1348:
1337:
823:
952:
784:, the Guangxu Emperor wanted to leave the capital and go to the front lines to personally take command of the troops, but he was talked out of it by his advisors. The emperor met with a German military advisor to the Qing navy, Constantin von Hanneken, who had been present at the battle of the Yalu River, to learn what exactly happened. He also signed edicts calling for the execution of generals who were defeated. In February 1895, as peace negotiations with the Japanese were underway, the Guangxu Emperor spoke with his top negotiator before he met with the Japanese, Li Hongzhang, and allegedly told him during their conversation that China needed large scale reforms.
881:
2915:
1909:
1295:
796:, the Guangxu Emperor reportedly expressed his wish to abdicate. In April 1895, after the Treaty of Shimonoseki was negotiated and signed, but before its ratification by the Qing government, its terms were publicized. Government bureaucrats throughout the empire urged the imperial court to reject it and continue fighting. The Emperor did not want to take responsibility for ratifying the treaty, and neither did the Empress Dowager, who may have wanted to use the defeat against Japan to undermine his influence. He tried to shift the responsibility in an edict by asking two officials,
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nation. However, this movement was immediately suppressed by the conservative forces led by Cixi, resulting in his confinement and loss of political power and personal freedom until his untimely death. His tragic fate is rare among emperors. Although historians do not deny the failures and limitations during his reign, he is still regarded as a relatively progressive and enlightened monarch of the dynasty. His image in historical research and literary works is also mostly positive.
869:, but also came into conflict with Cixi, who held real power. Many officials, deemed useless and dismissed by the Guangxu Emperor, begged her for help. Although Cixi did nothing to stop the Hundred Days' Reform from taking place, she knew the only way to secure her power base was to stage a military coup. The Guangxu Emperor became aware of such a plan, so he asked Kang Youwei and his reformist allies to plan his rescue. They decided to use the help of
53:
677:
1316:
477:
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1923:
1937:
1115:. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, historian Fan Wenlan (范文瀾) called the Guangxu Emperor "a Manchu noble who could accept Western ideas". Some historians believe that the Guangxu Emperor was the first Chinese leader to implement modernizing reforms and capitalism. Imperial power in the Qing dynasty saw its
1391:(better known as the "Pearl Consort"). Rumours allege that in 1900, Consort Zhen was drowned by being thrown into a well on Cixi's order after she begged Empress Dowager Cixi to let the Guangxu Emperor stay in Beijing for negotiations with the foreign powers. That incident happened when the Imperial Family was preparing to leave the
593:
enduring many hardships and sorrows. Even after he reached adulthood and began his personal rule, Cixi was unwilling to relinquish her control over state power, making him continue to be a puppet, unable to enjoy the majesty and power of a monarch. During his reign, the Qing dynasty became increasingly impoverished and weak. The
854:. The Guangxu Emperor issued decrees allowing the establishment of a modern university in Beijing, the construction of the Lu-Han railway, and a system of budgets similar to that of Western governments. The initial goal was to make China a modern constitutional empire, but still within the traditional framework, as with Japan's
962:
The emperor was kept informed of state affairs, reading them with Cixi prior to audiences, and was also present at audiences, sitting on a stool to Cixi's left hand while Cixi occupied the main throne. He discharged his ceremonial duties, such as offering sacrifices during ceremonies, but never ruled
605:
followed one after another, causing the dynasty to cede territory and pay indemnities, losing sovereignty and humiliating the nation, leaving the people in misery. Seeing the country’s decline, Guangxu allied with intellectuals to launch the
Hundred Days’ Reform, attempting to save and rejuvenate the
592:
The emperor’s life was turbulent and full of hardships. He was not originally the heir to the throne but was forcibly elevated after
Emperor Tongzhi died without an heir. From a young age, he was forced to leave his home and enter the palace, where he was strictly controlled and disciplined by Cixi,
791:
to Cixi for her approval. Eventually, two sets of Grand
Council memoranda were created, one for the emperor and the other for the empress dowager, a practice that continued until it was rendered unnecessary by the events in the autumn of 1898. Following the Qing Empire's defeat and forced agreement
1034:
The
Guangxu Emperor died on 14 November 1908, a day before Cixi's death, at the age of 37. For a long time, there were several theories about the emperor's death, none of which was accepted fully by historians. Most were inclined to believe that Cixi, herself very ill, poisoned the Guangxu Emperor
568:
and the two
Empress Dowagers, thereby inheriting the throne. During the early years of his reign, the two dowagers jointly handled state affairs. As Ci’an died in 1881, Cixi continued to act as the sole regent. In 1889, Guangxu got married and announced his personal rule. After the failure of the
663:
In 1881, when the
Guangxu Emperor was nine, Empress Dowager Ci'an died unexpectedly, leaving Empress Dowager Cixi as sole regent for the boy. In Weng's diaries during those days, Guangxu was reportedly seen with swollen eyes, had poor concentration and was seeking consolation from Weng. Weng too
1363:, who was two years his senior. Jingfen's father, Guixiang (Cixi's younger brother), and Cixi selected her to be the Guangxu Emperor's wife in order to strengthen the power of their own family. After the marriage, Jingfen was made empress and was granted the honorific title of "Longyu" (
653:, therefore he is known as the "Guangxu Emperor". He was adopted by Empress Dowager Cixi and Ci'an. Cixi remained as regent under the title "Holy Mother, Empress Dowager" (聖母皇太后) while her co-regent Empress Dowager Ci'an was called "Mother Empress, Empress Dowager" (母后皇太后).
