916:"Ding Baozhen now reports that the eunuch was arrested in Tai'an Prefecture and has been summarily beheaded. Our dynasty's house law is most strict in regard to the proper discipline of eunuchs, and provides severe punishment for any offences to which they may commit. They have always been sternly forbidden to make expeditions to the provinces, or to create trouble. Nevertheless, An Dehai actually had brazen effrontery to violate this law, and for his crimes his execution is only a fitting reward. In future, let all eunuchs take warning by his example; should we have further cause of complaint, the chief eunuchs of the several departments of the household will be punished as well as the actual offender. Any eunuch who may hereafter pretend that he has been sent on imperial business to the provinces shall be cast into chains at once, and sent to Beijing for punishment".
888:
that he had come on an imperial mission to procure dragon robes. His barges flew a black banner, bearing in its centre the triple imperial emblems of the sun, and there were also dragon and phoenix flags flying on both side, of his vessels. A goodly company of both sexes were in the attendance on this person; there were female musicians, skilled in the use of string and wind instruments. The banks of the canal were lined with crowds of spectators, who witnessed with amazement and admiration his progress. The 21st day of the last month happened to be this eunuch's birthday, so he arrayed himself in dragon robes and stood on the foredeck of his barge, to receive the homage of his suite. The local magistrate was just about to order his arrest when the barges set sail and proceeded southwards. The governor adds that he has already given orders for his immediate arrest.
148:
1066:"In spite of the arduous duties of the State, which have fully occupied my time, I was naturally of robust constitution and had therefore fully expected to attain to a good old age and to enjoy the Emperor's dutiful ministrations. Yesterday, however, I was suddenly stricken with a slight illness and his Majesty thereupon commanded his physician to attend me; later his Majesty came in person to enquire as to my health. And now, most unexpectedly, I have had a most dangerous relapse. At 1900 hours this evening I became completely confused in mind and now all hope of my recovery appears to be vain. I am forty-five years of age and for close on twenty years have held the high position of a regent of the empire. Many honorific titles and ceremonies of congratulation have been bestowed upon me: what cause have I therefore to regret?"
801:" – a title which gave her precedence over Empress Dowager Cixi – and given the honorific name "Ci'an" (meaning "motherly and calming"). Because her living quarters were in the eastern part of the Forbidden City, Empress Dowager Ci'an was informally referred to as the "East Empress Dowager"; Empress Dowager Cixi, who lived in the western part, was also informally known as the "West Empress Dowager". Empress Dowager Ci'an spent most of her life in the Palace of Gathering Essence. On several occasions after 1861, Ci'an was given additional honorific names (two Chinese characters at a time), as was customary for emperors and empresses, until by the end of her life her name was a long even string of characters beginning with Ci'an.
1411:
1399:
937:) would become the new empress. Lady Alute's mother was Empress Dowager Ci'an's cousin from her father's side. After the wedding, both empresses dowager resigned as co-regents, but they resumed the regency in December 1874 during the Tongzhi Emperor's illness. In January 1875, the Tongzhi emperor died, at the age of eighteen. As Tongzhi was childless, Cixi's nephew, Zaitian, the son of Prince Chun, the brother of the long deceased Xianfeng empeor, and Wanzhen, Cixi's younger sister, was selected to ascend to the throne as Emperor Guangxu. As the Guangxu Emperor was also underage at the time of his accession, the two empresses dowager became the regents again.
1293:, who in her anxiety to make up for her own sterility, encouraged her husband to show his favour to his maid. Perhaps the Xianfeng Emperor did not need encouragement, but Ci'an took great interest in the concubine as the prospective mother of the emperor's son and heir. Cixi was quick-tempered and probably jealous of the empress. Just before the birth of the Tongzhi Emperor, Cixi was nearly demoted in rank for her bad temper and insolence. Ci'an intervened on her behalf. In contrast to Hagar, Cixi did not openly despise her mistress. She was as tame as a lamb, and for many years they lived on terms of friendship.
855:
998:. She had a history of what appeared to be strokes. In his diary, Weng Tonghe recorded the first stroke in March 1863, when Ci'an suddenly fainted and lost her ability to speak for nearly a month. Her reputation for 'speaking slowly and with difficulty' during audiences may have been a consequence of her stroke. A second stroke was recorded in January 1870. The official cause of her death between 21:00 and 23:00 hours was a sudden stroke. Physicians who studied her medical records are almost certain that she died of a massive brain haemorrhage.
1155:
On the 7th instant the benign body was suddenly taken ill. A decoction of medicine was immediately given to dissipate the ailment and restore health, but unexpectedly on the following day the sickness rapidly grew dangerous, respiration was hindered by copious generation of phlegm, and the case became urgent and desperate. Between the hours of 7 and 9PM the benign spirit rode in the fairy chariot and ascended to the remote regions. Prostrate upon the earth, with outstretched arms, we raised our cry to Heaven, bewailing our overwhelming grief.
1124:. The surviving Empress has been thought to take a more active part in shaping the policy of the empire. She has been so ill for months that her death has been daily expected, and several times reported in the streets. But the Empress of the East Palace has not been ill, until she was seized last week with her fatal disease. I think she was about forty-five years of age. It is feared that her sudden death may have an unfavorable and possibly fatal effect on the surviving Empress in her condition of weakness.
1159:
twenty-seven months, to manifest in some degree our sincere sorrow at this bereavement. The departed
Empress having also admonished us to endeavor to control our sorrow and give due regard to the importance of state affairs so as to console the Empress Dowager, "T'zu-hsi Twan-Yü-Kang-Yi-Chao-Yü-Chwang-Ch'eng," in return for Her care in educating and nurturing us, we dare not disregard this advice, and, in respectful obedience to the bequaethed command, we shall endeavor to check and restrain our sorrow.
726:. However, as Empress, Lady Niohuru was nominally the mother of all the Xianfeng Emperor's children, regardless of whether or not she was their birth mother. Consequently, it was the Empress who raised the Xianfeng Emperor's children and decided their punishment when they did not obey her. Concubine Yi had little to say in her son's upbringing. She once recalled, "I had... quite a lot of trouble with (the Empress) and found it very difficult to keep on good terms with her."
1252:. Empress Dowager Cixi, on the other hand, was a shrewd and intelligent woman who was ready to make sacrifices and work hard in order to obtain supreme power, and who faced the complex problems that were besetting China at the time. As often, the reality may lie in between these two extremes and some even claim that Ci'an is said to have exhibited temper and willpower. The popular view of Ci'an being a nice simple girl was exaggerated by the reformer
34:
1270:, who spent nine months with Empress Dowager Cixi in 1903, described Ci'an, even though she never met her, as follows: Ci'an was known as the "Literary Empress". While Cixi handled all state affairs, Ci'an gave herself up to literary pursuits and led the life of a student. She was a woman of such fine literary ability that she herself sometimes examined the essays of the aspirants for the highest literary honours at the
735:
1194:
820:. Because women were not allowed to be seen during imperial court sessions, they had to sit behind a curtain while attending such sessions together with the child emperor. Although in principle she had precedence over Cixi, Ci'an was in fact a self-effacing person and seldom intervened in politics, unlike Cixi, who actually controlled the imperial court. As
961:. The Qing Empire soon lost power and the Russians occupied the Ili basin region. The Qing government regained control over Xinjiang in 1877. In 1879, the Russians suggested that they maintain a strong presence in the region but the Qing government did not agree. The conflict ended with the signing of the
702:
1852, she was elevated to "Noble
Consort Zhen". On 24 July 1852, she was officially designated as the Empress. As Empress, she was put in charge of the emperor's harem. Some sources claim that Lady Niohuru was already designated as the Xianfeng Emperor's primary spouse after the death of her predecessor,
1274:. She was also a writer of distinction. Ci'an and Cixi lived amicably together, appreciated each other's qualities, and are said to have had a sincere affection for each other, which never weakened during the whole of their long association. Their amicable relation ended with the death of Ci'an in 1881.
