Poultry - Knowledge

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The fine down of both is valued for use in pillows and padded garments. They forage on grass and weeds, supplementing this with small invertebrates, and one of the attractions of rearing geese is their ability to grow and thrive on a grass-based system. They are very gregarious and have good memories and can be allowed to roam widely in the knowledge that they will return home by dusk. The Chinese goose is more aggressive and noisy than other geese and can be used as a guard animal to warn of intruders. The flesh of meat geese is dark-coloured and high in protein, but they deposit fat subcutaneously, although this fat contains mostly

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developing countries, where the women often make important contributions to family livelihoods through keeping poultry. However, rising world populations and urbanization have led to the bulk of production being in larger, more intensive specialist units. These are often situated close to where the feed is grown or near to where the meat is needed, and result in cheap, safe food being made available for urban communities. Profitability of production depends very much on the price of feed, which has been rising. High feed costs could limit further development of poultry production.

421: 475: 1298:, which plays a key role in oxygen uptake and storage within cells. White muscle, in contrast, is suitable only for short bursts of activity such as, for chickens, flying. Thus, the chicken's leg and thigh meat are dark, while its breast meat (which makes up the primary flight muscles) is white. Other birds with breast muscle more suitable for sustained flight, such as ducks and geese, have red muscle (and therefore dark meat) throughout. Some cuts of meat including poultry expose the microscopic regular structure of intracellular 725: 650:

originate from a single domestication event of red junglefowl whose present-day distribution is predominantly in southwestern China, northern Thailand and Myanmar. These domesticated chickens spread across Southeast and South Asia where they interbred with local wild species of junglefowl, forming genetically and geographically distinct groups. Analysis of the most popular commercial breed shows that the White Leghorn breed possesses a mosaic of divergent ancestries inherited from subspecies of red junglefowl.

5129: 984:. Pre-Aztec tribes in south-central Mexico first domesticated the bird around 800 BC, and Pueblo Indians inhabiting the Colorado Plateau in the United States did likewise around 200 BC. They used the feathers for robes, blankets, and ceremonial purposes. More than 1,000 years later, they became an important food source. The first Europeans to encounter the bird misidentified it as a guineafowl, a bird known as a "turkey fowl" at that time because it had been introduced into Europe via Turkey. 807:, writing in the first century BC, advised those who sought to rear ducks to collect wildfowl eggs and put them under a broody hen, because when raised in this way, the ducks "lay aside their wild nature and without hesitation breed when shut up in the bird pen". Despite this, ducks did not appear in agricultural texts in Western Europe until about 810 AD, when they began to be mentioned alongside geese, chickens, and peafowl as being used for rental payments made by tenants to landowners. 1127:

systems may not be able to supply enough oxygen to their developing muscles. Mortality rates at 1% are much higher than for less-intensively reared laying birds which take 18 weeks to reach similar weights. Processing the birds is done automatically with conveyor-belt efficiency. They are hung by their feet, stunned, killed, bled, scalded, plucked, have their heads and feet removed, eviscerated, washed, chilled, drained, weighed, and packed, all within the course of little over two hours.

1460: 1112: 1067: 6413: 29: 1248: 579: 525: 500: 792: 784:, eating a variety of animal and plant materials such as aquatic insects, molluscs, worms, small amphibians, waterweeds, and grasses. They feed in shallow water by dabbling, with their heads underwater and their tails upended. Most domestic ducks are too heavy to fly, and they are social birds, preferring to live and move around together in groups. They keep their plumage waterproof by preening, a process that spreads the secretions of the 599: 863: 448: 1323: 988:

or a range of step-wise light regimens to encourage the birds to feed often and therefore grow rapidly. Females achieve slaughter weight at about 15 weeks of age and males at about 19. Mature commercial birds may be twice as heavy as their wild counterparts. Many different breeds have been developed, but the majority of commercial birds are white, as this improves the appearance of the dressed carcass, the

6402: 1472: 1075: 552: 5123: 942: 1368:, and 52% of the bacteria concerned showed resistance to at least three groups of antibiotics. Thorough cooking of the product would kill these bacteria, but a risk of cross-contamination from improper handling of the raw product is still present. Also, some risk is present for consumers of poultry meat and eggs to bacterial infections such as 194:, poultry is one of the two most widely-eaten types of meat globally, with over 70% of the meat supply in 2012 between them; poultry provides nutritionally beneficial food containing high-quality protein accompanied by a low proportion of fat. All poultry meat should be properly handled and sufficiently cooked in order to reduce the risk of 1052:. Squabs grow rapidly, but are slow to fledge and are ready to leave the nest at 26 to 30 days weighing about 500 g (1 lb 2 oz). By this time, the adult pigeons will have laid and be incubating another pair of eggs and a prolific pair should produce two squabs every four weeks during a breeding season lasting several months. 369:), or with "poultry" or even just "bird", and many languages do not distinguish between "poultry" and "fowl". Both words are also used for the flesh of these birds. Poultry can be distinguished from "game", defined as wild birds or mammals hunted for food or sport, a word also used to describe the meat of these when eaten. 1174:. The idea of poultry exhibition may have originated after cockfighting was made illegal, as a way of maintaining a competitive element in poultry husbandry. Breed standards were drawn up for egg-laying, meat-type, and purely ornamental birds, aiming for uniformity. Sometimes, poultry shows are part of general 848:, duck appears less frequently in the mass-market food industry. However, things are different in the East. Ducks are more popular there than chickens and are mostly still herded in the traditional way and selected for their ability to find sufficient food in harvested rice fields and other wet environments. 717:

an acceptable number of eggs and a well-fleshed carcase. Male birds are unwanted in the egg-laying industry and can often be identified as soon as they are hatch for subsequent culling. In meat breeds, these birds are sometimes castrated (often chemically) to prevent aggression. The resulting bird, called a

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Global egg production was expected to reach 65.5 million tonnes in 2013, surpassing all previous years. Between 2000 and 2010, egg production was growing globally at around 2% per year, but since then growth has slowed down to nearer 1%. In 2018, egg production reached 76.7 million tonnes, a huge 24%

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Commercial turkeys are usually reared indoors under controlled conditions. These are often large buildings, purpose-built to provide ventilation and low light intensities (this reduces the birds' activity and thereby increases the rate of weight gain). The lights can be switched on for 24 h/day,

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was of greater importance than the egg-laying industry. Poultry breeding has produced breeds and strains to fulfil different needs; light-framed, egg-laying birds that can produce 300 eggs a year; fast-growing, fleshy birds destined for consumption at a young age, and utility birds which produce both

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can be grown in fertilised chicken eggs. Millions of eggs are used each year to generate the annual flu vaccine requirements, a complex process that takes about six months after the decision is made as to what strains of virus to include in the new vaccine. A problem with using eggs for this purpose

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World production of duck meat was about 4.2 million tonnes in 2011 with China producing two thirds of the total, some 1.7 billion birds. Other notable duck-producing countries in the Far East include Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, Indonesia and South Korea (12% in total). France (3.5%) is the

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with each other and the large knob at the base of the beak, a noticeable feature of the Chinese goose, is present to a varying extent in these hybrids. The hybrids are fertile and have resulted in several of the modern breeds. Despite their early domestication, geese have never gained the commercial

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As of 2022, no clinical trials have assessed poultry intake on human health. Poultry meat and eggs provide nutritionally beneficial food containing protein of high quality. This is accompanied by low levels of fat which have a favourable mix of fatty acids. Chicken meat contains about two to three

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at 38%. Sixteen billion birds are raised annually for consumption, more than half of these in industrialised, factory-like production units. Global broiler meat production rose to 84.6 million tonnes in 2013. The largest producers were the United States (20%), China (16.6%), Brazil (15.1%) and the

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Domestic geese are much larger than their wild counterparts and tend to have thick necks, an upright posture, and large bodies with broad rear ends. The greylag-derived birds are large and fleshy and used for meat, while the Chinese geese have smaller frames and are mainly used for egg production.

