Qianlong Emperor - Knowledge

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of the rebels and exiled other Tibetan rebels. Manchu General Bandi sent a report to the Qing Qianlong emperor on 26 January 1751 on how he carried out the slicings and executions of the Tibetan rebels. The Tibetan rebels dBan-rgyas (Wang-chieh), Padma-sku-rje-c'os-a['el (Pa-t'e-ma-ku-erh-chi-ch'un-p'i-lo) and Tarqan Yasor (Ta-erh-han Ya-hsün) were sliced to death for injuring the Manchu ambans with arrows, bows and fowling pieces during the Lhasa riot when they assaulted the building the Manchu ambans (Labdon and Fucin) were in. Tibetan rebel Sacan Hasiha (Ch'e-ch'en-ha-shih-ha) was sliced to death for murder of multiple individuals. Tibetan rebels Ch'ui-mu-cha-t'e and Rab-brtan (A-la-pu-tan) were sliced to death for looting money and setting fire during the attack on the Ambans. Tibetan rebel Blo-bzan-bkra-sis, the mgron-gner was sliced to death for being the overall leader of the rebels who led the attack which looted money and killed the Manchu ambans. Two Tibetan rebels who had already died before the execution had their dead bodies beheaded, one died in jail, Lag-mgon-po (La-k'o-kun-pu) and the other killed himself since he was scared of the punishment, Pei-lung-sha-k'o-pa. Bandi sentenced to strangulation several rebel followers and bKra-sis-rab-brtan (Cha-shih-la-pu-tan) a messenger. He ordered the live beheadings of Man-chin Te-shih-nai and rDson-dpon dBan-rgyal (Ts'eng-pen Wang-cha-lo and P'yag-mdsod-pa Lha-skyabs (Shang-cho-t'e-pa La-cha-pu) for leading the attack on the building by being the first to go to on the staircase to the next floor and setting fire and carrying the straw to fuel the fire besides killing several men on orders from the rebel leader.

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emperors of the Song dynasty and the literati painters of the Ming dynasty. They were a mark of distinction for the work, and a visible sign of his rightful role as emperor. Most particular to the Qianlong Emperor is another type of inscription, revealing a unique practice of dealing with works of art that he seems to have developed for himself. On certain fixed occasions over a long period he contemplated a number of paintings or works of calligraphy which possessed special meaning for him, inscribing each regularly with mostly private notes on the circumstances of enjoying them, using them almost as a diary." In particular, the Qianlong Emperor housed within the Hall of Three Rarities (Sanxitang), a small chamber within the

1940:

behaviour by Muslims had to be reported by Muslim leaders to Qing authorities under these laws. This led to an inundation of anti-Muslim reports filing in Qing offices as the Qing court received information that Muslims were inherently violent and Muslim bandits were committing crimes as report after report were filed by local officials and Muslim crimes inundated court records. The Qing became even more anti-Muslim after receiving these reports about criminal behavior and started passing even more anti-Muslim laws one of them being that if any weapon was found in a group of 3 or more Muslims all of those Muslims would by sentenced as criminals by the Qing.

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even more anti-Muslim, apprehensive of anti-Qing rebellion by Muslims. This led to the execution of Ma Mingxin in 1781 and the rebellion and violence was compounded by lack of Qing intelligence. A Qing official who was tasked with ending the Jahriyya and Khafiyya communal violence mistakenly thought the people he were talking to were Khafiyya when they were in fact Jahriyya, and he told them that the Qing would massacre all Jahriyya adherents. This led to him being murdered by the Jahriyya mob, which led to the Qing sending Manchu Grand Secretary Agui on a full scale pacification crackdown campaign against the Jahriyya.

2268:, had identified China and the Qing Empire as the same, and in treaties and diplomatic papers the Qing Empire called itself "China". The Qianlong Emperor rejected earlier ideas that only Han could be subjects of China and only Han land could be considered as part of China, so he redefined China as multiethnic, saying in 1755 that "there exists a view of China according to which non-Han people cannot become China's subjects and their land cannot be integrated into the territory of China. This does not represent our dynasty's understanding of China, but is instead that of the earlier Han, Tang, Song, and Ming dynasties." 557: 2366:, and the whole of his countenance presents a perfect regularity of feature, which, by no means, announce the great age he is said to have attained; his person is attracting, and his deportment accompanied by an affability, which, without lessening the dignity of the prince, evinces the amiable character of the man. His dress consisted of a loose robe of yellow silk, a cap of black velvet with a red ball on the top, and adorned with a peacock's feather, which is the peculiar distinction of mandarins of the first class. He wore silk boots embroidered with gold, and a sash of blue girded his waist. 7448: 4088: 1936:

before the 1760s, to the violence between the Qing state and Muslims after the 1760s, was due to progressive Qing involvement in the conflict between the Sufi orders Jahriyya and Khafiyya making it no longer possible for the Qing to keep up with the early rhetoric of Muslim equality. The Manchu court under Qianlong began approving and implementing Chen Hongmou's anti-Muslim laws that targeted Muslims for practicing their religion and the violence by the Qing state, the communal violence between Jahriyya and Khafiyya coincided with the Jahriyya's major expansion.

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and urged Manchu Bannermen to protect their cultural heritage, language and martial skills. The emperor redefined the identity of Han Bannermen by saying that they were to be regarded as of having the same culture and being of the same ancestral extraction as Han civilians Conversely, he emphasised the martial side of Manchu culture and reinstituted the practice of the annual imperial hunt as begun by his grandfather, leading contingents from the Manchu and Mongol banners to the Mulan hunting grounds each autumn to test and improve their skills.

1968:. The Qing government under Qianlong then ordered the extermination of the Sufi Jahriya "New Teaching" and banned adoption of non-Muslim children by Muslims, converting non-Muslims to Muslim and banning new mosques from being built. Some Sufi Khafiya "Old Teaching" Muslims still served in Qing forces in fighting against the Jahriya Sufi "New Teaching" Muslims despite the fact that those laws forbdding them from spreading their religion applied to them too. Li Shiyao was a member of the Qing Eight Banners and related to the Qing royal family. 1908:

dhikr faction, the Silentist Khafiyya of Ma Laichi and gave it the status of orthodoxy while damning as heterodox the Aloudist Jahriyya of Ma Mingxin. Ma Mingxin ignored the order and kept proselytizing in Shaanxi, Ningxia and Xinjiang going to Guangchuan from Hezhou in 1769 after being kicked out and banned from Xunhua district. Turkic Salars in Xunhua followed his orders even after the Qing banned him from there and he continued to have further lawsuits and legal issues with the Khafiyya and Ma Laichi as the Qing backed the Khafiyya.

