish, on 19 May 1919, Seeckt wrote about the new Prussian Prime Minister,
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he would disregard their opinion if it differed from his own. Seeckt wrote that "I... meditate, telegraph, speak, write and calculate in the Turkish service and in Germany's interest".
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into the Soviet arms industry. The GEFU founded factories in the Soviet Union for the production of aircraft, tanks, artillery shells and poison gas. The arms contracts of GEFU in the
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to fight these people". Seeckt's actions were entirely illegal as under the Weimar constitution, the President was the Supreme Commander in Chief, and moreover Seeckt had violated the
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within the strict restrictions imposed on the armed forces. He was the last man to serve as Chief of the General Staff and on 11 October 1919, he became the effective chief of the
759:, a group of army officers who had taken power in Turkey and were attempting to modernize the Ottoman state and society to better support the Ottoman army's effort to win the war.
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were the work of Seeckt in the 1920s. In addition, the majority of the senior officers and many of the middle-ranking officers were men that Seeckt had chosen to retain in the
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the Bolsheviks. Seeckt saw Poland as the main enemy and the Soviet Union as a very useful ally against Poland, so he viewed Goltz's anti-Communist schemes with some hostility.
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623:. Seeckt followed his father into military service, joining the Army in 1885 at the age of 18. He served in the elite Kaiser Alexander Guard Grenadiers, then joined the
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had a clear, standardized operational doctrine, as well as a precise theory on the future methods of combat which greatly influenced the military campaigns fought by the
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1118:, which was a command of soldiers thinly disguised as a labour group intended to assist with civilian projects, whereas its actual purpose was to provide a way for the
1016:. As a result of Seeckt's refusal to defend the government that he had taken a solemn oath to defend, the government was forced to flee Berlin, which was taken by the
546:, he has been criticized for failing to expand the reserves of officers and trained men available to the army, the main obstacle to rearmament during the Republic.
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as the core of the problems in the east, and believed its existence was incompatible with Germany's vital interests. He was in favor of an alliance with the
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by depriving the government of the means of defending itself. Seeckt had no loyalty to the Weimar republic, and his sympathies were entirely with the Kapp
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family, that had been ennobled in the eighteenth century. Though the family had lost its estates, Seeckt was "a thorough-going aristocrat", and his father
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1173:" or the murders they had committed. In a secret letter sent to the President of the German Supreme Court, which was trying a member of the Black
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a victory would yield them the return of recently lost territories, while Germany hoped the involvement of the Turks would tie down forces of the
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by laying siege to the forts he had seized outside of Berlin. After two days, Buchrucker surrendered. Two months later Seeckt put down Hitler's
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1502:, serving from 1930 through 1932. In October 1931, Seeckt was a featured speaker at a rally at Bad Harzburg which led to the founding of the
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at most 70,000 men. The at most 110,000 strong reserves were much smaller than those the German empire had possessed. As a result when the
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Have not Germany's first stirrings in active politics, the Treaty of Rapallo, clearly brought her at last nearer to being more respected?
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Seeckt ignored the Constitution of 1919 which prohibited religious discrimination. He ordered that Jews were not to be accepted into the
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1554:. It was Seeckt's tactics that led to a series of defeats suffered by the Chinese Communists that in October 1934 led to the infamous
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The Treaty of Versailles limited the Army to 100,000 men, only 4,000 of whom could be officers. As the commander in chief of the new
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on 8–9 November 1923, insisting that the Bavarian Division of the Reichswehr remain loyal to the state. The British historian
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as it aims at political success. The question of orientation towards the West, as far as France is concerned is ruled out …
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of the German 11th Army. He played a major role in the planning and executing of Mackensen's highly successful campaigns.
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The army that Germany went to war with in 1939 was largely Seeckt's creation. The tactics and operational concepts of the
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to circumvent the restriction in the Treaty of Versailles which limited Germany's army to 100,000 men. The control of the
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This treaty splits opinion into different camps when the Russian problem is considered. The main point about it is
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asked Seeckt to become dictator; he refused contemptuously. At the same time, Seeckt showed his sympathy for the
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The German Army and the Defense of the Reich: Military Doctrine and the Conduct of the Defensive Battle 1918–1939
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was built in 1935 and named after von Seeckt. After the Second World War it was renamed Trenchard Barracks by
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clauses of the Treaty of Versailles were agreed to. Schleicher created a shell corporation known as the GEFU (
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as premature, and chose to sit on the fence to see how things developed rather than committing himself to the
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Shatterzone of empires: coexistence and violence in the German, Habsburg, Russian, and Ottoman borderlands
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frontier between Russia and Germany should be the basis of any understanding between the two countries ...
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and was a central figure in planning the victories Mackensen achieved for Germany in the east during the
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is a natural consequence of the general situation, but its strength lies in the fact that this economic
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Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in October 1918, Seeckt helped to organize the escape of the
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should march out of Berlin with all the honors of war, during the course of which march the men of the
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1298:
872:
710:
664:
558:
3154:
Achtung Panzer! : the development of armoured forces, their tactics and operational potential
909:
549:
Seeckt served as a member of parliament from 1930 to 1932. From 1933 to 1935 he was repeatedly in
3523:
1510:
he wrote to his sister, urging her to vote for Hitler. From 1933–1935 he served as an adviser to
538:. While Seeckt undertook multiple programs to get around the military limitations imposed by the
2896:
2498:
1044:
3661:
3398:
1676:
1620:
1491:
1351:
1135:
1115:
1017:
892:
624:
562:
3088:
1882:
ed. Trevor Dupuy, Curt Johnson & David Bongard (New York: HarperCollins, 1992) pp. 670–671
1463:
significant role for air power in the next war, Seeckt kept a large number of officers in the
619:
was an important general within the German Army, finishing his career as military governor of
3576:
2979:
Liang, Hsi-Huey "China, the Sino-Japanese Conflict and the Munich Crisis" pages 342-369 from
1740:
945:
614:
589:
102:
3687:
3682:
3641:
3586:
3571:
3554:
3505:
3360:
2106:
The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol 12 (2nd ed), Cambridge University Press, 1968, p. 213
1327:
787:
accordance with the provisions laid down in the Treaty. It fell to Seeckt to build the new
783:
768:
718:
676:
648:
539:
511:
411:
302:
224:
206:
37:
8:
3651:
3591:
1526:
1467:
who had experience in air combat. These officers formed the future officers corps of the
1424:
1189:
1131:
1096:
was reliable, Seeckt answered: "I don't know if it is reliable, but it obeys my orders!"