1158:
We have reverently received the dying behest of the departed
Empress that the mourning garb be laid aside after twenty-seven days. Our feelings would indeed be hard to reconcile if we should do this. We shall therefore observe deep mourning for one hundred days, and half mourning for the full term of
1005:
One of the most circulated rumours is that before his death, the
Xianfeng Emperor wrote a secret imperial edict and gave it to Ci'an. Apparently, the emperor foresaw that Cixi would try to overrule Ci'an and dominate the imperial court, so he wrote the edict to authorise Ci'an to have Cixi eliminated
976:
to assert herself and her rights, took precedence in all the ceremonies. While at the
Xianfeng Emperor's tomb, a commotion happened between Ci'an and Cixi. Ci'an, as the primary wife of the deceased emperor, took the central position. She told Cixi to stand on the right and reminded her that she was
887:
Ding
Baozhen reports that a eunuch has been creating disturbance in Shandong Province. According to the magistrate of Dezhou, a eunuch surnamed An and his followers passed through that place by the way of the imperial canal, in two dragon barges, with much display of pomp and pageantry. He announced
1154:
The robust health which we seemed to recognize in Her appearance and movements, and Her zeal for state affairs at all times, were a source of great joy and comfort to our mind, and we hoped that Her life would be prolonged a hundred years, that She might long continue in the enjoyment of happiness.
1127:
It is impossible to say yet whether the death of the
Empress of the East Palace will lead to any important political results. Should the other Empress also die, it is extremely possible that important consequences would follow, though no one can predict what they would be. Vague rumors of plottings
989:
On 8 April 1881, while attending an imperial court session, Empress
Dowager Ci'an became ill and was escorted to her private quarters, where she died within a few hours. Her sudden death was a shock to many people. Although she was in good health, Ci'an had fallen seriously ill at least three times
1001:
Thirty years after her death, rumours started spreading that she had been poisoned by
Empress Dowager Cixi. However, such claims have never been substantiated and new evidence has not appeared in the many years since. Furthermore, Cixi herself had been ill to the point of being unable to serve her
701:
Lady
Niohuru's status within the palace rose rapidly. On 14 June 1852, she was granted the title "Concubine Zhen" ("Zhen" meaning "upright", "chaste", "virtuous", or "faithful to the memory of one's husband", i.e., by remaining chaste after his death and not remarrying). In late June or early July
1243:
Emperors preferred Ci'an above Cixi. Her good-hearted personality was no match for Empress Dowager Cixi, who managed to sideline the naive and candid Empress Dowager Ci'an. This is still the popular view in China, the image of a quiet Empress Dowager Ci'an perhaps stemming from the meaning of her
902:
are ordered to seek out and arrest the eunuch An whom we had formerly honored with the rank of the sixth grade and the decoration of the crow's feather. Upon his being duly identified by his companions, let him be forth with beheaded, without further formalities, no attention is to be paid to any
893:
We are dumbfounded at his report. How can we ever hope to uphold moral standards within the palace and frighten evildoers unless we make an example of this insolent eunuch, who was dared to leave Beijing without permission and commit these lawless deeds? The governors of these three provinces of
533:
A popular view of Empress Dowager Ci'an is that she was a highly respectable person, always quiet, never hot-tempered, and that she treated everybody very well and was highly respected by the Xianfeng Emperor. However, some historians have painted a very different reality, mainly that of a
1115:
in 1861. At the death of Hsien-Fung, his wife, the woman who just died, was, of course, the Empress Dowager. But by decree of the new Emperor, Tung-Chih, his mother was also raised to the honor of Empress Dowager. So there have been two Empresses Dowager since 1861. The present Emperor,
809:. According to Tony Teng, Noble Consort Yi and Sushun had a quarrel over the granting of honours after the Xianfeng Emperor's death. It is believed that the Empress, as the primary wife of the recently deceased emperor, had supported Noble Consort Yi, thus forcing Sushun to yield.
1120:, who came to the throne in 1874, is the cousin of Tung-Chih and nephew of the surviving Empress Dowager. The two Empresses, it is thought, have played a considerable part in the conduct of affairs. The deceased Empress has been reputed to be of a pacific spirit, and friendly to
754:), 230 km (140 mi) northeast of Beijing, where he and his imperial court had fled to when the Anglo-French forces closed in on the Forbidden City. He was succeeded by his sole surviving son, Zaichun, who was only five years old then; Zaichun was enthroned as the
1150:
During the seven years which have elapsed since Our accession to the Throne, as, anticipating Her wishes, with respectable care we provided for her wants. Our efforts have been greatly rewarded by the joyous and happy contentment which She has always manifested.
530:. Although in principle, she had precedence over Cixi, Ci'an was in fact a self-effacing person and seldom intervened in politics, but she was the decision-maker in most family affairs. Instead, Empress Dowager Cixi was the decision-maker in most state affairs.
698:, the highest ranked living consort of the Daoguang Emperor at the time. However, some sources claimed that Lady Niohuru entered the Forbidden City in the late 1840s and became a concubine of the Xianfeng Emperor, who was still known as the Fourth Prince then.
797:"Cixi" (meaning "motherly and auspicious"), hence she is known as "Empress Dowager Cixi". The Empress, on the other hand, as the former emperor's primary wife and the reigning emperor's nominal mother, was also elevated to empress dowager and honoured as "
840:
It is thought by many biographers that Cixi was the actual power behind the throne. Despite this, for the first 20 years of her regency she was not allowed to make decisions on her own. Any decree needed the approval of both regents. Both Ci'an and the
766:, the Tongzhi Emperor's birth mother, also wanted to assume the regency. The Empress initially agreed to cooperate with Sushun and his seven co-regents, but changed her mind after being persuaded by Noble Consort Yi. In November 1861, with aid from
1247:
However, some historians have painted a very different reality, mainly that of a self-indulgent and idle Empress Dowager Ci'an, who did not care as much for government and hard work as she cared for the pleasures and sweet life inside the
1146:
Since Our entrance upon the inheritance of the great dynastic line, looking upward, We have been the recipient of fostering care and unbounded maternal affection from the departed Empress, T'zu-an Twan-Yu-K'ang-Ching-Chao-Ho-Chwang-Ching.
