Hand washing - Knowledge

978: 775: 1069: 680: 330:, a major ARI, is the number one cause of mortality among children under five years old, taking the lives of an estimated 1.8 million children per year. Diarrhea and pneumonia together account for almost 3.5 million child deaths annually. According to UNICEF, turning handwashing with soap before eating and after using the toilet into an ingrained habit can save more lives than any single vaccine or medical intervention, cutting deaths from diarrhea by almost half and deaths from acute respiratory infections by one-quarter. Hand washing is usually integrated with other sanitation interventions as part of water, sanitation, and hygiene ( 993:, hand washing with soap is recognized as a cost-effective, essential tool for achieving good health, and even good nutrition. However, a lack of reliable water supply, soap or hand washing facilities in people's homes, at schools and the workplace make it a challenge to achieve universal hand washing behaviors. For example, in most of rural Africa hand washing taps close to every private or public toilet are scarce, even though cheap options exist to build hand washing stations. However, low hand washing rates can also be the result of engrained habits rather than due to a lack of soap or water. 928: 564: 193: 276: 724: 666:

the use of ash to wash hands is of poor quality. It is not clear if washing hands with ash is effective at reducing viral or bacterial spreading compared to washing with mud, not washing, or with washing with water alone. One concern is that if the soil or ash is contaminated with microorganisms it may increase the spread of disease rather than decrease it, however, there is also no clear evidence to determine the level of risk. Like soap, ash is also a disinfecting agent because in contact with water, it forms an alkaline solution.

1176: 1000:, Target 6.2 which states "By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations. The corresponding Indicator 6.2.1 is formulated as follows: "Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services and (b) a hand-washing facility with soap and water" (see map to the right with data worldwide from 2017)." 5965: 1013: 5989: 360: 53: 5977: 258:), before feeding a child, before eating and before/after preparing food or handling raw meat, fish, or poultry. Other occasions when correct handwashing technique should be practiced in order to prevent the transmission of disease include before and after treating a cut or wound; after sneezing, coughing, or blowing your nose; after touching animal waste or handling animals; and after touching 1272: 319:, such as hand washing with soap. This simple action can reduce the rate of mortality from these diseases by almost 50%. Interventions that promote hand washing can reduce diarrhoea episodes by about a third, and this is comparable to providing clean water in low income areas. 48% of reductions in diarrhoea episodes can be associated with hand washing with soap. 850: 645:

soap and water are unavailable. Despite their effectiveness, non-water agents do not cleanse the hands of organic material, but simply disinfect them. It is for this reason that hand sanitizers are not as effective as soap and water at preventing the spread of many pathogens, since the pathogens remain on the hands.

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Several companies around the globe have developed technologies that aim to improve the hand washing process. Among the different inventions, there are eco-friendly devices that use 90% less water and 60% less soap compared to hand washing under a faucet. Another device uses light-based rays to detect

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In situations with limited water supply (such as schools or rural areas in developing countries), there are water-conserving solutions, such as "tippy-taps" and other low-cost options. A tippy-tap is a simple technology using a jug suspended by a rope, and a foot-operated lever to pour a small amount

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or soil instead. The World Health Organization recommended ash or sand as an alternative to soap when soap is not available. Use of ash is common in rural areas of developing countries and has in experiments been shown at least as effective as soap for removing pathogens. However, evidence to support

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Medical hand-washing is for a minimum of 15 seconds, using generous amounts of soap and water or gel to lather and rub each part of the hands. Hands should be rubbed together with digits interlocking. If there is debris under fingernails, a bristle brush may be used to remove it. Since pathogens may

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such as an alcohol hand gel can be used. They can be used in addition to hand washing to minimize risks when caring for "at-risk" groups. To be effective, alcohol hand gels should contain not less than 60%v/v alcohol. Enough hand antiseptic or alcohol rub must be used to thoroughly wet or cover both

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and clean water, although the benefits and harms are uncertain for reducing the spread of viral or bacterial infections. However, frequent hand washing can lead to skin damage due to drying of the skin. Moisturizing lotion is often recommended to keep the hands from drying out; dry skin can lead to

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wash, sterile towels for drying the hands after washing, and a sterile brush for scrubbing and another sterile instrument for cleaning under the fingernails. All jewelry should be removed. This procedure requires washing the hands and forearms up to the elbow, usually 2–6 minutes. Long scrub-times

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The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are clear and straightforward concerning hand hygiene, and recommend paper towels and hand dryers equally. Both have stressed the importance of frequent and thorough hand washing followed by their complete

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The promotion and advocacy of hand washing with soap can influence policy decisions, raise awareness about the benefits of hand washing and lead to long-term behavior change of the population. For this to work effectively, monitoring and evaluation are necessary. A systematic review of 70 studies

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Comparing hand-rubbing with alcohol-based solution with hand washing with antibacterial soap for a median time of 30 seconds each showed that the alcohol hand-rubbing reduced bacterial contamination 26% more than the antibacterial soap. But soap and water is more effective than alcohol-based hand

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reports that a lack of hand-washing remains at unacceptable levels in most medical environments, with large numbers of doctors and nurses routinely forgetting to wash their hands before touching patients, thus transmitting microorganisms. One study showed that proper hand-washing and other simple

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recommend hand washing with soap over hand sanitizer rubs, particularly when hands are visibly dirty. The increasing use of these agents is based on their ease of use and rapid killing activity against micro-organisms; however, they should not serve as a replacement for proper hand washing unless

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that is still comfortable for washing hands is not hot enough to kill bacteria. Bacteria grow much faster at body temperature (37 °C). WHO considers warm soapy water to be more effective than cold, soapy water at removing natural oils which hold soils and bacteria. But CDC mentions that warm

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It has also been found that people, after having recalled or contemplated unethical acts, tend to wash hands more often than others, and tend to value hand washing equipment more. Furthermore, those who are allowed to wash their hands after such a contemplation are less likely to engage in other

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The importance of hand washing for human health – particularly for people in vulnerable circumstances like mothers who had just given birth or wounded soldiers in hospitals – was first recognized in the mid 19th century by two pioneers of hand hygiene: the Hungarian

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that encourages schools to take simple, inexpensive steps to ensure that students wash their hands with soap, among other hygienic requirements. When minimum standards are achieved, schools can move from one to ultimately three stars. Building hand washing stations can be a part of hand washing

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infections in hospitals, it has been found that the greatest benefit from hand-cleansing came from the first 20% of washing, and that very little additional benefit was gained when hand cleansing frequency was increased beyond 35%. Washing with plain soap results in more than triple the rate of

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in 2020 led to increased awareness in many countries of the importance of washing hands with soap to protect oneself from such infectious diseases. For example, posters with "correct hand washing techniques" were hung up next to hand washing sinks in public toilets and in the toilets of office

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Jet-air dryers were found to be capable of blowing micro-organisms from the hands and the unit and potentially contaminating other users and the environment up to 2 metres (6.6 feet) away. In the same study in 2008 (sponsored by the paper-towel industry the European Tissue Symposium), use of a

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Certain environments are especially sensitive to the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms, like health care and food production. Organizations attempting to prevent infection transmission in these environments have started using programmed washing cycles that provide sufficient time for

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drying as a means to stop the spread of pathogens, like COVID-19. Specifically, the World Health Organization recommends that everyone "frequently clean hands..." and "dry thoroughly by using paper towels or a warm air dryer." The CDC report that, "Both are effective ways to dry hands."

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A 2007 meta-analysis from the University of Oregon School of Public Health indicated that plain soaps are as effective as consumer-grade anti-bacterial soaps containing triclosan in preventing illness and removing bacteria from the hands. Dissenting, a 2011 meta-analysis in the

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warm-air hand dryer spread micro-organisms only up to 0.25 metres (0.82 feet) from the dryer, and paper towels showed no significant spread of micro-organisms. No studies have found a correlation to hand dryers and human health, however, making these findings inconsequential.

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Solid soap, because of its reusable nature, may hold bacteria acquired from previous uses. A small number of studies which have looked at the bacterial transfer from contaminated solid soap have concluded transfer is unlikely as the bacteria are rinsed off with the foam. The

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The addition of antiseptic chemicals to soap ("medicated" or "antimicrobial" soaps) confers killing action to a hand-washing agent. Such killing action may be desired before performing surgery or in settings in which antibiotic-resistant organisms are highly prevalent.

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Lather hands by rubbing them with a generous amount of soap, including the backs of hands, between fingers, and under nails. Soap lifts pathogens from the skin, and studies show that people tend to wash their hands more thoroughly when soap is used rather than water

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Andrighetto, Giulia; Szekely, Aron; Guido, Andrea; Gelfand, Michele; Abernathy, Jered; Arikan, Gizem; Aycan, Zeynep; Bankar, Shweta; Barrera, Davide; Basnight-Brown, Dana; Belaus, Anabel; Berezina, Elizaveta; Blumen, Sheyla; Boski, Paweł; Bui, Huyen Thi Thu (2024).

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discovered its effectiveness (in 1846) in preventing disease in a hospital environment. There are electronic devices that provide feedback to remind hospital staff to wash their hands when they forget. One study has found decreased infection rates with their use.

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remain in the water on the hands, it is important to rinse well and wipe dry with a clean towel. After drying, the paper towel should be used to turn off the water (and open any exit door if necessary). This avoids re-contaminating the hands from those surfaces.

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found in many public toilets. A review in 2012 concluded that "From a hygiene standpoint, paper towels are superior to air dryers; therefore, paper towels should be recommended for use in locations in which hygiene is paramount, such as hospitals and clinics."

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scrubbing the hands with soap and rinsing them with water. Combined with AI-powered software, these technological advancements turn the hand-washing process into digital data, allowing individuals to receive insights and improve their hand hygiene practices.

