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correlation between smoking and cancer was not proof of causality. The firm offered to pay Selye $ 1000 to make a statement supporting this claim. He agreed but refused to testify. Tobacco industry lawyers reported that Selye was willing to incorporate industry advice when writing about smoking and stress. One lawyer advised him to "comment on the unlikelihood of there being a mechanism by which smoking could cause cardiovascular disease” and to emphasize the "stressful" effect that anti-smoking messages had on the US population.
38:
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government-supported research because, being too largely dependent upon it, I may not be able to view the subject objectively. However, I do not use … cigarettes so let these examples suffice." In June 1969, Selye (then director of the
Institute of Experimental Pathology, University of Montreal) testified before the
335:
His last inspiration for general adaptation syndrome came from an experiment in which he injected mice with extracts of various organs. He at first believed that he had discovered a new hormone, but was proved wrong when every irritating substance he injected produced the same symptoms (swelling of
287:
Selye's interest in stress began when he was in medical school; he had observed that patients with various chronic illnesses like tuberculosis and cancer appeared to display a common set of symptoms that he attributed to what is now commonly called stress. After completing his medical degree and a
398:, many in experimental physiology concluded that his concepts were too vague and unmeasurable. During the 1950s, Selye turned away from the laboratory to promote his concept through popular books and lecture tours. He wrote both for non-academic physicians and an international bestseller entitled
456:
starting in 1958; he had previously sought funding from the industry, but had been denied. Later, New York attorney Edwin Jacob contacted Selye as he prepared a defense against liability actions brought against tobacco companies. The companies wanted Selye's help in arguing that the recognized
460:
Publicly, Selye never declared his consultancy work for the tobacco industry. In a 1967 letter to "Medical
Opinion and Review", he argued against government over-regulation of science and public health, implying that his views on smoking were objective: "I purposely avoided any mention of
233:, Canada. He often returned to visit Hungary, giving lectures as well as interviews in Hungarian television programs. He conducted a lecture in 1973 at the Hungarian Scientific Academy in Hungarian and observers noted that he had no accent, despite spending many years abroad. His book
465:
Health
Committee against anti-smoking legislation, opposing advertising restrictions, health warnings, and restrictions on tar and nicotine. For his testimony Selye was funded $ 50,000 per year for a 3-year "special project", by William Thomas Hoyt, executive of
300:(1892–1965). While working with laboratory animals, Selye observed a phenomenon that he thought resembled what he had previously seen in chronic patients. Rats exposed to cold, drugs, or surgical injury exhibited a common pattern of responses to these
331:
and death (these phases were established largely on the basis of glandular states). Working with doctoral student Thomas McKeown (1912–1988), Selye published a report that used the word "stress" to describe these responses to adverse events.
344:, gastric and duodenal ulcers). This, paired with his observation that people with different diseases exhibit similar symptoms, led to his description of the effects of "noxious agents" as he at first called it. He later adopted the term
1209:
Although Selye's formulation of the stress concept and its subsequent redefinitions within medicine and psychology were based around specific, diagnostic explanations, popular understanding is, by its nature, always more general
429:. In 1975 he founded the International Institute of Stress, and in 1979, Selye and Arthur Antille started the Hans Selye Foundation. Later Selye and eight Nobel laureates founded the Canadian Institute of Stress.
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Selye argued that stress differs from other physical responses in that it is identical whether the provoking impulse is positive or negative. He called negative stress
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Historical
Account of the Substances Which Have Been Used to Describe Events, and to Convey Ideas, from the Earliest Date, to the Invention of Paper
304:. (A stressor is a chemical or biological agent, environmental condition, external stimulus or an event seen as causing stress to an organism.)
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Because of his obvious talent, Selye received a
Rockefeller scholarship to study at Johns Hopkins University. He arrived in Baltimore in 1931 .