1092:
stood, Seeckt answered "The Reichswehr stands behind me", and on being asked whether the
88:
3612:
3222:
3127:
2889:
2863:
2816:
2491:
2313:
1530:
1484:
1361:
which he viewed as appeasement of France and was skeptical of German membership of the
1159:
865:
714:
298:
3456:
3446:
3427:
3408:
3378:
3368:
3346:
3318:
3287:
3277:
3260:
3250:
3229:
3195:
3185:
3168:
3158:
3096:
3073:
3054:
2851:
2841:
2804:
2794:
2502:
2301:
2291:
1730:
1597:
1562:
1401:
1362:
941:
800:
751:
706:
691:, Prussia's highest military honor. In June 1915, Seeckt was promoted to the rank of
620:
130:
3089:"The Decisive Generation: Self-authorization and delegations in deciding a genocide"
1614:
1314:
1103:—in fact if not in name commander of the army of the new Weimar Republic, the
697:. He remained chief of staff to Mackensen, who in the fall of 1915 was controlling
688:
487:
3119:
1760:
1358:
1335:
1321:
1143:
1064:
660:
566:
535:
542:
which formally ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers after
3596:
3498:
3474:
3440:
3421:
3402:
3312:
3308:
3244:
3152:
3048:
2791:
Enduring the whirlwind : the German Army and the Russo-German War, 1941–1943
1664:
1511:
1085:
982:
717:. Next he became chief of staff of the Austro-Hungarian Army Group commanded by
668:
656:
554:
515:
378:
250:
160:
84:
60:
3139:
Gaworek, N. H. (2008). "Hans von Seeckt". In Zabecki, Maj. Gen. David T. (ed.).
904:
3148:
1754:
1744:
1734:
1724:
1503:
1127:
742:
733:
729:
3431:
3291:
1205:-Company for the promotion of industrial enterprise) that funneled 75 million
659:, Seeckt held the rank of lieutenant colonel and served as chief of staff for
3676:
3646:
3460:
3412:
3382:
3332:
3264:
2808:
2305:
1720:
1592:
1452:
1197:
1039:
could not function on the account of the general strike, Seeckt sent Colonel
1036:
995:
456:
366:
24:
3172:
2855:
2835:
663:
in the German III Corps. On mobilisation, the III Corps was assigned to the
3636:
3515:
3199:
3157:. Translated by Duffy, Christopher (Reissue ed.). Brockhampton Press.
2983:
edited by Erik Goldstein and Igor Lukes, Frank Cass: London, 1999 page 346.
1648:
1420:
1293:
1210:
1151:
1040:
974:
970:
949:
900:
896:
763:
693:
390:
322:
198:
142:
114:
110:
106:
1338:, Buchrucker and Hitler. Seeckt was only opposed to the Munich Beer Hall
962:
543:
477:
118:
3070:
Imperial German Army 1914–18: Organisation, Structure, Orders-of-Battle
1525:
Seeckt with a guard of honor on the occasion of his 70th birthday, with
1220:
Seeckt's policies caused tension with the former Foreign Minister Count
3619:
3131:
2910:
Heeresdienstvorschrift 487: Fuhrung und Gefecht der verbundenen Waffen
1608:
1555:
574:
570:
423:
150:
521:
During the years of the Weimar Republic he was chief of staff for the
2197:
2195:
2193:
1056:
914:
852:
605:
3123:
2838:
A genius for war : the German army and general staff, 1807-1945
835:, Seeckt wanted to ensure that the best officers were retained. The
3050:
The roots of Blitzkrieg: Hans von Seeckt and German military reform
1539:
1292:
Seeckt was concerned with strengthening Germany, and after meeting
3553:
3110:
Gordon, Harold (Summer 1956). "The Character of Hans von Seeckt".
2730:
2190:
1583:("Thoughts of a Soldier") (Berlin: Verlag fĂĽr Kulturpolitik, 1929)
1334:, not the Republic and that ideologically Seeckt sympathized with
944:, wrote that members of Seeckt's staff said that Seeckt desired a
2699:
2697:
1551:
1407:
He was forced to resign on 9 October 1926 because he had invited
507:
2959:
2957:
2540:
2449:
2159:
2157:
1601:
318:
2718:
2694:
2381:
2369:
2357:
844:
in World War II were men that Seeckt had retained in 1919–20.
2954:
2664:
2528:
2461:
2424:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2154:
1973:
1971:
1906:
1561:
Seeckt died in Berlin on 27 December 1936, and was buried at
1165:
Several times Bock and his officers denied in court that the
929:
713:, which was fighting desperately to stem the Russian general
581:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
1020:
on the morning of 13 March 1920 without a shot being fired.
3207:
Kochan, Lionel (July–December 1950). "General von Seeckt".
3003:
3001:
1455:
tactics and operational ideas that went on to serve as the
933:
585:
3778:
Knights Commander of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
2942:
2290:. Carruthers, Bob. Barnsley, South Yorkshire. 2013-05-15.
2248:
2011:
1968:
1575:
The future of the German empire: criticisms and postulates
627:
in 1897. In 1913, Seeckt became the Chief of Staff of the
3617:
2986:
2915:
1289:
Seeckt's memo won Brockdorff-Rantzau over to his policy.
3365:
The Nemesis of Power: German Army in Politics, 1918–1945
3143:. Annapolis MD: Naval Institute Press. pp. 134–148.