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in Java where European sailors bought the local small chickens for their shipboard supplies. Bantams may be a quarter to a third of the size of standard birds and lay similarly small eggs. They are kept by small-holders and hobbyists for egg production, use as broody hens, ornamental purposes, and

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when measured by weight. However, for boneless, skinless chicken breast, the amount is much lower. 100 grams (3.5 oz) of raw chicken breast contains 2 grams (0.071 oz) of fat and 22 grams (0.78 oz) of protein, compared to 9 grams (0.32 oz) of fat and 20 grams (0.71 oz) of

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Chickens raised intensively for their meat are known as "broilers". Breeds have been developed that can grow to an acceptable carcass size (2 kg or 4 lb 7 oz) in six weeks or less. Broilers grow so fast, their legs cannot always support their weight and their hearts and respiratory

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and spread to China and India 2000–3000 years later. Archaeological evidence supports domestic chickens in Southeast Asia well before 6000 BC, China by 6000 BC and India by 2000 BC. A landmark 2020 Nature study that fully sequenced 863 chickens across the world suggests that all domestic chickens

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as a preventative measure. Diseases can also be common and spread rapidly through the flock. In extensive systems, the birds are exposed to adverse weather conditions and are vulnerable to predators and disease-carrying wild birds. Barn systems have been found to have the worst bird welfare. In

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Eriksson, Jonas; Larson, Greger; Gunnarsson, Ulrika; Bed'hom, Bertrand; Tixier-Boichard, Michele; Strömstedt, Lina; Wright, Dominic; Vereijken, Addie; Randi, Ettore; Jensen, Per; Andersson, Leif (2008), "Identification of the yellow skin gene reveals a hybrid origin of the domestic chicken",

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Worldwide, more chickens are kept than any other type of poultry, with over 50 billion birds being raised each year as a source of meat and eggs. Traditionally, such birds would have been kept extensively in small flocks, foraging during the day and housed at night. This is still the case in

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Ducks are medium-sized aquatic birds with broad bills, eyes on the side of the head, fairly long necks, short legs set far back on the body, and webbed feet. Males, known as drakes, are often larger than females (known as hens) and are differently coloured in some breeds. Domestic ducks are

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model seeks to supply products which can be traced back to the farm of origin. This model faces the increasing costs of implementing additional food safety requirements, welfare issues and environmental regulations. In contrast, the United States model turns the product into a commodity.

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Lawal, Raman Akinyanju; Martin, Simon H.; Vanmechelen, Koen; Vereijken, Addie; Silva, Pradeepa; Al-Atiyat, Raed Mahmoud; Aljumaah, Riyadh Salah; Mwacharo, Joram M.; Wu, Dong-Dong; Zhang, Ya-Ping; Hocking, Paul M.; Smith, Jacqueline; Wragg, David; Hanotte, Olivier (December 2020).

173:. This was previously believed to have occurred around 5,400 years ago, also in Southeast Asia. The process may have originally occurred as a result of people hatching and rearing young birds from eggs collected from the wild, but later involved keeping the birds permanently in 1278:

are a popular example in the United States) and may be split into three segments, the meatier "drumette", the "wingette" (also called the "flat"), and the wing tip (also called the "flapper"). In Japan, the wing is frequently separated, and these parts are referred to as 手羽元

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Liu, Yi-Ping; Wu, Gui-Sheng; Yao, Yong-Gang; Miao, Yong-Wang; Luikart, Gordon; Baig, Mumtaz; Beja-Pereira, Albano; Ding, Zhao-Li; Palanichamy, Malliya Gounder; Zhang, Ya-Ping (January 2006). "Multiple maternal origins of chickens: Out of the Asian jungles".

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at first and quail kept for their songs, but people soon realised the advantages of having a captive-bred source of food. Selective breeding for fast growth, egg-laying ability, conformation, plumage and docility took place over the centuries, and modern

761:, and often had ritual significance in addition to being a gambling sport. They also formed part of the cultures of ancient India, China, Persia, Greece, Rome, and large sums were won or lost depending on the outcome of an encounter. Breeds such as the 1395:

that is not normally transferred to people; however, people in contact with live poultry are at the greatest risk of becoming infected with the virus and this is of particular concern in areas such as Southeast Asia, where the disease is

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by the time of the ancient Greeks and Romans. Guineafowl are hardy, sociable birds that subsist mainly on insects, but also consume grasses and seeds. They will keep a vegetable garden clear of pests and will eat the ticks that carry

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is said to be the world's oldest spectator sport. Two mature males (cocks or roosters) are set to fight each other, and will do so with great vigour until one is critically injured or killed. Cockfighting is extremely widespread in

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husbandry, the birds can roam freely outdoors for at least part of the day. Often, this is in large enclosures, but the birds have access to natural conditions and can exhibit their normal behaviours. A more intensive system is

830:. As is the case with chickens, various breeds have been developed, selected for egg-laying ability, fast growth, and a well-covered carcase. The most common commercial breed in the United Kingdom and the United States is the 1028:. They happily roost in trees and give a loud vocal warning of the approach of predators. Their flesh and eggs can be eaten in the same way as chickens, young birds being ready for the table at the age of about four months. 1235:

largest producer in the West, followed by other EU nations (3%) and North America (1.7%). China was also by far the largest producer of goose and guinea fowl meat, with a 94% share of the 2.6 million tonne global market.

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at a higher stocking rate. Poultry can also be kept in a barn system, with no access to the open air, but with the ability to move around freely inside the building. The most intensive system for egg-laying chickens is

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origin. In about 1800, chickens began to be kept on a larger scale, and modern high-output poultry farms were present in the United Kingdom from around 1920 and became established in the United States soon after the

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often look very different from their wild ancestors. Although some birds are still kept in small flocks in extensive systems, most birds available in the market today are reared in intensive commercial enterprises.