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and later moved to the
Department of Biochemistry at McGill University in Montreal in 1932 where he studied under the sponsorship of
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for the first time in 1949. Although he received a total of 17 nominations (1949–1953) in his career, he never won the prize.
387:(1871–1945). Selye conceptualized the physiology of stress as having two components: a set of responses which he called the "
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The development of psychological approaches to stress sit within a wider context of the growth of humanistic psychology .
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used Selye's statements on the benefits of smoking to argue against the use of health warnings on tobacco products in
470:, with another $ 50,000 a year pledged by the Canadian tobacco industry. His comments on smoking were used worldwide;
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478:. Similarly, in 1977 the Australian Cigarette Manufacturers quoted Selye extensively in their submission to the
402:(1956). From the late 1960s, academic psychologists started to adopt Selye's concept of stress, and he followed
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Born in Vienna in 1907, Selye trained in Prague, Paris, Rome, and
Baltimore before coming to McGill in 1932 .
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1976:
426:
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312:
219:
704:
315:" (at the time it was also called "Selye's syndrome"), but he later rebaptized it with the simpler term
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682:
425:
Selye worked as a professor and director of the
Institute of Experimental Medicine and Surgery at the
2011:
849:, Open Access Monographs and Book Chapters Funded by Wellcome Trust, University of Rochester Press,
273:
242:
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who conducted important scientific work on the hypothetical non-specific response of an organism to
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Viner, Russell (1999). "Putting Stress in Life: Hans Selye and the Making of Stress Theory".
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319:. According to Selye the general adaptation syndrome is triphasic, involving an initial
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Selye, Ilans (1946). "The general adaptation syndrome and the diseases of adaptation".
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Golden Plate Award at a
Banquet of the Golden Plate ceremony in San Diego, California.
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246:
158:
147:
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1016:
Selye, Hans (1946). "The general adaptation syndrome and the diseases of adaptation".
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Selye, Hans (1946). "The general adaptation syndrome and the diseases of adaptation".
292:, he received a Rockefeller Foundation fellowship to study (1931) at Johns Hopkins in
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1190:. Volume 1 of Social Histories of Medicine. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
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1153:. Volume 1 of Social Histories of Medicine. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
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Rosch, Paul J. (5 March 2019) . "Hans Selye and the Birth of the Stress
Concept". In
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1971:
1928:
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1341:"The "Father of Stress" Meets "Big Tobacco": Hans Selye and the Tobacco Industry"
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805:
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591:
530:
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175:
113:
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27:
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842:
391:", and the development of a pathological state from ongoing, unrelieved stress.
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1938:
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The State of Science: What the Future Holds and the Scientists Making It Happen
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Feeling the strain: A cultural history of stress in twentieth-century Britain
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Feeling the strain: A cultural history of stress in twentieth-century Britain
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Although it was not widely known at the time, Selye began consulting for the
384:
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and his mother was Austrian. He became a Doctor of Medicine and Chemistry in
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1946:
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162:; January 26, 1907 – October 16, 1982) was a pioneering Hungarian-Canadian
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1996:
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521:. As a result, the industry's influence on stress research was revealed.
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in 1929 and went on to do pioneering work in stress and endocrinology at
198:(the town with Hungarian majority in present day Slovakia was cut by the
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843:"Evaluating the Role of Hans Selye in the Modern History of Stress"
810:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 155.
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281:
256:, was named after him. Selye's mother was killed by gunfire during
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While Selye's work attracted continued support from advocates of
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Selye founded the International Institute for Stress in Canada.
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341:
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61:
1313:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
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A Clinical Guide to the Treatment of the Human Stress Response
348:, which has been accepted into the lexicon of many languages.
841:
Jackson, Mark (2014), Cantor, David; Ramsden, Edmund (eds.),
268:
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1332:
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1231:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 129.
1225:(20 July 2020). "This Is Not Science, It Is Fake Science".
