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479:'s reign during the middle-late Qing dynasty, this room became the epicentre of such political and governmental activities. The emperor would read memorials and hold private meetings with his ministerial members. A private prayer room for the Qianlong Emperor which was also known as the Buddha Room which was two storeys tall, was also constructed in 1747.
1025:
Given that the hall has rarely been open to the public, its quiet and dusty interior has become prone to widespread pest-breeding. This has made preserving cultural relics a greater challenge, given that such pests target and destroy the relics which are often made with natural, organic material. In
1042:
is particularly difficult, since not only insect damage but environmental conditions like changes in winds and temperatures, exposure to light, effects of pollution and dust, paint loss and natural ageing can quickly cause the artworks to tear, wrinkle, or become brittle. The hall’s glazed tiling,
848:, is shaped in either a square, octagon or circle, and is placed in the centre of the ceiling. It was a common feature in ancient Chinese halls, palaces, religious temples, and physically represented the “unity of heaven and man on the one hand, and a hierarchical society on the other.”
1026:
a study concerned with the conservation of cultural relics within buildings inside the
Forbidden City, over the course of three years, Zhang and colleagues discovered that cultural relics inside the hall were at risk of decay, due to pests like the carpet beetle,
455:, many of which were designed by European artisans. The emperor would often describe his desired function and design of the clock, which would then be sketched then constructed, according to the emperor’s specifications, and always subject to his approval.
439:
to the Hall of Mental
Cultivation, since he felt uncomfortable sleeping inside the place where his father died. The hall also became the main vicinity where he carried out his administrative and political duties. It was up until 1912 after the
781:
In a research experiment conducted in 2019 that aimed to uncover the technology utilised in constructing the royal buildings within the
Forbidden City, Xu and colleagues discovered that the hall had been constructed with materials like
575:, this artwork depicts a short letter, written by Xizhi to his friend after a snowfall. According to the critic Chan Ching-fen from the Ming dynasty, the running script depicted in this artwork influenced the calligraphic style of
1985:
282:
until the fall of the Qing dynasty, the hall became the centre of governance and political administration. In the
Western Warmth Chamber, the emperor would hold private meetings, and discuss state affairs with his
794:
and was used to frame the Buddha Room, which had cross-shaped wooden walls, partitions, and frames, shaped like zig-zags. The mortar formulated during the construction of the hall contained raw materials like
924:
reflective of the artistic style of the ruling dynasty at the time. For instance, during the
Jiajing Emperor’s sovereignty amid the Ming dynasty, common decorative patterns within such paintings included the
377:(1661–1722) during the early Qing dynasty, the Hall of Mental Cultivation was primarily used as an imperial workshop of the 'Inner Court', or atelier for the newly established administrative body called the
1554:
685:. Using the biographies of former emperors and empresses as the blueprint for political success, these lectures were dedicated to teaching the two Empress Dowagers about how to effectively rule China.
1079:
won the Golden Award at the 2018 Festival of Audio-visual
Multimedia, an event sponsored by the Committee of International Council of Museums, and Audio-visual International Multimedia.
737:
was constructed in front of the Hall and faced southwards, and could originally only be opened to the emperor. Buildings in front of the Gate housed and were reserved for the emperor’s
313:
The Hall of Mental
Cultivation contained the Hall of Three Rarities, which stored art and cultural relics, and the Qianlong Emperor's collection of 134 model calligraphy works from the
681:
From 1862 to 1866, while ruling behind the curtain and the child emperor
Tongzhi, Empress Dowagers Cixi and Ci’an were also lectured about peaceful governance by academics from the
3000:
2944:
1034:, clothes moths, and the spider beetle. The relics that were most at risk were “carpets, felts and rafters used as partitions.” The Buddha Room, which houses up to 38
749:
The Hall of Mental
Cultivation is shaped like an ‘H’, or the Chinese character ‘gong’ (工) and occupies a space of approximately 3800m. Surrounding the Hall are the
628:
1050:, has also experienced degradation and poor conservation due to hundreds of years of exposure to constant changes in environmental conditions, particularly rain.
76:
361:
In anticipation of the hall's closure due to restoration in 2018, in 2017 the Palace Museum launched a digital exhibition about the Hall of Mental
Cultivation.