824:
ruler, Ci'an had to learn about politics, so she and Cixi studied history. In November 1861, in keeping with the imperial custom, they began to consult the records of their Manchu predecessors. In June 1863, they had the contents of
793:"母后皇太后, a great privilege for her since she was never empress while the Xianfeng Emperor was still living; she became empress dowager only because she was the biological mother of the reigning Tongzhi Emperor. She was also given the
1219:; 'tomb east of the Ding Mausoleum in the vale of Putuo'). The Ding Mausoleum (literally "tomb of quietude") is the tomb of the Xianfeng Emperor and is located west of the Dingdongling. The vale of Putuo owes its name to
1111:, who reigned from 1850 to 1861. Having lost his wife just as he ascended the throne, he married the lady just deceased. She bore him no son. In 1856 one of his concubines or second wives bore him a son, who succeeded him as the
866:
and the Opium Wars with the British ceased. The treasury began growing again after decades of depletion. Empress Dowager Ci'an was little mentioned during this period and her only notable intervention in politics was in 1869.
758:. A power struggle broke out between two factions over the issue of who should assume the regency until Zaichun was old enough to rule on his own. On his deathbed, the Xianfeng Emperor had appointed his close adviser
845:
were given a seal, but because the emperor was underage, the seal was given to his mother, Cixi. Ci'an's seal was engraved with "Yushang" (Imperial Award) and Cixi's with "Tongdaotang" (Hall of Accord with the Way).
907:
An Dehai was beheaded on 12 September 1869. This was quite an unusual reaction for Empress Dowager Ci'an, and the execution of An Dehai is said to have greatly displeased Empress Dowager Cixi. Some sources say that
804:
Imperial records did not explain why there was a difference of 24 hours between the times when the Empress Niohuru and Noble Consort Yi were elevated from their original statuses to the same position of
709:
Imperial customs required that the emperor spend one day a month with the empress. The Empress remained childless. On 27 April 1856, another of the Xianfeng Emperor's consorts, Concubine Yi (the future
1006:
if necessary. Ci'an, believing that Cixi would not harm her, showed her the secret edict and burnt it to demonstrate her trust in her co-regent. She died under mysterious circumstances later that day.
1231:
A popular view of Empress Dowager Ci'an is that she was a highly respectable person, always quiet, never hot-tempered, and that she treated everybody very well and was highly respected by the
929:
to marry. As the highest-ranking woman in the Forbidden City, Ci'an was put in charge of selecting the Tongzhi Emperor's new empress and consorts. It was decided that a girl from the
945:
During the late 1870s, Empress Dowager Cixi became ill from liver problems, so Empress Dowager Ci'an had to rule on her own. During this time, she had to deal with the war with the
534:
self-indulgent and idle Empress Dowager Ci'an, who did not care as much for government and hard work as she cared for the pleasures and sweet life inside the Forbidden City.
3063:
2418:
837:(治平寶鑑), became the text for a series of lectures by scholars and officials that the empresses dowager attended for over two years, the last lecture given in November 1866.
691:". The process of selecting a new primary consort to be the Xianfeng Emperor's empress consort, however, was delayed due to the mourning period for the Daoguang Emperor.
2391:
China Under the Empress Dowager: Being the History of the Life and Times of Tzu Hsi, Compiled from State Papers and the Private Diary of the Comptroller of Her Household
2134:. United States Department of State / Index to the executive documents of the House of Representatives for the first session of the forty-seventh Congress, 1880-'81.
1207:, 125 km (78 mi) east of Beijing. She was denied burial next to her husband in the Ding Mausoleum. Instead she was interred in the Eastern Ding Mausoleum (
883:, the Governor of Shandong, reported An Dehai's deeds to the imperial court. Empress Dowager Ci'an received news about it and drafted an imperial decree as follows:
1751:
Bland & Backhouse (1912), p. 101. Backhouse did not name his sources. He did state that quarrels between palace women at the imperial tombs happened frequently.
1264:, to build up the contrast between her and Cixi. There are no documented meetings between any foreigner and Ci'an, unlike Cixi, who met many foreigners after 1900.
1082:. Another translation of the valedictory is found in "Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States" which contains corresponding letters between
636:
624:
1179:
977:
only a concubine while the Xianfeng Emperor was still living. The vacant spot on the left was symbolically reserved for the Xianfeng Emperor's first consort,
1715:
Bland & Backhouse (1912), pp. 59–60. Backhouse forged most of his sources but an imperial decree was indeed issued and An Dehai was executed in 1869.
1094:"Sir: I have to announce that on the 8th instant, at 6PM, the Empress Dowager, commonly known as the Empress of the East Palace, in distinction from the
647:, but it was Lady Jiang (姜氏), a concubine of Muyang'a, who was Xiaozhenxian's birth mother. Her brother, Guangke (廣科; d. 1880), served as a general in
1215:; 'tomb east of the Ding Mausoleum in the vale of wide good omen'), while Cixi built herself the much larger Putuoyu Eastern Ding Mausoleum (
1087:
1584:
made no mention of Lady Niohuru entering the Forbidden City before 1852. Before his coronation, the Xianfeng Emperor had another consort apart from
1186:; and the presidents, Ngen-Ch'eng and Ong-Fung-Ho, with respectful care attend to the rites and ceremonies to be observed in the present mourning.
1098:, died after an illness of only two days. The legations have, at the time of this writing, received no official announcement of the event. But the
968:
Although Ci'an rarely left the Forbidden City, she did visit the imperial tombs to pay respect to her husband and ancestors. In 1880, while at the
2010:
of the Xianfeng Emperor; during the Qing dynasty the last character of empresses' posthumous names was always the posthumous name of their emperor
903:
crafty explanations which he may attempt to make. The governors concerned will be held responsible in the event of failure to affect his arrest.
694:
The auditions for the Xianfeng Emperor's consorts took place in 1851 in the Forbidden City. Lady Niohuru was among the candidates shortlisted by
3043:
147:
1410:
1398:
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193:
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158:
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1498:
1211:) tomb complex, along with Empress Dowager Cixi. More precisely, Empress Dowager Ci'an lies in the Puxiangyu Eastern Ding Mausoleum (
51:
70:
2749:
3317:
3302:
2199:
1530:(清文宗實錄), Muyang'a was posthumously honoured as a duke after Empress Xiaozhenxian became a member of the Xianfeng Emperor's harem.
3122:
3079:
1132:
On 30 April 1881, Angell wrote a second letter about Ci'an, to Blaine. It contained a translation of an imperial edict sent by
77:
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798:
790:
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and close aide of Empress Dowager Cixi, was on a trip south to purchase a set of dragon robes for Cixi. While travelling in
687:. The Xianfeng Emperor's primary consort had died a month before the emperor's coronation and was posthumously honoured as "
3277:
3142:
3039:
2758:
1104:
contains two imperial rescripts concerning her death. As the mail leaves at once I cannot now inclose translation of them.
1996:
2. "filial"; during the Qing dynasty, this was always the first character at the beginning of empresses' posthumous names
3292:
3282:
84:
2453:
2431:
2269:
2068:"清代《玉牒》中的滿族史資料及其價值 [Materials about Manchu History and Their Value in the Qing Dynasty's "Imperial Genealogy"]"
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forced Ci'an to take an independent decision for a change. Several days after the arrest an edict was issued by Ci'an:
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117:
66:
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This long name is still the one that can be seen on Ci'an's tomb today. The short form of her posthumous name is:
683:
When the Daoguang Emperor died on 15 February 1850, his fourth son, Yizhu, succeeded him and was enthroned as the
3297:
862:
The years after the Xianfeng Emperor's death were called the Tongzhi Restoration. It was a period of peace; the
3075:
3027:
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Kwong, Luke S. K. (April 1983). "Imperial authority in crisis: An interpretation of the coup d'état of 1861".