638:'s sons to be the next emperor, but was overruled by her co-regent, Empress Dowager Cixi. Instead, Cixi nominated Zaitian (her nephew) and the imperial clan eventually agreed with her choice because Zaitian was younger than other adoptable children of the same generation.
911:
was supposed to take place, Yuan Shikai revealed everything to Ronglu, exposing the
Guangxu Emperor's plans. This gained Yuan Shikai the trust of Cixi, as well as the status of a lifetime enemy of the Guangxu Emperor as well as the emperor's younger half-brother,
839:, aimed at a series of sweeping political, legal and social changes. For a brief time, after Cixi's supposed retirement, the Guangxu Emperor issued edicts for a massive number of far-reaching modernizing reforms with the help of more progressive officials such as
834:
Following the war and the scramble for concessions, the
Guangxu Emperor came to believe that by learning from constitutional monarchies like Japan, the Qing Empire would become more politically and economically powerful. In June 1898, the emperor began the
771:
over influence in Korea. The
Emperor was reportedly eager for the war against Japan and became associated with the pro-war faction in the imperial court, which believed that China would easily win. This was in contrast to the Empress Dowager and Viceroy
660:, who had also been involved in the disastrous upbringing of the Tongzhi Emperor yet somehow managed to be exonerated of all possible charges. Weng instilled in the Guangxu Emperor a duty of filial piety toward the Empress Dowagers Cixi and Ci'an.
1060:
On 4 November 2008, forensic tests revealed that the level of arsenic in the emperor's remains was 2,000 times higher than that of ordinary people. Scientists concluded that the poison could only have been administered in a high dose at one time.
1056:
poisoning. To dispel persistent rumours that the emperor had been poisoned, the Qing imperial court produced documents and doctors' records suggesting that the
Guangxu Emperor died from natural causes, but these did not allay suspicion.
630:, died without a son to succeed him. Breaking the imperial convention that a new emperor must always be of a generation after that of the previous emperor, candidates were considered from the generation of the Tongzhi Emperor.
819:, prompting a "scramble for concessions" by other foreign powers. After this incident, the emperor wrote an edict in December 1897 that asked bureaucrats with military knowledge to recommend reforms that could be made.
1045:, who speculated that Cixi might have known of her imminent death and worried that the Guangxu Emperor would continue his reforms after her death. Another theory is that the Guangxu Emperor was poisoned by
2416:
699:
Eventually, in February 1889, in preparation for Cixi's retirement, the Guangxu Emperor was married. Much to the emperor's dislike, Cixi selected her niece, Jingfen, to be empress. She became known as
1018:, which had been a childhood fascination, some say in an effort to pass the time until Cixi's death. He also read widely and spent time learning English from Cixi's Western-educated lady-in-waiting,
760:
The Guangxu Emperor, while growing up, apparently had been instilled with the importance of frugality. In 1892, he tried to implement a series of draconian measures to reduce expenditures by the
999:
is still preserved in U.S. government archives. On 14 August 1900, the Guangxu Emperor, along with Cixi, Empress Longyu and some other court officials, fled from Beijing as the forces of the
692:, had petitioned Empress Dowager Cixi to postpone her retirement from the regency. Despite Cixi's agreement to remain as regent, by 1886 the Guangxu Emperor had begun to write comments on
764:, which proved to be one of his few administrative successes. But it was only a partial victory, as he had to approve higher expenditures than he would have liked to meet Cixi's needs.
757:
and in response to revolts in the Yangtze River valley that were targeting Christian missionaries, the emperor issued an edict ordering Christians to be placed under state protection.
959:
The Guangxu Emperor's duties after 1898 became rather limited. The emperor was effectively removed from power as emperor (despite keeping the title), but he did retain some status.