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527:, Xizhi’s nephew. Whilst keeping the original works, in 1747, the Qianlong Emperor ordered for these works as well as 134 other calligraphic works from the
462:
The emperor's study and office inside the Western Warmth Chamber. Here, he would conduct governmental and administrative duties, and consult his ministers.
2135:"Study on Population Dynamics, Occurrence Mechanism and Control Measures of Cultural Relics Pests in the Hall of Mental Cultivation of the Forbidden City"
1069:. This exhibition is displayed within the Duanmen Tower, inside the digital display hall called the Duanmen Digital Museum, which was built in 2015.
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Since September 2018, the Hall of Mental Cultivation has been closed due to such restoration. It was expected that the hall would reopen in 2020.
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1487:"Research on Interactively Digital Display for Cultural Heritage- Discovering the Hall of Mental Cultivation: A Digital Experience Exhibition"
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Found inside the rear hall inside the Hall of Mental Cultivation, the Hall of Joyful Swallows was reserved for the emperor’s high-ranking
176:
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539:, Beijing. Some of these calligraphic works formally housed within the Hall of Three Rarities are now archived in a collection at the
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Ever since the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor from 1723 to 1735, the main purpose of the Hall of Mental Cultivation was to house the
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2038:"Materials Used for Paper-based Interior Decoration in the Hall of Mental Cultivation (Yangxin dian) in the Palace Museum, Beijing"
1431:"Conservation Challenges for Thangkas in the Buddha Room of the Hall of Mental Cultivation (Yangxin dian), Palace Museum, Beijing"
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the hall was mostly used as a workshop, wherein artisan objects like clocks were designed and manufactured. From the reign of the
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or painting and was popularised during the Qing dynasty where it was often affixed in imperial palaces. Court painters drew the
3182:
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Wei, Le; Chen, Wenjia; Jin, Gaowa; Guo, Zhimou; Wang, Yunli; Kang, Baoqiang; Wang, Na; Gu, An; Zhang, Yun; Lei, Yong (2018).
1603:
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1149:"The Historical Information of the Decorative Polychrome Painting in the Hall of Mental Cultivation Complex, Forbidden City"
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ruled China from “behind a silk screen curtain”, engaging in official state affairs through and behind her son, the child
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1555:"Symbolism in the Forbidden City: The Magnificent Design, Distinct Colors, and Lucky Numbers of China's Imperial Palace"
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who ascended to the throne in 1908, that the Hall of Mental Cultivation stood as the political hub of the Qing dynasty.
3192:
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1899:"Multi-analytical Studies of the Lime Mortars from the Yanxi Hall in the Yangxin Palace of the Palace Museum (Beijing)"
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objects, “court utensils and paraphernalia.” Such craft studios within the hall, established in 1693, stored “clocks,
1953:
1628:
1584:"The Birth of the Moscow School of Applied Mechanics in the 2nd Half of the 19th Century and the Early 20th Century"
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is the first digital exhibition in China that integrates ancient architecture, traditional culture and technology.
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was the Qianlong Emperor’s study and was also dedicated to housing what are now deemed to be artistic and cultural
410:
302:
would hold audiences with ministers and rule from behind a silk screen curtain during their regencies for emperors
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This area of the Hall of Mental Cultivation was dedicated to the “consecration of tablets of deceased emperors.”
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Fang, Xiaoji; Ju, Jianwei; Wang, Jie; Zhang, Rui; Wang, You; Zhou, Qian; Shi, Ningchang; Song, Jirong (2020).
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2980:
2939:
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2477:
378:
206:
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1864:
1590:. History of Mechanism and Machine Science. Vol. 15. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 39–53.
750:
259:
2085:"Scientific analysis of tie luo, a Qing Dynasty calligraphy artifact in the Palace Museum, Beijing, China"
3197:
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2892:
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2535:
2525:
2315:
646:
516:
322:
1375:
Lauer, Uta (2020). "Venerable Copies: The Afterlife of a Fragment of a Letter by Wang Xizhi (303–361)".