170:. Although he did not recognize all of the many aspects of
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129:
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The journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences
135:
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awarded him the Loyola Medal. In 1976, he received the
847:
Stress, Shock, and Adaptation in the Twentieth Century
366:(HPA axis) system, was also first described by Selye.
448:
Controversy and involvement with the tobacco industry
126:
132:
1098:and, with reference to use/translation of the term
362:The system whereby the body copes with stress, the
202:in 1920). Selye's father was a doctor of Hungarian
123:
2338:Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
517:– plus the Council for Tobacco Research, and the
2299:
884:"Dr. Hans Selye | Canadian Medical Hall of Fame"
773:(4 ed.). New York: Springer. p. 580.
570:Selye, H. (Oct 7, 1955). "Stress and disease".
548:"A Syndrome Produced by Diverse Nocuous Agents"
1339:Petticrew, Mark P.; Lee, Kelley (March 2011).
1426:
1263:"Welcome To The Canadian Institute Of Stress"
635:. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., c1974,
607:From Dream to Discovery: On being a scientist
408:From Dream to Discovery: On Being a Scientist
406:with two other books for the general public,
288:doctorate degree in organic chemistry at the
2373:Academic staff of the Université de Montréal
1338:
414:(1974). The idea of "stress" resonated with
622:. Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag, 1971,
524:
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807:All about Arthritis: past, present, future
36:
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373:(1813–1878), who developed the idea of
258:Hungary's anti-Communist revolt of 1956
174:, Selye was aware of their role in the
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1056:. New York: McGraw-Hill. Discussed in
482:Standing Committee on Social Welfare.
16:Austro-Hungarian scientist (1907–1982)
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1103:
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224:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
157:
1407:, by Hans Selye, National Film Board
369:Selye acknowledged the influence of
194:on January 26, 1907, and grew up in
2368:Academic staff of McGill University
487:United States Department of Justice
364:hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
229:Selye died on October 16, 1982, in
13:
550:- 1936 article by Hans Selye from
493:case against 7 tobacco companies –
263:
14:
2389:
2333:Companions of the Order of Canada
1393:
1345:American Journal of Public Health
442:American Academy of Achievement’s
241:in 1964 and became a bestseller.
2378:20th-century Canadian physicians
2323:20th-century Austrian physicians
717:The Nomination Database for the
653:Science and technology in Canada
434:Companion of the Order of Canada
119:
2363:Johns Hopkins University alumni
1321:American Academy of Achievement
1305:
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1215:
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559:. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1956,
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916:. Cambridge University Press.
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797:
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609:. New York: McGraw-Hill 1964,
1:
2358:Hungarian emigrants to Canada
1443:Canadian Medical Hall of Fame
1064:History of the Human Sciences
931:2027/gri.ark:/13960/t04x8wd2g
767:; Lating, Jeffrey M. (eds.).
663:
308:
1184:Kirby, Jill (31 July 2019).
1147:Kirby, Jill (31 July 2019).
1030:10.1016/0021-8707(46)90159-1
1009:10.1016/0021-8707(46)90076-7
972:10.1016/0021-8707(46)90148-7
804:Brewerton, Derrick (1998) .
592:10.1126/science.122.3171.625
468:Council for Tobacco Research
181:
7:
2282:Marie-Marguerite d'Youville
646:
389:general adaptation syndrome
313:general adaptation syndrome
290:German University of Prague
222:. He was nominated for the
10:
2394:
2353:Hungarian endocrinologists
1118:10.1177/030631299029003003
1060:"The pursuit of happiness"
2328:Canadian endocrinologists
2012:Jonathan Campbell Meakins
1449:
1106:Social Studies of Science
463:Canadian House of Commons
422:generalised the concept.
327:and, finally, a stage of
237:appeared in Hungarian as
91:
72:
47:
35:
21:
2122:Cheryl Rockman-Greenberg
2057:William Thornton Mustard
1924:Charles Philippe Leblond
1357:10.2105/AJPH.2009.177634
1076:10.1177/0952695112468526
954:Written in three parts:
922:10.1017/cbo9780511694530
912:Koops, Matthias (2010).
