1156:
124:
199:
927:, and Pitt hoped that Prussia would join the Coalition because of this. With Napoleon placed just to the south of Prussian lands, an advance by a Prussian army would put him in a very precarious situation. Realising this, Pitt decided to strengthen the British expeditionary force, hoping this would entice Prussia into more warlike actions. The diplomatic situation was complicated because Prussia also coveted Hanover, and Napoleon had offered it to Prussia in return for aggression towards Austria. Despite this difficulty, Pitt and Castlereagh were encouraged by the absence of the expected harsh winter weather and continued to move forward with their plans.
744:, were strong supporters of the enterprise, having championed it from as early as July. They envisaged an amphibious army that could be landed at points across Napoleonic Europe, making "pinprick" attacks against enemy targets while avoiding large battles with the French that could result in "crippling defeat". With news of the French withdrawal having reached Britain before its culmination, Castlereagh began planning in September. By taking Hanover, Britain could restore the country to its rightful rulers while also gaining a useful springboard for further operations in Europe. Not all of the establishment was in favour of the endeavour, with the
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British traffic, and this caused
Britain to declare war on Prussia on 21 April. The expedition was the last military endeavour planned and orchestrated by Pitt. It had achieved nothing, but had not been a great loss of men or material, and Castlereagh would later write that he was well satisfied with Cathcart's actions, war-related losses having been minor. Some senior generals in the army were angered by the failure of the expedition, feeling that its control by civilian politicians trying to be military experts had caused its failure. Critics suggested that if the expedition had been sent to join Lieutenant-General
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896:, still garrisoned by the French and the only position left to them. Despite this Don's army received a warm welcome, and they quickly secured lines of supplies, while the KGL took advantage of being back in Germany to increase their numbers with local recruits. Four infantry battalions, two of the KGL and two of line infantry, were sent to join the Russians at Hamelin, while other portions of the force were split off to go to the
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numerically, but not in quality". Cathcart kept his army in
Hanover in the hope that Russia would continue to fight and that Prussia would finally officially enter the conflict, but he also began to plan routes of retreat, expecting that if the rivers froze and they were not able to sail home, that the army could march towards
847:. This totalled between 12,000 and 14,000 men, and Don received his final orders on 16 October. Von der Decken planned the operation, ensuring that the force would be transported quickly to avoid the coming of the harsh northern winter that would freeze the ports and rivers necessary in disembarking the troops.
1197:. Glover writes succinctly that " had enlisted a few hundred recruits for the King's German Legion, they had offended the King of Prussia, but they had not caused Napoleon a moment's worry". The Third Coalition completed its final collapse in July 1806. Hanover remained under French control until November 1813
1118:
plotting to force
Cathcart to leave the German soldiers of the KGL in Hanover under Prussian command. Castlereagh and Cathcart were both heavily resistant to this, and the latter ensured that in the case of an evacuation the KGL would leave first. Pitt's health was severely declining and he had retired to
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Lessons were, however, not fully learned. Pitt died on 23 January, having been further weakened by the knowledge that
Britain was alone in war against France, her allies defeated and the British once more pushed from the continent. His government was replaced, and future expeditions with equally poor
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Prussian troops were still present in
Hanover, dating from the period before Austerlitz when Prussia was considering more offensive actions against France. Despite Prussia being the reason for Cathcart's continued presence on the continent, he was unimpressed with them, writing that they were "strong
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of Sweden at
Stralsund, he was allowed to refuse action if he deemed it too dangerous. Castlereagh even suggested that Cathcart attempt to link up with the main Russian army advancing from the east, but this was a logistically difficult proposition. Cathcart arrived at Cuxhaven on 15 December, making
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with France, which created an alliance between the two nations and agreed that
Prussia should control Hanover. With French and Prussian forces moving against Hanover, Cathcart's army was recalled in January 1806. The evacuation was completed on 15 February, and Hanover was left to the occupation of a
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threw
Cathcart's plans into confusion. There on 2 December a Russo-Austrian army had been soundly defeated by Napoleon, and Austria had surrendered in consequence, with both allied armies all but destroyed. The chance of Prussia entering the conflict was heavily diminished, and the remaining Russian
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Cathcart could do little with his new troops, and had further problems with the local intelligence. On 28 December
Castlereagh complained that the situation in Hanover was almost unknown to him, being reliant on French and Dutch newspapers more than anything. In some ways, Cathcart's army knew less
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attached. The news of
Austerlitz reached Britain on 28 December, but it was still hoped that Prussia would not cease fighting against France, and that Russia might hold on in the west. Without the larger Russian and Austrian armies standing as a buffer between the French forces and Cathcart's army,
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Opinions on the expedition have been varied. Atkinson argues that the failure of the expedition was the fault of Britain's allies on the continent, rather than the politicians who had ordered the endeavour. Pitt and Castlereagh had reacted quickly to the opportunity to attack Germany, and Atkinson
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Cathcart was issued his orders on 5 December, which expected him to work to the best of his abilities with the armies of the allied nations, but not endanger Hanover. Despite this aggressive step, Cathcart was also warned to take caution in his warlike manoeuvres; even if he put his army under the
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and the court of Prussia, with the intention of enticing that nation into joining the Third Coalition. He was authorised to offer a gift of ÂŁ2,500,000 to ensure this. Castlereagh believed that only the wavering support of Prussia could stop Don's expedition from being successful, and by the end of