1232:
962:
The walls and ceilings of the Hall of Mental Cultivation were decorated with many artworks created with
451:
During the early years of the Yongzheng Emperor’s reign, part of the hall was dedicated to constructing
2866:
2580:
2452:
596:
540:
1753:"Approaches to the recovery of Chinese cultural objects lost overseas: a case study from 1949 to 2016"
475:, the western warmth chamber was found inside the Hall of Mental Cultivation’s front hall. During the
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paintings like that of the “ridge tie-beam” of the main hall were created with mineral pigments like
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Inside the main hall’s central bay, the domed coffered ceilings exhibited traditional patterns like
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reflective of the architectural and artistic style that pervaded the Ming dynasty. A product of
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craft techniques. From 1691, most of these craft workshops and ateliers were transferred to the
3138:
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2399:
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1826:
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instigated a research and conservation project aimed at restoring the hall, and preserving its
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who historically worked inside the Forbidden City were often hung on the wooden walls of the
284:
278:
during the 18th century, the hall was the residence for the emperor. Under the reign of the
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1047:
1038:, had the highest concentration of pests, specifically carpet beetles. The preservation of
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8:
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983:
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662:. It was in this room, that during the late Qing dynasty after the death of her husband
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to be carved into stone, and displayed in the nearby Pavilion of Reviewing the Past, or
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2150:
2065:
2013:
1926:
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310:, who both succeeded to the throne as children in the second half of the 19th century.
933:, a three-fold concave lined pattern, spiral flowers, and up-ward turned lotus bases.
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Adili, Dilireba; Zhao, Jing; Yang, Lu; Zhao, Peng; Wang, Cong; Luo, Hongjie (2020).
1195:
Chinese-Islamic works of art, 1644–1912 : a study of some Qing dynasty examples
623:, the consort of Emperor Tongzhi. However, in the 1950s under the orders of Premier
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Constructed within the Hall’s Western Warmth Chamber, the Hall of Three Rarities or
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1377:
Fakes and Forgeries of Written Artefacts from Ancient Mesopotamia to Modern China
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2001:
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1827:"A Precious Mirror for Governing the Peace: A Primer for Empress Dowager Cixi"
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317:. He also housed three ancient calligraphy artworks by ancient calligraphers
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91:
78:
1986:"From earth to heaven: the origin and development of zaojing in early China"
1309:
Ledderose, Lothar (1998). "Calligraphy at the close of the Chinese Empire".
2696:
2681:
2394:
1963:
1233:"2. The Qing Central Government Institutions in Control of the Handicrafts"
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project aimed at maintaining and restoring the Hall of Mental Cultivation.
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499:. In particular, he stored three works by three significant calligraphers:
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Construction concluded in 1537, during the 16th year of the Ming dynasty’s
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2217:"Hall of Mental Cultivation in Forbidden City starts official renovation"
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Kulangsu Gallery of Foreign Artifacts from the Palace Museum Collection
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1865:"Hall of Mental Cultivation, Yangxindian – Forbidden City, Beijing"
880:
867:, it has been found that the design and physical properties of the
864:
811:, flax, hemp, ramie”, and even sticky rice, blood and plant juice.
710:
2134:
2641:
2354:
1645:"Top 10 calligraphy masterpieces of ancient China – China.org.cn"
942:
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774:
658:
This area of the hall was dedicated to Empress Dowagers Cixi and
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by Wang Xun. This artwork is now displayed at the Palace Museum.
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who influenced and helped European crusaders in developing their
398:
355:
338:
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64:
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1333:"Qianlong's Divine Treasures: The Bells in Rhyming-the-Old Hall"
373:
reign, which spanned from 1521 to 1566. During the reign of the
2244:
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837:
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800:
765:
An example of an octagonal coffered ceiling or zaojing, in the
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222:
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402:
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255:
1582:
Chinenova, Vera; Golovin, Alexander; Tyulina, Irina (2012).
1530:"A Magnificent Imperial Falangcai Enamelled Glass Brush Pot"
1701:"Timely Clearing After Snowfall – Wang Xizhi (ca. 303–361)"
872:
808:
783:
619:, the work was sold from the private, royal collections by
445:
394:
2176:"Protection of glazed tiles in ancient buildings of China"
899:
An example of a thangka from the Qianlong dynasty c. 1794.
753:
offices and those of other significant government bodies.
1621:
Palace Architecture: Imperial Palaces of the Last Dynasty
879:’s origins have also been linked to the designs of early
1897:
Xu, L.; Ma, X.; Zhang, B.; Zhang, Q.; Zhao, P. (2019).