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with desirable characteristics are used. Two eggs are laid and incubated for about 17 days. When they hatch, the squabs are fed by both parents on "pigeon's milk", a thick secretion high in protein produced by the

323:. "Poultry" can be defined as domestic fowls, including chickens, turkeys, geese and ducks, raised for the production of meat or eggs and the word is also used for the flesh of these birds used as food. 1420:

are unable to be immunised, but this disadvantage may be overcome as new techniques for cell-based rather than egg-based culture become available. Cell-based culture will also be useful in a

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Male domesticated turkey sexually displaying by showing the snood hanging over the beak, the caruncles hanging from the throat, and the 'beard' of small, black, stiff feathers on the chest

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for seeds, invertebrates, and other small animals. They seldom fly except as a result of perceived danger, preferring to run into the undergrowth if approached. Today's domestic chicken (

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were developed in the Indian subcontinent for their aggressive behaviour. Cockfighting has been banned in many countries during the last century on the grounds of cruelty to animals.

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Turkeys are large birds, their nearest relatives being the pheasant and the guineafowl. Males are larger than females and have spreading, fan-shaped tails and distinctive, fleshy

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Al-Nasser, A.; Al-Khalaifa, H.; Al-Saffar, A.; Khalil, F.; Albahouh, M.; Ragheb, G.; Al-Haddad, A.; Mashaly, M. (June 1, 2007). "Overview of chicken taxonomy and domestication".

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Poultry is available fresh or frozen, as whole birds or as joints (cuts), bone-in or deboned, seasoned in various ways, raw or ready cooked. The meatiest parts of a bird are the

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is the name given to the young of domestic pigeons that are destined for the table. Like other domesticated pigeons, birds used for this purpose are descended from the

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in the wild bird population and domestic poultry can become infected. The virus possibly could mutate to become highly virulent and infectious in humans and cause an

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Zeder, Melinda A.; Emshwiller, Eve; Smith, Bruce D.; Bradley, Daniel G. (March 2006). "Documenting domestication: the intersection of genetics and archaeology".

838:, ducks are not as popular as chickens, because the latter produce larger quantities of white, lean meat and are easier to keep intensively, making the price of 614:

on their heads. Males, known as cocks, are usually larger, more boldly coloured, and have more exaggerated plumage than females (hens). Chickens are gregarious,

3452: 910:. The birds are killed either around 10 or about 24 weeks. Between these ages, problems with dressing the carcase occur because of the presence of developing 3322: 2874: 927:

is considered a luxury in many parts of the world, but the process of feeding the birds in this way is banned in many countries on animal welfare grounds.

4966: 3611: 1608: 923:. Over 75% of world production of this product occurs in France, with lesser industries in Hungary and Bulgaria and a growing production in China. 1636: 688:

and 250 years later, they arrived in Egypt. They were still used for fighting and were regarded as symbols of fertility. The Romans used them in

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Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat in the world, accounting for about 30% of total meat production worldwide compared to

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refer to as "red muscle", is used for sustained activity—chiefly walking, in the case of a chicken. The dark color comes from the protein

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are added to the list, the latter frequently being bred in captivity and released into the wild. In his 1848 classic book on poultry,

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The Encyclopædia Britannica lists the same bird groups but also includes guinea fowl and squabs (young pigeons). In R. D. Crawford's

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Sherwin, C. M.; Richards, G. J; Nicol, C. J. (2010). "A comparison of the welfare of layer hens in four housing systems in the UK".

3539:"Poultry Consumption and Human Health: How Much Is Really Known? A Systematically Searched Scoping Review and Research Perspective" 803:. Even if this is not the case, domestication of the duck took place in the Far East at least 1500 years earlier than in the West. 2249:"The Origins and Arrival of the Earliest Domestic Animals in Mainland and Island Southeast Asia: A Developing Story of Complexity" 1163:

In many countries, national and regional poultry shows are held where enthusiasts exhibit their birds which are judged on certain

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In some countries, geese and ducks are force-fed to produce livers with an exceptionally high fat content for the production of

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Clay models of ducks found in China dating back to 4000 BC may indicate the domestication of ducks took place there during the

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Bacteria can be grown in the laboratory on nutrient culture media, but viruses need living cells in which to replicate. Many

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species reveals that the domestication of chicken, the most populous poultry species, occurred around 8,000 years ago in

3426: 2469: 4730: 2878: 1019:). It is a medium-sized grey or speckled bird with a small naked head with colorful wattles and a knob on top, and was 2495: 4480: 3816: 3344: 3147: 2585: 2555: 2260: 1868: 699:

Since their domestication, a large number of breeds of chickens have been established, but with the exception of the

3456: 2724: 6126: 4543: 2927: 1464: 834:, which can lay 200 eggs a year and can reach a weight of 3.5 kg (7 lb 11 oz) in 44 days. In the 5042: 4694: 4538: 4400: 4094: 3968: 3072: 3773: 3047: 4723: 4558: 4553: 4475: 3666: 3637: 1179: 2668: 6356: 4987: 4676: 1662: 6443: 6219: 6079: 4412: 4364: 3615: 2424: 2346:"Investigating the global dispersal of chickens in prehistory using ancient mitochondrial DNA signatures" 3670: 3641: 2640: 5785: 4971: 4954: 4616: 4601: 4393: 4250: 3263:

Manning, Louise; Baines, R. N.; Chadd, S. A. (2007). "Trends in the global poultry meat supply chain".

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when it may be difficult to acquire a sufficiently large quantity of suitable sterile, fertile eggs.

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bird, captive-raised for its utility, and traditionally the word has been used to refer to wildfowl (

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In colloquial speech, the term "fowl" is often used near-synonymously with "domesticated chicken" (

20: 3665: 3636: 6242: 6043: 4875: 4323: 3889: 3747: 3696: 1717: 2410: 692:, and the Egyptians made a breakthrough when they learned the difficult technique of artificial 6053: 6028: 5996: 4666: 4606: 4228: 4048: 3983: 3897: 1311: 885:) was domesticated by the Egyptians at least 3000 years ago, and a different wild species, the 606:

Chickens are medium-sized, chunky birds with an upright stance and characterised by fleshy red

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is a small variety of domestic chicken, either a miniature version of a member of a standard

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Both intensive and free-range farming have animal welfare concerns. In intensive systems,

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being less visible. Turkeys were at one time mainly consumed on special occasions such as

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European Union (11.3%). There are two distinct models of production; the European Union

1151:, a lack of disease control in free-range farming has been associated with outbreaks of 6453: 6381: 6021: 5911: 5712: 5035: 4997: 4992: 4636: 4579: 3988: 3978: 3563: 3538: 3514: 3479: 3122: 2901: 2404: 2380: 2345: 2300: 2150: 2137: 2112: 2093: 2019: 1584: 1557: 1412: 1401: 1381: 199: 174: 2041:

West, B.; Zhou, B.X. (1988). "Did chickens go north? New evidence for domestication".

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Hens in battery cages can not move freely, with several birds living in a single cage.

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Storey, A. A.; Athens, J. S.; Bryant, D.; Carson, M.; Emery, K.; et al. (2012).