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has published a sheet demonstrating standard hand-washing and hand-rubbing in health-care sectors. The draft guidance of hand hygiene by the organization can also be found at its website for public comment. A relevant review was conducted by Whitby

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Wet hands with warm or cold running water. Running water is recommended because standing basins may be contaminated, while the temperature of the water does not seem to make a difference, however some experts suggest warm, tepid water may be

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water causes skin irritations more often and its ecological footprint is more significant. Water temperatures from 4 to 40 °C do not differ significantly regarding removal of microbes. The most important factor is proper scrubbing.

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agent. In the late 1990s and early part of the 21st century, alcohol rub non-water-based hand hygiene agents (also known as alcohol-based hand rubs, antiseptic hand rubs, or hand sanitizers) began to gain popularity. Most are based on

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In the 1980s, foodborne outbreaks and healthcare-associated infections led the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to more actively promote hand hygiene as an important way to prevent the spread of infection. The

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Various low-cost options can be made to facilitate hand washing where tap-water and/or soap is not available e.g. pouring water from a hanging jerrycan or gourd with suitable holes and/or using ash if needed in developing countries.

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A small detrimental effect of handwashing is that frequent hand washing can lead to skin damage due to the drying of the skin. A 2012 Danish study found that excessive hand washing can lead to an itchy, flaky skin condition known as

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hands. The front and back of both hands and between and the ends of all fingers must be rubbed for approximately 30 seconds until the liquid, foam or gel is dry. Finger tips must be washed well too, rubbing them in both palms.

913:(10 minutes) are not necessary. When rinsing, water on the forearms must be prevented from running back to the hands. After hand-washing is completed, the hands are dried with a sterile cloth and a surgical gown is donned. 2649: 125:, dirt, grease, and other harmful or unwanted substances stuck to the hands. Drying of the washed hands is part of the process as wet and moist hands are more easily recontaminated. If soap and water are unavailable, 554:

Contrary to popular belief, scientific studies have shown that using warm water has no effect on reducing the microbial load on hands. Using hot water for handwashing can even be regarded as a waste of energy.

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Group hand washing for school children at set times of the day is one option in developing countries to engrain hand washing in children's behaviors. The "Essential Health Care Program" implemented by the

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Effective drying of the hands is an essential part of the hand hygiene process. Therefore, the proper drying of hands after washing should be an integral part of the hand hygiene process in health care.

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Swoboda SM, Earsing K, Strauss K, Lane S, Lipsett PA (February 2004). "Electronic monitoring and voice prompts improve hand hygiene and decrease nosocomial infections in an intermediate care unit".

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In many countries, there is a low rate of hand washing with soap. A study of hand washing in 54 countries in 2015 found that on average, 38.7% of households practiced hand washing with soap.

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Jabbar U, Leischner J, Kasper D, Gerber R, Sambol SP, Parada JP, et al. (June 2010). "Effectiveness of alcohol-based hand rubs for removal of Clostridium difficile spores from hands".

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begins to compulsively wash her hands in an attempt to cleanse an imagined stain, representing her guilty conscience regarding crimes she had committed and induced her husband to commit.

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The phrase "washing one's hands of" something, means declaring one's unwillingness to take responsibility for the thing or share complicity in it. It originates from the bible passage in

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deliveries. A 2013 study showed that improved hand washing practices may lead to small improvements in the length growth in children under five years of age. In developing countries,

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Whitby M, Pessoa-Silva CL, McLaws ML, Allegranzi B, Sax H, Larson E, et al. (January 2007). "Behavioural considerations for hand hygiene practices: the basic building blocks".

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The most commonly missed areas are the thumb, the wrist, the areas between the fingers, and under fingernails. Artificial nails and chipped nail polish may harbor microorganisms.

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Low-cost hand washing technologies for households may differ from facilities for multiple users. For households, options include tippy taps, bucket/container with tap (such as a

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Hand washing facilities should be placed at convenient locations to encourage people to use them regularly and at the right times; they should be attractive and well maintained.

806:(with rains and muddiness), location and more. Important aspects for good accessibility include: Placement of the technology, paths, ramps, steps, type of tap, soap placement. 653:

Hand washing using hand sanitizing wipes is an alternative during traveling in the absence of soap and water. Alcohol-based hand sanitizer should contain at least 60% alcohol.

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is an example of at scale action to promote children's health and education. Deworming twice a year, supplemented with washing hands daily with soap, brushing teeth daily with

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Baker, K.K.; Dil Farzana, F.; Ferdous, F.; Ahmed, S.; Kumar Das, S.; Faruque, A.S.G.; Nasrin, D.; Kotloff, K.L.; Nataro, J.P.; Kolappaswamy, K.; Levine, M.M. (28 April 2014).

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of organisms. So, even if antibiotic resistant strains are not selected for by antibacterial soaps, they might not be as effective as they are marketed to be. Besides the

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Weber DJ, Rutala WA (October 2006). "Use of germicides in the home and the healthcare setting: is there a relationship between germicide use and antibiotic resistance?".

1505:"The effectiveness of hand hygiene procedures in reducing the risks of infections in home and community settings including hand washing and alcohol-based hand sanitizers" 969:, and written and verbal reminders to staff. There is a need for more research into which of these interventions are most effective in different healthcare settings. 6195: 3285: 633:

Hand sanitizers are most effective against bacteria and less effective against some viruses. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are almost entirely ineffective against

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averted. However, one review suggests that promoting hand washing with soap is significantly more cost-effective than other water and sanitation interventions.

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buildings and airports in Germany. Research indicates that the COVID pandemic shifted social norms regarding hand washing, making it more prevalent worldwide.

7079: 3115: 3853:"Increasing the frequency of hand washing by healthcare workers does not lead to commensurate reductions in staphylococcal infection in a hospital ward" 5770: 4760: 3423: 374:

A 2014 study showed that Saudi Arabia had the highest rate of 97%; the United States near the middle with 77%; and China with the lowest rate of 23%.

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There are five critical times during the day where washing hands with soap is important to reduce fecal-oral transmission of disease: after using the

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Poster about when to wash hands to raise awareness about hygiene. This poster can be used to raise awareness on that topic amongst school children.

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found that community-based approaches are effective at increasing hand washing in LMICs, while social marketing campaigns are less effective.

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Interventions to improve hand hygiene in healthcare settings can involve education for staff on hand washing, increasing the availability of

1931:"Protecting Children from Diarrhoea and Acute Respiratory Infections: The Role of Hand Washing Promotion in Water and Sanitation Programmes" 7071: 6188: 2279: 577:

In situations where hand washing with soap is not an option (e.g., when in a public place with no access to wash facilities), a waterless

4180:"Approaches to promote handwashing and sanitation behaviour change in low- and middle-income countries: a mixed method systematic review" 3334: 3191: 931:

Microbial growth on a cultivation plate without procedures (A), after washing hands with soap (B) and after disinfection with alcohol (C)

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De Buck E, Van Remoortel H, Hannes K, Govender T, Naidoo S, Avau B, Veegaete AJ, Musekiwa A, Lutje V, Cargo M, Mosler HJ (19 May 2017).

5810: 3994:"Efficacy of soap and water and alcohol-based hand-rub preparations against live H1N1 influenza virus on the hands of human volunteers" 2580: 641: 444: 201: 137:

in water can be used as long as hands are not visibly excessively dirty or greasy. Hand hygiene is central to preventing the spread of

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To reduce the spread of pathogens, it is better to wash the hands or use a hand antiseptic before and after tending to a sick person.

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Several behavior change methodologies now exist to increase uptake of the behavior of hand washing with soap at the critical times.

4821: 2758: 6181: 5843: 5815: 4855: 4765: 3945:"Efficacy of handrubbing with alcohol based solution versus standard handwashing with antiseptic soap: randomised clinical trial" 2057:

Curtis V, Cairncross S (May 2003). "Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: a systematic review".

1855: 7852: 7839: 6453: 6209: 5820: 5136: 4625: 1786: 977: 2863:"The Environmental Cost of Misinformation: Why the Recommendation to Use Elevated Temperatures for Handwashing is Problematic" 2414:"Double hand washing with a fingernail brush. HACCP – HITM: food science safety and HACCP training and certification provider" 1016:

Poster used in Africa for raising awareness about hand washing after using the toilet with simple low-cost hand washing device

220:. Scrubbing creates friction, which helps remove pathogens from skin, and scrubbing for longer periods removes more pathogens. 7124: 5878: 5785: 4299: 3667: 3330: 3220: 2397: 2182: 1458: 382: 6466: 7641: 7099: 5868: 3540:

Boyce JM (October 2011). "Measuring healthcare worker hand hygiene activity: current practices and emerging technologies".

3322: 2413: 6778: 5825: 5389: 4977: 1881: 774: 2725: 7844: 4893: 2946:"Glycerol content within the WHO ethanol-based handrub formulation: balancing tolerability with antimicrobial efficacy" 2326: 6848: 4219:. Eschborn, Germany: United Nations Children's Fund and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ). 3237:"The Hygiene Improvement Project (HIP) – Tippy-Tap: A simple low-cost technology for handwashing when water is scarce" 3236: 1080:

Few studies have considered the overall cost effectiveness of hand washing in developing countries in relationship to

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A study in 2020 found that hand dryers and paper towels were both found to be equally hygienic hand-drying solutions.

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Building a culture of handwashing with children can create a change in culture with widespread public health benefits.

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Ejemot RI, Ehiri JE, Meremikwu MM, Critchley JA (2009). "Cochrane review: Hand washing for preventing diarrhoea".

6947: 5526: 5154: 5131: 4583: 4148:"The Handwashing Handbook – A guide for developing a hygiene promotion program to increase handwashing with soap" 2249: 1032: 873:

Commercial devices can measure and validate hand hygiene, if demonstration of regulatory compliance is required.

