31:
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872:, concluded a comprehensive agreement with France for paying reparations in kind for the reconstruction of the devastated regions of the country. The fulfilment policy was quickly broken off due to the problems of financing it. In December 1921 Germany had to request a postponement of the next payment. The extreme Right reacted to Wirth's reparations policy by calling for his assassination.
860:). By attempting to comply with the Allied demands – and thus prevent them from occupying the Ruhr – Wirth wanted to show that the annual payments of three billion gold marks were beyond Germany's means. On 31 August 1921, after considerable effort, Germany was able to pay the first half-yearly instalment. During the period of relaxed diplomatic relations that surrounded the payment, the
803:(Centre). They included the centralisation at the national level of the authority to tax and spend and the redistribution of taxes to lighten the burden on those with low to moderate incomes. Through ties with military leadership, he also saw that funds were provided to help begin secretly rearming Germany in contravention of the restrictions imposed by the
936:(DVP) had refused to accept the partition of Silesia or join any coalition that agreed to it, the SPD and Centre Party formed a minority government. On 26 October, Wirth gave a government statement in which he presented his new cabinet as a combination of trusted individuals, not as members of a coalition.
1030:
of the SPD and Ludwig Haas of the Baden DDP formed a
Republican Union as a way to maintain cooperation between representatives of the working class and those of the progressive middle class. The Centre Party then removed Wirth's name from the list of candidates for the 1928 Reichstag election. Wirth
827:
if
Germany did not accept the terms within six days. The Centre and SPD were in favour of accepting the London Schedule in spite of the anger it had aroused in the German public. Since Wirth was the only candidate for chancellor whom the SPD would accept, and no government could be built without
924:
in ethnically mixed Upper
Silesia was in favour of staying part of Germany, but the heavily industrialised eastern part of the region was nevertheless awarded to Poland. Wirth believed that its severance from Germany would fatally affect Germany's capacity to pay its reparations.
1014:, a paramilitary organization formed by the SPD, Centre and DDP for the non-violent protection of the Republic from the enemies of democracy. Wirth used its rallies to speak in opposition to the Centre Party's drift to the right. When it joined the government of the independent
765:(MSPD). Wirth engaged with Catholic workers to keep them from becoming radicalised and spoke in favour of a leading role for the Centre Party in building a democratic Germany. His position reflected his beliefs in Catholicism's social teaching and in Christian democracy.
1058:. Wirth's main task at the Interior Ministry was to try to hold back the growing power of the Nazis. He was highly popular with the Social Democrats and acted as mediator between them and the new government. In October 1931, he was pushed out of office and replaced by
1082:, which gave Hitler dictatorial powers. Bowing to the pressure of party unity, he nevertheless voted in favour of the Act with the rest of the Centre parliamentary contingent on 24 March. After its passage, Wirth emigrated to Switzerland, settling in
599:. Wirth accepted the Allies' conditions and began a policy of fulfilment – an attempt to show that Germany was unable to afford the reparations payments by making the effort to meet them. He resigned after less than six months in protest against the
969:
renounced all war-related territorial and financial claims against each other and opened friendly diplomatic relations, a move which ended
Germany's post-war foreign policy isolation. After Rathenau was assassinated by far-right extremists of the
670:. He was the son of Karl Wirth, a master machinist at a printing company, and his wife Agathe (née Zeller). The involvement of his parents, who were Catholic, in Christian and social causes had a strong influence on him throughout his life.
974:
on 24 June 1922, Wirth gave a speech in front of the
Reichstag in which he warned that "we are experiencing in Germany a political brutalisation" that was characterized by "an atmosphere of murder, of rancour, of poison," and famously
987:
on the initiative of the Wirth government. It increased the penalties for political assassinations and banned organisations opposed to the "constitutional republican form of government" along with their printed matter and meetings.
588:. He was also minister of four government departments between 1920 and 1931 (Foreign Affairs, Finance, Interior, and Occupied Territories). Wirth was strongly influenced by Christian social teaching throughout his political career.
991:
Wirth tried to extend his government's minority coalition to the right to include the DVP, but even his own Centre Party was becoming increasingly unhappy at having to work with the SPD, which had reunited with the more radical
745:, also of the Centre Party, and called for a negotiated peace without annexations. In the final year of the war, Wirth increasingly often criticized the policies of the imperial government and pushed for internal reforms.
1629:
Schlie, Ulrich (29 November 1997). "Diener vieler Herren. Die verschlungenen Pfade des
Reichskanzlers Joseph Wirth im Exil" [Servant of many masters. The winding paths of Chancellor Joseph Wirth in exile].
4456:
1569:
Schlie, Ulrich (1998). "Altreichskanzler Joseph Wirth im
Luzerner Exil (1939–1948)" [Former Chancellor Joseph Wirth in Exile in Lucerne (1939–1948)]. In Krohn, Claus-Dieter; Paul, Gerhard (eds.).
1124:), a working group with SPD members in exile. It drew up guidelines for the re-establishment of a democratic Germany that they hoped would avoid the mistakes that had brought down the Weimar Republic.