2256: 2229: 2194: 2154: 2142: 2062: 2024: 1974: 1864: 1589: 1392: 700: 267: 5931: 5333: 3202: 2617: 2097: 6438: 6376: 6277: 6171: 6166: 5675: 5587: 5513: 5498: 5448: 4450: 4424: 4338: 4053: 3802: 3558: 3550: 3509: 3501: 3491: 3272: 3126: 3106: 2375: 2365: 2292: 2221: 2186: 2132: 2124: 2085: 2058: 2014: 2004: 1808: 1579: 1569: 1522: 950: 898: 800: 740:, or a "true bantam" with no larger counterpart. The name derives from the town of 733: 713: 704: 670: 639: 611: 103: 49: 724: 6312: 6214: 5652: 5607: 5597: 5438: 5215: 5072: 4860: 4520: 4267: 4259: 4033: 4028: 3960: 3940: 3927: 3879: 3859: 3323:"Global Poultry Trends: World Egg Production Sets a Record Despite Slower Growth" 3297: 3241: 3110: 2809: 2765: 2370: 2009: 1706: 1624:

Chickens were likely first domesticated about 5,400 years ago in Southeast Asia .

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originated in southern Africa, and the species most often kept as poultry is the

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Genomic studies estimate that the chicken was domesticated 8,000 years ago in

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Connolly G, Clark CM, Campbell RE, Byers AW, Reed JB, Campbell WW (2022).

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United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service

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United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service

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Report of the Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare

1247: 791: 578: 524: 499: 6199: 5921: 5829: 5819: 5800: 5770: 5622: 5582: 5548: 5518: 5453: 5313: 5278: 5200: 5180: 5137: 5067: 4906: 4800: 4431: 4328: 4155: 4138: 4079: 4013: 3945: 3874: 1783: 1295: 1291: 1164: 1143: 1036: 993: 919: 804: 753: 564: 351: 316: 312: 202:

who consume poultry as the only source of meat are said to adhere to

178: 155: 135: 3721: 2296: 598: 6371: 6366: 6176: 5926: 5906: 5901: 5891: 5886: 5755: 5745: 5697: 5660: 5463: 5418: 5393: 5353: 5323: 5273: 5185: 5175: 4911: 4865: 4495: 4168: 4143: 4038: 2725:"Welfare Aspects of the Production of Foie Gras in Ducks and Geese" 2251:. In Piper, Philip J.; Matsumura, Hirofumi; Bulbeck, David (eds.). 2075: 1993: 1433: 1421: 1397: 1339: 981: 977: 781: 615: 139: 16:

Domesticated birds kept by humans for their eggs, meat, or feathers

6247: 6111: 5961: 5941: 5824: 5750: 5617: 5592: 5562: 5554: 5538: 5523: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5408: 5398: 5348: 5293: 5155: 5092: 4785: 4348: 4282: 4068: 3935: 3839: 2583: 1637:"Chickens Were Initially Domesticated for Cockfighting, Not Food" 1417: 1408: 1267: 1115: 1092: 973: 862: 811: 593: 569: 487: 397: 343: 320: 162: 123: 99: 3695:

The Translational Genomics Research Institute (April 15, 2011).

1322: 1274:, called the "thigh" and "drumstick". The wings are also eaten ( 447: 5936: 5836: 5790: 5691: 5670: 5612: 5602: 5572: 5458: 5343: 5190: 5145: 4815: 4795: 4780: 4760: 4203: 1554: 1263: 1260: 1074: 662: 542: 438: 240: 234: 3671:"FoodData Central | Beef, flank, steak, boneless, choice, raw" 1887:

Ornamental and Domestic Poultry: Their History, and Management

551: 340:

Ornamental and Domestic Poultry: Their History, and Management

266:, meaning a young fowl or young animal. The word "fowl" is of 6351: 5951: 5896: 5861: 5856: 5760: 5740: 5528: 5478: 5220: 5097: 4870: 4840: 4835: 4820: 4353: 4287: 3642:"FoodData Central | Chicken, breast, boneless, skinless, raw" 1167: 1032: 941: 737: 718: 465: 460: 359: 259: 183: 147: 127: 83: 6401: 2113:"863 genomes reveal the origin and domestication of chicken" 1471: 1122:

with a fenced in area and shadded areas for chickens to roam

960:

The modern domesticated turkey is descended from one of six

5577: 5483: 5328: 5230: 5225: 5150: 5051: 4890: 4825: 4114: 2211: 1355: 1222: 191: 150:) but does not include wild birds hunted for food known as 143: 115: 110:. These birds are most typically members of the superorder 91: 70: 58: 3794: 3536: 2317: 2253:

New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory

5851: 5235: 5082: 4885: 4790: 4775: 3238:"USDA Livestock & Poultry: World Markets & Trade" 1744:

The American Heritage: Dictionary of the English Language

1692:

The American Heritage: Dictionary of the English Language

1746:. Vol. 4th edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2009. 1694:. Vol. 4th edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2009. 5020: 5004:

The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication

3477: 2281:"The History of Faunal Terms in Austronesian Languages" 1609:"Ancient DNA Explains How Chickens Got To The Americas" 1558:"The wild species genome ancestry of domestic chickens" 2823:"Native Americans First Tamed Turkeys 2,000 Years Ago" 1095:, in which the birds have access to a fenced yard and 3754:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. January 18, 2013 3296:. The Poultry Site. December 19, 2013. Archived from 2500:

FOUR PAWS International - Animal Welfare Organisation

1448: 3400:"America, You're Getting Two-Thirds of the Hot Wing" 67: 64: 61: 55: 2110: 52: 3240:. The Poultry Site. April 30, 2013. Archived from 2764: 1705: 2900:Jacob, Jacquie; Pescatore, Tony; Cantor, Austin. 1497:"Consider These 6 Types Of Poultry For Your Farm" 6430: 3748:"The evolution, and revolution, of flu vaccines" 3480:"Iridescence in Meat Caused by Surface Gratings" 2820: 2669:"CALU factsheet: Meat geese seasonal production" 2524:"Information sheet: The Welfare of Farmed Ducks" 1384:if the product is improperly cooked or handled. 3612:"Feinberg School: Nutrition Fact Sheet: Lipids" 3217: 3201:. Poultry Club of Great Britain. Archived from 3175:. Poultry Club of Great Britain. Archived from 3045: 2615: 1704: 1310:colors, an optical phenomenon sometimes called 842:lower than that of duck meat. While popular in 721:, has more tender and flavorful meat, as well. 177:. Domesticated chickens may have been used for 2557:Domestic Duck Production: Science and Practice 1391:is a disease of birds caused by bird-specific 1317: 684:By 2000 BC, chickens seem to have reached the 5036: 4731: 4095: 3810: 2961: 2959: 2848:Pond, Wilson G.; Bell, Alan W., eds. (2010). 2692: 2638: 2318:Adler, Jerry; Lawler, Andrew (June 1, 2012). 1846:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. June 6, 2013. 1834: 1832: 1830: 4745: 3728:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3584: 3582: 3288: 3286: 2925: 2850:Turkeys: Behavior, Management and Well-Being 2584:Dean, William F.; Sandhu, Tirath S. (2008). 2553: 2402: 2274: 2272: 2255:. terra australis. Vol. 45. ANU Press. 2167: 1663:"Sources of the world's meat supply in 2012" 1266:on its chest, called "breast" meat, and the 996:(10 million birds in the United Kingdom) or 2875:"Can turkey rule the roost all year round?" 2611: 2609: 2607: 5043: 5029: 4738: 4724: 4102: 4088: 3817: 3803: 3141:"Free-range farming and avian flu in Asia" 3092: 3090: 2956: 1827: 1217:Chicken and duck eggs on sale in Hong Kong 1070:Free-range ducks in Hainan Province, China 577: 4672:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 3614:. Northwestern University. Archived from 3579: 3562: 3513: 3495: 3368: 3366: 3345:"Global Egg Production Continues to Grow" 3283: 3073:"Meat chicken farm sequence (processing)" 3041: 3039: 3037: 2872: 2803:, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. L Stromberg 2771:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 2549: 2547: 2545: 2379: 2369: 2269: 2136: 2018: 2008: 1941:. Oxford University Press. Archived from 1607:Killgrove, Kristina (November 23, 2017). 1606: 1583: 1573: 1352:Translational Genomics Research Institute 972:) found in the present Mexican states of 630:of Asia, with some additional input from 299:"Poultry" is a term used for any kind of 3428:日本料理用語辞典 (英文): Ingredients & Culture 3317: 3315: 2937:. NSW Department of Primary Industries. 2847: 2758: 2756: 2604: 2518: 2516: 2467: 2040: 1987: 1856: 1850: 1321: 1246: 1212: 1170:traits as specified by their respective 1110: 1073: 1065: 940: 861: 790: 723: 681:; starting from around 3500 to 2500 BC. 597: 342:, Edmund Dixon included chapters on the 27: 3424: 3087: 2993:"Animal production and health: Poultry" 2663: 2661: 2579: 2577: 1962: 1960: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1142:can be common, with some farmers using 6431: 4109: 3363: 3034: 2967:"Compassion in World Farming: Poultry" 2618:"Origins and Breeds of Domestic Geese" 2542: 2396: 5024: 4719: 4083: 3798: 3471: 3312: 3013: 2821:Viegas, Jennifer (February 1, 2010). 2762: 2753: 2695:"China to boost foie gras production" 2554:Cherry, Peter; Morris, T. R. (2008). 2526:. RSPCA. July 1, 2012. Archived from 2513: 2320:"How the Chicken Conquered the World" 2278: 2246: 2240: 2171:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2111:Wang, Ming-Shan; et al. (2020). 1883: 1362:grocery stores was contaminated with 3325:. The Poultry Site. January 16, 2013 3227:. Science News Online. May 27, 2003. 3225:Food for Thought: Global Food Trends 3146:. WSPA International. Archived from 3133: 2852:. Marcell Dekker. pp. 847–849. 2658: 2588:. Cornell University. Archived from 2574: 1966: 1957: 1726:participating institution membership 1682: 1680: 1541: 1343:protein for the same portion of raw 626:) is mainly descended from the wild 239:. The term for an immature poultry, 4967:Domesticated animals of Austronesia 4950:Domestication of the Syrian hamster 2734:. December 16, 1998. Archived from 2449:. The Poultry Club of Great Britain 13: 3431:. Tuttle Publishing. p. 156. 3046:Browne, Anthony (March 10, 2002). 1242: 1185: 1055: 902:importance of chickens and ducks. 728:Roman mosaic depicting a cockfight 165:studies involving the four extant 14: 6465: 1677: 6412: 6411: 6400: 5127: 5121: 4249: 3722:"Information on Avian Influenza" 3478:Martinez-Hurtado, J. L. (2013). 2801:Wild turkey: Meleagris gallopavo 2645:Bird Friends Of San Diego County 1890:. Gardeners' Chronicle. p. 1470: 1458: 1158: 1003: 550: 523: 498: 473: 446: 419: 48: 3774:"Vaccines for pandemic threats" 3766: 3740: 3714: 3688: 3659: 3630: 3604: 3530: 3453:"The color of meat and poultry" 3445: 3418: 3392: 3337: 3256: 3230: 3191: 3165: 3065: 3007: 2985: 2919: 2893: 2873:Bill, Joe (December 18, 2013). 2866: 2841: 2814: 2792: 2717: 2686: 2632: 2488: 2461: 2439: 2417: 2337: 2311: 2205: 2161: 2104: 2078:World's Poultry Science Journal 2069: 2034: 1927: 1901: 1884:Dixon, Rev Edmund Saul (1848). 1877: 1801: 1776: 1750: 1251:In the poultry pavilion of the 748: 714:poultry meat-producing industry 712:. By the mid-20th century, the 703:, most commercial birds are of 4401:The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck 3075:. Poultry Hub. August 20, 2010 2926:Bolla, Gerry (April 1, 2007). 2877:. Your Shepway. Archived from 1732: 1698: 1655: 1629: 1600: 1515: 1489: 214:The word "poultry" comes from 86:for the purpose of harvesting 1: 6070:Countries by meat consumption 4677:Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust 2969:. Ciwf.org.uk. Archived from 2767:The Turkey: An American Story 2425:"Online Etymology Dictionary" 1860:Poultry Breeding and Genetics 1483: 1180:Poultry Club of Great Britain 810:It is widely agreed that the 328:Poultry breeding and genetics 294: 33: 6357:Non-vegetarian food in India 6075:Countries by meat production 4988:List of domesticated animals 3376:. FeedCo USA. Archived from 3349:International Egg Commission 3111:10.1080/00071668.2010.502518 2693:Mo Hong'e (April 11, 2006). 2620:. FAO Agriculture Department 2371:10.1371/journal.pone.0039171 2063:10.1016/0305-4403(88)90080-5 2010:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000010 250:, comes from Middle English 209: 7: 6080:Food and drink prohibitions 4413:Jonathan Livingston Seagull 4365:The Conference of the Birds 3824: 2928:"Primefacts: Squab raising" 2409:. Mrs. A. Basley. pp. 2279:Blust, Robert (June 2002). 2191:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.09.014 1813:Online Etymology Dictionary 1762:Online Etymology Dictionary 1427: 1318:Health and disease (humans) 1253:Rungis International Market 908:monounsaturated fatty acids 870:, a descendant of the wild 657:carried with the sea-borne 587: 372: 10: 6470: 5119: 4972:Domestication of the sheep 4955:Domestication of the horse 4695:Human–dinosaur coexistence 4394:A History of British Birds 4200:In mythology and religion 3590:"Poultry and human health" 1444:Virulent Newcastle disease 1189: 1059: 934: 930: 855: 772: 602:Cock with comb and wattles 591: 134:). The term also includes 18: 6395: 6293: 6228: 6185: 6137: 6122:Psychology of eating meat 6097: 6062: 5982: 5975: 5726: 5666:Black soldier fly maggots 5651: 5547: 5369: 5249: 5136: 5058: 5010:Genomics of domestication 4980: 4945:Domestication of the goat 4920: 4899: 4753: 4700:Category:Birds and humans 4687: 4627:Henry Constantine Richter 4569: 4531: 4301: 4258: 4247: 4121: 3959: 3926: 3888: 3832: 3425:Hosking, Richard (1996). 