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Zhong CB, Liljenquist K (September 2006). "Washing away your sins: threatened morality and physical cleansing".

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have been heavily promoted to a health-conscious public. To date, there is no evidence that using recommended

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de Almeida e Borges LF, Silva BL, Gontijo Filho PP (August 2007). "Hand washing: changes in the skin flora".

1097: 1081: 1068: 795: 204:(CDC) recommends the following steps when washing one's hands for the prevention of transmission of disease: 7683: 6836: 6599: 6314: 6013: 5498: 5225: 4559: 3458:"Comparison of electric hand dryers and paper towels for hand hygiene: a critical review of the literature" 1564: 251: 165: 6508: 4589: 2944:

Menegueti MG, Laus AM, Ciol MA, Auxiliadora-Martins M, Basile-Filho A, Gir E, et al. (24 June 2019).

798:) to everyone is crucial to maintain hand washing behavior. Considerations for accessibility include age, 7725: 7596: 7532: 7500: 7448: 6745: 6727: 5645: 5538: 5449: 5262: 5250: 5159: 4848: 4791: 4786: 4338: 2306: 1937: 783: 423: 323: 179:

When neither hand washing nor using hand sanitizer is possible, hands can be cleaned with uncontaminated

17: 1813:"Facemasks and hand hygiene to prevent influenza transmission in households: a cluster randomized trial" 626:

into a liquid, or foam for ease of use and to decrease the drying effect of the alcohol. Adding diluted

172:), before feeding a child, before eating and before/after preparing food or handling raw meat, fish, or 7281: 6694: 6434: 5715: 5640: 5545: 5081: 4618: 3404: 1376: 1253: 904:, it is necessary to have a tap that can be turned on and off without touching it with the hands, some 679: 4441: 3904:"Effect of hand wash agents on controlling the transmission of pathogenic bacteria from hands to food" 3509:

A comparative study of three different hand drying methods: paper towel, warm air dryer, jet air dryer

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argued that when properly formulated, triclosan can grant a small but detectable improvement, as can

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Handwashing with soap is the single most effective and inexpensive way to prevent diarrhea and acute

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Pronovost P, Needham D, Berenholtz S, Sinopoli D, Chu H, Cosgrove S, et al. (December 2006).

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Scaling up group handwashing in schools – Compendium of group washing facilities across the globe

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Indicator 6.2.1b in 2017: "Share of the population with basic handwashing facilities on premises"

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Dry with a clean towel or allow to air dry. Wet and moist hands are more easily recontaminated.

4367:"Changes in social norms during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic across 43 countries" 3992:

Grayson ML, Melvani S, Druce J, Barr IG, Ballard SA, Johnson PD, et al. (February 2009).

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Luby SP, Agboatwalla M, Painter J, Altaf A, Billhimer W, Keswick B, Hoekstra RM (April 2006).

757:. A growing volume of research suggests paper towels are much more hygienic than the electric 7698: 7330: 7199: 6707: 6614: 6533: 6103: 5926: 5710: 5245: 5146: 5039: 4888: 4781: 4749: 4611: 4231: 3208: 3116:"Water Sanitation Health. How can personal hygiene be maintained in difficult circumstances?" 1286: 786:

handwashing was part of a system of public health measures encouraged to reduce transmission.

563: 192: 6478: 4282:. In Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, Alleyne G, Claeson M, Evans DB, et al. (eds.). 4236:(3rd ed.). FHI 360 for the Global Public-Private Partnership for Handwashing with Soap. 3101: 2368:

Raising Even More Clean Hands: Advancing Health, Learning and Equity through WASH in Schools

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Wheatley T, Haidt J (October 2005). "Hypnotic disgust makes moral judgments more severe".

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Dangour AD, Watson L, Cumming O, Boisson S, Che Y, Velleman Y, et al. (August 2013).

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Laestadius JG, Dimberg L (April 2005). "Hot water for handwashing--where is the proof?".

2686:"A meta-analysis of the published literature on the effectiveness of antimicrobial soaps" 1962:

Rhee V, Mullany LC, Khatry SK, Katz J, LeClerq SC, Darmstadt GL, Tielsch JM (July 2008).

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Cairncross S, Hunt C, Boisson S, Bostoen K, Curtis V, Fung IC, Schmidt WP (April 2010).

7591: 7586: 7495: 7475: 7109: 6952: 6917: 6771: 6737: 6287: 5533: 5116: 4965: 4707: 4538: 4502: 4105: 4080: 4058: 3879: 3852: 3781: 3608: 3596: 3565: 3484: 3457: 3167: 3142: 2972: 2945: 2887: 2862: 2843: 2831: 2626: 2553: 2528: 2149: 2128: 2039: 1988: 1963: 1911: 1644: 1619: 1529: 1504: 1435: 1408: 944: 455: 348: 312: 6523: 4276: 3969: 3944: 3386:"New safety tool at SEA Airport scans restaurant employee hands to ensure cleanliness" 2504: 2471: 2070: 283:

Hand washing has many significant health benefits, including minimizing the spread of

7877: 7818: 7678: 7631: 7433: 6935: 6604: 6594: 6584: 6569: 6386: 6369: 6233: 5695: 5690: 5618: 5567: 5341: 5321: 5309: 5269: 5240: 5208: 5126: 5019: 4987: 4883: 4796: 4743: 4530: 4526: 4494: 4422: 4404: 4305: 4295: 4110: 4062: 4050: 4015: 3974: 3925: 3884: 3822: 3759: 3718: 3649: 3644: 3600: 3557: 3489: 3326: 3293: 3216: 3172: 3083: 3078: 3061: 2977: 2919: 2892: 2835: 2803: 2786: 2707: 2618: 2558: 2509: 2393: 2178: 2154: 2109: 2074: 2043: 2031: 1993: 1903: 1898: 1834: 1687: 1649: 1496: 1440: 1230: 1212: 1208: 1184: 1039: 627: 595: 326:(ARI), as automatic behavior performed in homes, schools, and communities worldwide. 4542: 4506: 3569: 2847: 2630: 1964:"Maternal and birth attendant hand washing and neonatal mortality in southern Nepal" 1811:

Cowling BJ, Chan KH, Fang VJ, Cheng CK, Fung RO, Wai W, et al. (October 2009).

1049:

Designing hand washing facilities that encourage use can use the following aspects:

7905: 7872: 7808: 7795: 7624: 7613: 7505: 7485: 7320: 7234: 7209: 6940: 6887: 6826: 6717: 6364: 6292: 6157: 6071: 5860: 5613: 5572: 5384: 5359: 5171: 5101: 4945: 4522: 4486: 4412: 4394: 4386: 4287: 4191: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4042: 4005: 3964: 3956: 3915: 3874: 3864: 3814: 3749: 3708: 3639: 3612: 3592: 3549: 3479: 3469: 3162: 3154: 3073: 2967: 2957: 2882: 2874: 2827: 2798: 2697: 2610: 2548: 2540: 2499: 2491: 2144: 2136: 2101: 2066: 2027: 2023: 1983: 1975: 1915: 1893: 1824: 1679: 1639: 1631: 1524: 1516: 1500: 1430: 1420: 1192: 1180: 1170: 846:

procedures can decrease the rate of catheter-related bloodstream infections by 66%.

819: 815: 603: 475: 300: 3902:

Fischler GE, Fuls JL, Dail EW, Duran MH, Rodgers ND, Waggoner AL (December 2007).

3678: 2644: 2495: 2389:

School Community Manual – Indonesia (formerly Manual for teachers), Fit for School

1409:"The hygienic efficacy of different hand-drying methods: a review of the evidence" 1020:

One example for hand washing promotion in schools is the "Three Star Approach" by

447:

still states "liquid soap with hands-free controls for dispensing is preferable".

7740: 7735: 7579: 7527: 7335: 7312: 7157: 7134: 6518: 6483: 6359: 6304: 5921: 5623: 5426: 5419: 5354: 5294: 5176: 5166: 5096: 5069: 5054: 5009: 4999: 4950: 4702: 3920: 3903: 2785:

Michaels B, Gangar V, Schultz A, Arenas M, Curiale M, Ayers T, Paulson D (2002).

2702: 2685: 2374: 2313: 1425: 1337: 1025:

promotion campaigns that are carried out to reduce diseases and child mortality.

917: 909: 704: 684: 308: 6488: 3738:"An intervention to decrease catheter-related bloodstream infections in the ICU" 2996: 2911: 1618:

Paludan-Müller AS, Boesen K, Klerings I, Jørgensen KJ, Munkholm K (April 2020).

637:(or Norwalk) type viruses, the most common cause of contagious gastroenteritis. 7770: 7703: 7646: 7418: 7307: 7299: 7224: 7177: 7172: 7119: 6843: 6624: 6619: 6579: 6528: 6493: 6331: 6267: 6109: 5608: 5394: 5331: 5316: 5299: 5257: 5059: 4940: 4817: 4671: 4661: 4390: 4247: 4131: 3818: 2417: 1979: 1683: 1520: 1332: 1277: 1241:, but has become a phrase with a much wider usage in some English communities. 1234: 939: 578: 572: 126: 32: 4594: 4291: 3367:"How Swiss scale-up Smixin battles the spread of infectious disease worldwide" 2962: 2544: 1635: 1544: 1031:

is another example of an awareness-raising campaign that is trying to achieve

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and skin-protecting agent, the sophisticated formulations may contain acids (

419: 415: 239: 153: 122: 6501: 4490: 3869: 3628:"APIC guideline for handwashing and hand antisepsis in health care settings" 2663: 2647:, "Microbicidal and sanitizing soap compositions", issued 1997-09-04 7862: 7800: 7542: 7490: 7438: 7389: 7189: 7139: 6750: 6321: 6091: 6053: 6045: 5936: 5364: 5213: 5181: 5111: 5004: 4918: 4728: 4697: 4646: 4534: 4498: 4426: 4309: 4150:. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. 4114: 4054: 4019: 3978: 3929: 3888: 3826: 3763: 3722: 3627: 3604: 3561: 3493: 3244: 3176: 2981: 2923: 2896: 2839: 2711: 2622: 2266:

WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation

2158: 2078: 2035: 1997: 1907: 1838: 1691: 1653: 1444: 1238: 1175: 1126: 1053: 611: 503: 223:

Rinse well under running water. Rinsing in a basin can recontaminate hands.