3024:, New York: Carroll & Graf, 2004 pages 257–258, 261.
2998:
1350:
putschists was to reject the peaceful settlement of the
2207:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2071:
1941:. Ed., Richard Holmes. Oxford University Press, 2001.
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2109:
2047:
1956:
1203:
Gesellschaft zur Förderung gewerblicher Unternehmungen
721:, who later became Emperor, at which point his cousin
3423:
The American Heritage Picture History of World War II
2895:. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. pp.
2836:
Dupuy, Trevor N. (Trevor Nevitt), 1916-1995. (1984).
2493:
Tormented warrior, Ludendorff and the supreme Command
1305:
under the leadership of Major Buchrucker attempted a
961:
most clearly illustrated by Seeckt's role during the
565:, that resulted in a string of victories against the
3798:
Recipients of the Order of Military Merit (Bulgaria)
3091:. In Kinloch, Graham Charles; Mohan, Raj P. (eds.).
2912:(Berlin, Germany: Verlag Offene Worte, 1921, 1923).
2178:
2130:
2083:
1490:
After failing to gain a seat as a candidate for the
989:, claiming "There can be no question of sending the
969:, Seeckt disobeyed orders from the Defence Minister
864:
as the direct successors of particular regiments of
3367:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan Publishing Company.
2966:
2142:
2035:
2023:
1944:
3788:Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie, 1st class
3221:
3182:The Great powers and the end of the Ottoman Empire
2888:
2490:
1830:
1818:
1346:because the stated aim of the Nazis and the Black
1309:. Seeckt was prompt in his response, ordering the
3763:Recipients of the Pour le MĂ©rite (military class)
3093:Genocide: Approaches, Case Studies, and Responses
3042:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.
1710:, 2nd class with War Decoration (Austria-Hungary)
1483:Seeckt reviewing troops with the Chief of Staff,
510:military officer who served as Chief of Staff to
3674:
2788:
774:
573:into a 9,000 km retreat, also known as the
3359:
2736:
2724:
2703:
2670:
2546:
2534:
2467:
2455:
2430:
2387:
2375:
2363:
2201:
2163:
1988:
1986:
840:larger units. Almost all of the leaders of the
3773:Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class
3768:Commanders of the Military Order of Max Joseph
3274:A War To Be Won: Fighting the Second World War
3011:, New York: Carroll & Graf, 2004 page 257.
1099:From 1920 to 1926 Seeckt held the position of
561:and was directly responsible for devising the
3793:Recipients of the Order of Bravery, 2nd class
3539:
3053:. Lawrence, Kan: University Press of Kansas.
1880:The Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography
682:With the 11th Army, Seeckt helped direct the
3404:The Politics of the Prussian Army, 1640–1945
3271:
3242:
2948:
2868:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2265:
1983:
1977:
1937:Abenheim, Donald. "Seeckt, Gen Hans von".
1051:, to inform him that it was time to end the
1008:, but at the same time, Seeckt regarded the
851:Seeckt with German officers at maneuvers in
504:Johannes "Hans" Friedrich Leopold von Seeckt
3037:
2065:
2017:
1890:
1888:
1177:for murder, Seeckt admitted that the Black
643:Hans von Seeckt (third from right) next to
16:2nd Chief of Staff of the German Reichswehr
3733:Military personnel from Schleswig-Holstein
3546:
3532:
3419:
3307:
2992:
2936:
2872:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2821:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2497:. London: Hodder & Stoughton. p.
2318:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1369:Seeckt made the training standards of the
1169:ministry had had any knowledge the "Black
1150:became infamous for its practice of using
36:
3693:People from Schleswig, Schleswig-Holstein
3475:Newspaper clippings about Hans von Seeckt
3272:Murray, Williamson; Millet, Alan (2000).
2760:, Robert T. Elson, Time-Life Books. 1977.
2488:
2244:s:Treaty of Versailles/Part V#Article 160
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1587:
1431:
1229:the methods and aims of the other powers.
1126:was exercised through a group comprising
888:, no matter how qualified they might be.
506:(22 April 1866 – 27 December 1936) was a
3426:. American Heritage Publishing Company.
3303:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3147:
2886:
2571:, London: Macmillan, 1967 pages 127–128.
2213:
1939:The Oxford Companion to Military History
1885:
1715:Decoration for Services to the Red Cross
1591:
1520:
1514:and helped to establish a new basis for
1478:
1449:Leadership and Battle with Combined Arms
1022:
846:
667:on the right wing of the forces for the
638:
176:11 October 1919 – 26 March 1920
3138:
2446:, London: Macmillan, 2000, pages 69–70.
2115:
2053:
1962:
1848:
1055:". Ludendorf's right-hand man, Colonel
76:26 March 1920 – 9 October 1926
3675:
3438:
3314:War and Nationalism in China: 19251945
3298:
3206:
3109:
2136:
1878:Bongard, David, "Seeckt, Hans von" in
1857:
3616:
3527:
3397:
3338:The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality
3331:
3219:
3086:
3046:
3038:Bartov, Omer; Weitz, Eric D. (2013).
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2184:
2148:
2094:
1836:
1824:
725:was given command of the Army Group.
282:Johannes Friedrich Leopold von Seeckt
3783:Recipients of the Gold Imtiyaz Medal
3179:
3067:
2793:. Solihull, West Midlands, England.
2625:Wheeler-Bennett, 1967. pp. 132–138.
2616:Wheeler-Bennett, 1967. pp. 133–138.
2077:
2041:
2029:
2005:
1950:
1114:(Work Commandos) commanded by Major
3758:German Army generals of World War I
3243:Liddell Hart, Sir Basil H. (1948).
2652:Wheeler-Bennett, 2005, pp. 133–138.
2525:, London: Macmillan, 2000, page 71.
2399:Wheeler-Bennett, 2005, p. 71, n. 3.