511:. She was empress consort of Qing from 1852 until her husband's death in 1861, after which she was honored as
3312:
3287:
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that she received while alive, with possibly the last characters having been added only just after her death
1452:
408:
3327:
2742:
1862:, p. 261. The part between the brackets was omitted from Prince Gong's communication but appeared in the
1090:. Angell's first letter about Ci'an was written three days after her death and received on 23 June 1881:
954:
3115:
3100:
479:
2376:
These sources are about Empress Dowager Cixi but Empress Dowager Ci'an is mentioned in them as well:
719:
91:
631:
and also held the title of a baron. Her father, Muyang'a (d. before 1852), served as an official in
3019:
2636:
863:
718:. Some biographers mentioned that the Empress gave birth to the Xianfeng Emperor's only daughter,
643:. Muyang'a's primary consort was the granddaughter of Qingheng (慶恆; d. 1779), a great-grandson of
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782:– against the eight regents and ousted them from power, thereby securing control of the regency.
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The future empress' great-grandfather, Fukejing'a (福克精阿), served as a management official in
176:
829:(通鑑輯覽) explained to them. About a year earlier, an earlier compilation by scholars from the
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1199:(Puxiangyu Eastern Ding Mausoleum on the left, Putuoyu Eastern Ding Mausoleum on the right)
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1289:, was the handmaid who was to bear a son for her master. Ci'an appears to have been like
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771:
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2825:
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One sister: Lady Niohuru, primary consort of Prince Zhuanghou of the first rank, Yiren
286:
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As empress dowager and one of the most senior members of the imperial family, she and
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Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Antiquity Through Sui, 1600 B.C.E.-618 C.E
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774:, the Xianfeng's seventh brother, and husband of Noble Consort Yi's younger sister,
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The Dragon Empress: Life and Times of Tz'u-hsi, 1835-1908, Empress Dowager of China
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in the palace are afloat, but as yet they are but rumors and not worth repeating.
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616:(the founder of the Qing dynasty), through Eidu's third son, Celge (車爾格; d. 1647).
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2007:
1672:(御批歷代通鑑輯覽), a review of dynastic histories, a work compiled by the orders of the
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627:. Her grandfather, Cebutan (策布坦; d. 1794), served as a second-rank commander in
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1100:
1017:
she gained during her lifetime with new names added just after her death, was:
1014:
946:
830:
664:
269:
2244:
2074:. Chinese Social History Research Centre, School of History, Nankai University
879:, he abused his authority by extorting money from people and causing trouble.
3261:
2574:
2279:
1479:
1278:
1002:
functions at court, making her involvement in Ci'an's death highly unlikely.
930:
778:, the Empress and Noble Consort Yi staged a coup – historically known as the
498:
3132:
2820:
2785:
2762:
880:
438:
250:
3234:
2982:
2087:
1474:
1253:
1220:
1167:
1133:
1121:
991:
973:
909:
779:
767:
580:
352:
3130:
2214:
A Mosaic of the Hundred Days: Personalities, Politics, and Ideas of 1898
1062:
After her death a valedictory degree was written for Ci'an which reads:
663:
The future Empress Xiaozhenxian was born on the 12th day of the seventh
2513:
2413:
2109:
734:
2865:
1555:
revealed the family name of the birth mother of Empress Xiaozhenxian.
2303:
Notable Women of China: Shang Dynasty to the Early Twentieth Century
507:, was a posthumous name bestowed to the wife and empress consort of
33:
2180:
Histoire des relations de la Chine avec les puissances occidentales
958:
876:
868:
648:
20:
2192:
547:
Empress Xiaozhenxian's personal name was not recorded in history.
3228:
3222:
3210:
2860:
2627:
2324:
The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions
1183:
1171:
899:
775:
652:
644:
632:
613:
586:
558:
504:
347:
342:
273:
246:
2352:
Wan, Yi; Shuqing, Wang; Yanzhen, Lu; Scott, Rosemary E. (1988).
1193:
3250:
Asterisk (*) denotes that regent was part of a regency council.
3204:
3187:
1788:
Selections from the Veritable Records of Emperor Dezong of Qing
1163:
872:
655:, a prominent noble and close adviser of the Xianfeng Emperor.
628:
620:
2162:(Illustrated and Revised ed.). Harvard University Press.
1223:, at the foot of which the Eastern Ding Mausoleum is located.
2544:
Dragon Lady: The Life and Legend of the Last Empress of China
2419:
Empress Dowager Cixi: The Concubine Who Launched Modern China
2354:
Daily Life in the Forbidden City: The Qing Dynasty, 1644-1912
2132:
Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States
1876:
Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States
1860:
Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States
1848:
Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States
1290:
1286:
895:
2448:(Illustrated ed.). CreateSpace Independent Publishing.
2260:
Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Stefanowska, A. D.; Wiles, Sue (2007).
1588:: Lady Ugiya, who was given the title "Concubine Yun" later.
3198:
1517:
Du (2016) mentioned that Cebutan was a descendant of Celge.
920:
612:(1562–1621), one of the top five generals who served under
609:
2345:
Prince Kung and the survival of the Ch'ing rule, 1858-1898
1553:
Veritable Records of Emperor Wenzongxian of the Great Qing
522:
became co-regents during the reign of two young emperors:
925:
In 1872, both Ci'an and Cixi agreed it was time for the
1042:
Ci'an Yuqing Hejing Chengjing Yitian Zuosheng Xian ".
2351:
981:. It is not known how Cixi reacted to this incident.
443:
2328:(Reprint ed.). University of California Press.
2259:
1013:given to Empress Dowager Ci'an, which combines the
58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
19:"Ci'an" redirects here. For the city in China, see
2541:
2321:
2006:5. "the Clear", or "the Illustrious"; this is the
2757:
1421:
3259:
2536:
589:'s primary consort, the maternal grandmother of
2522:(Reprint ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
1182:; the assistant great secretary and president,
1070:This translation of the valedictory comes from
812:The two empresses dowager were appointed joint
785:Noble Consort Yi was elevated to the status of
16:Empress Consort and Dowager of the Qing Dynasty
2581:(Reprint and Illustrated ed.). Cardinal.
2440:
2380:
1998:3. same character as when she was a concubine
1203:Empress Dowager Ci'an was interred amidst the
3116:
2743:
1379:
1358:
1340:
1331:
1322:
1136:and a farewell mandate which appeared in the
770:, the Xianfeng Emperor's sixth brother, and,
762:and seven others to be the regents. However,
571:
562:
552:
413:
399:
136:
2709:Xingzhen, Empress Dowager Cixi (Xiaoqinxian)
2347:(Reprint ed.). University of Wisconsin.