3277:10.1108/00070700710746759 2995:. FAO. September 25, 2012 2763:Smith, Andrew F. (2006). 2247:Piper, Philip J. (2017). 2226:10.1016/j.tig.2006.01.007 2129:10.1038/s41422-020-0349-y 2090:10.1017/S004393390700147X 1713:Oxford English Dictionary 1575:10.1186/s12915-020-0738-1 653:Chickens were one of the 330:, squabs are omitted but 6195:Beef hormone controversy 5050: 4940:Domestication of the dog 4928:Domestication of the cat 4747:Domestication of animals 4312:Bird-and-flower painting 3726:Seasonal Influenza (Flu) 3555:10.1093/advances/nmac074 2907:. University of Kentucky 2798:C. Michael Hogan. 2008. 1967:Card, Leslie E. (1961). 1857:Crawford, R. D. (1990). 1465:Agriculture and Agronomy 1416:is that people with egg 1208: 1120:Vernon County, Wisconsin 851: 768: 624:Gallus gallus domesticus 520:Eggs, meat and feathers 118:), especially the order 21:Poultry (disambiguation) 4876:Domesticated silver fox 3778:The History of Vaccines 3099:British Poultry Science 1915:. thefreedictionary.com 1863:. Elsevier. p. 1. 1844:Encyclopædia Britannica 1718:Oxford University Press 1354:showed that 47% of the 1290:Dark meat, which avian 1108:since January 1, 2012. 659:Austronesian migrations 235: 6220:Water holding capacity 4667:BirdLife International 4607:John Gerrard Keulemans 4559:of the Tower of London 4420:In theatre and ballet 4229:Driven grouse shooting 4049:Organic egg production 3984:Cannibalism in poultry 2808:July 25, 2017, at the 2639:Streit, Scott (2000). 2616:Buckland, R.; Guy, G. 2560:. CABI. pp. 1–7. 2496:"10 Facts About Ducks" 1330: 1283:"wing base") and 手羽先 ( 1256: 1218: 1123: 1079: 1071: 946: 874: 796: 729: 603: 225:, itself derived from 40: 32:Poultry of the world ( 6205:Feed conversion ratio 6107:Ethics of eating meat 4933:cats in ancient Egypt 4811:Domestic Muscovy duck 3752:FDA: Consumer updates 3592:. FAO. August 1, 2013 3543:Advances in Nutrition 3018:. CTA. Archived from 2902:"Keeping Guinea fowl" 2641:"White Chinese Goose" 2403:Mrs A Basley (1910). 1973:. Lea & Febiger. 1365:Staphylococcus aureus 1325: 1312:structural coloration 1250: 1216: 1114: 1077: 1069: 944: 865: 794: 788:over their feathers. 759:Island Southeast Asia 727: 667:Island Southeast Asia 636:Sri Lankan junglefowl 601: 31: 6258:Environmental impact 4585:The Birds of America 4371:Ode to a Nightingale 4064:In the United States 3497:10.3390/foods2040499 3406:on September 7, 2015 3265:British Food Journal 3244:on February 27, 2014 3205:on February 26, 2014 3179:on February 28, 2014 3173:"History of poultry" 3153:on December 16, 2013 3016:"Poultry Brief 2013" 2973:on February 27, 2014 2741:on December 19, 2013 2476:on February 27, 2014 2406:Western poultry book 2324:Smithsonian Magazine 1358:and poultry sold in 1350:A 2011 study by the 655:domesticated animals 538:Helmeted guinea fowl 106:poultry is known as 19:For other uses, see 4622:Roger Tory Peterson 3374:"Poultry meat cuts" 3048:"Ten weeks to live" 2592:on October 15, 2013 2362:2012PLoSO...739171S 2285:Oceanic Linguistics 2183:2006MolPE..38...12L 2055:1988JArSc..15..515W 1939:Oxford Dictionaries 1913:The Free Dictionary 1716:(Online ed.). 1413:infectious diseases 1336:polyunsaturated fat 1239:growth since 2008. 1013:helmeted guineafowl 970:Meleagris gallopavo 358:, various types of 6444:Domesticated birds 6382:Warmed-over flavor 6150:Semi-vegetarianism 4998:Self-domestication 4993:Selective breeding 4637:Archibald Thorburn 4580:John James Audubon 3989:Chicken eyeglasses 3780:. January 15, 2014 2470:"History of Aseel" 2214:Trends in Genetics 1970:Poultry Production 1815:. Ehitymonline.com 1788:Poule D'or Chicken 1402:influenza pandemic 1382:food-borne illness 1331: 1326:Cuts from plucked 1306:light and produce 1257: 1219: 1124: 1080: 1072: 947: 875: 816:Anas platyrhynchos 797: 730: 604: 102:. The practice of 41: 6426: 6425: 6093: 6092: 5018: 5017: 4713: 4712: 4648:Conservationists 4617:Richard Lewington 4407:The Ugly Duckling 4224:Cormorant fishing 4151:Bird conservation 4077: 4076: 4009:Chicken harvester 3438:978-0-8048-2042-4 3380:on April 30, 2013 2859:978-0-8247-5496-9 2787:turkey bird name. 2782:978-0-252-03163-2 2567:978-1-84593-441-5 1980:978-0-8121-1241-2 1724:(Subscription or 1643:. August 30, 2013 1641:Today I Found Out 1503:. August 14, 2017 1393:influenza A virus 1338:as most types of 585: 584: 307:) and waterfowl ( 6461: 6415: 6414: 6405: 6404: 6377:Roadkill cuisine 6172:Meat alternative 6167:Plant-based diet 6085:Meat substitutes 5980: 5979: 5131: 5125: 5045: 5038: 5031: 5022: 5021: 4740: 4733: 4726: 4717: 4716: 4253: 4104: 4097: 4090: 4081: 4080: 4054:Pastured poultry 3819: 3812: 3805: 3796: 3795: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3675:fdc.nal.usda.gov 3663: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3646:fdc.nal.usda.gov 3634: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3618:on July 20, 2011 3608: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3586: 3577: 3576: 3566: 3549:(6): 2115–2124. 3534: 3528: 3527: 3517: 3499: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3402:. Archived from 3396: 3390: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3370: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3319: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3300:on June 29, 2017 3290: 3281: 3280: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3234: 3228: 3221: 3215: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3152: 3145: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3094: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3043: 3032: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3011: 3005: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2963: 2954: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2932: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2906: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2881:on March 3, 2014 2870: 2864: 2863: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2825:. Archived from 2818: 2812: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2770: 2760: 2751: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2740: 2729: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2701:. Archived from 2690: 2684: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2673: 2665: 2656: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2636: 2630: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2613: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2586:"Domestic ducks" 2581: 2572: 2571: 2551: 2540: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2520: 2511: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2472:. Archived from 2465: 2459: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2427:. Etymonline.com 2421: 2415: 2414: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2383: 2373: 2341: 2335: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2276: 2267: 2266: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2209: 2203: 2202: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2140: 2108: 2102: 2101: 2073: 2067: 2066: 2043:J. Archaeol. Sci 2038: 2032: 2031: 2022: 2012: 1991: 1985: 1984: 1964: 1955: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1945:on April 3, 2016 1931: 1925: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1896:poultry history. 