1052:
The medical records kept by the Guangxu Emperor's physician show the emperor suffered from "spells of violent stomachaches" and that his face had turned blue, typical symptoms of
804:, to give a recommendation on whether to ratify the treaty, because they had told him that the Chinese army was capable of achieving victory. Eventually, the emperor ratified it.
3107:
3008:
1049:, who knew that if the emperor were to come to power again, Yuan would likely be executed for treason. There were no reliable sources to prove who murdered the Guangxu Emperor.
738:
Even after the Guangxu Emperor began formal rule, Empress Dowager Cixi continued to influence his decisions and actions, despite residing several months of the year at the
916:. Following the exposure of the plot, the emperor and empress dowager met, and the emperor retreated to the Yingtai Pavilion, a palace on a lake that is now part of the
1010:
Returning to the capital in January 1902, after the withdrawal of the foreign powers, the Guangxu Emperor spent the next few years working in his isolated palace with
570:
923:
Lei Chia-sheng (雷家聖), a Taiwanese history professor, proposes an alternative view: that the Guangxu Emperor might have been led into a trap by the reformists led by
3102:
2420:
586:
904:, stationed in the Beijing metropolitan area. Armed with more advanced firearms and artillery, they sided with Cixi's conservative faction during the coup.
1077:
668:
often abused their influence over the boy emperor. The Guangxu Emperor had also reportedly begun to hold some audiences on his own as an act of necessity.
2255:
787:
During the war, even though the Guangxu Emperor was nominally the sovereign ruler of the Qing Empire, officials often ignored him and instead sent their
746:
sought Cixi's advice. In fact, the emperor often journeyed to the Summer Palace to pay his respects to his aunt and to discuss state affairs with her.
1347:
1336:
749:
In March 1891, the Guangxu Emperor received the foreign ministers to China at an audience in the "Pavilion of Purple Light", in what is now part of
696:. In the spring of 1887, he partook in his first field-plowing ceremony, and by the end of the year he had begun to rule under Cixi's supervision.
2972:
3092:
2550:
2514:
564:'s death in 1874, he was supported by the two Empress Dowagers (Ci'an and Cixi) to succeed the throne, being adopted at the age of three by
3004:
776:, who both wanted to reach a peaceful resolution. In September 1894, after the Chinese land and naval forces suffered major defeats at the
742:. Weng Tonghe reportedly observed that while the emperor attended to day-to-day state affairs, in more difficult cases the emperor and the
2448:
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of China. Lei claims that Cixi learned of the plot and decided to put an end to it to prevent China from coming under foreign control.
664:
expressed his concern that Cixi was the one who had been suffering from chronic ill health, not Ci'an. During this time, the imperial
574:
2536:
1965:
1262:
684:
In 1887, the Guangxu Emperor was old enough to begin to rule in his own right, but the previous year, several courtiers, including
2500:
3072:
2784:
2658:
2528:
2079:
Kwong, Luke S.K. A Mosaic of the Hundred Days: Personalities, Politics and Ideas of 1898 (Harvard University Press, 1984), p. 45
3077:
3067:
3062:
1950:
970:, the Guangxu Emperor's health began to decline, prompting Cixi to name Pujun, a son of the emperor's cousin, the reactionary
3122:
2988:
2677:
2616:
2597:
649:, so as to maintain the father-son succession law. He ascended to the throne at the age of four and adopted "Guangxu" as his
585:
poisoning at Yingtai. He reigned for 34 years, dying at the age of 38 without leaving any descendants, and was buried in the
3132:
2960:
2956:
2793:
2744:
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822:
60:
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3112:
2948:
989:, Emperor Guangxu fiercely opposed the idea of using usurpers as a means to counter foreign invasion. His letter to then
494:
2289:
3127:
711:, to be the emperor's concubines. The following week, with the Guangxu Emperor married, Cixi retired from the regency.
3082:
2914:
2632:
Hudson, James J. "A Game of Thrones in China: The Case of Cixi, Empress Dowager of the Qing Dynasty (1835–1908)." in
2333:
2299:
1631:
1383:) after the death of her husband. However, the Guangxu Emperor detested his wife and spent most of his time with his
1088:
1403:, the Guangxu Emperor died without issue. After his death in 1908, Empress Dowager Longyu ruled in cooperation with
2952:
2944:
2688:
951:
781:
541:
but was abruptly stopped when the Empress Dowager launched a coup in 1898, after which he was held under virtual
17:
2375:
Correspondence Respecting the Affairs of China, Presented to Both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty
2291:
Chronique du Toumet-Ortos: looking through the lens of Joseph Van Oost, missionary in Inner Mongolia (1915–1921)
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1441:
993:
704:
375:
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743:
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under Guangxu, and he was the only Qing emperor to have been put under house arrest during his own reign.