1086:
and purchasing a villa there. He communicated with leading statesmen in
Britain and France about the dangers of Nazism and travelled to the US, where he met with the exiled former chancellor
928:
On 22 October 1921, he resigned in protest over the partition. Three days later, President
Friedrich Ebert once again asked him to form a government, which Wirth did on 26 October with the
3210:
677:. He obtained his doctorate in mathematics in 1906 with the thesis "On the elementary divisors of a linear homogeneous substitution". From 1906 to 1913, he taught mathematics at a
3230:
4441:
1026:. He left the Centre's Reichstag contingent in protest against the party's social policies In August 1925 but returned in July 1926. In August of that year, Wirth,
4451:
761:'s ministers, Wirth became Finance minister of Baden. The peaceful course of the revolution there made it possible for the Centre Party to work with the moderate
2715:
3167:
2252:
979:
There stands the enemy, who drips his poison into the wounds of a people. There stands the enemy, and about it there is no doubt: the enemy is on the Right!
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on a possible coup and peace settlement, but the talks ended when
Germany invaded France in 1940. Subsequently, he made efforts to inform the
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326:
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file "The background of Joseph Wirth" states that Wirth was a Soviet agent. According to a CIA document, Wirth claimed that he met with
3160:
2245:
996:(USPD) in September 1922. After the government lost a key vote on the grain levy in November, the government resigned. On 22 November,
367:
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2422:
2061:
2021:
789:
239:
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1182:, East Germany paid Wirth a small amount of financial aid. In 1954 he was awarded the East German "Peace Medal" and received the
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about the threat of Nazi Germany's anti-Jewish policies, and during World War II, he secretly kept in touch with anti-Nazi
611:
by members of a right-wing terrorist group in April 1922, his government attempted to confront political violence with the
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861:
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Wirth died of heart failure in 1956, aged 76, in his hometown of Freiburg and was buried in the city's main cemetery.
4461:
3906:
2724:
1843:
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869:
758:
693:), a charity run by laymen for the poor. Social issues were consistently his main concern after he entered politics.
274:
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218:
895:
placed Bavaria under a state of emergency. The Reich government was then able to disarm the paramilitary Bavarian
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1869:
723:
candidate who was in part responsible for Wirth's life-long dislike of the "parties of property and education".
3384:
2516:
2221:
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1632:
854:
The Reichstag ratified the London Schedule the following day, 11 May, and Wirth began his "fulfilment policy" (
730:, Wirth volunteered for military service but for health reasons was deemed unfit. He then volunteered with the
2090:
1929:
1904:
4052:
4044:
2766:
2417:
2388:
2303:
1960:
1078:
was appointed chancellor by Hindenburg, Wirth spoke passionately in the Reichstag against the Nazi-sponsored
1010:
921:
880:
615:. Wirth's second government resigned after just over a year when it was unable to expand its political base.
4216:
1600:
957:, minister of Finance in the second Wirth cabinet, was assassinated by far-right extremists on 24 June 1922.
4187:
3899:
3225:
2761:
2756:
2358:
1144:'s policy of integration with the West for fear of making the division of Germany permanent. Together with
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3431:
3750:
3456:
2313:
1815:
1787:
1733:
1039:
815:
The Fehrenbach cabinet resigned on 4 May when it was unable to reach a decision on whether to accept the
792:(MSPD), Wirth became Germany's minister of Finance. He continued to hold the portfolio in the subsequent
619:
378:
4208:
2298:
734:
and served on both the Western and Eastern Fronts until 1917, when he left after contracting pneumonia.
607:
and formed a second, minority cabinet a few days later. Following the assassination of Foreign Minister
4343:
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3587:
2565:
1975:
1900:
738:
30:
1714:
1046:. After the government's resignation in late March 1930, Wirth became minister of the Interior in the
716:
420:
3037:
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2348:
2293:
1098:. Wirth lived in Paris from 1935 to 1939, after which he returned to Lucerne. In the early days of
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572:
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908:
The strife which arose out of the crisis in Bavaria had only just abated when in mid-October the
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1989:
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2026:
1892:
1753:
1677:
1198:, in Berlin in December 1952. Wirth said Beria asked him to join the East German government.
618:
After his two terms as chancellor, Wirth continued to fight right-wing political forces as a
592:
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49:
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3107:
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2338:
1955:
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He was named chancellor in May 1921 when Germany was facing difficult negotiations with the
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2005:
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683:(secondary school) in Freiburg. In 1909, he was a co-founder and first president of the
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2353:
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1970:
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aroused considerable anger throughout Germany. Almost sixty percent of the vote in the
905:), and Kahr, without their armed support, stepped down as Bavarian minister president.
800:
793:
742:
552:
255:
211:
3553:
3337:
3042:
1861:
646:, the latter of which awarded him two prestigious honours. He died in his hometown of
626:
era he went into exile and worked with several anti-Nazi groups. Following the end of
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1808:
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1227:[Chancellor of the Centre Party. The Politician Joseph Wirth (1879–1956)].
1150:
954:
865:
828:
them, Wirth and the Centre Party formed a coalition on 10 May with the SPD and the
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162:
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768:
In January 1919, Wirth was elected to both the Baden Constituent Assembly and the
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From 1899 to 1906, he studied mathematics, natural sciences and economics at the
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1172:
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267:
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1102:, he worked with the British government and an anti-Nazi group around Admiral
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assassinated Matthias Erzberger on 26 August 1921 for his role in signing the
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1836:
1171:'s policies, he believed in a compromise with Soviet Russia in line with the
966:
913:
883:. At about the same time, the conflict between the Berlin government and the
667:
510:
307:
3047:
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1718:(12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.
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2013:
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1307:[Joseph Wirth (1879–1956) Democrat and Reich Chancellor of Baden].