184:

skin damage which can increase the risk for the transmission of infection.

3653: 3196:. International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene (IFH). Somerset, England. 3158: 3087: 2562: 2513: 2198: 7755: 7557: 7480: 7455: 7204: 7184: 7089: 7049: 6973: 6344: 6339: 6260: 6243: 5931: 5628: 5326: 5235: 5198: 4681: 4079:

Gould DJ, Moralejo D, Drey N, Chudleigh JH, Taljaard M (September 2017).

3754: 3737: 3697:"System failure versus personal accountability--the case for clean hands" 2140: 1306: 1301: 1245: 803: 491: 483: 28: 3713: 3696: 753:

However, there is some debate over the most effective form of drying in

567:

Hand disinfection procedure according to the German standard DIN EN 1500

7693: 7668: 7636: 7413: 7394: 7384: 7372: 7219: 6831: 6803: 6629: 6589: 6081: 5557: 5279: 4399: 4196: 4179: 4132:"Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6) 3424:"Interest in Israeli Smart Hand-Washing Device Surges with Coronavirus" 2878: 2253: 799: 758: 737: 586: 479: 459: 431: 411: 304: 247: 161: 6005: 3943:

Girou E, Loyeau S, Legrand P, Oppein F, Brun-Buisson C (August 2002).

3514:(Report). The School of Biosciences, University of Westminster London. 3474: 3213:

Healthy villages: a guide for communities and community health workers

2280:"Les Français et le savonnage des mains après être allé aux toilettes" 80: 7765: 7244: 6277: 6272: 6205: 5655: 5474: 5044: 4925: 4580:

Photos of low-cost hand washing installations in developing countries

3094: 2529:"Washing with contaminated bar soap is unlikely to transfer bacteria" 2307:

Approaches to promoting behaviour-change around handwashing-with-soap

2105: 1669: 1617: 1322: 1295: 1105: 1088:

Cost-Effectiveness of Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion

1012: 836: 634: 619: 507: 487: 471: 407: 327: 284: 243: 157: 138: 2943: 947:

transmitted to food as compared to washing with antibacterial soap.

876:

The World Health Organization has "Five Moments" for washing hands:

835:

The purpose of hand-washing in the health-care setting is to remove

7748: 7663: 7239: 7214: 7167: 6712: 6282: 6225: 6036: 5521: 5274: 4908: 4878: 4569: 4325:

Die Aetiologie, der Begriff und die Prophylaxis des Kindbettfiebers

4046: 4010: 3993: 3553: 3323:

Handwashing Compendium for Low Resource Settings: A Living Document

3038: 2614: 1342: 623: 607: 535: 531: 402:

Removal of microorganisms from skin is enhanced by the addition of

386: 335: 296: 288: 118: 4570:

Centers for Disease Control on hand hygiene in healthcare settings

4177: 4081:"Interventions to improve hand hygiene compliance in patient care" 3804: 3735: 1494: 7552: 7423: 6676: 6162: 5193: 4574: 1588: 1549: 1249: 1152: 901: 661:

Many people in low-income communities cannot afford soap and use

599: 590: 515: 511: 466:

organisms in nature. However, antibacterial soaps contain common

427: 259: 173: 4833: 3527:"The Doctor Who Championed Hand-Washing And Briefly Saved Lives" 3456:

Reynolds KA, Sexton JD, Norman A, McClelland DJ (January 2021).

2860: 2759:"WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care (Advanced Draft)" 7760: 7325: 6978: 6574: 6124: 5488: 4603: 3349:"By Gamifying Hand Washing, Soapy Might Just Save Civilization" 2861:

Carrico AR, Spoden M, Wallston KA, Vandenbergh MP (July 2013).

2664:"Plain soap as effective as antibacterial but without the risk" 2129:"Water, sanitation and hygiene for the prevention of diarrhoea" 1073: 1021: 779: 359: 255: 169: 52: 4363: 3455: 2577:"Infection Control: Frequently Asked Questions – Hand Hygiene" 2441:"A brief history of aluminum stearate as a component of paint" 6989: 6147: 5650: 3405:"This Startup Wants to Fight Coronavirus With Soap and Water" 3062:"Alcohol-impregnated wipes as an alternative in hand hygiene" 2091: 1043: 982: 959: 688: 547: 114: 110: 6203: 3193:

Use of ash and mud for handwashing in low income communities

3140: 2126: 1703: 1701: 1271: 996:

Hand washing at a global level has its own indicator within

6442: 5776:

Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety

5582: 4032: 2784: 2010: 1879: 1475: 403: 331: 106: 102: 62: 58: 4078: 3060:

Butz AM, Laughon BE, Gullette DL, Larson EL (April 1990).

3041:. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 16 March 2020 1469: 3582: 3325:. Edition 1, The Sanitation Learning Hub, Brighton: IDS, 3059: 2202: 1698: 662: 615: 434:

oils, enabling them to be carried away by running water.

180: 130: 4164:

Handwashing Promotion – Monitoring and Evaluation Module

3942: 1850: 1848: 1260:"cleansing" compensatory actions, such as volunteering. 674: 351:, which is especially common among health-care workers. 4339:"The Global Public-Private Partnership for Handwashing" 3991: 2787:"Water temperature as a factor in handwashing efficacy" 922: 782:

with sinks for people of different heights. During the

716:

contaminants on the hands after they have been washed.

495: 27:

For the figure of speech in the law-based context, see

4442:"Lady Macbeth Not Alone in Her Quest for Spotlessness" 4286:(Second ed.). World Bank Group. pp. 771–92. 2995:

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2009).

2094:

Evidence-Based Child Health: A Cochrane Review Journal

338:

which is transmitted through direct physical contact.