3087:
2777:
866:
753:, something that had also been done by the Tongzhi Emperor in 1873. That summer, under pressure from the
598:
2609:
Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928
2005:
1283:
1220:
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826:
This photograph was labelled as being of the Guangxu Emperor, though some believe this may actually be
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praised the Guangxu Emperor for his educational reform package that allowed China to learn more about
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2030:
1304:
1241:
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1955:
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181:
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Han-Mongol encounters and missionary endeavors: a history of Scheut in Ordos (Hetao) 1874–1911
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2277:. Harbin: Publishing house of the headquarters of the Zaamur district of the border service.
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103:
8:
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The Guangxu Emperor had one empress and two consorts in total. The emperor was forced by
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345:
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129:
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1144:
974:, as heir presumptive. Pujun and his father were removed from their positions after the
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1092:
996:
243:
168:
1080:, ending two thousand years of imperial rule in China. Longyu died childless in 1913.
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2508:
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The emperor and the Qing government faced further humiliation in late 1897 when the
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changed the dynastic name to "Great Qing" in 1636 and claimed the title of emperor.
2740:
1942:
1514:
1258:
1069:
1026:, Cixi's niece (and the Emperor's own first cousin), also improved to some extent.
978:. He was examined by a physician at the French Legation and diagnosed with chronic
862:
861:
The reforms, however, were not only too sudden for a China still under significant
650:
642:
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marched on the capital to relieve the legations that had been besieged during the
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1960:
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1400:
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into agreeing to appoint Itō as one of many foreign advisors. British ambassador
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Tongtian Chongyun Dazhong Zhizheng Jingwen Weiwu Renxiao Ruizhi Duanjian Kuanqin
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234:
215:
78:
33:
2403:, pp. 69–70 (New York: Moffat Yard & Company, 1911), accessed June 25, 2013
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1914:
1072:"Xuantong". In January 1912, the Guangxu Emperor's consort, who had become
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331:
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and the underground palace (burial chamber) is now open to the public.
1064:
The Guangxu Emperor was succeeded by Cixi's choice as heir, his nephew
897:
1035:
because she was afraid he would reverse her policies after her death.
873:, who had a modernized army, albeit only 6,000-strong. Cixi relied on
2401:
Two Years in the Forbidden City, (New York: Moffat Yard & Company
1384:
979:
908:
797:
2590:
The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895: Perceptions, Power, and Primacy
812:
581:, completely losing his ruling power. In November 1908, he died of
1091:
funded the construction of the Guangxu Emperor's mausoleum in the
52:
2813:
2641:
The last emperors: A social history of Qing imperial institutions
1796:
1216:
1053:
927:, who in turn was in Lei's opinion tricked by British missionary
901:
676:
582:
355:
326:
314:
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133:
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1042:
874:
665:
2129:
Dragon Lady: the Life and Legend of the Last Empress of China
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1015:
1011:
971:
2405:
http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/DerYear.html
939:
claimed that the reformists had actually "much injured" the
641:
Zaitian was named heir and successor to his late uncle, the
2904:
2754:
2160:
2158:
1426:(葉赫那拉氏; 28 January 1868 – 22 February 1913), personal name
1351:
The wedding of the Guangxu Emperor and Empress Xiaodingjing
1065:
703:. She also selected a pair of sisters, who became Consorts
88:
32:"Kwang-su" redirects here. For the Korean given name, see
2473:
2328:. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press. p. 514.
2294:. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press. p. 203.
609:
2224:
2194:
2182:
2155:
2143:
2808:
Later Jin rulers posthumously regarded as Qing emperors
2446:
Reformist Emperor Guangxu was Poisoned, Study Confirms"
850:
Changes ranged from infrastructure to industry and the
533:. His reign was largely dominated by his maternal aunt
510:(14 August 1871 – 14 November 1908), also known by his
3108:
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint James of the Sword
2256:"Guangxu Emperor 光緒帝 China 19th Century illustration"
982:; he was also discovered to be impotent at the time.
656:
Beginning in 1876, the Guangxu Emperor was taught by
452:
438:
424:
2236:
2170:
1904:
2281:
2275:Materials on Manchuria, Mongolia, China and Japan
671:
552:(a son of the Daoguang Emperor), and his mother,
3019:
2792:
2321:
946:
3103:Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)
2105:
2103:
232:Guangxu (光緒): 6 February 1875 – 21 January 1909
2459:. 3 November 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
645:, rather than his cousin and predecessor, the
2778:
2470:"Arsenic killed Chinese emperor, reports say"
2417:"Arsenic killed Chinese emperor, reports say"
2006:"Arsenic killed Chinese emperor, reports say"
1189:Sovereign of the Order of the Peacock Feather
394:
380:
2390:力挽狂瀾：戊戌政變新探 , Taipei: Wanjuan lou 萬卷樓, 2004.