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1099:
1075:
997:
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643:
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1027:
576:; 6 September 1879 – 3 January 1956) was a German politician of the
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3571:
3548:
3538:
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3327:
3317:
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3052:
3032:
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2555:
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2182:
2051:
1707:
1111:
1015:
781:
727:
3921:
3617:
1461:
701:
In 1911 Wirth was elected to the Freiburg city council for the Catholic
3436:
2983:
2670:
1031:
had to submit to a number of conditions before his name was restored.
1018:
in January 1925, Wirth criticized it for working with the nationalist
799:
As Finance minister, Wirth continued the policies of his predecessor,
4457:
Members of the Second Chamber of the Diet of the Grand Duchy of Baden
3518:
3411:
1118:
in Germany. He was also one of the founders of "Democratic Germany" (
731:
3772:
1653:
950:
711:, the lower house of parliament of the Grand Duchy (after 1918 the
819:, which set German war reparations at 132 billion gold marks. The
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3277:
3180:
3016:
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2124:
1083:
884:
403:
1305:"Joseph Wirth (1879–1956) Badischer Demokrat und Reichskanzler"
1168:
846:
623:
1225:"Kanzler des Zentrums. Der Politiker Joseph Wirth (1879–1956)"
584:
from May 1921 to November 1922, during the early years of the
634:'s policy of integration with the West. Although he lived in
443:
410:
832:(DDP). Wirth remained Finance minister in his new cabinet.
824:
1651:[Without Doubt: This Enemy Stands on the Right!].
1440:
Kritische Online-Edition der Nuntiaturberichte (1917-1929)
1140:
Wirth returned from exile to Freiburg in 1948. He opposed
1578:] (in German). Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 180–199.
1187:
1000:, a political independent, replaced Wirth as chancellor.
961:
On 16 April 1922, Wirth and Walther Rathenau signed the
757:, after Baden's provisional government had replaced the
1891:
1157:
Alliance of Germans, Party for Unity, Peace and Freedom
823:
issued on 5 May threatened an Allied occupation of the
1486:
Mühle, Alexander; Scriba, Arnulf (28 September 2022).
1175:. In 1951, Wirth visited Moscow for political talks.
4442:Members of the 13th Reichstag of the German Empire
705:. From 1913 to 1921, he was a member of the Baden
658:Karl Joseph Wirth was born on 6 September 1879 in
2723:
748:
4378:
3175:
2260:
1159:" (BdD) in 1953. The party was supported by the
4452:Members of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic
875:Two members of the right-wing terrorist group
4224:
4060:
3907:
3758:
3603:
3161:
2709:
2246:
1877:
715:. In 1914 he became a member of the Imperial
1951:Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst
1119:
900:
855:
772:, which wrote the new constitutions for the
706:
696:
684:
678:
1598:
1485:
622:member and government minister. During the
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4067:
4053:
3914:
3900:
3765:
3751:
3610:
3596:
3168:
3154:
2716:
2702:
2253:
2239:
1884:
1870:
1649:"Kein Zweifel: Dieser Feind steht rechts!"
1646:
1517:[The Partition of Upper Silesia].
983:On 21 July 1922, the Reichstag passed the
132:26 October 1921 – 31 January 1922
29:
1603:[The Enemy Stands on the Right].
1475:(1): 154. October 1921 – via JSTOR.
1373:
788:of the MSPD resigned and was replaced by
719:following a difficult campaign against a
2017:(as Ministerpräsident, later Chancellor)
1705:
1374:Eikenberg, Gabriel (14 September 2014).
1126:
1090:and gave lectures on the Nazi regime at
1062:on the personal initiative of President
949:
845:
231:27 March 1920 – 22 October 1921
175:24 June 1922 – 22 November 1922
4447:Members of the Weimar National Assembly
1647:Kellerhoff, Sven Felix (19 June 2019).
1040:Rhineland region occupied by the Allies
287:30 March 1930 – 7 October 1931
70:10 May 1921 – 22 November 1922
4379:
1730:Newspaper clippings about Joseph Wirth
1628:
1599:Bendikowski, Tillmann (15 July 2013).
1568:
1512:
1403:
1276:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1003:
985:Law for the Protection of the Republic
613:Law for the Protection of the Republic
464:6 February 1919 – 21 May 1920
339:13 April 1929 – 27 March 1930
4402:Politicians from Freiburg im Breisgau
4212:
4078:– 26 October 1921 to 14 November 1922
4048:
3895:
3746:
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3149:
2697:
2234:
1865:
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1346:
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1254:
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1250:
1248:
1246:
1036:minister for the Occupied Territories
571:
549:Christian Democratic Union of Germany
327:Minister for the Occupied Territories
4407:People from the Grand Duchy of Baden
1429:
1427:
1404:Scriba, Arnulf (14 September 2014).
1399:
1397:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1277:Scriba, Arnulf (14 September 2014).
1218:
1216:
1214:
1167:. Although Wirth did not approve of
4397:20th-century chancellors of Germany
1893:Chancellors of Germany (since 1867)
1675:
1513:Scriba, Arnulf (2 September 2014).
1433:
1066:, who regarded Wirth as a leftist.
912:' announcement of the partition of
13:
4417:Centre Party (Germany) politicians
1793:26 October 1921 – 31 January 1922
1619:
1546:[The Two Wirth Cabinets].