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With the British force gone and the Russians under Prussian control, Hanover was occupied by Prussia. In Britain, the remains of Cathcart's force were split up along the south coast of England to serve as a deterrent to invasion. Prussia was forced by France to close all its north German ports to
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alongside Tolstoy. Their plan was slowed by the reticence of the Swedish force and the continuing confusion surrounding the intentions of the Prussians. Tolstoy eventually decided that he could not invest enough men into an invasion and ensure the continued blockade of Hamelin, and no attack took
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Castlereagh was aware of Cathcart's difficulties, writing to him that he should continue to support the Russians and Prussians where possible, but that the Prussians were untrustworthy and he should not go on the offensive unless Prussian assistance was guaranteed. Prussia was also suspected of
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is more critical of the expedition, describing it as an "egregious farce". However, he agrees that the plan behind the expedition was sound in theory, its execution being let down by the rulers of the allied nations; while complimentary to Pitt's attempts to strike a blow against France, he is
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Cathcart received his instructions at the end of the month, and quickly put them into effect. His army by this time had grown to 26,643 men because of recruitment by the KGL which resulted in it returning to Britain with more battalions and depots than it had left with; only around 14,000 were
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British infantry. The first to leave were the KGL and the four British battalions that had been most weakened in the crossings of the North Sea. By 12 February the last of the army had been embarked, and Cathcart left Hanover on 15 February. Von der Decken, who had served the expedition as
1034:
This injection of new troops was not the boon it might have been for Cathcart, because on top of the decaying strategic situation, the troopships had sailed through rough weather in the North Sea. Hardly any of the battalions embarked succeeded in reaching Cathcart whole; the troopship
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waiting to make the voyage to Hanover had their men disembarked on 30 December, and were instead sent as part of this force. On 5 January 1806 it was decided that no more troops would be sent to Hanover. Two days later it was discovered that on 14 December Prussia had ratified the
1184:, would be launched in imitation of the Hanover Expedition. Castlereagh's disposable force of 30,000 men remained in existence, but by March 1807 it had dwindled to 12,000 men, with the fleet of troopships created to assist in transporting it dispersed for other uses.
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with the loss of all on board, and another wrecked off the coast of Holland, totalling between them 500 deaths. Other units were also depleted, but not by shipwrecks, with over 1,000 men returning to Britain when ships were unable to reach their destination. Only the
1114:. The army continued in its positions, awaiting official instructions from Britain. By 29 December the state of Cathcart's allies was so poor that Castlereagh admitted to him that the possibility of supporting them with the British force was now completely gone.
685:
Britain found increased difficulty in engaging France in land battles. With British control of the seas and with many of the French colonies already taken because of this, France provided little opportunity for Britain to attack her apart from at sea. The small
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to Russia and Prussia, was titled "Commander-in-Chief of British Forces in Northern Europe", and was given control over Russian, Swedish, or Prussian troops as well. Harrowby began reporting that the Prussians were inclining towards neutrality in the conflict.
1631:
Between 500 and 600 French soldiers had left Hamelin for another town, and the Anglo-Russian blockading force met them mid-way in a battle that saw 200 Frenchmen captured, and the rest forced to return to Hamelin to avoid being completely cut off from that
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the latter's position in Hanover became untenable. Despite its now increasingly precarious position, Cathcart's force was kept in Hanover in the hope that its presence might still encourage the Prussians, and an uneasy cooperation with the Prussian General
702:. With more militarily impressive allies now available to take the war to France on land, the British Army would be able to do the same, safe in the knowledge that it would not be engaging the French armies alone. This combined with the creation of the
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then Britain might have had one successful expedition instead of two failures. Positively, however, Hanover had shown that the navy could transport large groups of soldiers across seas at short notice, and in relatively good order barring bad weather.
665:
Prussian army. The expedition, while a total failure, had little effect on the British position because of the lack of combat. Its method of quick amphibious transportation and landings of troops on a foreign shore would go on to be imitated in the
955:. On 27 November this new command was given to Cathcart, who would bring 12,000 reinforcements with him to bolster his army. Don was superseded, but continued with the army as its second in command. Cathcart, who had been preparing to serve as
831:, who was expected to also instigate diplomatic connections with the allied nations. While the original plan had expected the creation of multiple divisions, Don's force was instead made up of two cavalry and six infantry regiments of the
919:, but in doing so had stretched his lines of communication too far and was unable to advance further, giving time for Britain's allies to reinforce their armies. When fully organised, Don's force stretched in a line between the Weser and
981:, and bringing his army together around the Weser. Before being withdrawn, the units stationed at Hamelin briefly skirmished with the defending French on 22 December, marking the only combat engaged by any of the force. Word of the
1684:
The KGL returned with the new 5th, 6th, and 7th Line Battalions, having left Britain with only four. Three hundred men were also recruited as the basis of the 8th Line Battalion. New heavy dragoon and light dragoon units were also
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derisory of the other leaders, calling those of Russia and Sweden "insane", that of Prussia "contemptible", and Austria "weak". This need to rely on the actions of Britain's allies in order to succeed has been echoed by historian
1088:
Regiments of Foot succeeded in arriving substantially intact, but large portions of Cathcart's reinforcements were so badly depleted that they were incapable of further operations, with over 1,000 people having been killed.
1139:. With Prussia now advancing to occupy Hanover with 50,000 men and with rumours growing that a French force of three divisions was preparing to attack from Holland, orders were sent for Cathcart to evacuate on 19 January.