4102: 2419: 5757: 2001: 1775: 1481: 2510:". However, after the publication in the 1990s of a fuller range of archival documents concerning the visit, these claims have been challenged. One historian characterized the emperor and his court as "clearly clever and competent political operators", and concluded that they acted within the formal Qing claims to universal rule; they reacted prudently to reports of British expansion in India by placating the British with unspecified promises in order to avoid military conflicts and loss of trade. 1608:), it was published in 36,000 volumes, containing about 3,450 complete works and employing as many as 15,000 copyists. It preserved numerous books, but was also intended as a way to ferret out and suppress political opponents, requiring the "careful examination of private libraries to assemble a list of around eleven thousand works from the past, of which about a third were chosen for publication. The works not included were either summarised or—in a good many cases—scheduled for destruction." 2534:, where your merchants may reside and goods be warehoused, arises from your desire to develop trade... Consider, moreover, that England is not the only barbarian land which wishes to establish... trade with our Empire: supposing that other nations were all to imitate your evil example and beseech me to present them each and all with a site for trading purposes, how could I possibly comply? This also is a flagrant infringement of the usage of my Empire and cannot possibly be entertained. 1899:, fast should be broken, not vice versa and this led to him getting many Naqshbandi converts from Hui and Turkic Salars. It came to court in 1731 when the Muslims arguing over how to break Ramadan fast filed lawsuits. The Muslim plaintiffs were told by the Qing authorities at the court to resolve them themselves, as the legal authorities who had no idea about Ramadan fasting. The dispute was not solved and continued to go on and was compounded by even more disputes like how to perform 2301:. Due to this, Han people farmed 500,000 hectares in Manchuria and tens of thousands of hectares in Inner Mongolia by the 1780s. The Qianlong Emperor allowed Han peasants suffering from drought to move into Manchuria despite him issuing edicts in favor of banning them from 1740 to 1776. Han tenant farmers rented or even claimed title to land from the "imperial estates" and Manchu Bannerlands in the area. Besides moving into the Liao area in southern Manchuria, the path linking 1112: 1003: 867: 7218: 2427: 1544:

formed a team of cultural advisers to help locate collections of merchant families who needed to sell or whose heirs had lost interest. He sometimes pressured or forced wealthy officials to surrender precious objects by offering to excuse shortcomings in their performance if they made a certain "gift". On several occasions he claimed that a painting could be secure from theft or fire only if it was taken into the Forbidden City.

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exterminate them. He then pondered and said none of these could be why and kept asking why. To solve the issue of the 1784 revolt, northwestern China was put under military occupation by the Qing for 50 years until the Taiping rebellion of southern China forced the Qing to move them away from northwest China leading to the massive 1860s and 1870s Muslim revolts in the northwest caused by growing violence.

4116: 2442: 1469: 1075:, and Hongxi and allowed their descendants to be recorded in the imperial genealogy. However, the emperor did not revoke the decrees depriving those princes of their titles. In 1783, when the imperial chronicles were commissioned, the historians were ordered to emphasise the role of the emperor in quelling the rebellion and to mention that "Hongxi and others wanted to usurp the throne". 1842:

Emperor said that Muslim and Han Chinese were equal when people argued for Muslims to be treated differently. The Yongzheng Emperor held the opinion that "Islam was foolish, but he felt it did not pose a threat" when a judge in Shandong petitioned him to destroy mosques and ban Islam. Yongzheng then fired an official for demanding Muslims be punished more harshly than non-Muslims.

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border areas of Yunnan for about one decade in an attempt to wage another war while imposing a ban on inter-border trade for two decades. When Burma and China resumed a diplomatic relationship in 1790, the Qing government unilaterally viewed the act as Burmese submission, and claimed victory. The Qianlong Emperor ordered Manchu general Eledeng'e (also spelled E'erdeng'e (

4130: 2236:(抚顺尼堪) backgrounds were moved into the Manchu banners in 1740 by order of the Qianlong Emperor. It was between 1618 and 1629 when the Han Chinese from Liaodong who later became the Fusi Nikan and Tai Nikan defected to the Jurchens (Manchus). These Han Chinese origin Manchu clans continued to use their original Han surnames and are marked as of Han origin on the 2549:, it is the same religion as that of other European nations. Ever since the beginning of history, sage Emperors and wise rulers have bestowed on China a moral system and inculcated a code, which from time immemorial has been religiously observed by the myriads of my subjects. There has been no hankering after heterodox doctrines. Even the European ( 947:, and his father, the Yongzheng Emperor. Some historians argue that the main reason why the Kangxi Emperor appointed the Yongzheng Emperor as his successor was because Hongli was his favorite grandson. He felt that Hongli's mannerisms were very similar to his own. As a teenager, Hongli was capable in martial arts and possessed literary ability. 1912:

demanded by the armed followers of Su Forty-three. A Jahriyya rebellion all over northwest China ensued after Ma Mingxin was executed. In response, the Manchus in Beijing sent Manchu Grand Secretary Agui with a battalion to slaughter Jahriyya chiefs and exile the adherents of the Sufi order to the border regions.

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Man of War, which a fortunate succession of able and vigilant officers have contrived to keep afloat for these hundred and fifty years past, and to overawe their neighbours merely by her bulk and appearance. But whenever an insufficient man happens to have the command on deck, adieu to the discipline

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Yesterday your Ambassador petitioned my Ministers to memorialise me regarding your trade with China, but his proposal is not consistent with our dynastic usage and cannot be entertained. Hitherto, all European nations, including your own country's barbarian merchants, have carried on their trade with

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categorised Manchu and Han ethnic identity within the Eight Banners based on culture, lifestyle and language, instead of ancestry or genealogy. Han Bannermen were an important part of the Banner System. The Qianlong Emperor changed this definition to one of descent, and demobilised many Han Bannermen

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to the Hui, causing the Qianlong emperor to adopt this harsh attitude against Muslims in contrast to his grandfather and father. This led to larger connections between the Hui and the broader Islamic world from the west, as the Naqshbandiyya order came east to the Hui when Hui scholars in Suzhou were

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Chen Hongmou's policies were implemented as laws in 1762 by the Qing government's Board of Punishments and the Qing Manchu Qianlong emperor leading to severe tensions with Muslims. State authorities were mandated to receive all reports of Muslim criminal behaviour by local officials and all criminal

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At the end of the frontier wars, the Qing army had started to weaken significantly. In addition to a more lenient military system, warlords became satisfied with their lifestyles. Since most of the warring had already taken place, warlords no longer saw any reason to train their armies, resulting in

2636:. The hall had been conventionally dedicated for the exclusive use of the reigning sovereign, and in 1771 the emperor ordered the beginning of construction on what was ostensibly intended as his retirement residence in another part of the Forbidden City: a lavish, two-acre walled retreat called the 2513:

Macartney was granted an audience with the Qianlong Emperor on two days, the second of which coincided with the emperor's 82nd birthday. There is continued debate about the nature of the audience and what level of ceremonials were performed. Macartney wrote that he resisted demands that the British

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The Qianlong Emperor's view of the Han Bannermen also differed from that of his grandfather in deciding that loyalty in itself was most important quality. He sponsored biographies which depicted Chinese Bannermen who defected from the Ming to the Qing as traitors and glorifying Ming loyalists. Some

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While Ma Mingxin was in Yemen and away from China, all of Muslim Inner Asia was conquered by the "infidel" Qing dynasty giving even more relevance to his situation and views. Ma Laichi and Ma Mingxin again sued each other in court but this second time the Qing passed a verdict in favor of the quiet

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in Sufism, in a jahri (vocal) as taught by Ma Mingxin, another Sufi who learned in the western Islamic lands like Bukhara, or khufi (silent) like what Ma Laichi did. The Zabid Naqshbandiyyas in Yemen taught Ma Mingxin for two decades. They taught vocal dhikr. Ma Mingxin was also affected by another