1533:
1488:"Gustav Ritter von Kahr 1862–1934"
1243:
810:
14:
4483:
1723:
1678:"Meeting Between Wirth and Beria"
1424:
1394:
1376:"Konstantin Fehrenbach 1852–1926"
1323:
1222:
1211:
4365:
4197:
4033:
3925:– 10 May 1921 to 22 October 1921
3880:
3731:
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3400:
3373:
3276:
3194:
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2955:
2911:
2797:
2733:
2586:
2527:
2483:
2399:
2270:
2127:
2089:
1988:
1928:
1903:
1821:24 June 1922 – 14 November 1922
1163:, the ruling communist party in
1074:In March 1933, two months after
794:cabinet of Constantin Fehrenbach
763:Majority Social Democratic Party
691:Society of Saint Vincent de Paul
4437:Government ministers of Germany
4242:– 28 June 1928 to 27 March 1930
3621:– 27 March 1920 to 21 June 1920
3211:Franz Emil Emanuel von Burchard
1848:30 March 1930 – 7 October 1931
1765:10 May 1921 – 14 November 1922
1669:
1640:
1592:
1562:
1506:
784:of March 1920, when Chancellor
4422:Bund der Deutschen politicians
3385:Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk
3231:Max Franz Guido von Thielmann
1633:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
1479:
1454:
1367:
1297:
1020:German National People's Party
939:
891:came to a head when President
755:German revolution of 1918–1919
749:Revolution and Weimar Republic
737:Wirth voted for the July 1917
1:
4472:Stalin Peace Prize recipients
4467:University of Freiburg alumni
4432:Interior ministers of Germany
3776:– 25 June 1920 to 10 May 1921
2767:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
2725:Interior Ministers of Germany
1961:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
1519:Deutsches Historisches Museum
1492:Deutsches Historisches Museum
1462:"How Germany Will Pay France"
1410:Deutsches Historisches Museum
1380:Deutsches Historisches Museum
1353:Landeskunde Baden-Württemberg
1283:Deutsches Historisches Museum
1204:
1155:, he founded the neutralist "
1135:
1121:Das Demokratische Deutschland
1011:Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold
835:
653:
36:
16:German politician (1879–1956)
4427:Finance ministers of Germany
3226:Arthur von Posadowsky-Wehner
2762:Arthur von Posadowsky-Wehner
2757:Karl Heinrich von Boetticher
2262:Foreign Ministers of Germany
2134:Bundeskanzler (1949–present)
1706:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922).
1544:"Die beiden Kabinette Wirth"
1515:"Die Teilung Oberschlesiens"
1034:In April 1929, Wirth became
994:Independent Social Democrats
686:Akademische Vinzenzkonferenz
7:
3457:Federal Republic of Germany
3017:Federal Republic of Germany
2594:Federal Republic of Germany
1816:Minister of Foreign Affairs
1788:Minister of Foreign Affairs
1734:20th Century Press Archives
1069:
817:London Schedule of Payments
638:, he had contacts with the
10:
4488:
3221:Baron Helmuth von Maltzahn
2963:German Democratic Republic
2535:German Democratic Republic
2112:Count Schwerin von Krosigk
1994:Reichskanzler (1919–1933)
1976:Prince Maximilian of Baden
1901:North German Confederation
1709:"Wirth, Karl Joseph"
1699:
965:, under which Germany and
943:
870:minister of Reconstruction
839:
739:Reichstag Peace Resolution
601:partition of Upper Silesia
573:[kaɐ̯ljo:zɛfvɪɐ̯t]
4363:
4247:
4195:
4083:
4031:
3930:
3878:
3781:
3729:
3626:
3455:
3393:
3366:
3269:
3236:Baron Hermann von Stengel
3187:
3136:
3007:
2953:
2909:
2795:
2731:
2684:
2584:
2525:
2481:
2397:
2309:Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst
2268:
2219:
2123:
2095:Reichskanzler (1933–1945)
2085:
1984:
1934:Reichskanzler (1871–1918)
1924:
1909:Bundeskanzler (1867–1871)
1899:
1850:
1841:
1833:
1823:
1813:
1805:
1795:
1785:
1777:
1767:
1758:
1750:
1745:
1347:Knapp, Thomas A. (1982).