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says that the Austrians and Russians made enough mistakes that Napoleon was able to take advantage and defeat them; without them Cathcart's army could do, and did, nothing. On the other hand, military historian
1135:, a defensive and offensive alliance with France in which Prussia was given leave to occupy Hanover. Prussia also began to withdraw Tolstoy's force, which had been left under its auspices by the retreating
779:
had freed up between 40,000 and 60,000 British soldiers for service abroad. With this in mind, original estimates for an expedition planned for a large "disposable force" commanded by Lieutenant-General
923:, supported with Tolstoy's Russians to the right of him. While still not part of the Third Coalition, Prussia was on increasingly poor terms with France because of incursions made by the French into
859:
October it was thought that Prussia's entry into the conflict was imminent. Pitt, in turn, was of the mind that success could bring about "Bonaparte's army either cut off or driven back to France".
648:
Coordination between the British, Swedes, and Russians in Hanover was so poor that by December very little past the occupation of Hanover had been achieved. Cathcart grouped his force around the
823:
This large army, while viable on paper, would have been very difficult to form up and transport in reality, and so on 10 October a much smaller army was hastily brought together to cross the
850:
It was initially planned that Don would go ahead of his force to ensure that they would receive a positive welcome upon their landing, but this duty was instead taken by the politician
660:
to surrender and the Russians to retreat into Poland. With no large armies now protecting Cathcart's force from French attack, the situation was exacerbated when Prussia signed the
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Don's position on the continent was tenuous but not immediately threatened. Napoleon had beaten an Austrian army, that did not wait for Russian assistance before advancing, at the
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With the largest portions of the French army gone, an opening was created for a British incursion into northwest Germany, with particular interest in the re-taking of the
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with a portion of the KGL cavalry still on board. The expedition went on despite this loss. A Swedish force of 10,000 men paid for by Britain was poised to attack from
3054:
1602:
1361:
479:
753:
610:, planning began for an invasion of French territories in July 1805. Hanover, previously a British possession, was chosen as the goal of the expedition, with
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than him; Wellesley reported around the same time that "they appear to have very little intelligence in this place, except what they receive from England".
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Cathcart had come ahead of his reinforcements, and their ships only arrived in the Weser on 27 December, with two divisions under Lieutenant-Generals
1589:
While von der Decken was recorded as the commander of the KGL forces, they were split into brigades with their own commanders as well. Major-General
1031:
continued. The reinforcements in the Weser landed and joined Cathcart's army, despite there being no clear view of what they might be used for.
698:
as the best way to impact the French at home. This outlook changed in 1803 when Austria and Russia allied themselves to Britain as part of the
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on 19 November. The crossing was difficult, and at least five ships did not complete it, spending seventeen days at sea before returning to
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892:. The British were not the first part of the Third Coalition to enter Hanover, as a Russian force had earlier arrived to blockade
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This number decreased slightly before the final embarkation, because some of the KGL were unwilling to leave their native lands.
1618:
had been advocating a British occupation of Hanover since August, but the Prussian court was divided and led by the indecisive
1147:
to both the British and Russian forces, stayed behind to ensure that all British debts were paid. He finally returned in May.
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in November. To bolster the expedition and to strengthen the resolve of Prussia, Don's army was reinforced by 12,000, with
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was not equipped to engage in an invasion of the highly defended French mainland, and so continued to rely on the
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792:, consisting of 9,600 men. Alongside the cavalry plans called for seven divisions of infantry, including four
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There is debate as to whether Cathcart actually fought a small battle at a place called Munkaiser; while his
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War and Diplomacy in the Napoleonic Era: Sir Charles Stewart, Castlereagh and the Balance of Power in Europe
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place. It was afterwards decided that Don's force, then spread about, would be brought together as one
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suggests that this force, if it had come to fruition, would have been "a really formidable effort".
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began to send troopships to Cathcart in preparation for an evacuation. The remaining troopships at
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The army had several thousand horses with them, but were only able to take 2,300 back with them.
973:. He began to prepare for the upcoming campaign, discussing how to communicate if the rivers of
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Around 1,000 men in total were taken prisoner from the wrecks, but they were soon exchanged in
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had controlled until 1803, and which had only 4,000 French troops remaining in it. The British
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It was expected that Don's force would sail immediately, but with the wind against them their
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commanding the light brigade, and two infantry brigades commanded respectively by Colonels
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Regiments of Foot, the latter of which lost 150 men killed and a further 150 captured. The
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804:. These divisions would have each had around 5,000 men, and would have been supported by a
756:, arguing that expeditions that relied too much on the allies' actions would be difficult.
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brought in to support the endeavour. Key to the success of the invasion was the support of
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in 1804 produced an opportunity for new British Army operations. In around October 1805
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2236:"The Origins of the King's German Legion 1803-04 and the Expedition to Hanover, 1805"
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commanded the British expedition and he arrived with an army of around 14,000 men at
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633:, a nation poised to threaten France but not as yet openly hostile to the country.
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entry records this, Atkinson could find no evidence of such a battle taking place.
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was the hardest hit in the crossing, with one troopship being wrecked on the
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While Pitt decided on his next actions, Don began to plan an attack into the
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had also entered French-controlled lands, south of Hanover, commanded by the
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Map showing Prussia (blue) after her annexation of Hanover in January 1806
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Castlereagh estimated that the retirement of the French armies from the
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should freeze over, considering whether to advance on Holland or the
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1002:. In these were four infantry brigades, commanded by Major-Generals
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784:. This would have included two divisions of cavalry, one of
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brigade of four more infantry battalions, six brigades of
18:
1805–1806 expedition during the War of the Third Coalition
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Shipwrecks of the Revolutionary & Napoleonic Eras
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1163:, initiated in similar form to the Hanover Expedition
1039:, carrying the headquarters party and 300 men of the
843:, and a brigade of line infantry under Major-General
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2253:
1990:
1902:
771:, planner of the initial expedition in November 1805
2712:
Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research
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3035:Amphibious operations involving the United Kingdom
2839:
2773:
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2558:
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2005:
1949:
1934:
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1675:when he was given a Dutch newspaper reporting it.