1582:Imperial Genealogy of the Qing Imperial Clan
671:, which translates to 12 August 1837 in the
561:, and held the title of a third class duke (
667:month in the 17th year of the reign of the
3123:
3109:
2750:
2736:
1336:; from June/July 1852), third rank consort
835:A Valuable Mirror for Excellent Governance
714:), gave birth to the emperor's first son,
2496:The Last Empress: The She-Dragon of China
1499:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
1107:The deceased Empress is the widow of the
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
2661:November/December 1852 – 22 August 1861
2562:
2474:
2462:
2300:
2205:United States Government Printing Office
2000:4. this string of 12 characters are the
1494:Ranks of imperial consorts in China#Qing
1327:; from 14 June 1852), fifth rank consort
1192:
921:The Tongzhi Emperor's marriage and death
853:
733:
497:(12 August 1837 – 8 April 1881), of the
2493:
2286:(Reprint ed.). Select Publishing.
2176:
2160:Wang Kuo-wei: An Intellectual Biography
1142:. The imperial edict reads as follows:
849:
314: 1852; died 1861)
168:November/December 1852 – 22 August 1861
3260:
2681:Empress Dowager Kangci (Xiaojingcheng)
2573:
2319:
2187:
2157:
1994:1. i.e. mother of the Tongzhi Emperor
742:On 22 August 1861, in the wake of the
3104:
2731:
2412:
2230:
2211:
1838:Bland & Backhouse (1912), p. 104.
1624:Der Ling & Struik (2012), p. 252.
1277:Another view of Ci'an was written by
3143:List of emperors of the Qing dynasty
2563:Sergeant, Philip Walsingham (1911).
2398:
2342:
2200:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
2138:
2108:
2086:
1733:Bland & Backhouse (1912), p. 60.
1578:Imperial Archives of the Qing Palace
542:
56:adding citations to reliable sources
27:
2595:
2512:
2278:
750:died at the Rehe Traveling Palace (
194:Empress dowager of the Qing dynasty
159:Empress consort of the Qing dynasty
13:
2604:(in Dutch). Conserve, Uitgeverij.
2566:The Great Empress Dowager of China
2216:. Harvard University Asia Center.
1309:Lady Niohuru (from 12 August 1837)
1096:Empress Dowager of the West Palace
720:Princess Rong'an of the First Rank
570:Paternal grandfather: Fukejing'a (
484:hiyoošungga jekdun iletu hūwangheo
14:
3339:
2301:Peterson, Barbara Bennet (2000).
1445:The Rise and Fall of Qing Dynasty
608:Xiaozhenxian was a descendant of
152:Portrait of Empress Dowager Ci'an
3323:Consorts of the Xianfeng Emperor
2596:Wen, Mayli (2005). "Foreword by
2424:Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group
2356:(Illustrated ed.). Viking.
1409:
1397:
1174:; the minister of the presence,
972:, Ci'an, probably encouraged by
146:
32:
2958:Grand Empress Dowager Zhaosheng
2548:(Illustrated ed.). Knopf.
2475:Headland, Isaac Taylor (1996).
2446:Two Years in the Forbidden City
2125:English and non-Chinese sources
1980:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1935:
1926:
1917:
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1709:
1697:
1688:
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1663:
1654:
1645:
1636:
1627:
1618:
1080:China Under the Empress Dowager
799:Mother Empress, Empress Dowager
678:
658:
311:
43:needs additional citations for
3318:Leaders who took power by coup
3303:Qing dynasty empresses dowager
2701:Xingzhen, Empress Dowager Cixi
2284:The Chinese Crisis from Within
2065:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1570:
1558:
1545:
1533:
1526:According to Volume 78 of the
1520:
1511:
1430:The Burning of Imperial Palace
1422:In fiction and popular culture
1345:; from November/December 1852)
940:
729:
444:
414:
400:
1:
3064:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
2696:22 August 1861 – 8 April 1881
2343:Teng, Tony Yung-yuan (1972).
2014:
1817:Bland & Backhouse (1912).
1540:Genealogy of the Niohuru Clan
738:A young Empress Dowager Ci'an
585:Paternal aunt: Lady Niohuru,
203:22 August 1861 – 8 April 1881
3131:Imperial regents during the
1226:
858:Palace of Gathering Essence.
791:Holy Mother, Empress Dowager
557:), served as an official in
528:Zaitian, the Guangxu Emperor
524:Zaichun, the Tongzhi Emperor
333:Empress Xiaozhenxian (孝貞顯皇后)
7:
3278:19th-century Chinese people
2602:Een vrouw op de drakentroon
2569:. Dodd, Mead & Company.
2470:. Dodd, Mead & Company.
2094:(Reprint ed.). 中华书局 .
1633:Seagrave (1992), pp. 72–74.
1487:
1464:Portrayed by Rachel Kan in
1168:the Prince of Kung, Yi Hsin
722:, who was actually born to
579:Paternal grandmother: Lady
509:Yizhu, the Xianfeng Emperor
10:
3344:
3293:19th-century women regents
3283:19th-century Chinese women
2963:Grand Empress Dowager Cixi
2623:Empress Dowager Ci'an
2540:; Seagrave, Peggy (1992).
2320:Rawski, Evelyn S. (1998).
2212:Kwong, Luke S. K. (1984).
1694:Yi, et al. (1988), p. 266.
1390:
1197:The Eastern Ding Mausoleum
1039:
1035:
963:Treaty of Saint Petersburg
466:
18:
3248:
3180:
3149:
3140:
3016:
2978:
2971:
2953:
2946:
2913:Empress Dowager Chongqing
2893:Empress Dowager Zhaosheng
2883:
2876:
2776:
2769:
2705:
2689:
2677:
2663:
2654:
2642:
2635:
2621:
2498:. John Wiley & Sons.
2479:. Library of Alexandria.
2245:10.1017/s0026749x00015614
1670:Yupi Lidai Tongjian Jilan
1427:Portrayed by Chan Wah in
1380:
1359:
1341:
1332:
1323:
1321:Imperial Concubine Zhen (
1296:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1055:
1022:
751:
572:
563:
553:
488:
478:
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455:
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393:
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380:Empress Dowager Ci'an
379:
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231:
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145:
137:
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2692:Empress dowager of China
2657:Empress consort of China
2405:With the Empress Dowager
1504:
1442:Portrayed by Sam-sam in
1368:During the reign of the
1350:During the reign of the
1314:During the reign of the
1302:During the reign of the
1164:Prince of T'un, Yi Tsung
984:
635:and held the title of a
623:and held the title of a
395:Traditional Chinese
2948:Grand empresses dowager
2908:Empress Dowager Renshou
2898:Empress Dowager Renxian
2719:as sole empress dowager
2494:Laidler, Keith (2005).
2444:; Struik, Alex (2012).
2400:Carl, Katharine Augusta
2382:Bland, John Otway Percy
2177:Cordier, Henri (1901).
1914:Seagrave (1992), p. 96.
1905:Seagrave (1992), p. 96.
1742:Cordier (1901), p. 566.
1615:Sergeant (1911), p. 44.
1606:Seagrave (1992), p. 40.
1597:Seagrave (1992), p. 33.
1357:Empress Dowager Ci'an (
1178:; the grand secretary,
598:Mother: Lady Giyanggiya
537:
409:Simplified Chinese
67:"Empress Dowager Ci'an"
3298:Qing dynasty empresses
2938:Empress Dowager Longyu
2923:Empress Dowager Kangci
2918:Empress Dowager Gongci
2183:(in French). F. Alcan.