1131:Wirth's grave in Freiburg
1008:In 1924 Wirth joined the
753:In the first days of the
741:, which was sponsored by
697:Start of political career
666:, a federal state of the
558:
540:
516:
485:
480:
476:
468:
457:
449:
439:
428:
417:
408:National list (1928-1930)
401:National list (1932-1933)
397:
386:
373:
361:
351:
343:
332:
325:
313:
301:
291:
280:
273:
261:
249:
235:
224:
217:
205:
195:
187:
179:
168:
156:
144:
136:
125:
118:
106:
94:
84:
74:
63:
48:
44:
28:
21:
4462:Exiles from Nazi Germany
2210:(SPD, 2021–present)
1844:Minister of the Interior
1601:"Der Feind steht rechts"
1279:"Joseph Wirth 1879–1956"
881:Armistice of 11 November
862:U.S.–German Peace Treaty
770:Weimar National Assembly
452:Weimar National Assembly
275:Minister of the Interior
2324:Hatzfeldt zu Wildenburg
1715:Encyclopædia Britannica
830:German Democratic Party
374:Member of the Reichstag
4412:German Roman Catholics
3058:Hans-Dietrich Genscher
2349:Tschirschky-Bögendorff
2009:(as Ministerpräsident)
1132:
1120:
981:
958:
932:. Because the DDP and
901:
889:Gustav Ritter von Kahr
856:
851:
707:
685:
679:
675:University of Freiburg
597:German war reparations
4240:Second Müller cabinet
3786:Constantin Fehrenbach
3261:Siegfried von Roedern
2999:Peter-Michael Diestel
2202:(CDU, 2005–2021)
2194:(SPD, 1998–2005)
2186:(CDU, 1982–1998)
2178:(SPD, 1974–1982)
2170:(SPD, 1969–1974)
2162:(CDU, 1966–1969)
2154:(CDU, 1963–1966)
2146:(CDU, 1949–1963)
2115:(as Leading Minister)
2027:Constantin Fehrenbach
1761:Chancellor of Germany
1754:Konstantin Fehrenbach
1130:
1056:presidential cabinets
1044:second Müller cabinet
977:
953:
934:German People's Party
922:March 1921 plebiscite
849:
662:in what was then the
593:Allies of World War I
582:chancellor of Germany
578:Catholic Centre Party
569:German pronunciation:
243:Constantin Fehrenbach
101:Constantin Fehrenbach
50:Chancellor of Germany
4076:Second Wirth cabinet
3619:First Müller cabinet
3113:Hans-Peter Friedrich
3078:Friedrich Zimmermann
2772:Clemens von Delbrück
2517:Schwerin von Krosigk
2159:Kurt Georg Kiesinger
1576:Exile and Resistance
1406:"Londoner Ultimatum"
1349:"Wirth, Joseph Karl"
1229:berlin-geschichte.de
1196:Soviet secret police
1096:Princeton University
946:Second Wirth cabinet
930:second Wirth cabinet
916:between Germany and
850:Joseph Wirth in 1922
805:Treaty of Versailles
664:Grand Duchy of Baden
660:Freiburg im Breisgau
527:Freiburg im Breisgau
507:Grand Duchy of Baden
503:Freiburg im Breisgau
368:Gottfried Treviranus
4294:Theodor von Guérard
3923:First Wirth cabinet
3534:Gerhard Stoltenberg
3499:Franz Josef Strauss
2222:List of chancellors
2077:Kurt von Schleicher
2006:Philipp Scheidemann
1676:CIA (7 July 1953).
1572:Exil und Widerstand
1436:"Erfüllungspolitik"
1064:Paul von Hindenburg
1054:, the first of the
1004:Post-chancellorship
972:Organisation Consul
877:Organisation Consul
842:First Wirth cabinet
553:Alliance of Germans
219:Minister of Finance
4158:Johannes Giesberts
3999:Johannes Giesberts
3858:Johannes Giesberts
3774:Fehrenbach cabinet
3709:Johannes Giesberts
3685:Alexander Schlicke
3323:Otto von Schlieben
3298:Matthias Erzberger
3216:Karl Rudolf Jacobi
3118:Thomas de Maizière
3108:Thomas de Maizière
2876:Walter von Keudell
2418:Brockdorff-Rantzau
2389:Brockdorff-Rantzau
1971:Georg von Hertling
1956:Bernhard von Bülow
1827:Hans von Rosenberg
1746:Political offices
1434:Pacelli, Eugenio.
1184:Stalin Peace Prize
1133:
1092:Harvard University
959:
852:
801:Matthias Erzberger
743:Matthias Erzberger
713:Republic) of Baden
256:Matthias Erzberger
212:Hans von Rosenberg
4374:
4373:
4304:Rudolf Hilferding
4262:Gustav Stresemann
4206:
4205:
4042:
4041:
3889:
3888:
3740:
3739:
3585:
3584:
3577:Christian Lindner
3559:Wolfgang Schäuble
3529:Manfred Lahnstein
3343:Rudolf Hilferding
3313:Rudolf Hilferding
3293:Bernhard Dernburg
3177:Finance Ministers
3143:
3142:
3103:Wolfgang Schäuble
3083:Wolfgang Schäuble
2691:
2690:
2359:Kiderlen-Waechter
2228:
2227:
2042:Gustav Stresemann
1941:Otto von Bismarck
1916:Otto von Bismarck
1860:
1859:
1851:Succeeded by
1824:Succeeded by
1796:Succeeded by
1768:Succeeded by
1585:978-3-883-77560-9
963:Treaty of Rapallo
910:League of Nations
897:Citizens' Defense
857:Erfüllungspolitik
774:Republic of Baden
605:League of Nations
565:Karl Joseph Wirth
562:
561:
531:Baden-Württemberg
490:Karl Joseph Wirth
424:
382:
4479:
4369:
4322:Hermann Dietrich
4310:Paul Moldenhauer
4284:Erich Koch-Weser
4233:
4226:
4219:
4210:
4209:
4201:
4185:
4166:
4112:Walther Rathenau
4069:
4062:
4055:
4046:
4045:
4037:
4024:Walther Rathenau
4007:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3893:
3892:
3884:
3866:
3812:Erich Koch-Weser
3767:
3760:
3753:
3744:
3743:
3735:
3717:
3641:Erich Koch-Weser
3612:
3605:
3598:
3589:
3588:
3568:
3544:Oskar Lafontaine
3467:
3466:
3427:Werner Schmieder
3405:
3404:
3378:
3377:
3358:Hermann Dietrich
3353:Heinrich Brüning
3348:Paul Moldenhauer
3281:
3280:
3206:Adolf von Scholz
3199:
3198:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3147:
3146:
3038:Gerhard Schröder
3028:Gustav Heinemann
3021:
3015:
3013:
3012:
2989:Friedrich Dickel
2967:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2945:Wilhelm Stuckart
2935:Heinrich Himmler
2923:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2896:Wilhelm von Gayl
2851:Wilhelm Sollmann
2831:Erich Koch-Weser
2809:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2745:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2695:
2694:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2539:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2411:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2282:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2232:
2231:
2211:
2203:
2195:
2191:Gerhard Schröder
2187:
2179:
2171:
2163:
2155:
2147:
2131:
2125:Federal Republic
2116:
2093:
2067:Heinrich Brüning
2018:
2010:
1992:
1932:
1907:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1863:
1862:
1834:Preceded by
1809:Walther Rathenau
1806:Preceded by
1799:Walther Rathenau
1778:Preceded by
1751:Preceded by
1743:
1742:
1719:
1711:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1682:Internet archive
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1626:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1548:Das Bundesarchiv
1540:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1431:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1401:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1344:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1309:Haus auf der Alb
1301:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1274:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1223:Wirth, Günther.