835:(KGL) which were controlled by Brigadier-General
708:Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom
3055:Battles of the Napoleonic Wars involving Prussia
3011:
2198:
1599:Ernst Eberhard Kuno, Baron Langwerth von Simmern
2940:Wellington's Right Hand: Rowland, Viscount Hill
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2192:
1928:
839:, a brigade of Foot Guards under Major-General
2956:
2841:"Cathcart, William Schaw, first Earl Cathcart"
2823:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Frontline Books.
2743:The Macmillan Dictionary of Military Biography
2685:
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1208:
296:
718:to march towards the Russians and Austrians.
282:
1059:, while losses were also encountered in the
3004:. London: Sampson Low, Marston and Company.
2965:
2850:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2784:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
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2588:
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1122:; with the prime minister unavailable, the
739:Secretary of State for War and the Colonies
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964:command of another force, such as that of
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3030:Battles of the War of the Third Coalition
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2802:Castlereagh: The Biography of a Statesman
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986:forces began to withdraw towards Poland.
854:on 25 October. Harrowby's mission was to
2870:. Vol. 5. London: Macmillan and Co.
2759:
2708:"Gleanings from the Cathcart MSS Part V"
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827:under the command of Lieutenant-General
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2942:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Spellmount.
2896:
2847:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2819:Burnham, Robert; McGuigan, Ron (2010).
2781:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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2404:
2358:
2233:
2069:
3012:
2874:
2771:
1943:
1911:
1671:For example, Pitt only learned of the
1593:had the cavalry brigade, with Colonel
1571:
942:, commander of the expanded expedition
930:
590:. Coordinated as part of an attack on
2973:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2971:The Napoleonic Wars: A Global History
2915:
2416:
2259:
1999:
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1029:Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth
270:
215:Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth
3050:Military campaigns involving Germany
2937:
2837:
2564:
2209:
742:Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh
608:Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh
3045:Military campaigns involving France
2992:. Vol. 2. London: A. J. Valpy.
2961:. London: Thomas and William Boone.
2959:History of the King's German Legion
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2660:
2612:
2504:
2437:
2315:
2011:
1960:
1850:
1216:Hanover Expedition Order of Battle
1055:. The same happened to half of the
752:, relying on his experience in the
46:19 November 1805 – 15 February 1806
13:
2676:. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2021 p.75
2234:Duckers, Peter (9 November 2021).
1173:Anglo-Russian occupation of Naples
867:
852:Dudley Ryder, 1st Earl of Harrowby
543:Anglo-Russian occupation of Naples
14:
3066:
2821:The British Army against Napoleon
1649:while he was with the expedition.
1159:Scene from the evacuation of the
3025:Campaigns of the Napoleonic Wars
2880:Wellington as Military Commander
1412:Arrived with Lieutenant-General
1238:Arrived with Lieutenant-General
746:Commander-in-Chief of the Forces
582:, was a British invasion of the
208:
197:
185:
174:
163:
152:
133:
122:
110:
99:
88:
2666:
1706:
1697:
1688:
1678:
1665:
1652:
1635:
1625:
1608:
1583:
1051:and all on board were taken as
1714:Oxford Dictionary of Biography
1000:George Ludlow, 3rd Earl Ludlow
876:only succeeded in arriving at
1:
2868:A History of the British Army
2695:
2529:Burnham & McGuigan (2010)
2284:Axelrod & Phillips (1998)
2272:Axelrod & Phillips (1998)
2193:Burnham & McGuigan (2010)
1929:Burnham & McGuigan (2010)
1096:
862:
672:
2856:UK public library membership
2790:UK public library membership
2741:; Phillips, Charles (1998).
1723:
1150:
890:Pyotr Aleksandrovich Tolstoy
627:Pyotr Aleksandrovich Tolstoy
181:Pyotr Aleksandrovich Tolstoy
7:
2990:The Royal Military Calendar
2957:Ludlow Beamish, N. (1832).
1392:Units formed on expedition
1209:British Expeditionary Force
759:
528:Planned invasion of Britain
258:1,000+ (British shipwrecks)
10:
3071:
1616:Karl August von Hardenberg
1461:Alexander Mackenzie Fraser
1432:
1411:
1355:2nd Light Battalion (KGL)
1350:1st Light Battalion (KGL)
1324:
1321:
1237:
1018:, with three companies of
1012:Alexander Mackenzie Fraser
677:In the first years of the
300:War of the Third Coalition
33:War of the Third Coalition
2988:Philippart, John (1820).
2923:. London: HarperCollins.
2897:Grocott, Terence (2002).
2882:. London: Penguin Books.