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into Manchu. Court records and Tibetan language sources affirm his personal commitment. He learned to read Tibetan and studied Buddhist texts assiduously. His beliefs are reflected in the Tibetan Buddhist imagery of his tomb, perhaps the most personal and private expression of an emperor's life. He

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during his father, the Yongzheng Emperor's reign. Six Tibetan rebel leaders plus Tibetan rebel leader Blo-bzan-bkra-sis were sliced to death. The rest of the Tibetan rebel leaders were strangled and beheaded and their heads were displayed to the Tibetan public on poles. The Qing seized the property

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and economy in the world and reached its greatest territorial extent. At the same time, years of exhaustive campaigns severely weakened the Qing military, which coupled with endemic corruption, wastefulness in his court and a stagnating civil society, ushered the gradual decline and ultimate demise

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This continual build up of conflict between Muslims and the Qing court led to the 19th century full-scale wars with Muslim rebellions against the Qing in southern and northern China. The change in Manchu attitudes towards Muslims, from tolerating Muslims and regarding them as equal to Han Chinese,

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However, due to numerous factors such as long term embezzlement and corruption by officials, frequent expeditions to the south, huge palace constructions, many war and rebellion campaigns as well as his own extravagant lifestyle, all of these cost the treasury a total of 150.2 million silver

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A new criminal category or act, brawling (dou'ou) was designated by the Qing Manchu court of the Manchu Qianlong emperor in the 1770s especially as an anti-Muslim measure to arrest Muslims leading to even non-Jahriyya Muslims to join with Jahriyya against the Qing and leading the Qing court to be

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redeployed his armies from Siam to the Chinese front. The fourth and largest invasion got bogged down at the frontier. With the Qing forces completely encircled, a truce was reached between the field commanders of the two sides in December 1769. The Qing forces kept a heavy military lineup in the

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In October 1795, the Qianlong Emperor officially announced that in the spring of the following year he would voluntarily abdicate and pass the throne to his son. It was said that the Qianlong Emperor had made a promise during the year of his ascension not to rule longer than his grandfather, the

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in addition to other Han people who rented land from Manchu landlords. Despite officially prohibiting Han settlement on the Manchu and Mongol lands, by the 18th century the Qing government decided to settle Han refugees from northern China who were suffering from famine, floods, and drought into

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Qing policy on Muslims and Islam was changed during the reign of the Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong Emperors. While the Kangxi Emperor proclaimed Muslims and Han to be equal, his grandson, the Qianlong Emperor, endorsed Han officials harsh recommendations towards treatment of Muslims. The Kangxi

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The Qianlong Emperor asked his minister what was going on as he was puzzled as to how the Muslims from many regions gathered together for revolt. He asked if the investigation of Muslim behavior by Li Shiyao got leaked leading to rebels to incite violence by telling Muslims the government would

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with him on his travels to compare them with the actual landscapes, or to hang them in special rooms in palaces where he lodged, in order to inscribe them on every visit there. "He also regularly added poetic inscriptions to the paintings of the imperial collection, following the example of the

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The Qianlong Emperor was a major patron and important "preserver and restorer" of Confucian culture. He had an insatiable appetite for collecting, and acquired much of China's "great private collections" by any means necessary, and "reintegrated their treasures into the imperial collection." He

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More than 1000 Hui Muslim children and women from the Sufi Jahriya order in eastern Gansu were massacred by Qing Banner general Li Shiyao during a 1784 uprising by Hui Jahriyya Muslims Zhang Wenqing and Tian Wu, 3 years after an early 1781 rebellion by Salar Sufi Jahriyya members when the Qing

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A violent battle where a Qing official and Khafiyya followers were among one hundred slaughtered by a Jahriyya assault headed by Su Forty-three, a supporter of Ma Mingxin in 1781 led to Ma Mingxin declared a rebel and taken to jail in Lanzhou. The Qing executed Ma Mingxin after his release was

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because of the rape of Uyghur Muslim women for months by the Manchu official Sucheng and his son. The Manchu Qianlong Emperor ordered that the Uyghur rebel town be massacred, the Qing forces enslaved all the Uyghur children and women and slaughtered the Uyghur men. Manchu soldiers and Manchu

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in 1762 then proceeded to implement his recommendation and had Muslim criminals punished severely more than Han Chinese ones. He also implemented the policy that the criminal deeds of Muslim congregants of Mosques ended up with their Imams being punished and held responsible for them. These

1734:(Turki or Modern Uyghur). However, he was even more concerned than his predecessors to preserve and promote the Manchu language among his followers, as he proclaimed that "the keystone for Manchus is language." He commissioned new Manchu dictionaries, and directed the preparation of the 2012:(or Yuanmingyuan; now known as the Old Summer Palace) originally built by his father. He eventually added two new villas, the "Garden of Eternal Spring" and the "Elegant Spring Garden". In time, the Old Summer Palace would encompass 860 acres (350 hectares), five times larger than the 1947:

The military victory of the Qing against the Jahriyya led to even more Jahriyya anger. Officials went overboard in massacring Muslims deemed as state enemies to impress the Qing court, leading to further growth in Jahriyya membership, leading in turn to the 1784 rebellion by Tian Wu.

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This policy changed in the reign of the Qianlong Emperor. Chen Hongmou, a Qing official, said that Muslims needed to be brought to law and order by being punished more harshly and blaming Muslim leaders for criminal behavior of Muslims in a letter to the Board of Punishments called

1702:, describing its beauties and historical values. He describes the mountains and wildlife, using them to justify his belief that the dynasty would endure. A Manchu translation was then made. In 1748, he ordered a jubilee printing in both Chinese and Manchu, using some genuine pre- 1328:. Nonetheless, battle-hardened Burmese troops defeated the first two invasions of 1765–66 and 1766–67 at the border. The regional conflict now escalated to a major war that involved military manoeuvres nationwide in both countries. The third invasion (1767–1768) led by the elite 1539:

of Wisdom. He was also a poet and essayist. His collected writings, which he published in a tenfold series between 1749 and 1800, contain more than 40,000 poems and 1,300 prose texts, which if he had composed them all would make him one of the most prolific writers of all time.

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Historians both in China and abroad long presented the failure of the mission to achieve its goals as a symbol of China's refusal to change and inability to modernize. They explain the refusal first on the fact that interaction with foreign kingdoms was limited to neighbouring

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and Chinese, which said: "By patronizing the Yellow Church, we maintain peace among the Mongols. This being an important task we cannot but protect this (religion). (In doing so) we do not show any bias, nor do we wish to adulate the Tibetan priests (as it was done during the

1411:. It was also a very expensive enterprise; the funds in the Imperial Treasury were almost all put into military expeditions. Though the wars were successful, they were not overwhelmingly so. The Qing army declined noticeably and had a difficult time facing some enemies: the 1661:

The authority would judge any single character or any single sentence's neutrality; if the authority had decided these words, or sentence, were derogatory or cynical towards the rulers, then persecution would begin. In the Qianlong Emperor's time, there were 53 cases of

990:. For many years, the Yongzheng Emperor did not designate any of his sons as the crown prince, but many officials speculated that he favoured Hongli. Hongli went on inspection trips to the south and was an able negotiator and enforcer. He was also appointed as the chief 2381:

As Heshen was the highest ranked minister and most favoured by the Qianlong Emperor at the time, the day-to-day governance of the country was left in his hands, while the emperor himself indulged in the arts, luxuries and literature. When Heshen was executed by the

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in Islam that Mongol Buddhists had in the 18th century was caused by all these things, northwestern China right next to Mongolia getting militarized, the Qing government officially declaring Muslims to be anti-Qing and violent and revivalist Islam coming to China.