1330:wrote that Seeckt was loyal to the
903:, Seeckt sent out his close friend
240:7 July 1919 – 15 July 1919
13:
3748:Colonel generals of the Reichswehr
3718:Members of the Reichstag 1930–1932
3698:People from the Duchy of Schleswig
3555:Chiefs of the German General Staff
3391:
2891:Hindenburg and the Weimar Republic
2763:
2421:London: Routledge, 2005, page 172.
2288:Handbook on German military forces
1914:"Hans von Seeckt (German general)"
1781:Sino-German cooperation until 1941
1673:, 1st class (Mecklenburg-Schwerin)
1516:Sino-German cooperation until 1941
634:
14:
3814:
3803:Burials at the Invalids' Cemetery
3713:German People's Party politicians
3468:
1691:Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
3184:. Boston: G. Allen & Unwin.
2558:Wheeler-Bennett, 2005, pp. 94–95
1853:. Helion And Company. p. 3.
1684:Ducal Saxe-Ernestine House Order
1196:negotiate the arrangements with
1088:. When asked by Ebert where the
728:In 1917, Seeckt was sent to the
671:offensive in August 1914 on the
428:
416:
404:
384:
372:
359:
217:
151:Chief of the German Troop Office
51:Chief of the German Army Command
3095:. New York: Algora Publishing.
3014:
2903:
2880:
2829:
2789:Liedtke, Gregory (2016-09-19).
2751:
2742:
2709:
2685:
2676:
2655:
2646:
2637:
2628:
2619:
2610:
2601:
2592:
2589:Wheeler-Bennett, 1967, p. 128.
2583:
2574:
2561:
2552:
2515:
2482:
2473:
2436:
2411:
2402:
2393:
2348:
2339:
2330:
2280:
2271:
2237:
2228:
2219:
2169:
2121:
2100:
1751:Gallipoli Star (Ottoman Empire)
1704:, 1st class with War Decoration
1568:
1142:. What came to be known as the
1027:Seeckt during maneuvers in 1926
757:Committee of Union and Progress
3582:Helmuth von Moltke the Younger
3420:Sulzberger, Cyrus Leo (1966).
2963:Wheeler-Bennett, p. 223, n. 1.
2715:Wheeler-Bennett, 2005, p. 112.
2691:Wheeler-Bennett, 2005, p. 111.
2661:Wheeler-Bennett, 2005, p. 139.
2634:Wheeler-Bennett, 1967, p. 133.
2607:Wheeler-Bennett, 1967, p. 130.
2598:Wheeler-Bennett, 1967, p, 184.
2580:Wheeler-Bennett, 1967, p. 184.
1931:
1918:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
1897:
1842:
1798:
1682:Commander, First Class of the
1577:(New York: E. P. Dutton, 1930)
1047:, the real leader of the Kapp
580:A large military barracks in
1:
2643:Wheeler-Bennett,2005. p. 133.
2523:Weimar and the Rise of Hitler
2479:Wheeler-Bennett, 2005. p. 81.
2444:Weimar and the Rise of Hitler
1994:Encyclopedia of World War One
1786:
1508:presidential election of 1932
1252:is preparing the way for the
1222:Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau
604:on 22 April 1866 into an old
595:
534:during the first half of the
3567:Helmuth von Moltke the Elder
3276:. Cambridge: Belknap Press.
3224:Rommel As Military Commander
2840:. Fairfax, Va.: Hero Books.
2682:Wheeler-Bennett,2005, p. 112
1637:Military Order of Max Joseph
1632:Prussian Service Cross Award
1494:, Seeckt was elected to the
938:Interior Minister of Prussia
553:as a military consultant to
492:Military Order of Max Joseph
7:
3753:German expatriates in China
3657:Kurt von Hammerstein-Equord
3479:20th Century Press Archives
3445:. Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
3407:. Oxford University Press.
3228:. New York: B&N Books.
1774:
1474:
1140:Kurt von Hammerstein-Equord
1110:In 1921 Seeckt founded the
651:(second from right) in 1915
10:
3819:
2887:Dorpalen, Andreas (1964).
1544:Japanese invasion of China
1063:by arranging with Captain
965:of March 1920. During the
3743:Major generals of Prussia
3627:
3562:
3512:
3506:Chief of the Troop Office
3503:
3495:
3490:
3361:Wheeler-Bennett, Sir John
3299:Strohn, Matthias (2011).
2489:Parkinson, Roger (1978).
2234:Wette, 2006, pp. 144–145.
1849:Liedtke, Gregory (2016).
1743:, 1st class with swords (
1733:, 1st class with swords (
1611:(1914), 1st and 2nd class
1391:possessed 40,000 and the
736:ally, to replace Colonel
497:
483:
473:
463:
451:
441:
399:
351:
346:
338:
328:
308:
277:
272:
268:
256:
244:
233:
212:
204:
192:
180:
169:
156:
148:
136:
124:
94:
80:
69:
56:
48:
44:
35:
21:
3703:German untitled nobility
3442:The German Army, 1933–45
3343:Harvard University Press
3246:The German Generals Talk
3047:Corum, James S. (1992).
2949:Murray & Millet 2000
2266:Murray & Millet 2000
1299:Hitler-Ludendorff-Putsch
684:Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive
3439:Seaton, Albert (1982).
3399:Craig, Gordon Alexander
3220:Lewin, Ronald (1998) .
2354:Wette, 2006, pp. 57–68.
2066:Bartov & Weitz 2013
2018:Bartov & Weitz 2013
1768:Order of Military Merit
1702:Order of the Iron Crown
1651:, 2nd class with Swords
1581:Gedanken eines Soldaten
655:At the outbreak of the
557:in his war against the
3728:German anti-communists
3087:Dabag, Mihran (2005).
3068:Cron, Hermann (2002).