1548:
1536:
1497:
1458:
1417:
1407:7th Line Battalion (KGL)
1402:6th Line Battalion (KGL)
1391:
1387:4th Line Battalion (KGL)
1382:3rd Line Battalion (KGL)
1375:
1371:2nd Line Battalion (KGL)
1366:1st Line Battalion (KGL)
1359:
1343:
1339:3rd Light Dragoons (KGL)
1334:1st Light Dragoons (KGL)
1329:2nd Heavy Dragoons (KGL)
1319:1st Heavy Dragoons (KGL)
1312:
1284:
1258:
1243:
1215:
308:
252:
233:
220:
145:
81:
38:
30:
25:
2921:William Pitt the Younger
1576:
1396:5th Line Battalion (KGL)
957:ambassador-extraordinary
837:Friedrich von der Decken
769:Friedrich von der Decken
735:William Pitt the Younger
714:left its encampments at
604:William Pitt the Younger
71:British evacuate Hanover
2864:Fortescue, John William
2745:. New York: Macmillan.
1641:Cathcart was given the
1230:Size at end of campaign
710:was called off and the
3002:The Rise of Wellington
2967:Mikaberidze, Alexander
2772:Benady, S. G. (2020).
1614:The Prussian minister
1603:Adolphus, Baron Barsse
1164:
1106:
943:
812:, and ten brigades of
772:
594:by the nations of the
538:Blanc-Nez and Gris-Nez
146:Commanders and leaders
3040:Electorate of Hanover
2938:Hill, Joanna (2012).
2686:Ludlow Beamish (1832)
2541:Ludlow Beamish (1832)
1620:Frederick William III
1564:89th Regiment of Foot
1556:30th Regiment of Foot
1528:34th Regiment of Foot
1517:27th Regiment of Foot
1500:John Coape Sherbrooke
1489:91st Regiment of Foot
1478:28th Regiment of Foot
1467:26th Regiment of Foot
1450:36th Regiment of Foot
1276:23rd Regiment of Foot
1265:14th Regiment of Foot
1199:when it was liberated
1195:Alexander Mikaberidze
1180:results, such as the
1158:
1145:quartermaster general
1137:Alexander I of Russia
1104:
1073:26th Regiment of Foot
1016:John Coape Sherbrooke
990:Offensive breaks down
938:
816:. Military historian
810:Royal Horse Artillery
767:
723:Electorate of Hanover
645:taking over command.
584:Electorate of Hanover
253:Casualties and losses
56:Electorate of Hanover
2838:Eddy, M. D. (2016).
2767:. London: Macmillan.
1595:Charles, Count Alten
1545:9th Regiment of Foot
1506:5th Regiment of Foot
1439:8th Regiment of Foot
1426:3rd Regiment of Foot
1420:Sir Arthur Wellesley
1252:4th Regiment of Foot
1182:Walcheren Expedition
1161:Walcheren Expedition
1133:Treaty of Schönbrunn
1057:5th Regiment of Foot
1041:9th Regiment of Foot
1008:Sir Arthur Wellesley
983:Battle of Austerlitz
969:his headquarters at
904:rivers. The neutral
833:King's German Legion
704:King's German Legion
679:French Revolutionary
667:Walcheren Expedition
662:Treaty of Schönbrunn
654:Battle of Austerlitz
578:, also known as the
553:Lippa and St. Mathia
2901:. Caxton Editions.
2804:. London: Quercus.
2639:, pp. 297–299.
2615:, pp. 214–215.
2361:, pp. 205–207.
2180:, pp. 289–291.
2144:, pp. 282–283.
2117:, pp. 288–289.
1987:, pp. 286–289.
1769:, pp. 561–562.
1572:Notes and citations
931:Expedition expanded
656:, which forced the
451:Castelfranco Veneto
2998:Roberts, Frederick
2649:Mikaberidze (2020)
2589:Mikaberidze (2020)
2465:Mikaberidze (2020)
1660:prisoner exchanges
1591:Karl von Linsingen
1526:Second Battalion,
1515:Second Battalion,
1190:Sir John Fortescue
1165:
1107:
944:
773:
576:Hanover Expedition
492:Trafalgar campaign
458:Invasion of Naples
26:Hanover Expedition
3020:Conflicts in 1805
2980:978-0-19995-106-2
2949:978-0-7524-9013-7
2930:978-0-00714-719-9
2889:978-0-14139-051-2
2854:(Subscription or
2830:978-1-84832-562-3
2811:978-0-85738-840-7
2788:(Subscription or
2775:"Don, Sir George"
2553:Philippart (1820)
1884:, pp. 61–62.
1757:, pp. 23–24.