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was preceded by another Manchu official, Binjing, who raped a Muslim daughter of the Kokan aqsaqal from 1818 to 1820. The Qing sought to cover up the rape of Uyghur women by Manchus to prevent anger against their rule from spreading among the Uyghurs.

2039:, beyond the Great Wall. Rehe eventually became effectively a third capital and it was at Rehe that the Qianlong Emperor held court with various Mongol nobles. The emperor also spent time at the Mulan hunting grounds north of Rehe, where he held the 1494:

heritage, which he saw as the basis of the moral character of the Manchus and thus of the dynasty's power. He ordered the compilation of Manchu language genealogies, histories, and ritual handbooks and in 1747 secretly ordered the compilation of the

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was not part of China and that he should not conquer it, putting forth the view that China was multiethnic and did not just refer to Han. The Qianlong Emperor compared his achievements with that of the Han and Tang ventures into Central Asia.

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translations which were put into new Manchu dictionaries. Manchu translations of Chinese works during his reign contrasted with supposedly Manchu books of the Kangxi Emperor's reign, which were simply Chinese texts written in Manchu script.

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Our First Ambassador to China: An Account of the Life of George, Earl of Macartney with Extracts from His Letters, and the Narrative of His Experiences in China, as Told by Himself, 1737–1806, from Hitherto Unpublished Correspondence and

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emissary in 1795 did not refuse to kowtow. In the year following Mccartney's rebuff, Titsingh and his colleagues were much feted by the Chinese because of what was construed as seemly compliance with conventional court etiquette.

2400:, even with further tax cuts, the treasury surplus still reached 73.9 million silver taels, a record unmatched by his predecessors, the Kangxi and Yongzheng emperors, both of whom had implemented remarkable tax cut policies. 2579:

A Dutch embassy arrived at the Qianlong Emperor's court in 1795, which would turn out to be the last time any European appeared before the Qing imperial court within the context of traditional Chinese imperial foreign relations.

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and the princes were arrested. The rebels were tried; the most prominent conspirators were imprisoned, while lessor offenders were stripped of their titles or demoted. In 1778, the Qianlong Emperor restored the original names to

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prompted them to begin shifting their trade north from 1755 to 1757. The Qianlong Emperor's attempt to discourage this through higher fees failed; in the winter of 1757, he declared that—effective the next year—Guangzhou (then

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for residence and trade, and have been forbidden to encroach an inch beyond the limits assigned to that locality.... If these restrictions were withdrawn, friction would inevitably occur between the Chinese and your barbarian

1027:. In the hope of preventing a succession struggle from occurring, the Yongzheng Emperor wrote the name of his chosen successor on a piece of paper and placed it in a sealed box secured behind the tablet over the throne in the 8009: 1810:(Yonghe Palace) into a Tibetan Buddhist temple for Mongols. To explain the practical reasons for supporting the "Yellow Hats" Tibetan Buddhists and to deflect Han Chinese criticism, he had the "Lama Shuo" stele engraved in 2325:

was settled by Han people during the Qianlong Emperor's reign, and Han people were the majority in urban areas of Manchuria by 1800. To increase the Imperial Treasury's revenue, the Qing government sold lands along the

1388:, the second and most capable of the three Tây Sơn brothers. The Qing Empire no longer supported Lê Chiêu Thống, and his family were imprisoned in Vietnam. The Qing would not intervene in Vietnam for another 90 years. 1123:. His later campaigns greatly expanded the territory controlled by the Qing Empire. This was made possible not only by Qing military might, but also by the disunity and declining strength of the Inner Asian peoples. 1022:

and the favorite son of the Yongzheng Emperor; the Yongzheng Emperor had entrusted a number of important ritual tasks to Hongli while the latter was still a prince, and included him in important court discussions of

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During the mid-18th century, European powers began to pressure for increases in the already burgeoning foreign trade and for outposts on the Chinese coast, demands which the aging Qianlong emperor resisted. In 1793

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troops were sent near the frontier in Central Asia, war did not break out. A year later, Durrani sent an envoy to Beijing gifting four splendid horses to Qianlong, which became the subject of a series of paintings,

1380:(rebels who had captured all of Vietnam). The capital, Thăng Long, was conquered in 1788, but a few months later the Qing army was defeated, and the invasion turned into a debacle due to the surprise attack during 1879:, Muhammad Yusuf's son, also further spread Naqshbandi orders among Chinese Muslims like Tibetan Muslims, Salars, Hui and other Muslim ethnicities in Hezhou, Gansu (now Linxia) and Xining in Qinghai and Lanzhou. 1207:

in "brush-notes" style, where military expenditures of the Qianlong Emperor's reign were recorded. The Qianlong Emperor was praised as being the source of "eighteenth-century peace and prosperity" by Zhao Yi.

2640:(Ningshou Palace), which is today more commonly known as the "Qianlong Garden". The complex, completed in 1776, is currently undergoing a ten-year restoration led by the Palace Museum in Beijing and the 2404:

taels. This, coupled with his senior age and the lack of political reforms, ushered the beginning of the gradual decline and eventual demise of the Qing Empire, casting a shadow over his political life.

2225:) and the term "Bannermen" was becoming identical with "Manchu" in the general perception. The Qianlong Emperor referred to all Bannermen as Manchu, and Qing laws did not say "Manchu", but "Bannermen". 2498:, one of the country's most seasoned diplomats. The British sent a sample of trade goods that they intended to sell in China; this was misinterpreted as tribute that was adjudged to be of low quality. 1904:

series of events in the Middle Eastern Muslim world, revivalist movements among Muslims like the Saudis who allied with Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab. This renewal tajdid influenced Ma Mingxin in Yemen.

2651: 2669:(or Emperor Emeritus; 太上皇) even though he continued to hold on to power and the Jiaqing Emperor ruled only in name. He never moved into his retirement suites in the Qianlong Garden and died in 1799. 1177:, which also occurred during the Qianlong Emperor's reign. When victorious troops returned to Beijing, a celebratory hymn was sung in their honour. A Manchu version of the hymn was recorded by the 45: 1650:

was completed in about ten years; during these ten years, 3,100 titles (or works), about 150,000 copies of books were either burnt or banned. Of those volumes that had been categorised into the

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our Celestial Empire at Canton. Such has been the procedure for many years, although our Celestial Empire possesses all things in prolific abundance and lacks no product within its own borders.

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Our First Ambassador to China: An Account of the Life of George, Earl of Macartney, with Extracts from His Letters, and the Narrative of His Experiences in China, as Told by Himself, 1737–1806

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and safety of the ship. She may, perhaps, not sink outright; she may drift some time as a wreck, and will then be dashed to pieces on the shore; but she can never be rebuilt on the old bottom.