1881: 1875: 1874: 1854: 1848: 1847: 1836: 1825: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1805: 1799: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1780: 1774: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1764:. Etymonline.com 1754: 1748: 1747: 1736: 1730: 1729: 1721: 1709: 1702: 1696: 1695: 1684: 1675: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1659: 1653: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1633: 1627: 1626: 1621: 1619: 1604: 1598: 1597: 1587: 1577: 1552: 1539: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1529:. April 22, 2008 1519: 1513: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1493: 1475: 1474: 1463: 1462: 1461: 1454: 1118:poultry farm in 1017:Numida meleagris 824:Cairina moschata 805:Lucius Columella 801:Yangshao culture 710:Second World War 671:Island Melanesia 640:green junglefowl 581: 554: 527: 502: 477: 450: 423: 377: 376: 258:, both from the 238: 200:Semi-vegetarians 122:(which includes 77: 76: 73: 72: 69: 66: 63: 60: 57: 54: 38: 35: 6469: 6468: 6464: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6459: 6458: 6429: 6428: 6427: 6422: 6407:Food portal 6399: 6391: 6313:Case-ready meat 6295: 6289: 6263:Factory farming 6224: 6181: 6133: 6099: 6089: 6058: 5971: 5728: 5722: 5647: 5552: 5543: 5365: 5245: 5216:Lamb and mutton 5132: 5126: 5117: 5054: 5049: 5019: 5014: 4976: 4916: 4895: 4861:Domestic rabbit 4749: 4744: 4714: 4709: 4683: 4565: 4527: 4297: 4254: 4245: 4117: 4108: 4078: 4073: 4034:Furnished cages 4029:Free-range eggs 3961:Poultry farming 3955: 3922: 3884: 3860:Domestic pigeon 3828: 3823: 3793: 3783: 3781: 3772: 3771: 3767: 3757: 3755: 3746: 3745: 3741: 3731: 3729: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3705: 3703: 3693: 3689: 3679: 3677: 3664: 3660: 3650: 3648: 3635: 3631: 3621: 3619: 3610: 3609: 3605: 3595: 3593: 3588: 3587: 3580: 3535: 3531: 3476: 3472: 3462: 3460: 3459:on June 7, 2013 3451: 3450: 3446: 3439: 3423: 3419: 3409: 3407: 3398: 3397: 3393: 3383: 3381: 3372: 3371: 3364: 3354: 3352: 3351:. June 19, 2020 3343: 3342: 3338: 3328: 3326: 3321: 3320: 3313: 3303: 3301: 3292: 3291: 3284: 3261: 3257: 3247: 3245: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3223:Raloff, Janet. 3222: 3218: 3208: 3206: 3199:"Types of Show" 3197: 3196: 3192: 3182: 3180: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3143: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3095: 3088: 3078: 3076: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3056: 3054: 3044: 3035: 3025: 3023: 3022:on July 9, 2014 3012: 3008: 2998: 2996: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2976: 2974: 2965: 2964: 2957: 2947: 2945: 2930: 2924: 2920: 2910: 2908: 2904: 2898: 2894: 2884: 2882: 2871: 2867: 2860: 2846: 2842: 2832: 2830: 2819: 2815: 2810:Wayback Machine 2797: 2793: 2783: 2761: 2754: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2727: 2723: 2722: 2718: 2708: 2706: 2705:on June 2, 2007 2691: 2687: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2666: 2659: 2649: 2647: 2637: 2633: 2623: 2621: 2614: 2605: 2595: 2593: 2582: 2575: 2568: 2552: 2543: 2533: 2531: 2530:on July 7, 2017 2522: 2521: 2514: 2504: 2502: 2494: 2493: 2489: 2479: 2477: 2466: 2462: 2452: 2450: 2447:"Breed gallery" 2445: 2444: 2440: 2430: 2428: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2401: 2397: 2342: 2338: 2328: 2326: 2316: 2312: 2297:10.2307/3623329 2277: 2270: 2263: 2245: 2241: 2210: 2206: 2166: 2162: 2109: 2105: 2074: 2070: 2039: 2035: 2003:(2): e1000010, 1992: 1988: 1981: 1965: 1958: 1948: 1946: 1933: 1932: 1928: 1918: 1916: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1882: 1878: 1871: 1855: 1851: 1838: 1837: 1828: 1818: 1816: 1807: 1806: 1802: 1792: 1790: 1782: 1781: 1777: 1767: 1765: 1756: 1755: 1751: 1738: 1737: 1733: 1723: 1703: 1699: 1686: 1685: 1678: 1668: 1666: 1661: 1660: 1656: 1646: 1644: 1635: 1634: 1630: 1617: 1615: 1605: 1601: 1553: 1542: 1532: 1530: 1521: 1520: 1516: 1506: 1504: 1495: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1469: 1459: 1457: 1449: 1439:Poultry allergy 1430: 1389:avian influenza 1320: 1270:muscles on the 1245: 1243:Cuts of poultry 1211: 1206: 1192:Chicken as food 1188: 1186:Poultry as food 1176:livestock shows 1172:breed standards 1161: 1153:avian influenza 1136:feather pecking 1064: 1062:Poultry farming 1058: 1056:Poultry farming 1006: 939: 937:Domestic turkey 933: 891:Anser cygnoides 860: 854: 777: 771: 751: 679:Pacific Islands 632:grey junglefowl 596: 590: 560:Domestic pigeon 375: 336:common pheasant 297: 254:and Old French 212: 108:poultry farming 88:animal products 51: 47: 36: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6467: 6457: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6420: 6418:Category: Meat 6409: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6343: 6342: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6321: 6320: 6310: 6305: 6299: 6297: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6287: 6286: 6285: 6283:Slaughterhouse 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6234: 6232: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6191: 6189: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6163: 6162: 6160:Pollotarianism 6157: 6155:Pescetarianism 6147: 6141: 6139: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6131: 6130: 6129: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6103: 6101: 6095: 6094: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6066: 6064: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6025: 6024: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5988: 5986: 5977: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5833: 5832: 5827: 5817: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5732: 5730: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5685: 5684: 5683: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5657: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5559: 5557: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5375: 5373: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5361: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5255: 5253: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5142: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5064: 5062: 5056: 5055: 5048: 5047: 5040: 5033: 5025: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5012: 5007: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4984: 4982: 4981:Related topics 4978: 4977: 4975: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4963: 4962: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4936: 4935: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4914: 4909: 4903: 4901: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4766:Bactrian camel 4763: 4757: 4755: 4751: 4750: 4743: 4742: 4735: 4728: 4720: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4691: 4689: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4681: 4680: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4663:Organisations 4661: 4660: 4659: 4654: 4646: 4645: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4573: 4571: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4563: 4562: 4561: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4535: 4533: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4525: 4524: 4523: 4518: 4510: 4509: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4490: 4485: 4484: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4471:Animated films 4468: 4461: 4454: 4444: 4443: 4442: 4435: 4428: 4418: 4417: 4416: 4409: 4404: 4397: 4387: 4386: 4385: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4358: 4357: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4344:Gallic rooster 4341: 4336: 4331: 4321: 4320: 4319: 4317:Feather tights 4314: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4264: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4243: 4242: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4218: 4217: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4198: 4197: 4196: 4191: 4189:Model organism 4183: 4182: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4147: 4146: 4141: 4131: 4125: 4123: 4119: 4118: 4107: 4106: 4099: 4092: 4084: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4059:Poultry litter 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4019:Forced molting 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3965: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3953: 3951:White striping 3948: 3943: 3938: 3932: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3898:Chicken breeds 3894: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3865:Japanese quail 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3829: 3822: 3821: 3814: 3807: 3799: 3792: 3791: 3765: 3739: 3713: 3687: 3658: 3629: 3603: 3578: 3529: 3490:(4): 499–506. 