1569:
1568:
1562:First Battalion,
1554:First Battalion,
1543:First Battalion,
1504:First Battalion,
1487:First Battalion,
1476:First Battalion,
1465:First Battalion,
1448:First Battalion,
1437:First Battalion,
1424:First Battalion,
1302:First Battalion,
1293:Coldstream Guards
1291:First Battalion,
1274:First Battalion,
1263:First Battalion,
1250:First Battalion,
1203:Battle of Leipzig
1170:Sir James Craig's
1112:Swedish Pomerania
948:Batavian Republic
910:Duke of Brunswick
788:and the other of
754:Flanders campaign
571:
570:
563:Atlantic campaign
548:Wonau and Stecken
345:Haslach-Jungingen
265:
264:
77:
76:
3062:
3005:
2993:
2984:
2962:
2953:
2934:
2912:
2893:
2871:
2859:
2851:
2843:
2834:
2815:
2793:
2785:
2777:
2768:
2756:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2637:Fortescue (1910)
2634:
2628:
2625:Fortescue (1910)
2622:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2517:Fortescue (1910)
2514:
2508:
2502:
2491:
2488:Fortescue (1910)
2485:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2453:Fortescue (1910)
2450:
2441:
2435:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2393:
2387:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2331:
2328:Fortescue (1910)
2325:
2319:
2313:
2304:
2301:Fortescue (1910)
2298:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2231:
2225:
2222:Fortescue (1910)
2219:
2213:
2207:
2196:
2190:
2181:
2178:Fortescue (1910)
2175:
2169:
2166:Fortescue (1910)
2163:
2157:
2154:Fortescue (1910)
2151:
2145:
2142:Fortescue (1910)
2139:
2133:
2130:Fortescue (1910)
2127:
2118:
2115:Fortescue (1910)
2112:
2106:
2100:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2030:
2024:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1988:
1985:Fortescue (1910)
1982:
1976:
1973:Fortescue (1910)
1970:
1964:
1958:
1947:
1941:
1932:
1926:
1915:
1909:
1900:
1897:Fortescue (1910)
1894:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1839:Fortescue (1910)
1836:
1825:
1819:
1808:
1805:Fortescue (1910)
1802:
1793:
1787:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1743:
1737:
1717:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1695:
1692:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1669:
1663:
1656:
1650:
1639:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1612:
1606:
1587:
1213:
1212:
1053:prisoners of war
580:Weser Expedition
446:Caldiero pursuit
425:Italian campaign
303:
301:
291:
284:
277:
268:
267:
213:
212:
202:
201:
200:
190:
189:
179:
178:
168:
167:
157:
156:
138:
137:
127:
126:
115:
114:
104:
103:
93:
92:
40:
39:
23:
22:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3010:
3009:
3008:
2981:
2950:
2931:
2909:
2890:
2876:Glover, Michael
2853:
2831:
2812:
2787:
2761:Bartlett, C. J.
2753:
2728:
2726:
2704:Atkinson, C. T.
2698:
2693:
2692:
2684:
2680:
2672:Payne, Reider.
2671:
2667:
2659:
2655:
2647:
2643:
2635:
2631:
2623:
2619:
2611:
2607:
2601:Bartlett (1966)
2599:
2595:
2587:
2583:
2575:
2571:
2563:
2559:
2551:
2547:
2539:
2535:
2527:
2523:
2515:
2511:
2503:
2494:
2486:
2471:
2463:
2459:
2451:
2444:
2436:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2403:
2396:
2390:Atkinson (1952)
2388:
2365:
2357:
2353:
2347:Atkinson (1952)
2345:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2307:
2299:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2270:
2266:
2258:
2254:
2244:
2242:
2232:
2228:
2220:
2216:
2208:
2199:
2191:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2164:
2160:
2152:
2148:
2140:
2136:
2128:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2103:Atkinson (1952)
2101:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2058:Atkinson (1952)
2056:
2033:
2027:Bartlett (1966)
2025:
2018:
2010:
2006:
1998:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1950:
1942:
1935:
1927:
1918:
1910:
1903:
1895:
1888:
1882:Bartlett (1966)
1880:
1876:
1870:Bartlett (1966)
1868:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1828:
1822:Atkinson (1952)
1820:
1811:
1803:
1796:
1790:Atkinson (1952)
1788:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1755:Atkinson (1952)
1753:
1746:
1740:Atkinson (1952)
1738:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1720:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1679:
1670:
1666:
1657:
1653:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1626:
1613:
1609:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1378:Baron Langwerth
1322:12,075 (total)
1315:Baron Linsingen
1211:
1153:
1099:
1024:Royal Engineers
1020:Royal Artillery
992:
966:Gustav IV Adolf
933:
870:
868:Initial landing
865:
814:Royal Artillery
762:
700:Third Coalition
694:'s blockade of
683:Napoleonic Wars
675:
620:Gustav IV Adolf
596:Third Coalition
588:Napoleonic Wars
572:
567:
504:Cape Finisterre
312:German campaign
304:
299:
297:
295:
248:Prussia: 50,000
247:
242:
240:
239:Britain: 25,000
229:Local garrisons
207:
206:
198:
196:
192:Gustav IV Adolf
184:
183:
173:
172:
162:
161:
151:
132:
131:
121:
109:
108:
98:
97:
87:
67:French victory
58:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3068:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3007:
3006:
2994:
2985:
2979:
2963:
2954:
2948:
2935:
2929:
2917:Hague, William
2913:
2907:
2894:
2888:
2872:
2860:
2835:
2829:
2816:
2810:
2794:
2769:
2757:
2751:
2735:
2718:(121): 22–29.
2699:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2678:
2665:
2663:, p. 249.
2653:
2651:, p. 198.
2641:
2629:
2627:, p. 298.
2617:
2605:
2593:
2591:, p. 216.
2581:
2577:Roberts (1895)
2569:
2557:
2555:, p. 358.
2545:
2533:
2521:
2519:, p. 293.
2509:
2507:, p. 215.
2492:
2490:, p. 296.
2469:
2467:, p. 215.
2457:
2455:, p. 292.
2442:
2440:, p. 214.
2421:
2419:, p. 564.
2409:
2407:, p. 207.
2405:Grocott (2002)
2394:
2363:
2359:Grocott (2002)
2351:
2332:
2330:, p. 295.
2320:
2318:, p. 213.
2305:
2303:, p. 294.
2288:
2286:, p. 439.
2276:
2274:, p. 163.
2264:
2262:, p. 568.
2252:
2226:
2224:, p. 290.
2214:
2197:
2182:
2170:
2168:, p. 281.
2158:
2156:, p. 282.
2146:
2134:
2132:, p. 289.