2272:
2100:
955:Portrait of the Guangxu Emperor in his study
626:. On 12 January 1875, Zaitian's cousin, the
2636:(Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2020) pp. 3–27.
2611:. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
2495:"Liste des Membres de l'Ordre de Léopold",
2349:
1368:
966:In 1898, shortly after the collapse of the
767:The summer of 1894 saw the outbreak of the
2785:
2771:
2549:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2513:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2287:
2273:Baranov, Alexey Mikhailovich (1905–1910).
1449:(他他拉氏; 6 October 1873 – 24 September 1924)
1192:Sovereign of the Order of the Blue Feather
1143:
884:Portrait of Emperor Guangxu. Illustration.
529:, and the ninth Qing emperor to rule over
51:
1461:(他他拉氏; 27 February 1876 – 15 August 1900)
2664:United States Government Printing Office
2358:Forty-five Years in China: Reminiscences
1395:due to the occupation of Beijing by the
1346:
1335:
950:
879:
821:
718:
675:
573:in 1898, he was confined by Cixi in the
2573:(in Japanese). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. p. 149.
1340:The wedding of the Guangxu Emperor and
495:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
3020:
2646:
2606:
2499:(in French), Bruxelles, 1899, p.
2419:. CNN. 4 November 2008. Archived from
2242:
1951:Family tree of Chinese monarchs (late)
1702:
1698:
1688:
1589:
1479:
1475:
610:Accession to the throne and upbringing
548:Emperor Guangxu was the second son of
454:
3093:Chinese people of the Boxer Rebellion
2766:
2587:
2440:
2438:
2388:Liwan kuanglan: Wuxu zhengbian xintan
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1519:
1513:
1503:
1487:
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2659:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
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1984:First cousin of the Guangxu Emperor.
2634:Queenship and the Women of Westeros
2535:(in German), Berlin, 1895, p.
2056:"Guangxu | emperor of Qing dynasty"
1399:in 1900. Like his predecessor, the
931:and former Japanese prime minister
811:used the murders of two priests in
70:25 February 1875 – 14 November 1908
24:
3098:Grand Crosses of the Order of Aviz
2643:(Univ of California Press, 1998).
2626:
2435:
2377:(London, 1899.3), No. 401, p. 303.
614:The emperor was the second son of
27:Emperor of China from 1875 to 1908
25:
3149:
2671:
2533:Königlich Preussische Ordensliste
1632:Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangshun
1095:. The tomb was robbed during the
888:Ronglu also had an ally, General
714:
346:Prince Chunxian of the First Rank
2913:
2682:
1935:
1921:
1907:
1359:to marry her niece (his cousin)
1314:
1293:
1272:
1251:
1230:
1209:
865:influence and other elements of
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151:Hanyuan Temple, Yingtai Island,
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2557:
2521:
2488:
2462:
2409:
2393:
2380:
2368:
2315:
2266:
2248:
2215:
2206:
2134:
1978:
193:
3073:20th-century murdered monarchs
2592:. Cambridge University Press.
2121:
2112:
2091:
2082:
2073:
2048:
2023:
1998:
1442:Imperial Noble Consort Wenjing
892:, who commanded 10,000 Muslim
672:Taking over the reins of power
453:
439:
425:
395:
381:
13:
1:
3078:20th-century murders in China
3068:20th-century Chinese monarchs
3063:19th-century Chinese monarchs
2973:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
2607:Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2000).
1991:
1454:Imperial Noble Consort Keshun
947:Under house arrest after 1898
896:, including generals such as
762:Imperial Household Department
213:Aisin-Gioro Zaitian (愛新覺羅·載湉)
3123:Emperors of the Qing dynasty
1261:: Knight Grand Cross of the
1102:
680:Guangxu in Imperial clothing
7:
3133:Deaths by arsenic poisoning
2745:Emperor of the Qing dynasty
1900:
1686:Guangxu Emperor (1871–1908)
1465:
599:the First Sino-Japanese War
589:of the Western Qing Tombs.