1220:
1154:
1123:
1088:Heinrich Brüning
1052:Heinrich Brüning
955:Walther Rathenau
904:
866:Walther Rathenau
864:was signed, and
859:
821:London ultimatum
796:(Centre Party).
726:At the start of
721:National Liberal
710:
688:
682:
609:Walther Rathenau
575:
570:
523:
500:6 September 1879
499:
497:
481:Personal details
462:
433:
418:
391:
376:
364:
354:
337:
316:
304:
296:Heinrich Brüning
285:
264:
252:
229:
208:
201:Walther Rathenau
198:
173:
163:Walther Rathenau
159:
147:
130:
120:Foreign Minister
109:
97:
68:
59:
38:
33:
19:
18:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4361:
4350:Adam Stegerwald
4334:Wilhelm Groener
4243:
4237:
4207:
4202:
4193:
4179:
4171:Wilhelm Groener
4160:
4146:Gustav Radbruch
4140:Heinrich Brauns
4079:
4073:
4043:
4038:
4029:
4012:Wilhelm Groener
4001:
3977:Heinrich Brauns
3965:Georg Gradnauer
3959:Friedrich Rosen
3926:
3920:
3890:
3885:
3876:
3871:Hans von Raumer
3860:
3852:Wilhelm Groener
3840:Heinrich Brauns
3777:
3771:
3741:
3736:
3727:
3711:
3622:
3616:
3586:
3581:
3566:
3554:Peer Steinbrück
3461:
3459:
3451:
3442:Walter Romberg
3399:
3397:
3389:
3372:
3370:
3362:
3338:Heinrich Köhler
3275:
3273:
3271:Weimar Republic
3265:
3256:Karl Helfferich
3193:
3191:
3183:
3174:
3144:
3139:
3132:
3093:Manfred Kanther
3063:Werner Maihofer
3043:Hermann Höcherl
3020:(1949–present)
3019:
3010:
3008:
3003:
2965:
2956:
2954:
2949:
2921:
2912:
2910:
2905:
2891:Wilhelm Groener
2836:Georg Gradnauer
2816:Friedrich Ebert
2807:
2805:Weimar Republic
2798:
2796:
2791:
2777:Karl Helfferich
2743:
2734:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2692:
2687:
2680:
2597:(1949–present)
2596:
2587:
2585:
2580:
2537:
2528:
2526:
2521:
2493:
2484:
2482:
2477:
2409:
2407:Weimar Republic
2400:
2398:
2393:
2299:B. E. von Bülow
2280:
2271:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2229:
2224:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2201:
2193:
2185:
2177:
2169:
2161:
2153:
2145:
2143:Konrad Adenauer
2132:
2119:
2114:
2107:Joseph Goebbels
2094:
2081:
2072:Franz von Papen
2016:
2008:
2001:Friedrich Ebert
1993:
1986:Weimar Republic
1980:
1966:Georg Michaelis
1946:Leo von Caprivi
1933:
1920:
1908:
1895:
1890:
1856:
1854:Wilhelm Groener
1847:
1839:
1829:
1820:
1811:
1801:
1792:
1783:
1781:Friedrich Rosen
1773:
1764:
1756:
1726:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1686:
1684:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1645:
1641:
1627:
1620:
1610:
1608:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1567:
1563:
1553:
1551:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1524:
1522:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1484:
1480:
1467:Current History
1460:
1459:
1455:
1445:
1443:
1432:
1425:
1415:
1413:
1402:
1395:
1385:
1383:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1356:
1345:
1324:
1314:
1312:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1275:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1221:
1212:
1207:
1194:, chief of the
1192:Lavrentiy Beria
1148:
1142:Konrad Adenauer
1138:
1104:Wilhelm Canaris
1072:
1060:Wilhelm Groener
1006:
948:
942:
893:Friedrich Ebert
844:
838:
813:
811:Chancellorships
778:Weimar Republic
751:
699:
656:
632:Konrad Adenauer
586:Weimar Republic
568:
551:
547:
541:Political party
525:
521:
501:
495:
493:
492:
491:
463:
458:
434:
429:
409:
407:
402:
392:
387:
379:Weimar Republic
375:
362:
352:
338:
333:
320:Wilhelm Groener
314:
302:
286:
281:
262:
250:
244:
242:
230:
225:
206:
196:
183:Friedrich Ebert
174:
169:
157:
151:Friedrich Rosen
145:
131:
126:
107:
95:
79:Friedrich Ebert
69:
64:
56:Weimar Republic
53:
52:
40:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4485:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4372:
4371:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4353:
4347:
4340:Georg Schätzel
4337:
4331:
4328:Rudolf Wissell
4325:
4319:
4316:Robert Schmidt
4313:
4307:
4301:
4291:
4281:
4275:
4272:Julius Curtius
4269:
4259:
4252:Hermann Müller
4248:
4245:
4244:
4236:
4235:
4228:
4221:
4213:
4204:
4203:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4174:
4168:
4155:
4149:
4143:
4137:
4134:Robert Schmidt
4131:
4128:Andreas Hermes
4125:
4119:
4109:
4099:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4072:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4049:
4040:
4039:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4021:
4018:Andreas Hermes
4015:
4009:
3996:
3990:
3983:Eugen Schiffer
3980:
3974:
3971:Robert Schmidt
3968:
3962:
3956:
3946:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3919:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3896:
3887:
3886:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3868:
3855:
3849:
3843:
3837:
3834:Andreas Hermes
3831:
3825:
3819:
3809:
3803:
3793:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3770:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3747:
3738:
3737:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3719:
3706:
3700:
3694:
3688:
3682:
3679:Andreas Hermes
3676:
3673:Robert Schmidt
3670:
3660:
3657:Andreas Blunck
3654:
3648:
3638:
3631:Hermann Müller
3627:
3624:
3623:
3615:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3592:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:Peter Altmaier
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3524:Hans Matthöfer
3521:
3516:
3514:Helmut Schmidt
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3494:Kurt Schmücker
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3474:Fritz Schäffer
3470:
3468:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3447:Werner Skowron
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3422:Siegfried Böhm
3419:
3414:
3408:
3406:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3381:
3379:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3333:Peter Reinhold
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3308:Andreas Hermes
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3288:Eugen Schiffer
3284:
3282:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3241:Reinhold Sydow
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3185:
3184:
3173:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3150:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3123:Horst Seehofer
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3088:Rudolf Seiters
3085:
3080:
3075:
3073:Jürgen Schmude
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2994:Lothar Ahrendt
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2974:Karl Steinhoff
2970:
2968:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2926:
2924:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2861:Martin Schiele
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2748:
2746:
2729:
2728:
2721:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2698:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
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20:
4356:Joseph Wirth
4355:
4152:Otto Gessler
4122:Adolf Köster
4102:Gustav Bauer
4091:
4088:Joseph Wirth
4087:
3993:Otto Gessler
3949:Gustav Bauer
3938:
3935:Joseph Wirth
3934:
3846:Otto Gessler
3828:Ernst Scholz
3822:Joseph Wirth
3821:
3722:Eduard David
3703:Gustav Bauer
3691:Otto Gessler
3663:Joseph Wirth
3662:
3651:Adolf Köster
3484:Heinz Starke
3432:Ernst Höfner
3398:(1949–1990)
3395:East Germany
3371:(1933–1945)
3368:Nazi Germany
3303:Joseph Wirth
3302:
3274:(1918–1933)
3251:Hermann Kühn
3192:(1871–1918)
3138:East Germany
3128:Nancy Faeser
3068:Gerhart Baum
2940:Paul Giesler
2919:Nazi Germany
2901:Franz Bracht
2886:Joseph Wirth
2885:
2871:Wilhelm Külz
2846:Rudolf Oeser
2841:Adolf Köster
2826:Eduard David
2752:Karl Hofmann
2744:(1871–1918)
2686:East Germany
2610:von Brentano
2491:Nazi Germany
2442:
2339:B. von Bülow
2281:(1871–1918)
2167:Willy Brandt
2102:Adolf Hitler
2087:Nazi Germany
2057:Wilhelm Marx
2047:Wilhelm Marx
2037:Wilhelm Cuno
2032:Joseph Wirth
2031:
2014:Gustav Bauer
1842:
1814:
1786:
1771:Wilhelm Cuno
1759:
1713:
1685:. Retrieved
1681:
1671:
1659:. Retrieved
1652:
1642:
1636:(in German).