2119:
2107:
2074:
2072:, p. 205.
2070:Grocott (2002)
2062:
2031:
2016:
2014:, p. 211.
2004:
2002:, p. 562.
1989:
1977:
1975:, p. 287.
1965:
1963:, p. 212.
1948:
1933:
1916:
1901:
1899:, p. 285.
1886:
1874:
1855:
1853:, p. 210.
1843:
1841:, p. 286.
1826:
1809:
1807:, p. 280.
1794:
1771:
1759:
1744:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1705:
1696:
1687:
1677:
1664:
1651:
1634:
1624:
1607:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1559:
1558:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1541:
1537:Major-General
1534:
1533:
1530:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1502:
1498:Major-General
1495:
1494:
1491:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1463:
1459:Major-General
1456:
1455:
1452:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1422:
1418:Major-General
1416:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1313:Major-General
1310:
1309:
1306:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1289:
1285:Major-General
1282:
1281:
1278:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1248:
1244:Major-General
1242:
1240:Sir George Don
1235:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1207:
1201:following the
1152:
1149:
1098:
1095:
996:Francis Dundas
991:
988:
932:
929:
869:
866:
864:
861:
829:Sir George Don
818:C. T. Atkinson
806:light infantry
786:light dragoons
761:
758:
731:Prime Minister
674:
671:
635:Sir George Don
569:
568:
566:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
524:
523:
519:
518:
513:
506:
501:
495:
494:
488:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
461:
460:
454:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
427:
426:
422:
421:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
363:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
320:
314:
313:
309:
306:
305:
294:
293:
286:
279:
271:
263:
262:
261:Unknown, minor
259:
255:
254:
250:
249:
244:
243:Sweden: 10,000
241:Russia: 20,000
236:
235:
231:
230:
227:
223:
222:
221:Units involved
218:
217:
194:
159:Sir George Don
148:
147:
143:
142:
119:
106:Russian Empire
95:United Kingdom
84:
83:
79:
78:
75:
74:
73:
72:
64:
60:
59:
54:
52:
48:
47:
44:
36:
35:
28:
27:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3067:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2908:1-84067-164-5
2904:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2849:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2783:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2752:0-02-861994-3
2748:
2744:
2740:
2739:Axelrod, Alan
2736:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2688:, p. 84.
2687:
2682:
2675:
2669:
2662:
2657:
2650:
2645:
2638:
2633:
2626:
2621:
2614:
2609:
2603:, p. 60.
2602:
2597:
2590:
2585:
2579:, p. 49.
2578:
2573:
2567:, p. 35.
2566:
2561:
2554:
2549:
2543:, p. 90.
2542:
2537:
2531:, p. 68.
2530:
2525:
2518:
2513:
2506:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2489:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2466:
2461:
2454:
2449:
2447:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2418:
2413:
2406:
2401:
2399:
2392:, p. 28.
2391:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2360:
2355:
2349:, p. 27.
2348:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2329:
2324:
2317:
2312:
2310:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2285:
2280:
2273:
2268:
2261:
2256:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2218:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2195:, p. 22.
2194:
2189:
2187:
2179:
2174:
2167:
2162:
2155:
2150:
2143:
2138:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2116:
2111:
2105:, p. 26.
2104:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2071:
2066:
2060:, p. 25.
2059:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2029:, p. 62.
2028:
2023:
2021:
2013:
2008:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1986:
1981:
1974:
1969:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1945:
1944:Benady (2020)
1940:
1938:
1931:, p. 23.
1930:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1914:, p. 48.
1913:
1912:Glover (2001)
1908:
1906:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1883:
1878:
1872:, p. 59.
1871:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1852:
1847:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1824:, p. 22.
1823:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1792:, p. 24.
1791:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1768:
1763:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1742:, p. 23.
1741:
1736:
1734:
1729:
1715:
1709:
1700:
1691:
1681:
1674:
1673:Battle of Ulm
1668:
1661:
1655:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1628:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1582:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1546:
1542:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1421:
1415:
1414:Lord Cathcart
1410:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1318:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1185:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1162:
1157:
1148:
1146:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1113:
1103:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1077:Goodwin Sands
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
987:
984:
980:
976:
972:
967:
961:
958:
954:
949:
941:
940:Lord Cathcart
937:
928:
926:
922:
918:
917:Battle of Ulm
913:
911:
907:
906:Prussian Army
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
860:
857:
853:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
802:line infantry
800:and forty of
799:
795:
791:
790:heavy cavalry
787:
783:
782:Lord Cathcart
778:
777:Channel coast
770:
766:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
684:
680:
670:
668:
663:
659:
655:
651:
646:
644:
643:Lord Cathcart
640:
636:
632:
628:
625:
621:
618:forces under
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
525:
522:Other battles
521:
520:
517:
514:
512:
511:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
496:
493:
490:
489:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
462:
459:
456:
455:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
424:
423:
420:
419:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
327:
326:
325:
321:
319:
316:
315:
311:
310:
307:
302:
292:
287:
285:
280:
278:
273:
272:
269:
260:
257:
256:
251:
246:France: 4,000
245:
238:
237:
232:
228:
226:Allied armies
225:
224:
219:
216:
211:
205:
195:
193:
188:
182:
177:
171:
170:Lord Cathcart
166:
160:
155:
150:
149:
144:
141:
136:
130:
125:
120:
118:
113:
107:
102:
96:
91:
86:
85:
80:
70:
69:
68:
65:
62:
61:
57:
53:
50:
49:
45:
42:
41:
37:
34:
29:
24:
21:
16:
3001:
2989:
2970:
2958:
2939:
2920:
2898:
2879:
2867:
2845:
2820:
2801:
2779:
2764:
2742:
2727:. Retrieved
2715:
2711:
2681:
2673:
2668:
2656:
2644:
2632:
2620:
2608:
2596:
2584:
2572:
2560:
2548:
2536:
2524:
2512:
2460:
2417:Hague (2004)
2412:
2354:
2323:
2279:
2267:
2260:Hague (2004)
2255:
2243:. Retrieved
2239:
2229:
2217:
2173:
2161:
2149:
2137:
2110:
2065:
2007:
2000:Hague (2004)
1980:
1968:
1877:
1846:
1767:Hague (2004)
1762:
1708:
1699:
1690:
1680:
1667:
1654:
1637:
1632:strongpoint.