1941:Lim (2006), pp. 45–46.
1896:Warner (1974), p. 118.
1887:Rawski (1998), p. 292.
1724:Warner (1974), p. 120.
1651:Bonner (1986), p. 248.
1436:Reign Behind a Curtain
1363:; from 22 August 1861)
1200:
1191:
1130:
1068:
1052:"Empress Xiaozhenxian"
933:Alute clan (the later
918:
905:
890:
859:
739:
696:Dowager Consort Kangci
653:Duanhua (Prince Zheng)
502:Bordered Yellow Banner
212:Empress Dowager Kangci
2993:Empress Xiaoxianzhang
2928:Empress Dowager Ci'an
2841:Empress Xiaoquancheng
2836:Empress Xiaoshencheng
2713:of the Yehe-Nara clan
2646:Empress Xiaoquancheng
2189:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
2158:Bonner, Joey (1986).
2139:Behr, Edward (1987).
2115:Draft History of Qing
1799:Chang (2013), p. 176.
1769:Chang (2013), p. 176.
1676:and annotated by him.
1384:; from May/June 1881)
1272:University of Beijing
1196:
1144:
1092:
1064:
914:
891:
885:
857:
737:
513:Empress Dowager Ci'an
445:Xiàozhēnxiǎn Huánghòu
177:Empress Xiaoquancheng
133:Emperor Dowager Ci'an
3313:Qing dynasty regents
3288:19th-century regents
2973:Posthumous empresses
2933:Empress Dowager Cixi
2903:Empress Dowager Cihe
2856:Empress Xiaodingjing
2846:Empress Xiaozhenxian
2816:Empress Xiaoxianchun
2811:Empress Xiaojingxian
2796:Empress Xiaochengren
2791:Empress Xiaohuizhang
2685:of the Borjigit clan
2422:(Reprint ed.).
2233:Modern Asian Studies
1932:Carl (1907), p. 255.
1923:Carl (1907), p. 130.
1458:Sigh of His Highness
1376:Empress Xiaozhenxian
1330:Noble Consort Zhen (
1084:James Burrill Angell
850:The case of An Dehai
712:Empress Dowager Cixi
601:One brother: Guangke
520:Empress Dowager Cixi
495:Empress Xiaozhenxian
222:Empress Dowager Cixi
52:improve this article
3328:People from Liuzhou
3235:Yixin (Prince Gong)
3003:Empress Xiaomucheng
2888:Empress Xiaoduanwen
2801:Empress Xiaozhaoren
2781:Empress Xiaoduanwen
2650:of the Niohuru clan
2477:Court Life in China
1808:Behr (1987), p. 49.
1660:Teng (1972), p. 79.
1172:the Beile, Yi-Kwang
772:Yixuan, Prince Chun
651:. Her aunt married
3008:Empress Xiaodexian
2998:Empress Xiaoyichun
2826:Empress Xiaoshurui
2538:Seagrave, Sterling
2408:. Century Company.
2394:. J.B. Lippincott.
1586:Empress Xiaodexian
1528:Qing Wenzong Shilu
1205:Eastern Qing tombs
1201:
1109:Emperor Hsien-Fung
994:, who tutored the
979:Empress Xiaodexian
970:Eastern Qing tombs
965:in February 1881.
860:
768:Yixin, Prince Gong
740:
704:Empress Xiaodexian
689:Empress Xiaodexian
673:Gregorian calendar
551:Father: Muyang'a (
287:Eastern Qing tombs
3255:
3254:
3181:Appointed regents
3150:Empresses dowager
3098:
3097:
2988:Empress Xiaocigao
2983:Empress Xiaoliewu
2878:Empresses dowager
2861:Empress Xiaokemin
2851:Empress Xiaozheyi
2831:Empress Xiaoherui
2806:Empress Xiaoyiren
2771:Empresses consort
2726:
2725:
2722:
2706:Succeeded by
2671:of the Arute clan
2667:Empress Xiaozheyi
2664:Succeeded by
2386:Backhouse, Edmund
2011:
1551:Volume 78 of the
1113:Emperor Tung-Chih
1023:孝貞慈安裕慶和敬誠靖儀天祚聖顯皇后
935:Empress Xiaozheyi
877:Shandong Province
864:Taiping Rebellion
789:and honoured as "
591:Empress Xiaozheyi
543:Family background
492:
491:
451:
450:
432:Standard Mandarin
375:
374:
337:
336:
268:Zhongcui Palace,
187:Empress Xiaozheyi
128:
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2716:
2714:
2686:
2678:Preceded by
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2643:Preceded by
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2570:
2559:
2547:
2533:
2509:
2490:
2471:
2459:
2437:
2409:
2395:
2372:Other literature
2367:
2348:
2339:
2327:
2316:
2297:
2275:
2256:
2227:
2208:
2196:
2184:
2173:
2154:
2141:The Last Emperor
2135:
2120:
2105:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2062:
2054:
2053:. 臺灣大通書局 . 1984.
2046:
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1987:
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1674:Qianlong Emperor
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1515:
1413:
1401:
1383:
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1372:(r. 1875–1908):
1362:
1361:
1354:(r. 1861–1875):
1344:
1343:
1335:
1334:
1326:
1325:
1318:(r. 1850–1861):
1316:Xianfeng Emperor
1306:(r. 1820–1850):
1304:Daoguang Emperor
1281:. The beautiful
1262:Edmund Backhouse
1256:and biographers
1244:honorific name.
1233:Xianfeng Emperor
1218:
1214:
1210:
1189:Respect this.
1076:Edmund Backhouse
1057:
1024:
827:Tong Jian Ji Lan
816:regents for the
776:Yehenara Wanzhen
764:Noble Consort Yi
753:
748:Xianfeng Emperor
744:Second Opium War
685:Xianfeng Emperor
669:Daoguang Emperor
633:Guangxi Province
575:
574:
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285:Ding Mausoleum,
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2649:
2648:
2637:Chinese royalty
2631:
2624:
2612:
2589:
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2487:
2456:
2434:
2364:
2336:
2313:
2305:. M.E. Sharpe.
2294:
2272:
2264:. M.E. Sharpe.
2224:
2170:
2151:
2130:
2102:
2077:
2075:
2061:. 華聯出版社 . 1964.
2057:
2049:
2041:
2033:
2025:
2020:Chinese sources
2017:
2008:posthumous name
2005:
2002:honorific names
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1623:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1575:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1490:
1424:
1417:
1414:
1405:
1402:
1393:
1370:Guangxu Emperor
1352:Tongzhi Emperor
1299:
1285:, like the Jew
1229:
1198:
1088:James B. Blaine
1015:honorific names
1011:posthumous name
996:Guangxu Emperor
987:
953:. In 1871, the
943:
927:Tongzhi Emperor
923:
852:
843:Tongzhi Emperor
818:Tongzhi Emperor
807:empress dowager
787:empress dowager
756:Tongzhi Emperor
732:
681:
661:
629:Shanxi Province
545:
540:
472:
470:
468:
371:Lady Giyanggiya
351:
327:Posthumous name
317:
309:
305:
302:
289:
267:
265:
261:
245:
243:
237:
235:
153:
135:
134:
124:
113:
107:
104:
61:
59:
49:
37:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3341:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3128:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3105:
3096:
3095:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2755:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2732:
2724:
2723:
2707:
2704:
2688:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2665:
2662:
2653:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2625:
2622:
2617:
2616:
2610:
2593:
2587:
2575:Warner, Marina
2571:
2560:
2554:
2534:
2528:
2519:Empress Orchid
2510:
2504:
2491:
2485:
2472:
2460:
2455:978-1479287185
2454:
2438:
2433:978-0385350372
2432:
2410:
2396:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2362:
2349:
2340:
2334:
2317:
2311:
2298:
2292:
2280:Lim, Boon Keng
2276:
2271:978-0765641823
2270:
2257:
2239:(2): 221–238.