1336:. However, the Manchu Bannermen of northern China could not cope with "unfamiliar tropical terrains and lethal endemic diseases", and were driven back with heavy losses. After the close-call, 1915:

Tian Wu led another Jahriyya rebellion 3 years after that, which was crushed by the Qing, and the Ma Datian, the Jahriyya's 3rd leader was exiled to Manchuria in 1818 by the Qing and died.

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tribes, and 30% were killed by the Qing army, in what Michael Edmund Clarke described as "the complete destruction of not only the Zunghar state but of the Zunghars as a people." Historian

6877:. Vol. 1 of T'oung pao, archives concernant l'histoire, les langues, la géographie, l'ethnographie et les arts de l'Asie orientale. Monographie (illustrated ed.). Leiden: Brill. 1598:

One of his grandest projects was to assemble a team of scholars to assemble, edit, and print the largest collection ever made of Chinese philosophy, history, and literature. Known as the

6669: 2151:" in 1750, and the title was passed on for 12 generations in his family until the end of the Qing dynasty. However, it has been argued that Zhu Zhilian, in fact, had no relation to the 6429:

A Narrative of the British Embassy to China, in the Years 1792, 1793, and 1794; Containing the Various Circumstances of the Embassy, with Accounts of Customs and Manners of the Chinese

6048:

A Narrative of the British Embassy to China, in the Years 1792, 1793, and 1794; Containing the Various Circumstances of the Embassy, with Accounts of Customs and Manners of the Chinese

1575:

Most of the several thousand jade items in the imperial collection date from his reign. The Emperor was also particularly interested in collecting ancient bronzes, bronze mirrors and

6992:

Cologne China Studies Online – Working Papers on Chinese Politics, Economy and Society (Kölner China-Studien Online – Arbeitspapiere zu Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft Chinas)

2370:

In his later years, the Qianlong Emperor became spoiled with power and glory, disillusioned and complacent in his reign, and started placing his trust in corrupt officials such as

1391:

Despite setbacks in the south, overall the Qianlong Emperor's military expansion nearly doubled the area of the already vast Qing Empire, and unified many non-Han peoples—such as

1858: 7541: 5559:

Defending Christianity in China: The Jesuit Defense of Christianity in the "Lettres Edifiantes Et Curieuses" & "Ruijianlu" in Relation to the Yongzheng Proscription of 1724

2169:

The Qianlong Emperor instituted a policy of "Manchu-fying" the Eight Banner system, which was the basic military and social organisation of the dynasty. In the early Qing era,

1035:

in the presence of all senior ministers only upon the death of the emperor. When the Yongzheng Emperor died suddenly in 1735, the will was taken out and read before the entire

7989: 2607:

provided an alternate perspective and a useful counterpoint to other reports that were then circulating. Titsingh himself died before he could publish his version of events.

6466: 2228:

Select groups of Han Chinese bannermen were mass transferred into Manchu Banners by the Qing, changing their ethnicity from Han Chinese to Manchu. Han Chinese bannermen of

8128: 1754: 927: 8050: 1219:

and led a rebellion against the Qing Empire around the same time as the Dzungars. The Qing army crushed the rebellion and executed Chingünjav and his entire family.

2193:

The identification and interchangeability between "Manchu" and "Banner people" (Qiren) began in the 17th century. Banner people were differentiated from civilians (

7999: 1803:

of the Yellow Church. He also said it was "merely in pursuance of Our policy of extending Our affection to the weak" which led him to patronize the Yellow Church.

4063:

The conquest of the Miao-tse, an imperial poem ... entitled A choral song of harmony for the first part of the Spring [tr.] by S. Weston, from the Chinese

2252:

were ordered by the Qianlong Emperor to stop using rifles and instead practice traditional archery. The emperor issued an edict for silver taels to be issued for

7994: 5936: 5924: 5912: 2091: 1984: 4565: 1014:

Hongli's accession to the throne was already foreseen before he was officially proclaimed emperor before the assembled imperial court upon the death of the

2386:, the Qing government discovered that Heshen's personal fortune exceeded that of the Qing Empire's depleted treasury, amounting to 900 million silver 1744:

translated into Manchu, which was considered the "national language". He directed the elimination of loanwords taken from Chinese and replaced them with

1412: 1174: 2362:

The Emperor is about five feet ten inches in height, and of a slender but elegant form; his complexion is comparatively fair, though his eyes are dark;

833:, who ruled for 61 years, so as to avoid usurping him as the longest-reigning Qing emperor. He was succeeded by his son, who ascended the throne as the 787:. He reigned officially from 1735 until his abdication in 1796, but retained ultimate power subsequently until his death in 1799, making him one of the 7064:

Zhao, Gang (January 2006). "Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century".

2599:, whose detailed description of this embassy to the Qing court was soon after published in the United States and Europe. Titsingh's French translator, 5531: 1496: 7584: 5132: 950: 7572: 7505: 1427: 1192: 5507: 5491: 5475: 7042: 1918: 2595:

in 1794–95 for celebrations of the 60th anniversary of the Qianlong Emperor's reign. The Titsingh delegation also included the Dutch-American

1452:

a rapid military decline by the end of the Qianlong Emperor's reign. This was the main reason for the Qing military's failure to suppress the

1782:

The Qianlong Emperor showed a personal belief in Tibetan Buddhism, following the tradition of Manchu rulers associating with the Bodhisattva

7537: 7035: 6977: 2187: 6118:"The Qianlong Emperor's Letter to George III and the Early Twentieth Century Origins of Ideas About Traditional China's Foreign Relations" 2182:

of the Qianlong Emperor's inclusions and omissions on the list of traitors were political in nature. Some of these actions were including

1642:

Some 2,300 works were listed for total suppression and another 350 for partial suppression. The aim was to destroy the writings that were

5872: 1891:

where he was taught by Mawlana Makhdum. This brought him prestige among Chinese Muslims. In an argument over the breaking of fast during

1443:

officials regularly having sex with or raping Uyghur women caused massive hatred and anger against Manchu rule among Uyghur Muslims. The

1203:(Pingding Zhunge'er fanglue). Poems glorifying the Qing conquest and genocide of the Dzungar Mongols were written by Zhao, who wrote the 8189: 8108: 7874: 7202: 6400: 6065: 1138:

was conquered and garrisoned. The incorporation of Xinjiang into the Qing Empire resulted from the final defeat and destruction of the

7019:

An authentic account of the embassy of the Dutch East-India company, to the court of the emperor of China, in the years 1974 and 1795,

2558:

The letter was unknown to the public until 1914, when it was translated, then later used as a symbol of China's refusal to modernize.

1646:

or rebellious, that insulted previous "barbarian" dynasties, or that dealt with frontier or defence problems. The full editing of the

7864: 6474:(Doctoral thesis). Brisbane, QLD, Australia: Dept. of International Business & Asian Studies, Griffith University. Archived from 6342:

An authentic account of the embassy of the Dutch East-India company, to the court of the emperor of China, in the years 1974 and 1795

2346: 556: 8199: 1584: 7011:

Voyage de l'ambassade de la Compagnie des Indes Orientales hollandaises vers l'empereur de la Chine, dans les années 1794 et 1795.