1627:
1610:
1585:
1539:Rowland Hill
1362:Baron Barsse
1304:Third Guards
1287:Edward Finch
1246:Edward Paget
1186:
1178:
1166:
1141:
1116:
1108:
1091:
1036:
1033:
1004:Rowland Hill
993:
962:
945:
914:
871:
849:
845:Edward Paget
841:Edward Finch
822:
774:
750:Duke of York
720:
712:Grande Armée
688:British Army
676:
647:
579:
575:
573:
516:Cape Ortegal
509:
499:Diamond Rock
470:Campo Tenese
417:
406:
402:Schöngrabern
324:Ulm campaign
323:
82:Belligerents
66:
20:
15:
2765:Castlereagh
2565:Hill (2012)
2245:16 February
2210:Eddy (2016)
1346:Baron Alten
979:Lower Rhine
798:Foot Guards
586:during the
3014:Categories
2858:required.)
2792:required.)
2696:References
2661:Bew (2014)
2613:Bew (2014)
2505:Bew (2014)
2438:Bew (2014)
2316:Bew (2014)
2240:DCM Medals
2012:Bew (2014)
1961:Bew (2014)
1851:Bew (2014)
1643:local rank
1097:Evacuation
975:Heligoland
953:field army
874:troopships
863:Expedition
794:battalions
737:, and his
727:George III
692:Royal Navy
673:Background
558:Blaauwberg
418:Austerlitz
392:DĂĽrenstein
330:Donauwörth
204:Napoleon I
2798:Bew, John
2729:8 January
1724:Citations
1549:UnÂknown
1151:Aftermath
1022:and some
886:Stralsund
825:North Sea
669:in 1809.
658:Austrians
510:Trafalgar
387:Mariazell
382:Amstetten
367:Mehrnbach
355:Elchingen
350:Memmingen
335:Wertingen
3000:(1895).
2969:(2020).
2919:(2004).
2878:(2001).
2866:(1910).
2800:(2014).
2763:(1966).
2724:44218370
2706:(1952).
1376:Colonel
1360:Colonel
1344:Colonel
1128:Ramsgate
878:Cuxhaven
760:Planning
725:, which
716:Boulogne
639:Cuxhaven
600:Napoleon
598:against
533:Boulogne
480:Calabria
436:Caldiero
397:Dornbirn
340:GĂĽnzburg
234:Strength
51:Location
31:Part of
1685:formed.
1647:general
1308:1,200+
1297:1,200+
1269:1,000+
1256:1,000+
1224:Brigade
1124:Cabinet
1045:wrecked
1037:Ariadne
925:Ansbach
894:Hamelin
882:Harwich
631:Prussia
616:Russian
612:Swedish
412:Wischau
407:Hanover
372:Lambach
318:Bavaria
140:Prussia
2977:
2946:
2927:
2905:
2886:
2852:
2827:
2808:
2786:
2749:
2722:
1067:, and
1049:Calais
1043:, was
1014:, and
971:Bremen
921:Verden
856:Berlin
748:, the
592:France
485:Mileto
441:Forano
431:Verona
129:France
117:Sweden
63:Result
2720:JSTOR
1577:Notes
1233:Ref.
1221:Force
1047:near
902:Weser
696:Brest
650:Weser
624:Count
475:Maida
465:Gaeta
377:Steyr
2975:ISBN
2944:ISBN
2925:ISBN
2903:ISBN
2884:ISBN
2825:ISBN
2806:ISBN
2747:ISBN
2731:2022
2247:2022
1601:and
1532:429
1521:362
1510:523
1493:508
1482:968
1471:315
1454:750
1443:447
1430:590
1280:794
1227:Unit
1120:Bath
1086:36th
1084:and
1082:28th
1069:89th
1065:30th
998:and
900:and
681:and
622:and
614:and
606:and
574:The
43:Date
1645:of
1061:3rd
898:Ems
796:of
602:by
360:Ulm
3016::
2844:.
2778:.
2716:30
2714:.
2710:.
2495:^
2472:^
2445:^
2424:^
2397:^
2366:^
2335:^
2308:^
2291:^
2238:.
2200:^
2185:^
2122:^
2077:^
2034:^
2019:^
1992:^
1951:^
1936:^
1919:^
1904:^
1889:^
1858:^
1829:^
1812:^
1797:^
1774:^
1747:^
1732:^
1205:.
1063:,
1010:,
1006:,
733:,
2983:.
2952:.
2933:.
2911:.
2892:.
2833:.
2814:.
2755:.
2733:.
2249:.
2212:.
1946:.
1662:.
1622:.
1605:.
290:e
283:t
276:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