2228:
2222:
2209:
2191:, ed. (1943).
2185:
2174:
2168:
2155:
2149:
2136:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2117:(Qing Shi Gao)
2106:
2100:
2084:
2063:
2059:大清文宗顯(咸豐)皇帝實錄
2055:
2047:
2039:
2031:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2013:
1989:
1988:
1979:
1970:
1961:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1898:
1889:
1880:
1878:, pp. 260–261.
1868:
1864:Peking Gazette
1852:
1850:, pp. 254–255.
1840:
1831:
1819:
1810:
1801:
1792:
1780:
1771:
1762:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1726:
1717:
1708:
1696:
1687:
1678:
1662:
1653:
1644:
1635:
1626:
1617:
1608:
1599:
1590:
1569:
1557:
1544:
1532:
1519:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1471:
1467:Land of Wealth
1462:
1449:
1440:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1416:In daily dress
1415:
1408:
1406:
1404:In daily dress
1403:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1337:
1328:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1298:
1295:
1268:Katherine Carl
1250:Forbidden City
1228:
1225:
1139:Peking Gazette
1101:Peking Gazette
1060:
1059:
1054:(Chinese:
1045:
1044:
1034:"Empress Xiao
1027:
1026:
1021:(Chinese:
986:
983:
951:Ili Prefecture
947:Russian Empire
942:
939:
922:
919:
851:
848:
831:Hanlin Academy
795:honorific name
731:
728:
680:
677:
660:
657:
606:
605:
602:
599:
596:
595:
594:
583:
577:
544:
541:
539:
536:
490:
489:
486:
485:
482:
476:
475:
464:
458:
457:
453:
452:
449:
448:
441:
435:
434:
428:
427:
426:Transcriptions
419:
418:
411:
405:
404:
397:
391:
390:
386:
385:
382:
381:
373:
372:
369:
365:
364:
361:
357:
356:
345:
339:
338:
335:
334:
330:
329:
319:
318:
307:
303:
298:
297:
295:
291:
290:
284:
282:
278:
277:
270:Forbidden City
264:(aged 43)
258:
254:
253:
244:(道光十七年 七月 十二日)
242:12 August 1837
233:
229:
228:
225:
224:
219:
215:
214:
209:
205:
204:
201:
197:
196:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
166:
162:
161:
155:
154:
151:
143:
142:
126:
125:
40:
38:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3340:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3308:Manchu people
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3126:
3121:
3119:
3114:
3112:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2945:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2875:
2867:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2753:
2748:
2746:
2741:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2721:
2720:
2710:
2703:
2702:
2694:
2693:
2682:
2676:
2668:
2659:
2658:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2620:
2613:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2561:
2557:
2555:9780679402305
2551:
2546:
2545:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2326:
2325:
2318:
2314:
2312:0-7656-0504-X
2308:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2195:
2194:"Index"
2190:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2003:
1983:
1974:
1965:
1956:
1947:
1938:
1929:
1920:
1911:
1902:
1893:
1884:
1877:
1872:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1849:
1844:
1835:
1828:
1823:
1814:
1805:
1796:
1789:
1784:
1775:
1766:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1730:
1721:
1712:
1705:
1700:
1691:
1685:Kwong (1984).
1682:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1642:Kwong (1983).
1639:
1630:
1621:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1566:
1561:
1554:
1548:
1541:
1536:
1529:
1523:
1514:
1510:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1482:
1481:
1480:The Confidant
1476:
1473:Portrayed by
1472:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1451:Portrayed by
1450:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1412:
1407:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1338:
1329:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1279:Lim Boon Keng
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1206:
1195:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1063:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1029:which reads:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
997:
993:
990:according to
982:
980:
975:
971:
966:
964:
960:
957:broke out in
956:
955:Dungan Revolt
952:
948:
938:
936:
932:
928:
917:
913:
911:
904:
901:
897:
889:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
865:
856:
847:
844:
838:
836:
832:
828:
823:
819:
815:
810:
808:
802:
800:
796:
792:
788:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
749:
745:
736:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
707:
705:
699:
697:
692:
690:
686:
676:
674:
670:
666:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
640:
634:
630:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
603:
600:
597:
592:
588:
584:
582:
578:
569:
568:
560:
550:
549:
548:
535:
531:
529:
525:
521:
516:
514:
510:
506:
503:
500:
496:
487:
483:
481:
477:
465:
463:
462:Manchu script
459:
454:
442:
440:
436:
433:
429:
424:
420:
412:
410:
406:
398:
396:
392:
387:
383:
378:
370:
366:
362:
358:
355:(by marriage)
354:
349:
346:
344:
340:
331:
328:
324:
320:
301:
296:
292:
288:
283:
279:
275:
271:
259:
255:
252:
248:
234:
230:
226:
223:
220:
216:
213:
210:
206:
202:
198:
195:
191:
188:
185:
181:
178:
175:
171:
167:
163:
160:
156:
149:
144:
131:
122:
119:
111:
100:
97:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69: –
68:
64:
63:Find sources:
57:
53:
47:
46:
41:This article
39:
35:
30:
29:
26:
22:
3161:
3133:Qing dynasty
3052:N. Dynasties
3048:S. Dynasties
2927:
2845:
2821:Empress Nara
2786:Erdeni Bumba
2763:Qing dynasty
2718:
2717:
2698:
2690:
2655:
2628:Niohuru Clan
2626:
2601:
2578:
2565:
2543:
2517:
2495:
2476:
2467:
2445:
2417:
2404:
2390:
2375:
2353:
2344:
2323:
2302:
2283:
2261:
2236:
2232:
2213:
2198:
2179:
2159:
2140:
2131:
2113:
2091:
2088:Weng, Tonghe
2076:. Retrieved
2071:
2058:
2050:
2042:
2034:
2026:
1992:
1982:
1977:咸豐十一年 七月 十七日
1973:
1964:
1955:
1950:咸豐二年 四月 二十七日
1946:
1937:
1928:
1919:
1910:
1901:
1892:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1834:
1827:Qing Shi Gao
1826:
1822:
1813:
1804:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1778:Weng (1998).
1774:
1765:
1760:Weng (1998).