8204: 8118: 8113: 7869: 7317: 7197: 6475: 6337:

Voyage de l'ambassade de la Compagnie des Indes Orientales hollandaises vers l'empereur de la Chine, dans les années 1794 et 1795

5026: 4190: 1600: 1501: 1321: 2659:

The Qianlong Emperor relinquished the throne at the age of 85, after almost 61 years on the throne, to his son, the 36-year-old

8184: 7006: 6331: 4153: 3945: 2596: 2450: 2393:

The Qianlong Emperor began his reign with about 33.95 million silver taels in Treasury surplus. At the peak of his reign,

1423:) later took control of the situation. The battle with the Dzungars was closely fought, and caused heavy losses on both sides. 1312:

ended in complete failure. He initially believed that it would be an easy victory against a barbarian tribe, and sent only the

7222: 5164: 1119:

The Qianlong Emperor was a successful military leader. Immediately after ascending the throne, he sent armies to suppress the

8219: 7521: 7176: 7054: 6905: 6861: 6831: 6803: 6775: 6747: 6719: 6698: 6679: 6646: 6625: 6599: 6525: 6497: 6448: 6180: 6161: 6098: 5671: 5566: 5423: 5116: 4970: 4907: 4854: 4817: 4742: 4708: 4674: 4640: 4602: 4542: 2056: 1473: 1104: 51: 8224: 5222:"The Historical Information of the Decorative Polychrome Painting in the Hall of Mental Cultivation Complex, Forbidden City" 8149: 7493: 7489: 7326: 7273: 5611: 4066:. Translated by Stephen Weston. London, England: Printed & Sold by C. & R. Baldwin, New Bridge Street, Black Friars 2495: 1992: 59: 6985:"Minorities, Majorities and National Expansion: The History and Politics of Population Development in Manchuria 1610–1993" 2065:, or Western-style mansion, to satisfy his taste for exotic buildings and objects. He also commissioned the French Jesuit 1058:

with five other princes to overthrow Qianlong and replace him with Hongxi. They planned to initiate their coup during an

816:. Domestically, Qianlong was a major patron of the arts as well as a prolific writer. He sponsored the compilation of the 8123: 7565: 7481: 4205: 748: 6922:

Reardon-Anderson, James (October 2000). "Land Use and Society in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty".

6656: 5850: 2600: 2521:

Qianlong gave Macartney a letter for the British king stating the reasons that he would not grant Macartney's requests:

2131:

In 1725, the Yongzheng Emperor bestowed an hereditary marquis title on a descendant of Zhu Zhilian, a descendant of the

8194: 7907: 7027: 6969: 6229: 4045: 2518:

and debate continues as to what exactly occurred, differing opinions recorded by Qing courtiers and British delegates.

2506:. Furthermore, the worldviews on the two sides were incompatible, China holding entrenched beliefs that China was the " 848:, which marked the height of the dynasty's power, influence, and prosperity. During his long reign, the empire had the 2008:

The Qianlong Emperor was an aggressive builder. In the hills northwest of Beijing, he expanded the villa known as the

8103: 7447: 7156: 7137: 7118: 7017: 6959: 6882: 6543: 6335: 6256: 6213: 5541: 5009: 4879: 4200: 2040: 1059: 914: 888: 375: 360: 6872: 5517: 5501: 5485: 4737:. Harvard East Asian monographs. Vol. 287 (Illustrated ed.). Harvard University Asia Center. p. 435. 4664: 4626: 4592: 896: 7485: 7477: 5697:[A Study on the Debate of the Descendants of the Imperial Family of the Ming Dynasty in the Qing Dynasty]. 4698: 1135: 370: 1525:. In order to present himself in Buddhist terms for appeasing the Mongols and Tibetan subjects, he commissioned a 8214: 6468:

In the Eye of Power: China and Xinjiang from the Qing Conquest to the 'New Great Game' for Central Asia 1759–2004

4847:

From Frontier Policy to Foreign Policy: The Question of India and the Transformation of Geopolitics in Qing China

3015: 2123:

who submitted to the Qing Empire as a vassal in order to obtain assistance from the Qing to fight the Dzunghars.

1583:, metal work and lacquer work, which flourished during his reign; a substantial part of his collection is in the 1438:

occurred after Uyghur women were gang raped by the servants and son of Manchu official Sucheng. It was said that

7632: 1490:

The Qianlong Emperor, like his predecessors, took his cultural role seriously. First, he worked to preserve the

1254: 8209: 8055: 7558: 6984: 6122: 5996: 2963: 2950: 2851: 1120: 892: 673: 577: 336: 1358: 1167: 7517: 6205: 2895: 2859: 2445:

Illustration depicting the last European delegation to be received at the Qianlong Emperor's court in 1795 –

591: 744: 6874:

China and Tibet in the Early Xviiith Century: History of the Establishment of Chinese Protectorate in Tibet

6046: 5895: 3084: 2637: 2077:

complete with underground machinery and pipes, for the amusement of the imperial family. The French Jesuit

1833:

concludes that these actions delivered political benefits but "meshed seamlessly with his personal faith."

1235: 6636: 1698:

in classical style, as a poem of praise to Mukden, at that point a general term for what was later called

1444: 7310: 6117: 5107: 4019: 3058: 2775: 2713: 1565: 1297: 1093: 365: 355: 1617: 6427: 5140: 4732: 4032: 3255: 3185: 2629: 2458: 1622: 1588: 1553: 1320:, which borders Burma. The Qing invasion came as the majority of Burmese forces were deployed in their 1279:. However, the Afghan envoy failed to make a good impression to Qianlong after refusing to perform the 1088: 955: 813: 4353:汉光武帝刘秀百谜/中国帝王百谜系列/ "Enigma of the Emperor Guang of Han Liu Xiubai/100 Secrets of the Chinese Emperors" 2494:

sent a large-scale delegation to present their requests directly to the emperor in Beijing, headed by

2082: 8169: 4700:

War Finance and Logistics in Late Imperial China: A Study of the Second Jinchuan Campaign (1771–1776)

4534:

War Finance and Logistics in Late Imperial China: A Study of the Second Jinchuan Campaign (1771–1776)

3108: 2148: 1928: 1561: 1361:

in 1768 because Eledeng'i was not able to help flank Mingrui when he did not arrive at a rendezvous.

1222:

Throughout this period there were continued Mongol interventions in Tibet and a reciprocal spread of

1028: 829:

In 1796, Qianlong abdicated after 60 years on the throne out of respect towards his grandfather, the

788: 7469: 6551: 5304: 2611: 2584: 1830: 1456:, which started towards the end of the Qianlong Emperor's reign and extended into the reign of the 1372:, fled from Vietnam and formally requested to be restored to his throne in Thăng Long (present-day 877: 931:

Figurine of the three-year-old Qianlong Emperor having a bath. Artefact in Yonghe Temple, Beijing.