1581:
1491:
Asia-Pacific Journal of Convergent Research Interchange
1282:
Chinese Spatial Strategies: Imperial Beijing, 1420–1911
883:
from ancient Chinese huts, particularly from the early
270:. During the early Qing dynasty under the reign of the
1588:
Explorations in the History of Machines and Mechanisms
119:
Residence of the emperor, governance, administration
957:
903:
546:Model Calligraphies of the Hall of Three Rarities.
495:. Inside this room, the Qianlong Emperor kept his
183:
2173:
191:Location of Hall of Mental Cultivation in Beijing
3169:
1237:State and Crafts in the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911)
1197:. Lü Xue, Ricardo Joppert. New York: Routledge.
994:paper. Inside the hall was a dragon-embellished
756:
566:
1618:
1586:. In Koetsier, Teun; Ceccarelli, Marco (eds.).
1428:
1239:. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 69–108.
1009:
1896:
803:, hematite, muscovite, mullite, aragonite and
397:, arms and maps" and was dedicated to Chinese
246:) is a building in the inner courtyard of the
3149:Southern Branch of the National Palace Museum
2769:
2271:
2082:
946:which are cotton or silk artworks painted by
728:
1147:Yang, Hong; Xie, Jiawei; Ji, Lifang (2018).
1311:Phoebus: Art at the Close of China's Empire
1230:
1065:launched the digital experience exhibition
2776:
2762:
2278:
2264:
2132:
1077:Discovering the Hall of Mental Cultivation
1071:Discovering the Hall of Mental Cultivation
1067:Discovering the Hall of Mental Cultivation
716:
291:, from inside the Eastern Warmth Chamber,
266:in 1537, and was reconstructed during the
38:
2191:
2100:
1623:. China Architecture and Building Press.
1502:
1308:
1164:
1146:
653:
482:
466:
2133:Zhang, Guoqing; Gu, An; Wei, Le (2020).
1757:International Journal of Cultural Policy
894:
760:
687:
637:
550:
457:
2285:
2036:Ma, Yue; Ji, Lifang; Lei, Yong (2020).
2035:
1943:
1330:
435:. The Yongzheng Emperor moved from the
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2128:
2126:
2124:
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1948:. New York: Viking Press. p. 87.
1722:
1720:
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1522:
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332:The hall's interior is decorated with
258:. The hall is a wooden structure with
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2031:
2029:
2027:
1979:
1977:
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1973:
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1886:
1884:
1820:
1818:
1374:
1326:
1324:
1304:
1302:
1274:
1272:
1231:Moll-Murata, Christine (2018-08-24).
1142:
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1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1056:
631:re-acquired this work, together with
2877:Belvedere of Spreading Righteousness
2448:Belvedere of Spreading Righteousness
1824:
1669:"Letter to Boyuan in Running Script"
1619:Jinghua, Ru; Hualiang, Peng (2012).
1480:
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1092:
990:which was then placed on top of the
704:
696:
411:Palace of Compassion and Tranquility
2586:Xiannongtan (Temple of Agriculture)
2516:Taimiao (Imperial Ancestral Temple)
2117:
1983:
1717:
1690:
1572:
1552:
1519:
1484:
1278:
1043:which was also a common feature in
966:(裱糊) a traditional handmade paper,
929:a sword tip with straight lines, a
389:were responsible for manufacturing
16:Historic site in The Forbidden City
13:
2872:Belvedere of Embodying Benevolence
2438:Belvedere of Embodying Benevolence
2024:
1970:
1881:
1815:
1799:"Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908)"
1750:
1321:
1299:
1269:
890:
807:”, and plant fibres like “bamboo,
733:The Gate of Mental Cultivation or
426:
14:
3209:
2783:
2237:
1469:
1409:
1363:
1285:. Psychology Press. p. 125.
1219:
1181:
1089:
790:.” Wood was a common material in
336:paintings, glazed tiles, ancient
262:, and was first built during the
2898:Belvedere of Literary Profundity
2243:
1990:Architectural Research Quarterly
379:Department of Imperial Household
182:
175:
3097:Shenyang Imperial Palace Museum
2208:
2167:
2076:
1937:
1857:
1791:
1744:
1661:
1637:
1612:
1546:
958:Paper-based interior decoration
904:Decorative polychrome paintings
786:, black bricks, roof tiles and
692:The Gate of Mental Cultivation.
591:This model calligraphy made of
3015:Palace of Prolonging Happiness
2950:Gate of Thriving Imperial Clan
2458:Gate of Thriving Imperial Clan
2214:
1379:. De Gruyter. pp. 77–88.