4277:"41: Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion" 3901: 3776: 2753: 1961: 1845: 1761:"When and How to Wash Your Hands | Handwashing | CDC" 3209:"Chapter 8 Personal, domestic and community hygiene" 1810: 1267: 731: 4274: 4126: 4124: 4761:Political abuse of psychiatry in the United States 4575:Global Public-Private Partnership for Hand washing 4284:Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries 4145: 2820:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2683: 2120: 669: 299:; decreasing respiratory infections; and reducing 4270: 4268: 3851:Beggs CB, Shepherd SJ, Kerr KG (September 2008). 3850: 3147:American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2817: 1042:, UNICEF promoted the adoption of a hand washing 814:Medical hand-washing became mandatory long after 334:) programmes. Hand washing also protects against 7892: 4458: 4121: 3321:Coultas, M. and Iyer, R. with Myers, J. (2020). 2056: 1968:Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2526: 2085: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1719: 558: 4265: 3229: 3189: 2950:Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control 1707: 1377:"Show Me the Science – How to Wash Your Hands" 1371: 1369: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1136:Basic sanitation – construction and promotion 630:increases further the antimicrobial activity. 6555: 6189: 6021: 4849: 4713:Prescription drug prices in the United States 4619: 4512: 4213:"The Three Star Approach for WASH in Schools" 3840:WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care 2362: 2360: 1861:. World Health Organization. 27 February 2020 363:Hand cleaning station at the entrance of the 254:), after cleaning a child's bottom (changing 168:), after cleaning a child's bottom (changing 4322: 3506: 3271:"Hand washing devices – How to make and use" 1928: 1886:Tropical Medicine & International Health 1716: 1712:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Co. 1476:Centers for Disease Control (2 April 2020). 1406: 1237:washed his hands of the decision to crucify 4210: 4130:Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) 4085:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4035:Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 3542:Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 2780: 2778: 2726:"Antibacterial Soap Has Poor Killing Power" 2684:Montville R, Schaffner DW (November 2011). 2603:Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 2600: 2277: 2020:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1856:"Getting your workplace ready for COVID-19" 1624:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1545:"WHO: How to handwash? With soap and water" 1488: 1402: 1400: 1398: 1356: 839:("germs") and avoid transmitting them. The 700:of water over the hands and a bar of soap. 474:, which has an extensive list of resistant 6196: 6182: 6028: 6014: 5811:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 4856: 4842: 4626: 4612: 3439:"Soapy Washes Your Hands Clean Of Corona!" 3426:. The Christian Broadcasting Network, Inc. 3206: 2581:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2357: 2344: 2327:"How to Trigger for Handwashing with Soap" 1463:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 642:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 383:Department of Education in the Philippines 202:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 51: 5771:Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 5761:Center for Disease Control and Prevention 4480: 4416: 4398: 4195: 4160: 4104: 4009: 3968: 3919: 3878: 3868: 3753: 3712: 3643: 3483: 3473: 3166: 3077: 2971: 2961: 2886: 2867:International Journal of Consumer Studies 2802: 2701: 2552: 2503: 2472:"Microbial flora of in-use soap products" 2392:. GIZ Fit for School, Philippines. 2014. 2148: 1987: 1897: 1828: 1643: 1528: 1434: 1424: 727:A nurse uses a smart hand washing device. 233: 4595:WHO: How to handwash with soap and water 3694: 2909: 2775: 1395: 1174: 1067: 1011: 976: 926: 848: 773: 722: 710: 678: 562: 358: 274: 191: 7270:Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract 6443:Access to water, sanitation and hygiene 6035: 5816:Health departments in the United States 4766:Political abuse of psychiatry in Russia 3518: 3190:Bloomfield SF, Nath KJ (October 2009). 2749: 2747: 2469: 2135:. 39 Suppl 1 (Supplement 1): i193-205. 1830:10.7326/0003-4819-151-7-200910060-00142 1665: 1663: 972: 14: 7893: 7853:Infectious disease (medical specialty) 7745:Antimicrobial resistance surveillance 5821:Council on Education for Public Health 4233:Global Handwashing Day Planner's Guide 3782:"How to Handrub & How to Handwash" 3625: 3268: 2527:Heinze JE, Yackovich F (August 1988). 2476:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2438: 2174:The State of the World's Children 2008 1407:Huang C, Ma W, Stack S (August 2012). 1219: 1003: 397: 6177: 6009: 5879:Professional degrees of public health 5786:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare 4837: 4607: 4439: 4229: 4146:Curtis V, Scott B, Cardosi J (2000). 4074: 4072: 3632:American Journal of Infection Control 3539: 3524: 3421: 3346: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3264: 3262: 3066:American Journal of Infection Control 3039:"Handwashing: Clean Hands Save Lives" 2133:International Journal of Epidemiology 1672:American Journal of Infection Control 1509:American Journal of Infection Control 1459:"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)" 1063: 675:Low-cost options when water is scarce 450: 315:can be reduced by introducing simple 187: 7100:Compartmental models in epidemiology 5976: 5869:Bachelor of Science in Public Health 4331: 3798: 3770: 3507:Redway K, Fawdar S (November 2008). 3402: 3053: 2998:WHO-recommended handrub formulations 2744: 2225:"Too-Clean Hands Can Lead to Eczema" 1922: 1873: 1804: 1660: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1583: 1581: 923:Effectiveness in healthcare settings 778:A community handwashing facility in 141:in home and everyday life settings. 5988: 5137:Workers' right to access the toilet 4978:Human right to water and sanitation 4248:"What about a handwashing emoji??!" 3742:The New England Journal of Medicine 3701:The New England Journal of Medicine 3436: 3383: 3283: 1565:"Hand Hygiene: How, Why & When" 1072:Hand washing stands at a school in 886:after exposure to blood/body fluids 860:Video demonstration on hand washing 24: 4560:Hand Hygiene: Why, How & When? 4275:Cairncross S, Valdmanis V (2006). 4069: 3597:10.1097/01.CCM.0000108866.48795.0F 3449: 3304: 3259: 2937: 2832:10.1097/01.jom.0000158737.06755.15 2451:from the original on 18 March 2017 1787:"The right way to wash your hands" 1499:; Cookson, Barry; O'Boyle, Carol; 1195:who worked in Vienna, Austria and 410:to water. Soap and detergents are 392: 354: 341: 295:; preventing infectious causes of 270: 25: 7927: 5410:Commercial determinants of health 4863: 4553: 3807:The Journal of Hospital Infection 3102:"When and How to Wash Your Hands" 2304:Abdi & Gautam, R. & O.P, 1735:"When and How to Wash Your Hands" 1606: 1578: 1557: 1537: 1478:"When and How to Wash Your Hands" 732:Drying with towels or hand driers 7849:Economics of Infectious Diseases 6143:Automatic self-clean toilet seat 6138:Automatic toilet paper dispenser 5987: 5975: 5964: 5963: 4993:National public health institute 4633: 4527:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01614.x 3668:"Surgical Handrubbing Technique" 3013:"Preventing Norovirus Infection" 2804:10.1046/j.1471-5740.2002.00043.x 2278:BreakingWeb (23 November 2015). 1899:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01592.x 1270: 1224: 769: 418:by disorganizing their membrane 265: 31:. For the biblical passage, see 5390:Open-source healthcare software 5132:Sociology of health and illness 4691:Economic and financial concerns 4584:Sustainable Sanitation Alliance 4452: 4433: 4357: 4316: 4240: 4223: 4204: 4171: 4154: 4139: 4026: 3985: 3936: 3895: 3844: 3833: 3729: 3688: 3660: 3619: 3576: 3533: 3500: 3462:Journal of Applied Microbiology 3430: 3415: 3396: 3377: 3371:GGBa Invest Western Switzerland 3359: 3340: 3277: 3200: 3183: 3134: 3108: 3031: 3005: 2988: 2903: 2854: 2811: 2718: 2677: 2656: 2637: 2594: 2569: 2520: 2463: 2432: 2406: 2380: 2319: 2298: 2271: 2242: 2217: 2191: 2165: 2059:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases 2050: 2004: 1955: 1779: 1753: 1708:Wilkinson JM, Treas LA (2011). 842:New England Journal of Medicine 790:Making hand washing facilities 670:Technologies and design aspects 506:and further skin conditioners ( 101:, is the act of cleaning one's 7858:Infectious disease informatics 7689:Transmission-based precautions 6133:Automatic deodorizer dispenser 5751:Caribbean Public Health Agency 5563:Sexually transmitted infection 5460:Statistical hypothesis testing 5221:Occupational safety and health 5122:Sexual and reproductive health 5035:Occupational safety and health 4097:10.1002/14651858.CD005186.pub4 2439:Tumosa CS (1 September 2001). 2028:10.1002/14651858.CD009382.pub2 1451: 998:Sustainable Development Goal 6 809: 13: 1: 7275:Chest/Lower respiratory tract 7050:Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane 6411:Behavioral/lifestyle factors 5405:Social determinants of health 4756:Political abuse of psychiatry 4440:Carey B (12 September 2006). 3286:"When Low-Tech Solutions Win" 3215:. World Health Organization. 2496:10.1128/AEM.48.2.338-341.1984 2416:. 2 July 2019. Archived from 2354:. New York; Eschborn, Germany 2071:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00606-6 1349: 900:To 'scrub' one's hands for a 656: 541: 462:or disinfectants selects for 437: 6837:Aerosol-generating procedure 6615:Silent/Subclinical infection 6315:Multidrug-resistant bacteria 5465:Analysis of variance (ANOVA) 5226:Human factors and ergonomics 4323:Semmelweisig, Ignaz (1861). 3998:Clinical Infectious Diseases 3921:10.4315/0362-028X-70.12.2873 3645:10.1016/0196-6553(95)90070-5 3273:. Zimbabwe: Aquamor Pvt Ltd. 3079:10.1016/0196-6553(90)90084-6 3001:. World Health Organization. 2703:10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-11-122 1929:Scott B, Curtis V, Rabie T. 1426:10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.02.019 559:Antiseptics (hand sanitizer) 152:of disease: after using the 7: 7501:Vaccine-preventable disease 7449:Monoclonal antibody therapy 5646:Good manufacturing practice 5450:Randomized controlled trial 4792:Hospital-acquired infection 4787:Hospital-acquired pneumonia 4184:Campbell Systematic Reviews 3403:Pick A (3 September 2020). 3284:Rao A (11 September 2014). 3118:. WHO. 2014. Archived from 1817:Annals of Internal Medicine 1263: 1038:As a result of the ongoing 889:before an aseptic task, and 883:after environmental contact 784:COVID-19 pandemic in Rwanda 602:formulated together with a 311:related to respiratory and 38:Act of cleaning one's hands 10: 7932: 7642:Respiratory source control 5716:Theory of planned behavior 5641:Good agricultural practice 5546:Public health surveillance 5438:epidemiological statistics 5082:Public health intervention 4391:10.1038/s41467-024-44999-5 3908:Journal of Food Protection 3819:10.1016/j.jhin.2006.09.026 2690:Journal of Food Protection 2533:Epidemiology and Infection 2470:McBride ME (August 1984). 