8035: 8004: 7843: 7461: 7024: 6966: 4215: 4143: 3997: 3229: 3166: 2471: 2434: 2335: 2284:

Han Chinese farmers were resettled from north China by the Qing government in the area along the

2032: 1569: 1518: 1365: 1346: 1342: 1332:

nearly succeeded, penetrating deep into central Burma within a few days' march from the capital,

1181: 1007: 881: 849: 8087: 5663: 1238:

and garrison to preserve Qing presence. Further afield, military campaigns against Nepalese and

1062:

on the Mulan hunting grounds. Hongxi was proclaimed Emperor, but the plot was exposed by Prince

982:). Like his many uncles, Hongli entered into a battle of succession with his elder half-brother 8040: 7900: 7533: 7529: 7525: 7513: 7509: 7501: 7465: 7303: 5616: 4170: 3123: 1787: 1741: 1514: 5880: 5411: 7758: 7681: 7550: 7497: 7473: 7457: 5694: 5469: 5457: 5445: 4999: 4532: 4396: 4318: 3962: 3805: 3555: 3143: 2537:

Hitherto, the barbarian merchants of Europe have had a definite locality assigned to them at

2017: 1758:(欽定西域同文志; "Imperial Western Regions Thesaurus") which was a thesaurus of geographic names in 1453: 1178: 940: 533: 7191: 6408: 6073: 1855:

anti-Muslim policies by the governor general received endorsement from the Qianlong Emperor.

8179: 8174: 7949: 7828: 7186: 6087:

Shi Zhihong (2006), "China's Overseas Trade Policy and Its Historical Results: 1522–1840",

5233: 5198: 4934: 3988: 3979: 2900: 2684: 2641: 2253: 2237: 1872: 1851: 1736: 1663: 1377: 1142:(or Zunghars), a coalition of Western Mongol tribes. The Qianlong Emperor then ordered the 1032: 823: 501: 196: 6823:

The Empire And the Khanate: A Political History of Qing Relations With Khoqand C.1760-1860

6286:

Missed Opportunities: Late 18th century Chinese Relations with England and the Netherlands

8: 8030: 7798: 7778: 7763: 7733: 7728: 7686: 6375: 6152: 5597:

Yonghegong: Imperial Universalism and the Art And Architecture of Beijing's "Lama Temple"

5001:

The Empire And the Khanate: A Political History of Qing Relations With Khoqand C1760-1860

4809:

The Empire And the Khanate: A Political History of Qing Relations With Khoqand C1760-1860

3640: 3066: 2474:

as "Canton") was to be the only Chinese port permitted to foreign traders, beginning the

2086: 1643: 1480: 1313: 1084: 799: 305: 5237: 2334:'s reign, and Han people filled up most of Manchuria's towns by the 1840s, according to 1976:

The persecution of Christians by Yongzheng became even worse during the Qianlong reign.

1883:

was the leader of one of these orders and he personally studied in the Islamic world in

1630: 19:

This article is about the Chinese emperor. For the sauropodomorph dinosaur species, see

7838: 7646: 7089: 7081: 6947: 6939: 6576: 6568: 6188:

For a discussion on Hevia's book, see exchange between Hevia and Joseph W. Esherick in

6113: 5656: 5286: 4943: 4282: 3096: 2976: 2907: 2768: 2483: 2078: 1866:

Great changes happening to Chinese Muslims, like the introduction of a Sufi order, the

1786:. He continued their patronage of Tibetan Buddhist art and ordered translations of the 1723: 1548: 1292: 1285:. Qianlong later refused to intervene in the Durrani Empire's killing of the Sultan of 1275: 1265: 1246: 1227: 1166:

has argued that the decimation of the Dzungars was the result of an explicit policy of

986:, who had the support of a large faction of officials in the imperial court as well as 822:, the largest collection ever made of Chinese history, while also overseeing extensive 709: 701: 424: 296: 291: 246: 178: 7859: 5269:

Huichun, Yu (2009). "Qianlong's Divine Treasures: The Bells in Rhyming-the-Old Hall".

5041: 5027:"Between the "Ummah" and "China"：The Qing Dynasty's Rule over Xinjiang Uyghur Society" 2437:(1718–1793) was the official translator of Western languages for the Qianlong Emperor. 1740:

which gave equivalents for Manchu terms in Mongolian, Tibetan and Turkic, and had the

8145: 7974: 7893: 7823: 7768: 7753: 7676: 7651: 7641: 7604: 7402: 7266: 7172: 7152: 7133: 7114: 7093: 7050: 6951: 6901: 6878: 6857: 6850: 6827: 6826:. Vol. 16 of Brill's Inner Asian Library (illustrated ed.). Leiden: Brill. 6799: 6771: 6743: 6715: 6694: 6675: 6642: 6621: 6595: 6580: 6521: 6493: 6444: 6176: 6157: 6094: 5667: 5562: 5537: 5419: 5278: 5251: 5112: 5005: 4966: 4932:

Yingcong Dai (2004). "A Disguised Defeat: The Myanmar Campaign of the Qing Dynasty".

4903: 4875: 4850: 4813: 4738: 4734:

A Court on Horseback: Imperial Touring & the Construction of Qing Rule, 1680–1785

4704: 4670: 4636: 4598: 4538: 4210: 4195: 3581: 3171: 3030: 2945: 2928: 2553:) officials in my capital are forbidden to hold intercourse with Chinese subjects... 2413: 2355: 2330:

which were previously exclusively for Manchus to Han Chinese at the beginning of the

2052: 2009: 1811: 1731: 1727: 1325: 1024: 1015: 936: 808: 795: 657: 649: 523: 332: 327: 270: 77: 7132:. Harvard East Asian Series. Vol. 59. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 6894: 5637:"A Victory Banquet Given by the Emperor for the Distinguished Officers and Soldiers" 5530:

LIPMAN, JONATHAN N. (1997). "4 / Strategies of Resistance Integration by Violence".

5414:. In Millward, James A.; Dunnell, Ruth W.; Elliot, Mark C.; Forêt, Philippe (eds.). 8077: 7943: 7916: 7738: 7671: 7619: 7596: 7422: 7417: 7367:

changed the dynastic name to "Great Qing" in 1636 and claimed the title of emperor.

7277: 7073: 6931: 6560: 6313: 6299: 6156:. Translated by Rotschild, Jon. New York City: Knopf, distributed by Random House. 6131: 5241: 5190: 5168: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4135: 3932: 2628:, who had reigned for 61 years. The Qianlong Emperor anticipated moving out of the 2431: 2331: 2210: 2194: 1815: 1719: 1354: 1309: 1223: 1143: 1101: 1040: 798:, Qianlong ascended the throne in 1735. A highly ambitious military leader, he led 776: 614: 550: 5812: 2418: 2000: 1547:

The Emperor's massive art collection became an intimate part of his life; he took

1031:(Qianqing Palace). The name in the box was to be revealed to other members of the 7614: 7432: 7427: 7412: 7392: 7370: 7287: 6821: 6793: 6765: 6737: 6709: 6589: 6515: 6487: 6438: 6088: 5102: 4807: 4061: 3497: 3280: 2812: 2660: 2503: 2383: 2265: 2218: 2202: 1819: 1715: 1580: 1457: 1163: 1127: 1047: 834: 803: 752: 738: 479: 456: 446:

Fatian Longyun Zhicheng Xianjue Tiyuan Liji Fuwen Fenwu Qinming Xiaoci Shensheng

436: 415: 396: 341: 87: 20: 6856:. Cambridge, Mass.; London, England: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 5621: 4628:

Harmony Garden: The Life, Literary Criticism, and Poetry of Yuan Mei (1716-1798)

4245: 1795:) to "maintain peace among the Mongols" since the Mongols were followers of the 1774: 1376:). The Qianlong Emperor agreed and sent a large army into Vietnam to remove the 8045: 7723: 7397: 7295: 6767:

Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864

6514:

Dunnell, Ruth W.; Elliott, Mark C.; Forêt, Philippe; Millward, James A (2004).