859:water wells pertaining to the
501:Timely Clearing After Snowfall
227:
218:
210:
1:
3183:Government buildings in China
2996:Palace of Universal Happiness
2981:Hall of the Supreme Principle
2940:Palace of Earthly Tranquility
2796:History of the Forbidden City
2478:Palace of Earthly Tranquility
2054:10.1080/00393630.2020.1753352
1946:Palaces of the Forbidden City
1769:10.1080/10286632.2017.1335720
1447:10.1080/00393630.2020.1768327
1082:
970:(蜡笺纸) a traditional handmade
757:Construction and architecture
709:This area served as a common
586:
567:Timely Clearly After Snowfall
3029:Palace of Tranquil Longevity
3001:Palace of Gathering Elegance
1193:Curtis, Emily Byrne (2020).
1010:Restoration and conservation
920:, and featured patterns and
792:ancient Chinese architecture
615:. After the fall of Chinese
346:decorations. From 2006, the
7:
2976:Palace of Eternal Longevity
2945:Gate of Earthly Tranquility
2893:Hall of Literary Brilliance
2536:Beijing Ancient Observatory
1596:10.1007/978-94-007-4132-4_3
936:
629:China’s Ministry of Culture
10:
3214:
2971:Hall of Mental Cultivation
2867:Hall of Preserving Harmony
2453:Hall of Preserving Harmony
2428:Hall of Mental Cultivation
2250:Hall of Mental Cultivation
2193:10.1186/s40494-020-00380-5
2147:10.21203/rs.3.rs-136154/v1
1504:10.47116/apjcri.2020.08.06
871:derives from early wooden
729:Gate of Mental Cultivation
579:, a calligrapher from the
541:Metropolitan Museum of Art
364:
203:Hall of Mental Cultivation
22:Hall of Mental Cultivation
3193:Qing dynasty architecture
3188:Ming dynasty architecture
3061:
3045:
3021:
3009:
2963:
2930:Palace of Heavenly Purity
2917:
2910:
2885:
2817:
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2710:
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2468:Palace of Heavenly Purity
2408:
2314:
2293:
2102:10.1186/s40494-018-0193-2
2002:10.1017/S1359135519000307
1843:10.1163/15685268-00172p02
1705:Google Arts & Culture
1385:10.1515/9783110714333-004
1245:10.1515/9789048537938-006
1018:commenced a research and
744:
437:Palace of Heavenly Purity
423:which was built in 1536.
170:
166:
154:
146:
134:
123:
115:
107:
70:
60:
49:
37:
26:
21:
2991:Palace of Earthly Honour
2986:Palace of Eternal Spring
2835:Gate of Blending Harmony
2830:Gate of Glorious Harmony
1869:www.travelchinaguide.com
3124:Hong Kong Palace Museum
2925:Gate of Heavenly Purity
2862:Hall of Central Harmony
2857:Hall of Supreme Harmony
2850:Gate of Correct Conduct
2845:Gate of Manifest Virtue
2840:Gate of Supreme Harmony
2463:Gate of Heavenly Purity
2443:Hall of Central Harmony
2433:Hall of Supreme Harmony
2423:Gate of Supreme Harmony
2042:Studies in Conservation
1825:Chan, Ying-kit (2015).
1728:"Mid-autumn Manuscript"
1435:Studies in Conservation
818:and golden decorations
717:Hall of Joyful Swallows
3139:National Palace Museum
2955:Gate of Divine Prowess
2637:Temple of Azure Clouds
2139:www.researchsquare.com
900:
778:
693:
654:Eastern Warmth Chamber
650:
563:
558:(伯遠帖) by calligrapher
483:Hall of Three Rarities
467:Western Warmth Chamber
463:
260:dome coffered ceilings
92:39.91835°N 116.38940°E
2221:www.chinadaily.com.cn
1279:Zhu, Jianfei (2004).
1061:In October 2017, the
898:
764:
691:
641:
554:
461:
287:. After the death of
2738:St. Michael's Church
2711:Mosques and churches
2483:Gate of Divine Might
2330:Bell and Drum towers
2252:at Wikimedia Commons
1944:Zhuoyun, Yu (1984).
1562:Education About Asia
1331:Huichun, Yu (2009).