3470: 3444: 3437: 3417: 3391: 3362: 3336: 3311: 3282: 3271:(5): 332–342. 3255: 3229: 3216: 3190: 3164: 3132: 3105:(4): 488–499. 3086: 3064: 3033: 3006: 2984: 2955: 2918: 2892: 2865: 2858: 2840: 2829:on May 3, 2016 2813: 2791: 2781: 2752: 2716: 2685: 2674:. June 1, 2009 2657: 2631: 2603: 2573: 2566: 2541: 2512: 2487: 2468:Nadeem Ullah. 2460: 2438: 2416: 2395: 2336: 2310: 2268: 2261: 2239: 2220:(3): 139–155. 2204: 2160: 2123:(8): 693–701. 2103: 2084:(2): 285–300. 2068: 2049:(5): 515–533. 2033: 1986: 1979: 1956: 1926: 1900: 1876: 1869: 1849: 1826: 1800: 1775: 1749: 1731: 1697: 1676: 1654: 1628: 1599: 1540: 1514: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1479: 1467: 1447: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1429: 1426: 1334:times as much 1319: 1316: 1300:muscle fibrils 1244: 1241: 1210: 1207: 1204:Turkey as food 1187: 1184: 1160: 1157: 1149:Southeast Asia 1060:Main article: 1057: 1054: 1045:utility breeds 1005: 1002: 935:Main article: 932: 929: 858:Domestic goose 856:Main article: 853: 850: 773:Main article: 770: 767: 750: 747: 647:Southeast Asia 628:red junglefowl 592:Main article: 589: 586: 583: 582: 575: 572: 567: 562: 556: 555: 548: 547:Eggs and meat 545: 540: 535: 529: 528: 521: 518: 515: 510: 504: 503: 496: 495:Eggs and meat 493: 490: 485: 479: 478: 471: 470:Eggs and meat 468: 463: 458: 456:Japanese quail 452: 451: 444: 441: 436: 431: 425: 424: 417: 416:Eggs and meat 414: 412:Southeast Asia 405: 403:Red junglefowl 400: 394: 393: 390: 387: 386:Domestication 384: 383:Wild ancestor 381: 374: 371: 332:Japanese quail 296: 293: 216:Middle English 211: 208: 204:pollotarianism 196:food poisoning 190:Together with 171:Southeast Asia 138:of the family 82:birds kept by 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6466: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6419: 6410: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6397: 6394: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6325:Cultured meat 6323: 6319: 6316: 6315: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6292: 6284: 6281: 6280: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6230:Meat industry 6227: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6184: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6145:Vegetarianism 6143: 6142: 6140: 6136: 6128: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6117:Animal rights 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6096: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6065: 6061: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5981: 5978: 5976:List articles 5974: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5877:Luncheon meat 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5693: 5689: 5686: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5650: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5550: 5546: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5474:Pacific saury 5472: 5470: 5469:Orange roughy 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5368: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5248: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5135: 5130: 5124: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5046: 5041: 5039: 5034: 5032: 5027: 5026: 5023: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5005: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4979: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4934: 4931: 4930: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4919: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4900:Invertebrates 4898: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4881:Water buffalo 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4806:Domestic duck 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4741: 4736: 4734: 4729: 4727: 4722: 4721: 4718: 4706: 4705:Zoomusicology 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4686: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4592:Thomas Bewick 4590: 4587: 4586: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4576:Illustrators 4575: 4574: 4572: 4568: 4560: 4557: 4556: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4530: 4522: 4521:Chicken dance 4519: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4507: 4506:Feather cloak 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4476:Chicken films 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4453: 4452: 4448: 4447: 4445: 4441: 4440: 4436: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4427: 4426: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4402: 4398: 4396: 4395: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4384: 4383: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4326: 4325: 4322: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4309: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4300: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4257: 4252: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4234:Plume hunting 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4174:Pigeon racing 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4136: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4105: 4100: 4098: 4093: 4091: 4086: 4085: 4082: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3994:Chick culling 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3958: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3919: 3918:Pigeon breeds 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3908:Turkey breeds 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3887: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3820: 3815: 3813: 3808: 3806: 3801: 3800: 3797: 3779: 3775: 3769: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3727: 3723: 3717: 3702: 3701:Science Daily 3698: 3691: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3662: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3633: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3591: 3585: 3583: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3533: 3525: 3521: 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e39171. 2355: 2351: 2347: 2340: 2325: 2321: 2314: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2291:(1): 89–139. 2290: 2286: 2282: 2275: 2273: 2264: 2262:9781760460945 2258: 2254: 2250: 2243: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2208: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2164: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2117:Cell Research 2114: 2107: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2072: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2037: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1997:PLOS Genetics 1990: 1982: 1976: 1972: 1971: 1963: 1961: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1930: 1914: 1910: 1904: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1888: 1880: 1872: 1870:0-444-88557-9 1866: 1862: 1861: 1853: 1845: 1841: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1814: 1810: 1804: 1789: 1785: 1784:"Our Poultry" 1779: 1763: 1759: 1753: 1745: 1741: 1735: 1727: 1719: 1715: 1714: 1708: 1701: 1693: 1689: 1683: 1681: 1664: 1658: 1642: 1638: 1632: 1625: 1614: 1610: 1603: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1551: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1528: 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