556:Wanzhen, was the sister of
537:. He initiated the radical
61:Emperor of the Qing dynasty
10:
3154:
3113:Murdered emperors of China
2539:– via hathitrust.org
2503:– via hathitrust.org
1700:
1583:
1477:
1284:Order of the Chrysanthemum
1197:Order of the Double Dragon
1122:
634:suggested choosing one of
238:
31:
3128:Unsolved murders in China
2922:
2911:
2804:
2751:
2738:
2730:
2725:
2697:
2322:Patrick Taveirne (2004).
1838:
1819:
1815:
1807:
1779:
1760:
1752:
1727:
1708:
1704:
1669:
1650:
1642:
1614:
1595:
1591:
1555:
1533:
1525:
1497:
1481:
1378:auspicious and prosperous
1364:
1331:
1171:
1163:
1151:
1142:
1129:
1076:, placed her seal on the
618:, and his primary spouse
467:
446:
432:
418:
411:
406:
402:
388:
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203:
175:
162:
139:
114:
110:
94:
84:
74:
66:
59:
50:
41:
3083:Child monarchs from Asia
2497:Almanach Royale Belgique
2035:www.travelchinaguide.com
1971:
1966:List of unsolved murders
1305:Sash of the Three Orders
1242:Order of the Black Eagle
1029:
1022:. His relationship with
852:civil examination system
782:Battle of the Yalu River
376:Traditional Chinese
2529:"Schwarzer Adler-orden"
2060:Encyclopedia Britannica
1956:First Sino-Japanese War
815:as an excuse to occupy
769:First Sino-Japanese War
694:memorials to the throne
390:Simplified Chinese
278:: Ambalinggū hūwangdi (
2118:Kwong, pp. 26 & 27
2097:Kwong, pp. 47 & 48
2088:Kwong, pp. 52 & 53
2031:"Qing Emperor Guangxu"
1435:Imperial Noble Consort
1352:
1344:
1282:: Grand Cordon of the
1219:: Grand Cordon of the
1074:Empress Dowager Longyu
956:
885:
831:
735:
681:
622:, a younger sister of
515:Emperor Dezong of Qing
483:This article contains
3058:1908 murders in China
2826:Enthroned in 1626 as
2648:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
2588:Paine, S.C.M (2003).
2131:(Knopf, 1992), p. 291
1397:Eight-Nation Alliance
1350:
1339:
1303:: Grand Cross of the
1263:Order of Kamehameha I
1167:Your Imperial Majesty
1001:Eight-Nation Alliance
954:
883:
825:
794:Treaty of Shimonoseki
722:
679:
632:Empress Dowager Ci'an
269:(同天崇運大中至正經文緯武仁孝睿智端儉寬勤
130:Prince Chun's Mansion
99:Empress Dowager Ci'an
2691:at Wikimedia Commons
2262:. 11 September 2020.
1744:Huizheng (1805–1853)
1608:Lingshou (1788–1824)
1419:Empress Xiaodingjing
1357:Empress Dowager Cixi
1342:Empress Xiaodingjing
1158:His Imperial Majesty
1041:quoted a historian,
968:Hundred Days' Reform
918:Zhongnanhai Compound
877:'s army in Tianjin.
837:Hundred Days' Reform
828:Zaifeng, Prince Chun
792:to the terms of the
624:Empress Dowager Cixi
616:Yixuan (Prince Chun)
571:Hundred Days’ Reform
558:Empress Dowager Cixi
539:Hundred Days' Reform
535:Empress Dowager Cixi
182:Empress Xiaodingjing
104:Empress Dowager Cixi
3138:People from Beijing
2840:began to rule over
2386:Lei Chia-sheng雷家聖,
2363:Frederick A. Stokes
2288:Ann Heylen (2004).
2233:, pp. 273–277.
2203:, pp. 258–259.
2191:, pp. 187–188.
2167:, pp. 126–129.
2152:, pp. 136–137.
2127:Seagrave, Sterling
1326:Order of St. Andrew
1301:Kingdom of Portugal
907:The day before the
867:traditional culture
778:Battle of Pyongyang
603:the Boxer Rebellion
587:Chongling Mausoleum
550:Yixuan, Prince Chun
237:: Badarangga doro (
3088:Chinese dissidents
2653:"Tsai-t'ien"
2639:Rawski, Evelyn S.
2451:2015-05-09 at the
2399:Derling, Princess
2355:Richard, Timothy,
1547:Empress Xiaoshurui
1353:
1345:
1176:Son of Heaven (天子)
1093:Western Qing Tombs
1087:of 1911–1912, the
997:Theodore Roosevelt
957:
886:
832:
736:
682:
246:: Бадаргуулт төр (
169:Western Qing tombs
3015:
3014:
2761:
2760:
2752:Succeeded by
2687:Media related to
2678:Scholarly studies
2618:978-0-295-99748-3
2599:978-0-521-81714-1
2476:. 4 November 2008
1897:
1896:
1259:Kingdom of Hawaii
1195:Sovereign of the
1181:
1180:
1172:Alternative style
1097:Chinese Civil War
1085:Xinhai Revolution
1078:abdication decree
856:Meiji Restoration
813:Shandong Province
755:foreign legations
545:until his death.