1048:Chinese architecture
668:Empress Dowager Cixi
497:calligraphy artworks
2718:Xuanwumen Cathedral
2595:Temples and gardens
2494:temples and offices
2287:Old city of Beijing
984:Chinese calligraphy
529:Imperial Collection
315:Imperial Collection
215:traditional Chinese
150:Tourist destination
97:39.91835; 116.38940
88: /
3198:History of Beijing
2617:White Cloud Temple
2581:Temple of the Moon
1984:Xie, Jing (2019).
1915:10.1111/arcm.12421
1485:Lin, Yuan (2020).
1166:10.1186/BF03545700
1057:Digital exhibition
982:was a traditional
901:
863:within the Yuyao,
779:
694:
674:and the following
651:
613:Chinese characters
611:) and only has 22
564:
556:A Letter to Boyuan
464:
416:2022-01-21 at the
342:, and traditional
207:simplified Chinese
3165:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3036:
2906:
2905:
2751:
2750:
2733:Wangfujing Church
2576:Temple of the Sun
2546:Old Summer Palace
2492:Imperial gardens,
2248:Media related to
2048:(sup1): 203–204.
1751:Yu, Meng (2018).
1732:The Palace Museum
1673:The Palace Museum
1605:978-94-007-4132-4
1553:Gao, Jie (2016).
1534:www.christies.com
1394:978-3-11-071433-3
1292:978-0-415-31883-9
1254:978-90-485-3793-8
1204:978-1-003-00044-0
865:Zhejiang province
705:Eastern Side Hall
697:Western Side Hall
381:Construction, or
371:Jiajing Emperor’s
276:Yongzheng Emperor
199:
198:
3205:
2915:
2914:
2815:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2755:
2754:
2687:Changchun Temple
2566:Temple of Heaven
2561:Jade Spring Hill
2526:Confucius Temple
2280:
2273:
2266:
2257:
2256:
2247:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2195:
2180:Heritage Science
2171:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2130:
2115:
2114:
2104:
2089:Heritage Science
2080:
2074:
2073:
2033:
2022:
2021:
1981:
1968:
1967:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1894:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1822:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1724:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1697:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1675:. Archived from
1665:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1649:www.china.org.cn
1641:
1635:
1634:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1579:
1570:
1569:
1559:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1526:
1517:
1516:
1506:
1482:
1467:
1466:
1426:
1407:
1406:
1372:
1361:
1360:
1328:
1319:
1318:
1306:
1297:
1296:
1276:
1267:
1266:
1228:
1217:
1216:
1190:
1179:
1178:
1168:
1144:
1014:Since 2006, the
875:structures. The
846:coffered ceiling
820:(douba-zaojing),
664:Emperor Xianfeng
645:by calligrapher
633:Letter to Boyuan
521:Letter to Boyuan
477:Qianlong Emperor
471:Also known as a
446:Xuantong Emperor
293:empress dowagers
289:Emperor Xianfeng
280:Qianlong Emperor
242:
229:
220:
212:
186:
185:
179:
103:
102:
100:
99:
98:
93:
89:
86:
85:
84:
81:
44:Outside the Hall
42:
19:
18:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3157:
3068:Mainland China
3057:
3033:
3017:
3005:
2959:
2902:
2881:
2798:
2785:
2782:
2752:
2747:
2728:Xizhimen Church
2706:
2702:Tianning Temple
2667:Big Bell Temple
2652:Guanghua Temple
2627:Miaoying Temple
2590:
2571:Temple of Earth
2493:
2487:
2404:
2310:
2289:
2284:
2240:
2235:
2234:
2225:
2223:
2213:
2209:
2172:
2168:
2159:
2157:
2131:
2118:
2081:
2077:
2034:
2025:
1982:
1971:
1956:
1942:
1938:
1895:
1882:
1873:
1871:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1823:
1816:
1807:
1805:
1803:academic.mu.edu
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1667:
1666:
1662:
1653:
1651:
1643:
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1631:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1580:
1573:
1557:
1551:
1547:
1538:
1536:
1528:
1527:
1520:
1483:
1470:
1441:(sup1): 75–79.