1980:10.1001/archpedi.162.7.603 1684:10.1016/j.ajic.2006.07.012 1521:10.1016/j.ajic.2007.07.001 1168: 1164: 1144:Sanitation promotion only 1076:district, Karnataka, India 915: 735: 589:is a non-water-based hand 570: 524:Journal of Food Protection 26: 7832: 7786:Global Health Initiatives 7776:Evolutionary epidemiology 7724: 7516: 7471:Post-exposure prophylaxis 7407:Antimicrobial stewardship 7365: 7352: 7257: 7148: 7130:Multiplicity of infection 7095:Basic reproduction number 7070: 7042: 7028: 7014: 6998: 6966: 6928: 6871:Percutaneous inoculation 6857: 6819: 6812: 6794: 6726: 6693: 6686: 6650: 6643: 6546: 6433: 6355:Host–pathogen interaction 6330: 6224: 6217: 6123: 6090: 6062: 6044: 5959: 5894: 5853: 5838:World Toilet Organization 5833:World Health Organization 5740: 5729: 5666: 5591: 5507: 5435: 5400:Public health informatics 5340: 5145: 5107:Right to rest and leisure 4936:Globalization and disease 4871: 4810: 4774: 4721: 4690: 4639: 4564:World Health Organization 4292:10.1596/978-0-8213-6179-5 4161:Vujcic J, Ram PK (2013). 3778:World Health Organization 3675:World Health Organization 3626:Larson EL (August 1995). 3207:Howard G, Bogh C (2002). 2963:10.1186/s13756-019-0553-z 2755:World Health Organization 2545:10.1017/s0950268800029290 2250:"JMP handwashing dataset" 2177:. UNICEF. November 2008. 1636:10.1002/14651858.cd013597 1572:World Health Organization 1179:Electronic sign inside a 866:World Health Organization 837:pathogenic microorganisms 826: 585:A hand sanitizer or hand 309:childhood mortality rates 146:World Health Organization 77: 73:Handwashing, hand hygiene 69: 50: 45: 7604:Protective sequestration 7466:Pre-exposure prophylaxis 6757:Generational difference 6310:Horizontal gene transfer 6300:Antimicrobial resistance 6077:Automatic soap dispenser 5884:Schools of public health 5676:Diffusion of innovations 5375:Health impact assessment 5087:Public health laboratory 4983:Management of depression 4739:Compulsory sterilization 4135:SDG-Tracker.org, website 3961:10.1136/bmj.325.7360.362 3695:Goldmann D (July 2006). 3422:Stahl J (4 April 2020). 3347:Carni Y (10 July 2019). 2910:Gold NA, Avva U (2021). 2445:cool.conservation-us.org 648: 365:Toronto General Hospital 7791:Microbial phylogenetics 7709:Wastewater surveillance 7230:Geographic distribution 7105:Critical community size 6903:Surgical site infection 6751:Iatrogenic/Medical care 6670:Microbial translocation 6666:Endogenous reactivation 6661:Normal flora overgrowth 6610:Opportunistic infection 6382:Opportunistic infection 6153:Deodorizing toilet seat 5947:Social hygiene movement 5874:Doctor of Public Health 5706:Social cognitive theory 5508:Infectious and epidemic 5290:Fecal–oral transmission 4667:Unnecessary health care 4491:10.1126/science.1130726 3870:10.1186/1471-2334-8-114 3857:BMC Infectious Diseases 3384:Sun DD (21 July 2020). 2791:Food Service Technology 2331:Sanitation Learning Hub 1710:Fundamentals of Nursing 1413:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 1127:Water sector regulation 528:chlorhexidine gluconate 150:fecal-oral transmission 7863:Microbial bioterrorism 7486:efficacy/effectiveness 6894:Surgical intervention 6786:Breakthrough infection 6408:Genetic predisposition 6392:Susceptible individual 6239:Germ theory of disease 5942:Germ theory of disease 5721:Transtheoretical model 4734:Sluggish schizophrenia 3585:Critical Care Medicine 3104:. CDC. 10 August 2021. 2377:, Joint Call to Action 1495:Bloomfield, Sally F.; 1312:Global Handwashing Day 1187: 1117:House water connection 1077: 1029:Global Handwashing Day 1017: 986: 967:alcohol-based hand rub 953:H1N1 influenza A virus 932: 861: 787: 728: 692: 683:A school girl using a 568: 368: 324:respiratory infections 280: 234:When it is recommended 197: 129:that is at least 60% ( 7699:Universal precautions 6657:Endogenous overgrowth 6509:Poultry and livestock 5826:Public Health Service 5711:Social norms approach 5701:PRECEDE–PROCEED model 5147:Preventive healthcare 5040:Pharmaceutical policy 4889:Chief Medical Officer 4811:Records and histories 4782:Adverse drug reaction 4750:The Protest Psychosis 4515:Psychological Science 4371:Nature Communications 4343:globalhandwashing.org 3159:10.4269/ajtmh.13-0509 2312:21 March 2017 at the 1287:Antibiotic resistance 1209:outbreak of swine flu 1178: 1169:Further information: 1071: 1015: 980: 957:Clostridium difficile 930: 916:Further information: 859: 777: 736:Further information: 726: 711:Advanced technologies 682: 566: 362: 278: 195: 7801:Genomic reassortment 7781:Genetic epidemiology 7620:Health communication 7548:Flattening the curve 7538:Disease surveillance 7321:Systemic/Generalized 7085:Animal disease model 6565:Asymptomatic carrier 6115:Toothbrush sanitizer 5902:Sara Josephine Baker 5801:Public Health Agency 5686:Health communication 5551:Disease surveillance 5517:Asymptomatic carrier 5499:Statistical software 5187:Preventive nutrition 5015:Medical anthropology 4904:Environmental health 4590:OCD and Hand Washing 4211:UNICEF, GIZ (2013). 3755:10.1056/NEJMoa061115 3437:Joe (7 April 2020). 2373:4 March 2016 at the 2350:UNICEF, GIZ (2016). 1317:Nosocomial infection 1197:Florence Nightingale 1056:, cues and reminders 991:developing countries 973:Developing countries 468:antibacterial agents 464:antibiotic-resistant 7868:Pandemic prevention 7824:Viral phylodynamics 7805:Re-emerging disease 7694:Travel restrictions 6898:Postoperative wound 6867:Blood-borne disease 6849:Respiratory droplet 6761:Vertical/Congenital 6746:Nosocomial/Hospital 6703:Spillover infection 6100:Electric toothbrush 5912:Carl Rogers Darnall 5907:Samuel Jay Crumbine 5681:Health belief model 5534:Notifiable diseases 5470:Regression analysis 5305:Waterborne diseases 4894:Cultural competence 4652:Medical malpractice 4473:2006Sci...313.1451Z 4383:2024NatCo..15.1436A 4167:. New York: UNICEF. 3714:10.1056/NEJMp068118 3122:on 14 February 2005 2912:"Alcohol Sanitizer" 2732:. 24 September 2015 2730:Scientific American 2488:1984ApEnM..48..338M 1465:. 11 February 2020. 1296:infectious diseases 1220:Society and culture 1183:station during the 1089: 1004:Promotion campaigns 892:after patient care. 880:before patient care 518:, plant extracts). 456:Antibacterial soaps 398:Soap and detergents 293:infectious diseases 218:at least 20 seconds 139:infectious diseases 7814:Selection pressure 7110:Force of infection 6738:Contagious disease 6673:Endogenous seeding 6570:Chain of infection 6494:Injection drug use 6405:Vaccination status 6288:Case fatality rate 6206:infectious disease 5510:disease prevention 5445:Case–control study 5117:Security of person 4966:Health care reform 4708:Financial toxicity 4446:The New York Times 4197:10.4073/csr.2017.7 3247:on 25 October 2014 2879:10.1111/ijcs.12012 2229:EverydayHealth.com 2141:10.1093/ije/dyq035 1497:Aiello, Allison E. 1188: 1087: 1078: 1064:Cost effectiveness 1018: 987: 951:rubs for reducing 945:infectious disease 933: 902:surgical operation 862: 788: 729: 693: 569: 451:Antibacterial soap 369: 349:contact dermatitis 317:behavioral changes 313:diarrheal diseases 281: 200:The United States 198: 188:Steps and duration 57:Hand washing with 7888: 7887: 7878:Tropical medicine 7819:Synthetic biology 7720: 7719: 7679:Social distancing 7632:Outbreak response 7253: 7252: 7080:Agent-based model 7066: 7065: 7062: 7061: 7058: 7057: 6605:Natural reservoir 6595:Infectious period 6585:Incubation period 6542: 6541: 6498:Natural disaster 6467:Tropical diseases 6450:Biodiversity loss 6387:Risk of infection 6377:Microbiome health 6370:Immunosuppression 6171: 6170: 6003: 6002: 5955: 5954: 5865:Higher education 5696:Positive deviance 5691:Health psychology 5667:Health behavioral 5594:safety management 5568:Social distancing 5342:Population health 5322:Smoking cessation 5270:Pharmacovigilance 5241:Injury prevention 5209:Infection control 5127:Social psychology 5077:Prisoners' rights 5020:Medical sociology 4988:Public health law 4884:Biological hazard 4831: 4830: 4797:Iatrogenic anemia 4744:Physician gag law 4301:978-0-8213-6179-5 3684:on 29 April 2016. 3475:10.1111/jam.14796 3331:978-1-78118-638-1 3269:Morgan P (2011). 3222:978-92-4-154553-2 2399:978-3-95645-250-5 2205:. 19 October 2017 2184:978-92-806-4191-2 1767:. 4 December 2019 1741:. 4 December 2019 1503:(December 2007). 1501:Larson, Elaine L. 1213:COVID-19 pandemic 1185:COVID-19 pandemic 1162: 1161: 1040:COVID-19 pandemic 857: 628:hydrogen peroxide 596:isopropyl alcohol 252:menstrual hygiene 166:menstrual hygiene 97:), also known as 88: 87: 16:(Redirected from 7923: 7873:Tropical disease 7809:Reverse zoonosis 7796:One Health Model 7625:Health education 7614:Community health 7533:Cordon sanitaire 7506:Ring vaccination 7476:Repurposed drugs 7363: 7362: 7282:Gastrointestinal 7125:Machine learning 6929:Gastrointestinal 6880:Intravenous line 6817: 6816: 6731:/Cross-infection 6718:Reverse zoonosis 6691: 6690: 6648: 6647: 6553: 6552: 6534:War and conflict 6402:Nutrition status 6365:Immunodeficiency 6222: 6221: 6198: 6191: 6184: 6175: 6174: 6158:Electronic bidet 6072:Automatic faucet 6030: 6023: 6016: 6007: 6006: 5991: 5990: 5979: 5978: 5967: 5966: 5861:Health education 5738: 5737: 5592:Food hygiene and 5573:Tropical disease 5385:Infant mortality 5360:Community health 5236:Controlled Drugs 5172:Health promotion 5102:Right to housing 4946:Health economics 4858: 4851: 4844: 4835: 4834: 4775:Related concerns 4628: 4621: 4614: 4605: 4604: 4547: 4546: 4510: 4484: 4467:(5792): 1451–2. 4456: 4450: 4449: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4420: 4402: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4281: 4272: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4143: 4137: 4128: 4119: 4118: 4108: 4076: 4067: 4066: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4013: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3972: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3923: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3882: 3872: 3848: 3842: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3786: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3757: 3733: 3727: 3726: 3716: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3677:. 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Archived from 1935: 1926: 1920: 1919: 1901: 1877: 1871: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1860: 1852: 1843: 1842: 1832: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1783: 1777: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1757: 1751: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1731: 1714: 1713: 1705: 1696: 1695: 1667: 1658: 1657: 1647: 1615: 1604: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1585: 1576: 1575: 1569: 1561: 1555: 1554: 1541: 1535: 1534: 1532: 1492: 1486: 1485: 1473: 1467: 1466: 1455: 1449: 1448: 1438: 1428: 1404: 1393: 1392: 1390: 1388: 1373: 1280: 1275: 1274: 1211:in 2009 and the 1193:Ignaz Semmelweis 1181:Washington Metro 1171:Ignaz Semmelweis 1090: 1086: 858: 820:Ignaz Semmelweis 691:for handwashing 604:thickening agent 301:infant mortality 107:soap or handwash 81:edit on Wikidata 55: 43: 42: 21: 7931: 7930: 7926: 7925: 7924: 7922: 7921: 7920: 7911:Medical hygiene 7891: 7890: 7889: 7884: 7828: 7741:Antigenic shift 7736:Antigenic drift 7727: 7716: 7580:Barrier nursing 7528:Contact tracing 7519: 7512: 7357: 7355: 7348: 7259: 7249: 7150: 7144: 7135:Serial interval 7054: 7038: 7029:Cervico-vaginal 7024: 7015:Trans-placental 7010: 6994: 6962: 6924: 6860:Vascular system 6859: 6853: 6808: 6796: 6790: 6730: 6722: 6682: 6639: 6557: 6538: 6429: 6360:Immune response 6326: 6305:Drug resistance 6249:Infectious dose 6213: 6202: 6172: 6167: 6119: 6086: 6058: 6040: 6034: 6004: 5999: 5951: 5922:Margaret Sanger 5890: 5849: 5733: 5731: 5725: 5668: 5662: 5634:Safety scandals 5593: 5587: 5509: 5503: 5437: 5431: 5427:Social medicine 5420:Race and health 5355:Child mortality 5336: 5295:Open defecation 5177:Human nutrition 5167:Family planning 5155:Behavior change 5141: 5097:Right to health 5010:Maternal health 5000:Health politics 4951:Health literacy 4867: 4862: 4832: 4827: 4806: 4770: 4722:Political abuse 4717: 4703:Balance billing 4686: 4635: 4632: 4601: 4556: 4551: 4550: 4511: 4457: 4453: 4438: 4434: 4362: 4358: 4348: 4346: 4345:. 