1631:
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1604:
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1282:
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1228:
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1180:West Germany
1177:
1165:East Germany
1139:
1100:World War II
1080:Enabling Act
1076:Adolf Hitler
1073:
1033:
1009:
1007:
998:Wilhelm Cuno
990:
982:
978:
960:
927:
907:
874:
853:
814:
798:
786:Gustav Bauer
780:. After the
767:
752:
736:
725:
703:Centre Party
700:
672:
657:
644:East Germany
640:Soviet Union
636:West Germany
628:World War II
617:
590:
564:
563:
535:West Germany
522:(1956-01-03)
469:Constituency
459:
440:Constituency
430:
398:Constituency
388:
363:Succeeded by
334:
315:Succeeded by
282:
263:Succeeded by
245:Joseph Wirth
226:
207:Succeeded by
191:Joseph Wirth
170:
158:Succeeded by
140:Joseph Wirth
127:
113:Wilhelm Cuno
108:Succeeded by
89:Gustav Bauer
65:
23:Joseph Wirth
4392:1956 deaths
4387:1879 births
4180: [
4161: [
4002: [
3861: [
3712: [
3572:Olaf Scholz
3549:Hans Eichel
3539:Theo Waigel
3504:Alex Möller
3479:Franz Etzel
3417:Willy Rumpf
3328:Hans Luther
3318:Hans Luther
3098:Otto Schily
3053:Ernst Benda
3033:Robert Lehr
2979:Willi Stoph
2866:Otto Geßler
2856:Karl Jarres
2782:Max Wallraf
2658:Westerwelle
2576:de Maizière
2207:Olaf Scholz
2183:Helmut Kohl
2052:Hans Luther
1657:(in German)
1607:(in German)
1550:(in German)
1521:(in German)
1494:(in German)
1469:(1916–1940)
1442:(in German)
1412:(in German)
1382:(in German)
1355:(in German)
1311:(in German)
1285:(in German)
1231:(in German)
1149: [
1112:Solf Circle
1016:Hans Luther
975:proclaimed:
940:Second term
782:Kapp Putsch
728:World War I
413:(1920-1928)
406:(1930-1932)
353:Preceded by
303:Preceded by
251:Preceded by
197:Preceded by
146:Preceded by
96:Preceded by
4381:Categories
4177:Anton Fehr
3437:Uta Nickel
3048:Paul Lücke
2984:Karl Maron
2966:(1949–90)
2922:(1933–45)
2821:Hugo Preuß
2808:(1918–33)
2662:Steinmeier
2653:Steinmeier
2648:J. Fischer
2566:O. Fischer
2538:(1949–90)
2507:Ribbentrop
2494:(1933–45)
2458:Stresemann
2410:(1918–33)
2369:Zimmermann
2344:Richthofen
1205:References
1136:Later life
944:See also:
840:See also:
836:First term
759:Grand Duke
654:Early life
496:1879-09-06
344:Chancellor
292:Chancellor
236:Chancellor
188:Chancellor
137:Chancellor
4358:(Zentrum)
4352:(Zentrum)
4167:(Zentrum)
4142:(Zentrum)
4130:(Zentrum)
4104:(Deputy,
4020:(Zentrum)
4008:(Zentrum)
3979:(Zentrum)
3951:(Deputy,
3867:(Zentrum)
3842:(Zentrum)
3836:(Zentrum)
3824:(Zentrum)
3798:(Deputy,
3718:(Zentrum)
3699:(Zentrum)
3681:(Zentrum)
3643:(Deputy,
3519:Hans Apel
3412:Hans Loch
2551:Ackermann
2546:Dertinger
2453:Rosenberg
2334:Marschall
1818:(acting)
1790:(acting)
1042:) in the
1028:Paul Löbe
732:Red Cross
717:Reichstag
650:in 1956.
620:Reichstag
460:In office
435:1914–1918
431:In office
393:1920–1933
389:In office
335:In office
283:In office
227:In office
180:President
75:President
66:In office
3567:(Acting)
3460:(1949–)
2676:Baerbock
2639:Genscher
2630:Genscher
2615:Schröder
2605:Adenauer
2448:Rathenau
2374:Kühlmann
2329:Bismarck
2304:Radowitz
1654:Die Welt
1070:Nazi era
899:groups (
885:Bavarian
776:and the
648:Freiburg
580:who was
404:Liegnitz
4298:Zentrum
4096:Zentrum
3943:Zentrum
3790:Zentrum
3667:Zentrum
3181:Germany
2666:Gabriel
2635:Schmidt
2502:Neurath
2473:Neurath
2468:Brüning
2463:Curtius
1736:of the
1732:in the
1700:Sources
1178:Unlike
1108:Vatican
1084:Lucerne
1048:cabinet
868:, then
708:Landtag
603:by the
545:Zentrum
444:Baden 7
3014:
2960:
2916:
2802:
2738:
2643:Kinkel
2625:Scheel
2620:Brandt
2591:
2571:Meckel
2561:Winzer
2532:
2488:
2433:Simons
2428:Köster
2423:Müller
2404:
2379:Hintze
2354:Schoen
2275:
1687:24 May
1661:24 May
1611:19 May
1582:
1554:18 May
1525:17 May
1498:16 May
1446:3 June
1416:13 May
1386:13 May
1359:11 May
1315:11 May
1289:10 May
1235:11 May
1169:Stalin
918:Poland
171:Acting
128:Acting
85:Deputy
35:Wirth
4330:(SPD)
4324:(DDP)
4318:(SPD)
4312:(DVP)
4306:(SPD)
4280:(SPD)
4274:(DVP)
4184:]
4165:]
4154:(DDP)
4148:(SPD)
4136:(SPD)
4124:(SPD)
4026:(DDP)
4006:]
3995:(DDP)
3973:(SPD)
3967:(SPD)
3873:(DVP)
3865:]
3848:(DDP)
3830:(DVP)
3724:(SPD)
3716:]
3705:(SPD)
3693:(DDP)
3687:(SPD)
3675:(SPD)
3659:(DDP)
3653:(SPD)
2443:Wirth
2438:Rosen
2364:Jagow
2319:Busch
2294:Balan
2289:Thile
1574:[
1153:]
1038:(the
595:over
472:Baden
411:Baden
2671:Maas
2556:Bolz
2384:Solf
1689:2024
1663:2024
1613:2014
1580:ISBN
1556:2024
1527:2024
1500:2024
1448:2024
1418:2024
1388:2024
1361:2024
1317:2024
1291:2024
1237:2024
1114:and
1094:and
825:Ruhr
642:and
624:Nazi
517:Died
486:Born
39:1920
4344:BVP
4288:DDP
4266:DVP
4256:SPD
4173:(-)
4116:DDP
4106:SPD
4014:(-)
3987:DDP
3961:(-)
3953:SPD
3816:DDP
3800:DVP
3645:DDP
3635:SPD
3179:of
1738:ZBW
1188:CIA
1161:SED
1050:of
4383::
4188:BB
4182:de
4163:de
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