1427:
1410:
1395:
1373:
1364:
1329:
1322:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1277:
1270:
1255:
1229:
1220:
1205:
1191:
1182:
1145:
1090:
1085:
1059:
1012:
1002:(寿), made with
960:
939:
908:The decorative
906:
893:
891:Interior design
855:discoveries of
759:
747:
731:
719:
707:
699:
676:emperor Guangxu
672:emperor Tongzhi
656:
589:
569:
485:
469:
429:
427:Use and purpose
418:Wayback Machine
391:arts and crafts
367:
352:cultural relics
240:
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236:
195:
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96:
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17:
12:
11:
5:
3211:
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3178:Forbidden City
3163:
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3153:
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3141:
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3113:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3107:Nanjing Museum
3101:
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2853:
2852:
2847:
2837:
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2827:
2821:
2819:
2812:
2800:
2799:
2792:Forbidden City
2790:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2758:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2723:Xishiku Church
2720:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2677:Guangji Temple
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2647:Dongyue Temple
2644:
2639:
2634:
2632:Wanshou Temple
2629:
2624:
2622:Zhenjue Temple
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2556:Fragrant Hills
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2521:Zhongshan Park
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2410:Forbidden City
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
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2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2316:Fortifications
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2306:Forbidden City
2303:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2239:
2238:External links
2236:
2233:
2232:
2207:
2166:
2116:
2075:
2023:
1996:(4): 349–363.
1969:
1954:
1936:
1909:(2): 309–326.
1880:
1856:
1837:(2): 214–244.
1814:
1790:
1763:(6): 741–755.
1743:
1716:
1689:
1660:
1636:
1629:
1611:
1604:
1571:
1545:
1518:
1468:
1408:
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1343:(2): 121–144.
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1180:
1153:Built Heritage
1087:
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1008:
959:
956:
938:
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905:
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861:Hemudu culture
853:archaeological
758:
755:
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730:
727:
718:
715:
706:
703:
698:
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683:Hanlin Academy
655:
652:
621:dowager Jingyi
597:cursive script
588:
585:
573:running script
568:
565:
484:
481:
468:
465:
428:
425:
375:Kangxi Emperor
366:
363:
272:Kangxi Emperor
248:Forbidden City
244:yang sin diyan
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3075:Palace Museum
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2784:Palace Museum
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2774:
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2743:Niujie Mosque
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2739:
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2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
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2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2692:Zhihua Temple
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2672:Bailin Temple
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2668:
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2663:
2660:
2658:
2657:Tanzhe Temple
2655:
2653:
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2638:
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2612:Fayuan Temple
2610:
2608:
2607:Yonghe Temple
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2551:Summer Palace
2549:
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2527:
2524:
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2501:Jingshan Park
2499:
2498:
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2484:
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2479:
2476:
2474:
2473:Hall of Union
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2469:
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3119:West Kowloon
2970:
2697:Yunju Temple
2682:Fahai Temple
2427:
2395:Zhengyangmen
2294:Subdivisions
2224:. Retrieved
2220:
2210:
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2158:. Retrieved
2138:
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1989:
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1939:
1906:
1903:Archaeometry
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1872:. Retrieved
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1806:. Retrieved
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1704:
1681:. Retrieved
1677:the original
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1159:(1): 19–38.
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1020:conservation
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827:
824:Confucianism
819:
813:
780:
767:Cao'e Temple
748:
734:
732:
720:
708:
700:
680:
657:
647:Wang Xianzhi
642:
632:
608:
595:, employs a
590:
581:Yuan dynasty
577:Chao Meng-fu
570:
555:
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520:
517:Wang Xianzhi
512:
500:
488:
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386:
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368:
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331:
323:Wang Xianzhi
312:
268:Qing dynasty
264:Ming dynasty
243:
228:Yǎngxīn Diàn
226:
202:
200:
129:Qing dynasty
116:Original use
61:Nearest city
31:Yǎngxīn Diàn
28:Native names
27:
3022:Far East Rd
2662:Wofo Temple
2541:Beijing Zoo
2511:Zhongnanhai
2506:Beihai Park
2400:Zhonghuamen
2390:Yongdingmen
2370:Guang'anmen
2340:Chongwenmen
2335:Chaoyangmen
927:fangintoul:
885:Han dynasty
771:Cao'e River
735:Yangxinmen,
617:imperialism
537:Beihai Park
515:by his son
509:Jin dynasty
147:Current use
135:Restored by
127:During the
95: /
83:116°23′22″E
71:Coordinates
3172:Categories
3115:Hong Kong
3053:Kuai Xiang
2918:Central Rd
2818:Central Rd
2365:Fuchengmen
2360:Deshengmen
2350:Dongzhimen
2318:and towers
2226:2021-05-16
2160:2021-05-20
1874:2021-05-26
1808:2021-05-16
1737:2021-05-20
1710:2021-05-20
1683:2021-05-20
1654:2021-05-16
1568:(3): 9–17.