19 March 2015 4337: 4336: 4332: 4321: 4317: 4302: 4279: 4273: 4266: 4256: 4254: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4228: 4224: 4209: 4205: 4176: 4172: 4159: 4155: 4144: 4140: 4129: 4122: 4091:(9): CD005186. 4077: 4070: 4031: 4027: 3990: 3986: 3941: 3937: 3900: 3896: 3849: 3845: 3838: 3834: 3803: 3799: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3775: 3771: 3748:(26): 2725–32. 3734: 3730: 3693: 3689: 3681: 3670: 3666: 3665: 3661: 3624: 3620: 3581: 3577: 3548:(10): 1016–28. 3538: 3534: 3523: 3519: 3511: 3505: 3501: 3454: 3450: 3435: 3431: 3420: 3416: 3401: 3397: 3382: 3378: 3365: 3364: 3360: 3345: 3341: 3335:alternative URL 3320: 3305: 3282: 3278: 3267: 3260: 3250: 3248: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3223: 3205: 3201: 3188: 3184: 3139: 3135: 3125: 3123: 3114: 3113: 3109: 3100: 3099: 3095: 3058: 3054: 3044: 3042: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3022: 3020: 3011: 3010: 3006: 2993: 2989: 2942: 2938: 2928: 2926: 2908: 2904: 2859: 2855: 2816: 2812: 2783: 2776: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2752: 2745: 2735: 2733: 2724: 2723: 2719: 2696:(11): 1875–82. 2682: 2678: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2650: 2643: 2642: 2638: 2609:(10): 1107–19. 2599: 2595: 2585: 2583: 2575: 2574: 2570: 2525: 2521: 2468: 2464: 2454: 2452: 2437: 2433: 2423: 2421: 2412: 2411: 2407: 2400: 2386: 2385: 2381: 2375:Wayback Machine 2365: 2358: 2349: 2345: 2335: 2333: 2325: 2324: 2320: 2314:Wayback Machine 2303: 2299: 2289: 2287: 2276: 2272: 2259: 2257: 2256:on 2 April 2016 2248: 2247: 2243: 2233: 2231: 2223: 2222: 2218: 2208: 2206: 2197: 2196: 2192: 2185: 2171: 2170: 2166: 2125: 2121: 2090: 2086: 2055: 2051: 2022:(8): CD009382. 2015: 2009: 2005: 1960: 1956: 1946: 1944: 1943:on 28 June 2009 1940: 1933: 1927: 1923: 1878: 1874: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1853: 1846: 1809: 1805: 1795: 1793: 1785: 1784: 1780: 1770: 1768: 1759: 1758: 1754: 1744: 1742: 1733: 1732: 1717: 1706: 1699: 1668: 1661: 1630:(7): CD013597. 1616: 1607: 1597: 1595: 1589:"UNICEF Malawi" 1587: 1586: 1579: 1567: 1563: 1562: 1558: 1543: 1542: 1538: 1515:(10): S27–S64. 1493: 1489: 1474: 1470: 1457: 1456: 1452: 1405: 1396: 1386: 1384: 1375: 1374: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1338:Rubbing alcohol 1276: 1269: 1266: 1227: 1222: 1173: 1167: 1066: 1033:behavior change 1006: 975: 938:For control of 925: 920: 918:Jewelry hygiene 849: 829: 812: 772: 740: 734: 713: 705:Veronica Bucket 685:Veronica Bucket 677: 672: 659: 651: 575: 561: 544: 500:antimicrobially 453: 440: 400: 395: 393:Substances used 357: 355:Behavior change 344: 342:Adverse effects 273: 271:Health benefits 268: 236: 190: 84: 65: 61:and water at a 39: 36: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7929: 7919: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7882: 7881: 7880: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7847: 7842: 7836: 7834: 7830: 7829: 7827: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7771:Emergent virus 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7752: 7751: 7743: 7738: 7732: 7730: 7722: 7721: 7718: 7717: 7715: 7714: 7711: 7706: 7704:Vector control 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7660: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7647:N95 respirator 7639: 7634: 7629: 7628: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7606: 7601: 7600: 7599: 7589: 7584: 7583: 7582: 7572: 7571: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7524: 7522: 7520:pharmaceutical 7514: 7513: 7511: 7510: 7509: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7452: 7451: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7410: 7409: 7399: 7398: 7397: 7387: 7382: 7381: 7380: 7369: 7367: 7366:Pharmaceutical 7360: 7350: 7349: 7347: 7346: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7317:Cardiovascular 7315: 7310: 7305: 7302: 7297: 7296:Nervous system 7294: 7291: 7290: 7289: 7279: 7278: 7277: 7272: 7263: 7261: 7255: 7254: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7181: 7180: 7175: 7165: 7160: 7154: 7152: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7120:Infection rate 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7076: 7074: 7068: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7060: 7059: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7052: 7046: 7044: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7036: 7032: 7030: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7022: 7018: 7016: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7008: 7002: 7000: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6992: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6970: 6968: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6944: 6943: 6932: 6930: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6922: 6921: 6920: 6915: 6907: 6906: 6905: 6900: 6892: 6891: 6890: 6885: 6882: 6877: 6875:Injection site 6869: 6863: 6861: 6855: 6854: 6852: 6851: 6846: 6844:Dental aerosol 6841: 6840: 6839: 6829: 6823: 6821: 6814: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6806: 6800: 6798: 6792: 6791: 6789: 6788: 6783: 6782: 6781: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6769: 6766: 6755: 6754: 6753: 6748: 6740: 6734: 6732: 6728:Human-to-human 6724: 6723: 6721: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6699: 6697: 6688: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6680: 6674: 6671: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6654: 6652: 6645: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6625:Super-spreader 6622: 6620:Superinfection 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6561: 6559: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6536: 6531: 6529:Vector control 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6505: 6504: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6470: 6469: 6464: 6458:Climate zones 6456: 6454:Climate change 6451: 6448: 6445: 6439: 6437: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6427: 6426: 6425: 6422: 6419: 6418: 6417: 6409: 6406: 6403: 6400: 6397: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6373: 6372: 6367: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6336: 6334: 6328: 6327: 6325: 6324: 6319: 6318: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6297: 6296: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6270: 6268:Quorum sensing 6265: 6264: 6263: 6253: 6252: 6251: 6241: 6236: 6230: 6228: 6219: 6215: 6214: 6201: 6200: 6193: 6186: 6178: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6129: 6127: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6110:Oral irrigator 6107: 6096: 6094: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6068: 6066: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6056: 6050: 6048: 6042: 6041: 6033: 6032: 6025: 6018: 6010: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5997: 5985: 5973: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5898: 5896: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5888: 5887: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5863: 5857: 5855: 5851: 5850: 5848: 5847: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5829: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5805: 5804: 5803: 5798: 5790: 5789: 5788: 5780: 5779: 5778: 5773: 5765: 5764: 5763: 5755: 5754: 5753: 5744: 5742: 5735: 5730:Organizations, 5727: 5726: 5724: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5672: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5660: 5659: 5658: 5653: 5643: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5597: 5595: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5554: 5553: 5543: 5542: 5541: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5519: 5513: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5501: 5496: 5495: 5494: 5486: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5441: 5439: 5436:Biological and 5433: 5432: 5430: 5429: 5424: 5423: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5402: 5397: 5395:Multimorbidity 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5346: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5332:Vector control 5329: 5324: 5319: 5317:School hygiene 5314: 5313: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5300:Sanitary sewer 5297: 5292: 5287: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5266: 5265: 5258:Patient safety 5255: 5254: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5218: 5217: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5191: 5190: 5189: 5184: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5163: 5162: 5151: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5073: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4996: 4995: 4990: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4969: 4968: 4963: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4941:Harm reduction 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4922: 4921: 4916: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4868: 4861: 4860: 4853: 4846: 4838: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4825: 4818:Drug pollution 4814: 4812: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4778: 4776: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4725: 4723: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4694: 4692: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4672:Adverse effect 4669: 4664: 4662:Patient safety 4659: 4654: 4649: 4643: 4641: 4637: 4636: 4631: 4630: 4623: 4616: 4608: 4599: 4598: 4592: 4587: 4582:(collected by 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562:(PDF from the 4555: 4554:External links 4552: 4549: 4548: 4482:10.1.1.181.571 4451: 4432: 4356: 4330: 4315: 4300: 4264: 4252:www.unicef.org 4239: 4230:PPPHW (2014). 4222: 4203: 4170: 4153: 4138: 4120: 4068: 4047:10.1086/652772 4025: 4011:10.1086/595845 3984: 3935: 3914:(12): 2873–7. 3894: 3843: 3832: 3797: 3769: 3728: 3687: 3659: 3618: 3575: 3554:10.1086/662015 3532: 3517: 3499: 3448: 3429: 3414: 3395: 3376: 3373:. 12 May 2020. 3358: 3339: 3303: 3276: 3258: 3228: 3221: 3199: 3182: 3133: 3107: 3093: 3052: 3030: 3019:. 9 March 2018 3004: 2987: 2936: 2902: 2873:(4): 433–441. 2853: 2810: 2774: 2743: 2717: 2676: 2655: 2636: 2615:10.1086/507964 2593: 2568: 2519: 2462: 2431: 2420:on 2 July 2019 2405: 2398: 2379: 2366:UNICEF (2012) 2356: 2343: 2318: 2297: 2270: 2241: 2216: 2190: 2183: 2164: 2119: 2100:(2): 893–939. 2084: 2049: 2003: 1954: 1921: 1872: 1844: 1803: 1778: 1752: 1715: 1697: 1659: 1605: 1593:www.unicef.org 1577: 1556: 1536: 1487: 1468: 1450: 1394: 1383:. 