2567:Wheeler-Bennett, John
1992:"Seeckt, Hans von" in
1851:enduring the whirlwind
1763:, 2nd class (Bulgaria)
1677:Friedrich August Cross
1647:Knight's Cross of the
1623:, 4th class with crown
1621:Order of the Red Eagle
1604:
1588:Decorations and awards
1534:
1487:
1411:, the grandson of the
1287:
1181:was controlled by the
1116:Bruno Ernst Buchrucker
1101:Chef der Heeresleitung
1073:Marinebrigade Ehrhardt
1069:Marinebrigade Ehrhardt
1028:
1018:Marinebrigade Ehrhardt
893:Second Polish Republic
882:
856:
829:
810:
703:Heeresgruppe Mackensen
652:
625:Prussian General Staff
563:encirclement campaigns
3577:Alfred von Schlieffen
3317:. London: Routledge.
3180:Kent, Marian (1984).
2322:) CS1 maint: others (
1741:Order of the Medjidie
1698:, 1st class (Austria)
1644:, 2nd class (Bavaria)
1629:, 3rd class (Prussia)
1595:
1524:
1482:
1226:
1043:to meet with General
1026:
946:military dictatorship
910:RĂĽdiger von der Goltz
877:
850:
820:
805:
642:
590:Bergen-Hohne Garrison
442:Years of service
103:Constantin Fehrenbach
3723:Prussian politicians
3587:Erich von Falkenhayn
3572:Alfred von Waldersee
3341:. Cambridge, Mass.:
3249:. New York: Morrow.
2748:Wette, 2006, p. 146.
2737:Wheeler-Bennett 2005
2725:Wheeler-Bennett 2005
2704:Wheeler-Bennett 2005
2671:Wheeler-Bennett 2005
2569:The Nemesis of Power
2547:Wheeler-Bennett 2005
2535:Wheeler-Bennett 2005
2468:Wheeler-Bennett 2005
2456:Wheeler-Bennett 2005
2431:Wheeler-Bennett 2005
2388:Wheeler-Bennett 2005
2376:Wheeler-Bennett 2005
2364:Wheeler-Bennett 2005
2345:Wette, 2006, p. 67.
2225:Wette, 2006, p. 144.
2202:Wheeler-Bennett 2005
2164:Wheeler-Bennett 2005
1996:, ed. Spencer Tucker
1708:Military Merit Cross
1671:Military Merit Cross
1642:Military Merit Order
1328:John Wheeler-Bennett
1188:In 1921, Seeckt had
1045:Walther von LĂĽttwitz
948:, perhaps headed by
784:Treaty of Versailles
769:Treaty of Versailles
715:Brusilov's offensive
699:Army Group Mackensen
677:August von Mackensen
540:Treaty of Versailles
512:August von Mackensen
412:Imperial German Army
303:German Confederation
225:Imperial German Army
207:German General Staff
187:Position established
3652:Werner von Blomberg
3592:Paul von Hindenburg
3209:Contemporary Review
3072:. Helion & Co.
2739:, pp. 141–142.
2419:The Weimar Republic
2336:Corum, 1992, p. 53.
2277:Corum, 1992, p. 69.
2204:, pp. 133–138.
2080:, pp. 121–122.
1766:Grand Cross of the
1661:Hesse Bravery Medal
1498:as a member of the
1190:Kurt von Schleicher
1132:Kurt von Schleicher
775:Development of the
631:, based in Berlin.
600:Seeckt was born in
89:Paul von Hindenburg
3738:Military theorists
2408:Lewin, 1998, p. 8.
2127:Meier-Welcker p. 2
1753:("Iron Crescent",
1656:Order of the Crown
1627:Order of the Crown
1605:
1596:Seeckt's grave at
1535:
1533:(left), April 1936
1488:
1451:that outlined the
1404:'s ideas on war.
1160:Carl von Ossietzky
1029:
866:Emperor Wilhelm II
857:
653:
610:Richard von Seeckt
559:Chinese Communists
299:Duchy of Schleswig
263:Position abolished
3670:
3669:
3610:
3609:
3522:
3521:
3513:Succeeded by
3491:Military offices
3452:978-0-297-78032-8
3324:978-0-415-14571-8
3235:978-0-7607-0861-3
3102:978-0-87586-380-1
3060:978-0-7006-0541-5
2981:The Munich Crisis
2549:, pp. 93–94.
2458:, pp. 76–77.
2442:Nicholls, A. J.,
1978:Liddell Hart 1948
1731:Order of Osmanieh
1689:Commander of the
1654:Commander of the
1635:Commander of the
1598:Invalidenfriedhof
1563:Invalidenfriedhof
1363:League of Nations
1342:and Buckrucker's
973:, the Chancellor
942:Albert Grzesinski
801:League of Nations
738:von Schellendorff
526:Army in 1926 the
501:
500:
333:Invalidenfriedhof
227:
163:
131:Walther Reinhardt
63:
3810:
3708:German Lutherans
3614:
3613:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3525:
3524:
3510:1919–1920
3496:Preceded by
3488:
3487:
3464:
3435:
3416:
3386:
3356:
3328:
3309:van de Ven, Hans
3304:
3295:
3268:
3239:
3227:
3216:
3203:
3176:
3144:
3135:
3112:Military Affairs
3106:
3083:
3064:
3043:
3025:
3020:Fenby, Jonathan
3018:
3012:
3007:Fenby, Jonathan
3005:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2977:
2964:
2961:
2952:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2894:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2867:
2859:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2820:
2812:
2786:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2692:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2617:
2614:
2608:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2572:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2496:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2417:Kolb, Eberhard.