525:Former graduate students
507:American Tobacco Company
495:British American Tobacco
325:resistance or adaptation
311:1940s) called this the "
212:Johns Hopkins University
155:Hungarian pronunciation:
1620:William Arthur Cochrane
683:Encyclopædia Britannica
633:Stress Without Distress
620:Hormones and Resistance
412:Stress without Distress
323:followed by a stage of
239:Az Életünk és a stressz
95:Selye János (Hungarian)
2348:Physicians from Vienna
2343:Physicians from Quebec
2318:Scientists from Vienna
2223:Lucille Teasdale-Corti
2037:Frederick Montizambert
1542:Wilfred Gordon Bigelow
1058:Jackson, Mark (2012).
705:"Nomination%20archive"
499:Brown & Williamson
432:In 1968 he was made a
427:Université de Montréal
396:psychosomatic medicine
284:
274:Selye János University
272:Bust of Hans Selye at
243:Selye János University
220:Université de Montréal
151:
416:humanistic psychology
355:and positive stress "
271:
2180:F. Estelle R. Simons
1678:Charles George Drake
1605:Harvey Max Chochinov
1102:in many languages,
1052:Selye, Hans (1956).
740:"Nomination Archive"
438:Concordia University
298:James Bertram Collip
2137:Jean-Lucien Rouleau
1825:Emmett Matthew Hall
1635:Douglas Harold Copp
1497:Charles Thomas Beer
1487:Henry J. M. Barnett
1441:Inductees into the
1400:Mementos and photos
1317:www.achievement.org
584:1955Sci...122..625S
2243:Sir Charles Tupper
2185:Duncan G. Sinclair
2047:Thomas John Murray
1875:Charles B. Huggins
1860:Charles Hollenberg
1840:Donald Olding Hebb
1830:Judith Goslin Hall
1815:Vladimir Hachinski
1739:John G. FitzGerald
1517:Michel G. Bergeron
1265:. Stresscanada.org
1054:The Stress of Life
1018:Journal of Allergy
997:Journal of Allergy
960:Journal of Allergy
888:www.cdnmedhall.org
557:The Stress of Life
404:The Stress of Life
400:The Stress of Life
285:
247:Hungarian-language
235:The Stress of Life
186:Selye was born in
42:Selye in the 1970s
2295:
2294:
2175:Louis Siminovitch
1835:Michael R. Hayden
1792:Richard Goldbloom
1706:John Robert Evans
1683:Daniel J. Drucker
1557:Adolfo J. de Bold
1482:Frederick Banting
1477:Elizabeth Bagshaw
765:Everly, George S.
578:(3171): 625–631.
519:Tobacco Institute
501:, Philip Morris,
491:anti-racketeering
480:Australian Senate
340:, atrophy of the
317:"stress response"
307:Selye initially (
216:McGill University
200:Treaty of Trianon
99:
98:
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2248:D. Lorne Tyrrell
2200:Bette Stephenson
2160:Robert B. Salter
2083:Annette O'Connor
2002:Joseph B. Martin
1962:Walter Mackenzie
1952:Ernest McCulloch
1888:David J. Jenkins
1802:Wilfred Grenfell
1734:C. Miller Fisher
1658:Thomas A. Dignan
1577:G. Malcolm Brown
1552:Stephen Blizzard
1537:John Bienenstock
1512:Philip B. Berger
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102:János Hugo Bruno
92:Other names
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1972:David MacLennan
1929:Maurice LeClair
1893:Harold E. Johns
1850:Félix d'Herelle
1782:Gustave Gingras
1754:Armand Frappier
1724:William Feindel
1714:Ray Farquharson
1653:Naranjan Dhalla
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172:glucocorticoids
164:endocrinologist
159:[ˈʃɛjɛ]
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