4 March 2020 1354: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1333:Patient safety 1330: 1325: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1289: 1283: 1282: 1281: 1278:Viruses portal 1265: 1262: 1235:Pontius Pilate 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1156: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1113: 1112: 1109: 1102: 1101: 1094: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1057: 1005: 1002: 981:World map for 974: 971: 940:staphylococcal 924: 921: 894: 893: 890: 887: 884: 881: 828: 825: 811: 808: 771: 768: 755:public toilets 733: 730: 712: 709: 676: 673: 671: 668: 658: 655: 650: 647: 579:hand sanitizer 573:Hand sanitizer 571:Main article: 560: 557: 543: 540: 452: 449: 439: 436: 416:microorganisms 399: 396: 394: 391: 356: 353: 343: 340: 272: 269: 267: 264: 235: 232: 228: 227: 224: 221: 214: 210: 189: 186: 127:hand sanitizer 123:microorganisms 86: 85: 78: 75: 74: 71: 67: 66: 56: 48: 47: 37: 33:Pontius Pilate 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7928: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7898: 7896: 7879: 7876: 7875: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7837: 7835: 7831: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7750: 7747: 7746: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7729: 7723: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7684:Sterilization 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7652:Surgical mask 7650: 7648: 7645: 7644: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7615: 7612: 7611: 7610: 7609:Public health 7607: 7605: 7602: 7598: 7595: 7594: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7581: 7578: 7577: 7576: 7573: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7555: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7525: 7523: 7521: 7515: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7483: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7461:Phage therapy 7459: 7457: 7454: 7450: 7447: 7446: 7445: 7444:Immunotherapy 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7403: 7402:Antimicrobial 7400: 7396: 7393: 7392: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7379: 7376: 7375: 7374: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7351: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7295: 7293:Genitourinary 7292: 7288: 7285: 7284: 7283: 7280: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7267: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7256: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7170: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7155: 7153: 7151:in population 7147: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7115:Herd immunity 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7073: 7069: 7051: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7041: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7027: 7020: 7019: 7017: 7013: 7007: 7004: 7003: 7001: 6999:Genitourinary 6997: 6991: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6965: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6942: 6941:Contamination 6939: 6938: 6937: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6927: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6910: 6909:Vector-borne 6908: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6889: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6864: 6862: 6856: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6824: 6822: 6818: 6815: 6811: 6805: 6802: 6801: 6799: 6793: 6787: 6784: 6780: 6777: 6773: 6770: 6767: 6764: 6763: 6762: 6759: 6758: 6756: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6695:Cross-species 6692: 6689: 6685: 6678: 6675: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6649: 6646: 6642: 6636: 6635:Window period 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6600:Latent period 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6562: 6560: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6545: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6503: 6500: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6479:Deforestation 6477: 6475: 6472: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6438: 6436: 6432: 6424:Stress levels 6423: 6420: 6416: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6404: 6401: 6398: 6395: 6394: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6329: 6323: 6320: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6301: 6298: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6262: 6259: 6258: 6257: 6256:Pathogenicity 6254: 6250: 6247: 6246: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6223: 6220: 6216: 6211: 6207: 6199: 6194: 6192: 6187: 6185: 6180: 6179: 6176: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6122: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6105: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6089: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6061: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6043: 6038: 6031: 6026: 6024: 6019: 6017: 6012: 6011: 6008: 5996: 5995: 5986: 5984: 5983: 5974: 5972: 5971: 5962: 5961: 5958: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5917:Joseph Lister 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5852: 5845: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5796:Health Canada 5794: 5793: 5791: 5787: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5762: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5741:Organizations 5739: 5736: 5728: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5665: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5590: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5578:Vaccine trial 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5547: 5544: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5535: 5532: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5506: 5500: 5497: 5493: 5491: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5455:Relative risk 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5434: 5428: 5425: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5415:Health equity 5413: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5380:Health system 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5370:Global health 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5350:Biostatistics 5348: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5259: 5256: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5222: 5219: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5196: 5195: 5192: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5179: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5161: 5158: 5157: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5092:Right to food 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5047: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5026: 5025:Mental health 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4985: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4973:Housing First 4971: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4961:Health system 4959: 4958: 4957: 4956:Health policy 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4865:Public health 4859: 4854: 4852: 4847: 4845: 4840: 4839: 4836: 4823: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4809: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4773: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4720: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4677:Patient abuse 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4657:Medical error 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4638: 4629: 4624: 4622: 4617: 4615: 4610: 4609: 4606: 4602: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4561: 4558: 4557: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4521:(10): 780–4. 4520: 4516: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4455: 4447: 4443: 4436: 4428: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4360: 4344: 4340: 4334: 4326: 4319: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4278: 4271: 4269: 4253: 4249: 4243: 4235: 4234: 4226: 4218: 4214: 4207: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4174: 4166: 4165: 4157: 4149: 4142: 4136: 4133: 4127: 4125: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4075: 4073: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4041:(6): 565–70. 4040: 4036: 4029: 4021: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4004:(3): 285–91. 4003: 3999: 3995: 3988: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3955:(7360): 362. 3954: 3950: 3946: 3939: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3898: 3890: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3847: 3841: 3836: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3801: 3783: 3779: 3773: 3765: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3732: 3724: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3691: 3680: 3676: 3669: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3638:(4): 251–69. 3637: 3633: 3629: 3622: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3591:(2): 358–63. 3590: 3586: 3579: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3536: 3528: 3521: 3510: 3503: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3452: 3444: 3440: 3433: 3425: 3418: 3410: 3406: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3362: 3354: 3350: 3343: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3280: 3272: 3265: 3263: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3232: 3224: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3203: 3195: 3194: 3186: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3153:(1): 181–89. 3152: 3148: 3144: 3137: 3121: 3117: 3111: 3103: 3097: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3056: 3040: 3034: 3018: 3014: 3008: 3000: 2999: 2991: 2983: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2940: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2906: 2898: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2857: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2814: 2805: 2800: 2797:(3): 139–49. 2796: 2792: 2788: 2781: 2779: 2760: 2756: 2750: 2748: 2731: 2727: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2680: 2665: 2659: 2646: 2640: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2597: 2582: 2578: 2572: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2539:(1): 135–42. 2538: 2534: 2530: 2523: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2482:(2): 338–41. 2481: 2477: 2473: 2466: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2435: 2419: 2415: 2409: 2401: 2395: 2391: 2390: 2383: 2376: 2372: 2369: 2363: 2361: 2353: 2347: 2332: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2315: 2311: 2308: 2301: 2285: 2281: 2274: 2267: 2255: 2251: 2245: 2230: 2226: 2220: 2204: 2200: 2194: 2186: 2180: 2176: 2175: 2168: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2123: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2088: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2065:(5): 275–81. 2064: 2060: 2053: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2014: 2007: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1958: 1939: 1932: 1925: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1892:(4): 479–89. 1891: 1887: 1883: 1876: 1857: 1851: 1849: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1823:(7): 437–46. 1822: 1818: 1814: 1807: 1792: 1788: 1782: 1766: 1762: 1756: 1740: 1736: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1711: 1704: 1702: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1678:(6): 417–20. 1677: 1673: 1666: 1664: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1594: 1590: 1584: 1582: 1573: 1566: 1560: 1552: 1551: 1546: 1540: 1531: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1491: 1483: 1479: 1472: 1464: 1460: 1454: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1403: 1401: 1399: 1382: 1378: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1360: 1355: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1328:Public health 1326: 1324: 1321:Occupational 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1293: 1292:Didier Pittet 1290: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1279: 1273: 1268: 1261: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1225:Moral aspects 1217: 1214: 1210: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1110: 1108:or standpost 1107: 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