2415:
2409:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2317:
2309:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1990:
1981:
1975:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1883:
1876:
1855:
1854:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1806:
1802:
1761:Order of Bravery
1696:Order of Leopold
1461:
1359:Locarno Treaties
1336:Erich Ludendorff
1124:Arbeirakommandos
1112:Arbeitskommandos
1076:republic, that "
1065:Hermann Ehrhardt
985:to suppress the
661:Ewald von Lochow
618:
567:Chinese Red Army
536:Second World War
434:
432:
431:
422:
420:
419:
410:
408:
407:
389:
388:
387:
377:
376:
375:
365:
363:
362:
347:Military service
315:
312:27 December 1936
291:
289:
273:Personal details
259:
247:
238:
223:
221:
220:
215:
195:
183:
174:
159:
139:
127:
74:
59:
40:
19:
18:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3632:Hans von Seeckt
3623:
3611:
3606:
3602:Hans von Seeckt
3597:Wilhelm Groener
3558:
3552:
3518:
3509:
3501:
3499:Wilhelm Groener
3471:
3453:
3394:
3392:Further reading
3389:
3375:
3353:
3325:
3284:
3257:
3236:
3192:
3165:
3149:Guderian, Heinz
3124:10.2307/1983219
3103:
3080:
3061:
3028:
3022:Chiang Kai-Shek
3019:
3015:
3009:Chiang Kai-Shek
3006:
2999:
2993:van de Ven 2003
2991:
2987:
2978:
2967:
2962:
2955:
2947:
2943:
2937:van de Ven 2003
2935:
2916:
2908:
2904:
2885:
2881:
2861:
2860:
2848:
2834:
2830:
2814:
2813:
2801:
2787:
2764:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2735:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2702:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2545:
2541:
2533:
2529:
2521:Nicholls, A.J.
2520:
2516:
2509:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2466:
2462:
2454:
2450:
2441:
2437:
2429:
2425:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2386:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2311:
2310:
2298:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2264:
2249:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2212:
2208:
2200:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2162:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2097:, pp. 121.
2093:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2064:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2040:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1991:
1984:
1976:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1936:
1932:
1923:
1921:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1886:
1877:
1858:
1847:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1810:
1809:
1803:
1799:
1789:
1777:
1665:Hanseatic Cross
1617:with oak leaves
1590:
1571:
1512:Chiang Kai-shek
1477:
1459:
1437:
1423:told President
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1080:do not fire on
983:Friedrich Ebert
891:Seeckt saw the
780:
723:Archduke Joseph
669:Schlieffen Plan
657:First World War
637:
635:First World War
612:
598:
588:as part of the
555:Chiang Kai-shek
516:First World War
490:
446:
429:
427:
426:
417:
415:
414:
405:
403:
395:
385:
383:
379:German Republic
373:
371:
360:
358:
317:
313:
293:
287:
285:
284:
283:
257:
251:Wilhelm Groener
245:
239:
234:
229:
218:
216:
193:
181:
175:
170:
165:
161:Weimar Republic
137:
125:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
87:
85:Friedrich Ebert
75:
70:
65:
61:Weimar Republic
31:
30:Hans von Seeckt
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3816:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3551:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3528:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3511:
3502:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3470:
3469:External links
3467:
3466:
3465:
3451:
3436:
3417:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3373:
3357:
3351:
3333:Wette, Wolfram
3329:
3323:
3305:
3296:
3282:
3269:
3255:
3240:
3234:
3217:
3204:
3190:
3177:
3163:
3145:
3141:Chief of Staff
3136:
3107:
3101:
3084:
3078:
3065:
3059:
3044:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3013:
2997:
2995:, p. 155.
2985:
2965:
2953:
2941:
2939:, p. 153.
2914:
2902:
2879:
2846:
2828:
2799:
2762:
2758:Prelude to War
2750:
2741:
2729:
2727:, p. 141.
2717:
2708:
2706:, p. 112.
2693:
2684:
2675:
2663:
2654:
2645:
2636:
2627:
2618:
2609:
2600:
2591:
2582:
2573:
2560:
2551:
2539:
2527:
2514:
2507:
2481:
2472:
2460:
2448:
2435:
2423:
2410:
2401:
2392:
2390:, p. 122.
2380:
2378:, p. 139.
2368:
2366:, p. 126.
2356:
2347:
2338:
2329:
2296:
2279:
2270:
2247:
2236:
2227:
2218:
2216:, p. 134.
2206:
2189:
2187:, p. 144.
2177:
2175:Bongard, 1992.
2168:
2153:
2141:
2129:
2120:
2118:, p. 136.
2108:
2099:
2082:
2070:
2058:
2056:, p. 143.
2046:
2044:, p. 120.
2034:
2032:, p. 121.
2022:
2020:, p. 164.
2010:
1998:
1982:
1967:
1965:, p. 139.
1955:
1953:, p. 303.
1943:
1930:
1905:
1896:
1884:
1856:
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1829:
1816:
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1807:
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1793:
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1784:
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1776:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1764:
1758:
1755:Ottoman Empire
1748:
1745:Ottoman Empire
1738:
1735:Ottoman Empire
1728:
1725:Ottoman Empire
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1615:Pour le MĂ©rite
1612:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1578:
1570:
1567:
1504:Harzburg Front
1476:
1473:
1471:in the 1930s.
1436:
1430:
1425:von Hindenburg
1413:former emperor
1409:Prince Wilhelm
1315:Buschrucker's
1194:Sondergruppe R
1128:Fedor von Bock
779:
773:
734:Central Powers
730:Ottoman Empire
689:Pour le MĂ©rite
636:
633:
597:
594:
499:
498:
495:
494:
488:Pour le MĂ©rite
485:
481:
480:
475:
471:
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461:
460:
453:
449:
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438:
401:
400:Branch/service
397:
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393:
381:
369:
355:
353:
349:
348:
344:
343:
340:
336:
335:
330:
326:
325:
316:(aged 70)
310:
306:
305:
281:
279:
275:
274:
270:
269:
266:
265:
260:
254:
253:
248:
242:
241:
231:
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210:
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196:
190:
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184:
178:
177:
167:
166:
157:
154:
153:
146:
145:
140:
134:
133:
128:
122:
121:
99:Hermann MĂĽller
96:
92:
91:
82:
78:
77:
67:
66:
57:
54:
53:
46:
45:
42:
41:
33:
32:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3815:
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3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
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3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
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3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3647:Georg Wetzell
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3621:
3618:Chief of the
3615:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3556:
3549:
3544:
3542:
3537:
3535:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3517:
3508:
3507:
3500:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3374:9781403918123
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3352:9780674025776
3348:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3283:9780674041301
3279:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3256:9780688060121
3252:
3248:
3247:
3241:
3237:
3231:
3226:
3225:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3191:9780049560130
3187:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3164:9781860199813
3160:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3118:(2): 94–101.