1539:2021-05-30
1337:Asia Major
1317:: 189–208.
1213:1112787673
1083:References
1028:silverfish
910:polychrome
873:water well
723:concubines
643:Mid-Autumn
625:Zhou Enlai
587:Mid-Autumn
533:Yueguo lou
513:Mid-Autumn
505:Wang Xizhi
442:abdication
334:polychrome
319:Wang Xizhi
80:39°55′06″N
3046:Architect
2602:Shichahai
2531:Guozijian
2385:Xuanwumen
2375:Tiananmen
2325:Andingmen
2202:2050-7445
2186:(1): 37.
2155:234460283
2111:2050-7445
2070:219017471
2062:0039-3630
2018:214227892
2010:1359-1355
1931:134441057
1923:1475-4754
1851:1387-6805
1785:157109523
1777:1028-6632
1513:2508-9080
1463:219751295
1455:0039-3630
1403:240575278
1349:0004-4482
1263:239392733
1175:2096-3041
1000:Longevity
972:wax paper
918:atacamite
881:skylights
857:Neolithic
851:Based on
769:, by the
507:from the
489:Sanxitang
387:Zaobanchu
383:Zaobanchu
344:wax paper
285:mandarins
162:, Beijing
142:, Beijing
3103:Nanjing
3092:Shenyang
3082:Kulangsu
3071:Beijing
3062:Branches
2380:Xizhimen
2345:Di'anmen
1357:41649979
1040:thangkas
1036:thangkas
1032:booklice
978:(贴落). A
943:Thangkas
937:Thangkas
931:lengxian
777:, China.
711:Buddhist
560:Wang Xun
525:Wang Xun
414:Archived
399:artisans
356:thangkas
339:thangkas
327:Wang Xun
50:Location
3145:Chiayi
3135:Taipei
3132:Taiwan
3010:East Rd
2964:West Rd
2886:East Rd
2642:Badachu
2355:Duanmen
1964:9371286
1045:ancient
998:called
996:tie luo
992:biao hu
988:tie luo
980:tie luo
976:tie luo
964:biao hu
914:azurite
877:zaojing
869:zaojing
842:zǎojǐng
834:Chinese
829:zaojing
816:dragons
797:calcite
775:Shangyu
739:eunuchs
601:Chinese
444:of the
433:emperor
365:History
308:Guangxu
304:Tongzhi
252:Beijing
124:Rebuilt
65:Beijing
2200:
2153:
2109:
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2068:
2060:
2016:
2008:
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1952:
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1831:NAN NÜ
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954:Room.
952:Buddha
922:motifs
838:pinyin
836:: 藻井;
805:gypsum
801:quartz
788:mortar
745:Layout
609:cǎoshū
605:pinyin
603:: 草書;
593:bamboo
519:, and
493:relics
473:nuange
453:clocks
407:enamel
385:. The
233:Manchu
225::
223:pinyin
217::
209::
2911:Inner
2811:Outer
2151:S2CID
2066:S2CID
2014:S2CID
1927:S2CID
1781:S2CID
1558:(PDF)
1459:S2CID
1399:S2CID
1353:JSTOR
1259:S2CID
1004:lajan
968:lajan
948:Lamas
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660:Ci’an
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354:like
296:Ci'an
256:China
241:ᡩᡳᠶᠠᠨ
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2198:ISSN
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2006:ISSN
1960:OCLC
1950:ISBN
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1847:ISSN
1773:ISSN
1625:ISBN
1600:ISBN
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1345:ISSN
1287:ISBN
1249:ISBN
1209:OCLC
1199:ISBN
1171:ISSN
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826:, a
809:jute
784:wood
405:and
395:jade
325:and
306:and
300:Cixi
298:and
239:ᠰᡳᠨ
237:ᠶᠠᠩ
201:The
158:The
138:The
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2050:doi
1998:doi
1911:doi
1839:doi
1765:doi
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1499:doi
1443:doi
1381:doi
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