1756:
1747:
1738:
1729:
1720:
1711:
1704:Qing Shi Gao
1703:
1699:
1690:
1681:
1669:
1665:
1656:
1647:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1611:
1602:
1593:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1565:Qing Shi Gao
1564:
1560:
1552:
1547:
1539:
1535:
1527:
1522:
1513:
1478:
1465:
1456:
1443:
1434:
1428:
1375:
1276:
1266:
1246:
1230:
1202:
1188:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1137:
1131:
1126:
1106:
1099:
1093:
1079:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1051:
1046:
1033:
1028:
1008:
1004:
1000:
988:
967:
944:
924:
915:
906:
892:
886:
881:Ding Baozhen
861:
839:
834:
826:
821:
813:
811:
803:
784:
741:
724:Concubine Li
708:
700:
693:
682:
679:Xianfeng era
662:
659:Daoguang era
638:
637:third class
618:
607:
546:
532:
517:
512:
505:Niohuru clan
494:
493:
480:Romanization
439:Hanyu Pinyin
389:Chinese name
276:, Qing China
266:(光緒七年 三月 十日)
262:(1881-04-08)
260:8 April 1881
114:
105:
95:
88:
81:
74:
62:
50:Please help
45:verification
42:
25:
3273:1881 deaths
3268:1837 births
3135:(1636–1912)
3044:16 Kingdoms
2514:Min, Anchee
2414:Chang, Jung
2110:Zhao, Erxun
2066:Du, Jiaji.
1475:Maggie Shiu
1433:(1983) and
1254:Kang Youwei
1235:. Both the
1221:Mount Putuo
1134:Prince Kung
1122:Prince Kung
992:Weng Tonghe
974:Prince Kung
941:Guangxu era
910:Prince Kung
833:, entitled
780:Xinyou Coup
730:Tongzhi era
593:(1854–1875)
581:Aisin Gioro
456:Manchu name
353:Aisin Gioro
208:Predecessor
173:Predecessor
3262:Categories
3036:3 Kingdoms
2611:9054292229
2588:0351186573
2529:0618562036
2505:0470864265
2486:1465535039
2468:Old Buddha
2363:0670811645
2335:052092679X
2293:9814022349
2223:0674587421
2169:0674945948
2150:077368025X
2143:. Futura.
2101:7101014682
2015:References
1258:John Bland
1176:Ching Shou
1072:John Bland
894:Shandong,
871:, a court
526:and later
467:ᡥᡳᠶᠣᠣᡧᡠᠩᡤᠠ
251:Qing China
238:1837-08-12
108:April 2008
78:newspapers
3157:Zhaosheng
2866:Manchukuo
2759:Empresses
2598:Lulu Wang
2253:145687612
1829:vol. 214.
1706:vol. 214.
1567:vol. 214.
1339:Empress (
1227:Appraisal
1184:Ling-Kuei
1118:Kwang-Hsü
218:Successor
183:Successor
2577:(1974).
2516:(2005).
2466:(1928).
2464:Der Ling
2442:Der Ling
2416:(2013).
2402:(1907).
2388:(1912).
2282:(2006).
2112:(1928).
2090:(1998).
2078:8 August
2051:清德宗實錄選輯
1488:See also
1453:Song Jia
1283:Yehenara
1180:Pao-Chun
1162:Let the
1078:'s book
959:Xinjiang
869:An Dehai
822:de facto
814:de facto
649:Hangzhou
639:cheng'en
473:ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡥᡝᠣ
363:Muyang'a
3240:Zaifeng
3229:Zaiyuan
3223:Duanhua
3211:Suksaha
2761:of the
2072:刘柴烧的博客
1986:光緒七年 五月
1968:咸豐二年 十月
1959:咸豐二年 五月
1790:(1984).
1391:Gallery
1241:Guangxu
1237:Tongzhi
900:Jiangsu
716:Zaichun
645:Nurhaci
614:Nurhaci
587:Duanhua
559:Guangxi
348:Niohuru
316:
308:
304:
274:Beijing
247:Liuzhou
92:scholar
3217:Sushun
3205:Ebilun
3188:Dorgon
3172:Longyu
3076:W. Xia
3018:Xia →
2608:
2585:
2552:
2526:
2502:
2483:
2452:
2430:
2360:
2332:
2309:
2290:
2268:
2251:
2220:
2166:
2147:
2098:
2092:翁同龢日記
2043:清皇室四譜
2027:鈕祜祿家譜
1483:(2012)
1470:(2006)
1461:(2006)
1448:(1990)
1439:(1983)
1297:Titles
1217:菩陀峪定東陵
1213:普祥峪定東陵
1038:-zhen
931:Mongol
873:eunuch
760:Sushun
746:, the
621:Xining
499:Manchu
469:ᠵᡝᡴᡩᡠᠨ
368:Mother
360:Father
294:Spouse
281:Burial
200:Tenure
165:Tenure
94:
87:
80:
73:
65:
3193:Sonin
3162:Ci'an
3020:Shang
2699:with
2249:S2CID
2035:清宮檔案
1505:Notes
1381:孝貞顯皇后
1360:慈安皇太后
1291:Sarah
1287:Hagar
1056:孝貞顯皇后
985:Death
949:over
896:Henan
665:lunar
625:baron
471:ᡳᠯᡝᡨᡠ
415:孝贞显皇后
401:孝貞顯皇后
343:House
310:(
306:
99:JSTOR
85:books
21:Xi'an
3199:Oboi
3167:Cixi
3092:Qing
3088:Ming
3084:Yuan
3072:Song
3068:Liao
3060:Tang
3024:Zhou
2606:ISBN
2583:ISBN
2550:ISBN
2524:ISBN
2500:ISBN
2481:ISBN
2450:ISBN
2428:ISBN
2358:ISBN
2330:ISBN
2307:ISBN
2288:ISBN
2266:ISBN
2218:ISBN
2164:ISBN
2145:ISBN
2096:ISBN
2080:2016
1580:and
1576:The
1260:and
1239:and
1086:and
1074:and
1009:The
898:and
752:熱河行宮
641:duke
610:Eidu
573:福克京阿
538:Life
257:Died
232:Born
138:慈安太后
71:news
3080:Jīn
3056:Sui
3040:Jìn
3032:Han
3028:Qin
2600:".
2241:doi
1477:in
1455:in
1333:貞貴妃
1209:定東陵
564:三等公
554:穆揚阿
54:by
3264::
3090:→
3086:→
3082:→
3078:/
3074:/
3070:/
3066:→
3062:→
3058:→
3054:→
3050:/
3046:→
3042:/
3038:→
3034:→
3030:→
3026:→
3022:→
2426:.
2384:;
2247:.
2237:17
2235:.
2203:.
2197:.
2070:.
1342:皇后
1324:貞嬪
1170:;
1166:;
1058:).
706:.
675:.
567:)
515:.
312:m.
272:,
249:,
3231:*
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3219:*
3213:*
3207:*
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3195:*
3124:e
3117:t
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2864:(
2751:e
2744:t
2737:v
2614:.
2591:.
2558:.
2532:.
2508:.
2489:.
2458:.
2436:.
2366:.
2338:.
2315:.
2296:.
2274:.
2255:.
2243::
2226:.
2207:.
2172:.
2153:.
2119:.
2104:.
2082:.
2045:.
2037:.
2029:.
1866:.
1542:.
1378:(
1040:³
1036:²
1025:)
576:)
240:)
236:(
121:)
115:(
110:)
106:(
96:·
89:·
82:·
75:·
48:.
23:.
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