3117:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3079:1-874622-70-1
3075:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3010:
3004:
3002:
2994:
2989:
2982:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2960:
2958:
2951:, p. 33.
2950:
2945:
2938:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2911:
2906:
2898:
2893:
2892:
2883:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2839:
2832:
2824:
2818:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2800:9781911096870
2796:
2792:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2759:
2754:
2745:
2738:
2733:
2726:
2721:
2712:
2705:
2700:
2698:
2688:
2679:
2673:, p. 81.
2672:
2667:
2658:
2649:
2640:
2631:
2622:
2613:
2604:
2595:
2586:
2577:
2570:
2564:
2555:
2548:
2543:
2537:, p. 92.
2536:
2531:
2524:
2518:
2510:
2508:9780340214824
2504:
2500:
2495:
2494:
2485:
2476:
2470:, p. 77.
2469:
2464:
2457:
2452:
2445:
2439:
2433:, p. 76.
2432:
2427:
2420:
2414:
2405:
2396:
2389:
2384:
2377:
2372:
2365:
2360:
2351:
2342:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2297:9781781592151
2293:
2289:
2283:
2274:
2268:, p. 22.
2267:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2245:
2240:
2231:
2222:
2215:
2214:Guderian 1999
2210:
2203:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2186:
2181:
2172:
2166:, p. 71.
2165:
2160:
2158:
2151:, p. 83.
2150:
2145:
2139:, p. 96.
2138:
2133:
2124:
2117:
2112:
2103:
2096:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2079:
2074:
2067:
2062:
2055:
2050:
2043:
2038:
2031:
2026:
2019:
2014:
2007:
2002:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1980:, p. 11.
1979:
1974:
1972:
1964:
1959:
1952:
1947:
1940:
1934:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1900:
1891:
1889:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1852:
1845:
1839:, p. 34.
1838:
1833:
1827:, p. 79.
1826:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1811:
1805:"Reichswehr".
1801:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1729:
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1721:Imtiyaz Medal
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1658:(WĂĽrttemberg)
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1529:(center) and
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1453:combined arms
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1432:Roots of the
1429:
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1393:Schutzpolizei
1390:
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1384:Schutzpolizei
1381:
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1266:rapprochement
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1250:rapprochement
1246:
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1199:
1198:Leonid Krasin
1195:
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1038:
1037:Wolfgang Kapp
1034:
1025:
1021:
1019:
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1007:
1003:
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996:Reichswehreid
992:
988:
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724:
720:
719:Archduke Karl
716:
712:
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696:
695:
690:
685:
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678:
674:
673:Western Front
670:
666:
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647:(center) and
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468:Eleventh Army
466:
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459:
458:
457:Generaloberst
454:
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413:
402:
398:
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382:
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370:
368:
367:German Empire
357:
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329:Resting place
327:
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292:22 April 1866
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205:Chief of the
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55:
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34:
27:
26:
25:Generaloberst
20:
3662:Wilhelm Adam
3637:Wilhelm Heye
3631:
3620:Troop Office
3601:
3516:Wilhelm Heye
3504:
3441:
3422:
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3364:
3337:
3313:
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3245:
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3069:
3049:
3039:
3031:Bibliography
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3016:
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2132:
2123:
2116:Gaworek 2008
2111:
2102:
2073:
2061:
2054:Gaworek 2008
2049:
2037:
2025:
2013:
2001:
1993:
1963:Gaworek 2008
1958:
1946:
1938:
1933:
1922:. Retrieved
1917:
1908:
1899:
1879:
1850:
1844:
1832:
1820:
1800:
1713:Star of the
1649:Albert Order
1580:
1574:
1569:Bibliography
1560:
1548:
1536:
1492:Centre Party
1489:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1433:
1421:Otto Gessler
1416:
1406:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
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1368:
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1310:
1306:
1302:
1294:Adolf Hitler
1291:
1288:
1265:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1211:Soviet Union
1206:
1202:
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1178:
1174:
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1089:
1081:
1077:
1072:
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1048:
1041:Wilhelm Heye
1032:
1030:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
994:
990:
986:
978:
975:Gustav Bauer
971:Gustav Noske
966:
957:
954:
950:Gustav Noske
924:
921:
913:
901:Leon Trotsky
897:Soviet Union
890:
885:
883:
878:
870:
861:
858:
841:
836:
832:
830:
824:
821:
814:
811:
806:
797:
792:
788:
781:
776:
764:Three Pashas
761:
748:
727:
702:
694:Generalmajor
692:
681:
654:
599:
579:
548:
531:
527:
522:
520:
503:
502:
474:Battles/wars
455:
391:German Reich
342:'The Sphinx'
323:Nazi Germany
314:(1936-12-27)
262:
258:Succeeded by
235:
214:
199:Wilhelm Heye
194:Succeeded by
186:
171:
158:
143:Wilhelm Heye
138:Succeeded by
115:Wilhelm Marx
111:Wilhelm Cuno
107:Joseph Wirth
71:
58:
23:
3688:1936 deaths
3683:1866 births
3622:(1919–1933)
3557:(1871–1919)
2137:Strohn 2011
1686:with Swords
1679:, 1st class
1389:Grenzschutz
1380:Grenzschutz
1254:possibility
963:Kapp Putsch
905:Enver Pasha
873:Paul Hirsch
613: [
569:and forced
544:World War I
478:World War I
436:German Army
246:Preceded by
182:Preceded by
126:Preceded by
119:Hans Luther
3677:Categories
3642:Otto Hasse
3432:1023100840
3292:1248759267
2847:0915979020
2185:Wette 2006
2149:Corum 1992
2095:Dabag 2005
1924:2010-05-13
1903:Gordon 94.