491:rendering support
471:
470:
463:
462:
413:Standard Mandarin
361:
360:
356:Yehe-Nara Wanzhen
309:
308:
167:Chong Mausoleum,
16:(Redirected from
3145:
3118:Murdered royalty
2917:
2850:
2844:, replacing the
2810:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2764:
2763:
2755:Xuantong Emperor
2741:Emperor of China
2731:Preceded by
2721:
2720:14 November 1908
2714:
2699:Guangxu Emperor
2695:
2694:
2686:
2667:
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2622:
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2492:
2486:
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2481:
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2432:
2430:
2428:
2423:on 8 August 2012
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2222:
2221:Seagrave, p. 186
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2027:
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2020:
2018:
2016:
2002:
1985:
1982:
1945:
1943:Biography portal
1940:
1939:
1938:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1515:Daoguang Emperor
1471:
1470:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1240:: Knight of the
1236:
1234:
1233:
1221:Order of Leopold
1215:
1213:
1212:
1184:Domestic honours
1147:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1089:Chinese Republic
937:Claude MacDonald
643:Xianfeng Emperor
620:Yehenara Wanzhen
566:Emperor Xianfeng
521:, was the tenth
517:, personal name
497: instead of
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249:
248:ᠪᠠᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠲᠤ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ
240:
221:
205:
204:
197:
195:
149:(光緒三十四年 十月 二十一日)
146:
143:14 November 1908
124:
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89:Xuantong Emperor
55:
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39:
38:
21:
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2838:Shunzhi Emperor
2835:
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2757:
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2743:
2736:
2734:Tongzhi Emperor
2715:
2709:
2708:
2700:
2689:Guangxu Emperor
2674:
2629:
2627:Further reading
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2453:Wayback Machine
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1489:Jiaqing Emperor
1468:
1457:(恪順皇貴妃) of the
1445:(溫靖皇貴妃) of the
1422:(孝定景皇后) of the
1409:
1401:Tongzhi Emperor
1380:
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1371:
1334:
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1280:Empire of Japan
1273:
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1244:, in Diamonds,
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1203:Foreign honours
1153:Reference style
1136:Guangxu Emperor
1135:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1113:Western culture
1105:
1068:, who took the
1032:
1005:Boxer Rebellion
987:Boxer Rebellion
976:Boxer Rebellion
949:
929:Timothy Richard
717:
674:
647:Tongzhi Emperor
628:Tongzhi Emperor
612:
595:Sino-French War
562:Emperor Tongzhi
508:Guangxu Emperor
504:
503:
502:
499:Manchu alphabet
489:Without proper
480:
476:
366:Guangxu Emperor
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256:Posthumous name
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196: 1889)
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79:Tongzhi Emperor
44:
43:
42:Guangxu Emperor
37:
34:Kwang-su (name)
28:
23:
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18:Emperor Guangxu
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11:
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3048:1900s in China
3045:
3043:1890s in China
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3038:1880s in China
3035:
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3028:1870s in China
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2726:Regnal titles
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2713:14 August 1871
2701:
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2673:
2672:External links
2670:
2669:
2668:
2650:, ed. (1943).
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2564:刑部芳則 (2017).
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2478:. Retrieved
2464:
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2425:. Retrieved
2421:the original
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2212:Kwong, p. 27
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2109:Kwong, p. 54
2093:
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2063:. Retrieved
2059:
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2013:. Retrieved
2009:
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1915:China portal
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1389:Consort Zhen
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1245:
1225:18 July 1898
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890:Dong Fuxiang
887:
860:
849:
845:Liang Qichao
833:
817:Jiaozhou Bay
806:
802:Wang Wenshao
786:
774:Li Hongzhang
766:
759:
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737:
698:
683:
662:
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591:
577:Pavilion of
547:
543:house arrest
531:China proper
527:Qing dynasty
518:
514:
507:
505:
482:
440:Kuang-hsu Ti
420:Hanyu Pinyin
270:
266:
262:
145:(1908-11-14)
29:
3053:1908 deaths
3033:1871 births
2953:16 Kingdoms
2705:Aisin Gioro
2567:明治時代の勲章外交儀礼
2243:Rhoads 2000
2065:11 November
2040:11 November
2015:11 November
2010:www.cnn.com
1799:(1841–1896)
1634:(1822–1866)
1575:(1840–1891)
1549:(1760–1797)
1517:(1782–1850)
1491:(1760–1820)
1459:Tatara clan
1447:Tatara clan
1387:concubine,
1109:Sun Yat-sen
1070:regnal name
1047:Yuan Shikai
1038:China Daily
985:During the
972:Prince Duan
925:Kang Youwei
909:staged coup
871:Yuan Shikai
841:Kang Youwei
751:Zhongnanhai
734:(1895–1907)
724:Silver coin
690:Weng Tonghe
686:Prince Chun
658:Weng Tonghe
651:regnal name
636:Prince Gong
579:Zhongnanhai
512:temple name
320:Aisin-Gioro
301:: Dedzung (
296:Dezong (德宗)
290:Temple name
106:(1875–1908)
101:(1875–1881)
75:Predecessor
3022:Categories
2945:3 Kingdoms
2832:Hong Taiji
2749:1875–1908
2444:Mu, Eric.