1894:Kochan 37.
1837:Corum 1992
1825:Corum 1992
1787:References
1770:(Bulgaria)
1667:of Hamburg
1609:Iron Cross
1556:Long March
1465:Reichswehr
1445:Reichswehr
1417:Reichswehr
1371:Reichswehr
1348:Reichswehr
1311:Reichswehr
1303:Reichswehr
1269:Germany...
1207:Reichsmark
1183:Reichswehr
1179:Reichswehr
1175:Reichswehr
1171:Reichswehr
1167:Reichswehr
1146:Reichswehr
1120:Reichswehr
1105:Reichswehr
1094:Reichswehr
1090:Reichswehr
1082:Reichswehr
1078:Reichswehr
991:Reichswehr
981:President
958:Reichswehr
925:Reichswehr
886:Reichswehr
862:Reichswehr
837:Reichswehr
833:Reichswehr
825:Reichswehr
815:Reichswehr
793:Reichswehr
789:Reichswehr
777:Reichswehr
645:Wilhelm II
606:Pomeranian
596:Early life
575:Long March
571:Mao Zedong
528:Reichswehr
523:Reichswehr
424:Reichsheer
352:Allegiance
288:1866-04-22
95:Chancellor
3461:610936845
3413:541066606
3383:180887965
3265:855278885
3151:(1999) .
2864:cite book
2817:cite book
2809:993878453
2314:cite book
2306:827268294
2078:Kent 1984
2042:Kent 1984
2030:Kent 1984
2006:Kent 1984
1951:Cron 2002
1813:Citations
1531:Rundstedt
1506:. In the
1496:Reichstag
1469:Luftwaffe
1457:Wehrmacht
1441:Wehrmacht
1434:Wehrmacht
1419:Minister
1397:Wehrmacht
1353:Ruhrkampf
1313:to crush
1233:activity.
1136:Eugen Ott
1067:that the
1057:Max Bauer
915:Freikorps
868:'s army.
853:Thuringia
842:Wehrmacht
649:Mackensen
629:III Corps
602:Schleswig
532:Wehrmacht
447:1933–1935
445:1885–1926
295:Schleswig
236:In office
172:In office
81:President
72:In office
3401:(1964).
3363:(2005).
3335:(2006).
3311:(2003).
3173:45739119
2856:12020991
1775:See also
1540:Mount Lu
1527:Blomberg
1475:In China
1428:prince.
1402:Von Roon
977:and the
932:and the
912:and his
752:genocide
665:1st Army
464:Commands
339:Nickname
149:1st
3481:of the
3477:in the
3200:9893826
3132:1983219
2897:111–112
1552:Jiangxi
1485:Fritsch
1155:murders
818:saying:
743:Entente
711:Galicia
3459:
3449:
3430:
3411:
3381:
3371:
3349:
3321:
3290:
3280:
3263:
3253:
3232:
3198:
3188:
3171:
3161:
3130:
3099:
3076:
3057:
2854:
2844:
2807:
2797:
2505:
2304:
2294:
1920:. 2010
1602:Berlin
1344:putsch
1340:putsch
1323:Putsch
1317:putsch
1307:putsch
1144:Black
1061:putsch
1053:putsch
1049:putsch
1033:putsch
1014:putsch
1010:putsch
1006:putsch
1002:putsch
987:putsch
967:Putsch
855:, 1925
707:Serbia
508:German
484:Awards
433:
421:
409:
364:
319:Berlin
222:
3215:: 37.
3128:JSTOR
1792:Notes
1719:Gold
1460:'
1332:Reich
1086:Ebert
979:Reich
930:Weser
880:good.
621:Posen
617:]
582:Celle
551:China
3457:OCLC
3447:ISBN
3428:OCLC
3409:OCLC
3379:OCLC
3369:ISBN
3347:ISBN
3319:ISBN
3288:OCLC
3278:ISBN
3261:OCLC
3251:ISBN
3230:ISBN
3196:OCLC
3186:ISBN
3169:OCLC
3159:ISBN
3097:ISBN
3074:ISBN
3055:ISBN
2874:link
2870:link
2852:OCLC
2842:ISBN
2823:link
2805:OCLC
2795:ISBN
2503:ISBN
2324:link
2320:link
2302:OCLC
2292:ISBN
1153:Feme
1138:and
1031:The
934:Elbe
808:not.
782:The
732:, a
586:BAOR
452:Rank
309:Died
278:Born
49:2nd
3483:ZBW
3213:178
3120:doi
2499:200
1500:DVP
1245:not
1192:of
701:or
3679::
3455:.
3377:.
3345:.
3286:.
3259:.
3211:.
3194:.
3167:.
3126:.
3116:20
3114:.
3000:^
2968:^
2956:^
2917:^
2866:}}
2862:{{
2850:.
2819:}}
2815:{{
2803:.
2765:^
2696:^
2501:.
2316:}}
2312:{{
2300:.
2250:^
2192:^
2156:^
2085:^
1985:^
1970:^
1916:.
1887:^
1859:^
1600:,
1565:.
1558:.
1546:.
1264:A
1134:,
1130:,
952:.
940:,
875::
795:.
771:.
615:de
592:.
577:.
518:.
321:,
301:,
297:,
3547:e
3540:t
3533:v
3463:.
3434:.
3415:.
3385:.
3355:.
3327:.
3294:.
3267:.
3238:.
3202:.
3175:.
3134:.
3122::
3105:.
3082:.
3063:.
2899:.
2876:)
2858:.
2825:)
2811:.
2511:.
2326:)
2308:.
1927:.
1757:)
1747:)
1737:)
1727:)
1723:(
1148:"
290:)
286:(
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