2231:Paine 2003
2201:Paine 2003
2189:Paine 2003
2177:Paine 2003
2165:Paine 2003
2150:Paine 2003
1992:References
1083:After the
898:Ma Fuxiang
434:Wade–Giles
426:Guāngxù Dì
280:ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠯᡳᠩᡤᡡ
121:1871-08-14
2870:Yongzheng
2703:House of
2427:9 October
1855:Lady Fuca
1663:Lady Weng
1385:favourite
1131:Styles of
1107:In 1912,
1103:Appraisal
1020:Yu Deling
994:president
980:nephritis
798:Liu Kunyi
789:memorials
730:Guangxu,
244:Mongolian
227:Era dates
220:ᡯᠠᡳ ᡨᡳᠶᠠᠨ
85:Successor
2905:Xuantong
2890:Xianfeng
2885:Daoguang
2875:Qianlong
2794:Emperors
2545:citation
2509:citation
2449:Archived
2260:Historum
1901:See also
1466:Ancestry
780:and the
560:. After
554:Yehenara
2900:Guangxu
2895:Tongzhi
2880:Jiaqing
2860:Shunzhi
2855:Taizong
2819:Taizong
2796:of the
2480:10 June
2341:28 June
2307:28 June
1832:Huixian
1797:Wanzhen
1721:Jingrui
1428:Jingfen
1412:Empress
1405:Zaifeng
1372:
1361:Jingfen
1217:Belgium
1123:Honours
1054:arsenic
1012:watches
914:Zaifeng
902:Ma Fulu
666:eunuchs
583:arsenic
575:Yingtai
525:of the
523:emperor
519:Zaitian
327:Dynasty
282:ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡩᡳ
263:Emperor
198:
190:
186:
176:Consort
157:Beijing
134:Beijing
2985:W. Xia
2865:Kangxi
2716:
2615:
2596:
2457:Danwei
2365:(1916)
2361:publ.
2332:
2298:
1573:Yixuan
1332:Family
1319:
1298:
1277:
1256:
1235:
1214:
1043:Dai Yi
1016:clocks
875:Ronglu
601:, and
485:Manchu
352:Mother
342:Yixuan
338:Father
299:Manchu
276:Manchu
235:Manchu
216:Manchu
163:Burial
95:Regent
2929:Shang
2814:Taizu
2718:Died:
2711:Born:
2571:(PDF)
1972:Notes
1117:nadir
1030:Death
487:text.
315:House
303:ᡩᡝᡯᡠᠩ
208:Names
192:(
188:
67:Reign
3001:Qing
2997:Ming
2993:Yuan
2981:Song
2977:Liao
2969:Tang
2933:Zhou
2828:Khan
2613:ISBN
2594:ISBN
2551:link
2515:link
2482:2022
2429:2011
2343:2010
2330:ISBN
2309:2010
2296:ISBN
2067:2019
2042:2019
2017:2019
1430:(靜芬)
1369:lit.
1309:1904
1267:1882
1066:Puyi
1014:and
900:and
843:and
800:and
728:yuan
726:: 1
709:Zhen
707:and
688:and
506:The
332:Qing
267:Jing
140:Died
115:Born
3009:PRC
3005:ROC
2989:Jīn
2965:Sui
2949:Jìn
2941:Han
2937:Qin
2925:Xia
2474:CNN
705:Jin
448:IPA
396:光绪帝
382:光緒帝
271:景皇帝
45:光緒帝
3024::
3007:/
3003:→
2999:→
2995:→
2991:→
2987:/
2983:/
2979:/
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2830:,
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2543:{{
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1365:隆裕
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119:(
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