6217: 4164: 4121: 4027: 3523: 3128: 3002: 2665: 2633: 2625: 2588: 2507: 2446: 2298: 2066: 2013: 1923: 1763: 1654:, many were subjected to deletion and modification. Books published during the 1592: 1269: 1196: 1155: 1139: 1055: 1019: 944: 838: 830: 635: 162: 94: 7885: 1706:

forms and Manchu styles which had to be invented and which could not be read.

1039:

imperial court, after which Hongli became the new emperor. Hongli adopted the

8163: 8072: 7979: 7666: 7077: 6304: 6173:

Cherishing Men from Afar: Qing Guest Ritual and the Macartney Embassy of 1793

6093:, Studies in the Modern History of Asia, Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 9–10, 5858: 5282: 5255: 4566:"Manchu hymn chanted at the occasion of the victory over the Jinchuan Rebels" 4158: 4148: 4107: 2791: 2475: 2363: 2327: 2164: 2144: 2036: 2021: 1807: 1576: 1510: 1491: 1435: 1400: 1329: 845: 140: 6591:

The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China

6317: 6135: 2288:

in order to restore the land to cultivation. Wasteland was reclaimed by Han

1369: 1212: 7983: 7707: 7656: 7581: 7378: 7374: 7360: 7330: 7111:

Splendors of China's Forbidden City: The Glorious Reign of Emperor Qianlong

6517:

New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde

6302:(January 1938). "The Last Dutch Embassy to the Chinese Court (1794–1795)". 5416:

New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde

4093: 3927: 3204: 2735: 2249: 2186:(out of his dislike for Li Yongfang's descendant, Li Shiyao) and excluding 2152: 2136: 2132: 2104: 2070: 2025: 1824: 1800: 1655: 1506: 1308:'s request for military aid against the attacking forces of Burma, but the 1111: 1036: 1002: 818: 784: 780: 621: 513: 221: 7788: 7190: 7130:

Monarchy in the Emperor's Eyes: Image and Reality in the Ch'ien-Lung Reign

6345: 6262: 2912: 2750:(永璂), Prince of the Third Rank (貝勒; 7 June 1752 – 17 March 1776), 12th son 300: 7969: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7773: 7691: 7237: 4040: 3303: 3178: 3089: 3071: 2992: 2876: 2831: 2645: 2371: 2183: 1850:

that he wrote in 1751. Although the Board of Punishment did nothing, the

1703: 1694: 1536: 1416: 1385: 1337: 1305: 1262: 1230:, the Qianlong Emperor sent armies into Tibet and firmly established the 765: 470: 350: 318: 309: 282: 7085: 5290: 2390:, the total of 12 years of Treasury surplus of the Qing imperial court. 764:(25 September 1711 – 7 February 1799), also known by his 8082: 7833: 7793: 7387: 7364: 7351: 6943: 6572: 6544:"The Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in Imperial and National Geographies" 6440:

Empire of Emptiness: Buddhist Art and Political Authority in Qing China

5246: 5221: 4947: 2566: 2550: 2491: 2322: 2285: 2174: 2140: 2112: 2061: 1965: 1876: 1867: 1796: 1557: 1505:. He further solidified the dynasty's cultural and religious claims in 1286: 1231: 802:

into Inner Asia, Burma, Nepal and Vietnam and suppressed rebellions in

6148:

For a conventional European perspective of the audience question, see

5832: 2772:(孝儀純皇后) of the Weigiya clan (魏佳氏; 23 October 1727 – 28 February 1775) 7803: 7748: 7743: 7661: 4965:(2nd ed.). Boston & New York: Houghton Mifflin. p. 35. 4872:

Asian Borderlands: The Transformation of Qing China's Yunnan Frontier

4632: 4272:

Her maiden clan is a matter of debate, either Ula-Nara or Hoifa-Nara.

4014: 4006: 3215: 2971: 2871: 2864: 2741: 2689: 2648:(Juanqinzhai) began an exhibition tour of the United States in 2010. 2466: 2318: 2314: 2294: 2289: 2139:. Zhu was also paid by the Qing government to perform rituals at the 1880: 1783: 1699: 1532: 1195:

at the Military Archives Office, in their capacity as members of the

666: 287: 278: 6935: 6564: 6489:

A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology

5595: 2644:(WMF). The first of the restored apartments, the Qianlong Emperor's 2126: 1688:), the Qianlong Emperor used Chinese to write his "Ode to Mukden", ( 1242:

forced the emperor into stalemate where both parties had to submit.

866: 5636: 4479: 4263:

She is the only Qing Empress who did not receive a posthumous name.

3953: 3940: 3916: 3151: 2987: 2923: 2730:

of the First Rank (哲親王; 27 May 1746 – 29 January 1748), seventh son

2702: 2531: 2426: 2306: 2272: 2074: 1759: 1685: 1681: 1268:

because of Qing China's expansions in Central Asia. While Qing and

1216: 1151: 1147: 1131: 687: 543: 413:

Qianlong (Ch'ien-lung; 乾隆): 12 February 1736 – 8 February 1796

323: 314: 7113:. London: Merrell, in association with The Field Museum, Chicago. 4490:]. Military history of the Qing Dynasty, vol.4. (in Chinese). 2271:

The Qianlong Emperor rejected the views of Han officials who said

2024:(or Qingyiyuan; now known as the Summer Palace) dredged, named it 1672:), or having their corpses mutilated (if they were already dead). 1666:, resulting in the victims executed by beheading or slow slicing ( 1440:

Ush Muslims had long wanted to sleep on hides and eat their flesh

1364:

The circumstances in Vietnam were not successful either. In 1787,

7346: 7217: 7169:

The Emperor's Private Paradise: Treasures from the Forbidden City

6896:

The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions

4666:

The Poet Zheng Zhen (1806-1864) and the Rise of Chinese Modernity

3974: 3285: 3260: 3101: 2826: 2592: 2358:

to the Qing court in 1793 described Qianlong in his later years:

2310: 2302: 2259: 2170: 2116: 1892: 1884: 1668: 1527: 1522: 1431: 1420: 1408: 1396: 1392: 1381: 1350: 1250: 1188: 1159: 1072: 1051: 983: 508: 496: 346: 166: 144: 4765:

Dabringhaus, Sabine (2011). "Staatsmann, Feldherr und Dichter".

2457:

Legal trade in the South China Sea was resumed in 1727, but the

806:

and Taiwan. During his lifetime, he was given the deified title

8025: 7956: 6026: 6014: 6002: 5978: 5966: 5954: 5191:"Portrait of an Emperor, Qianlong: Ruler, Connoisseur, Scholar" 4902:(3rd ed.). Hutchinson University Library. pp. 27–29. 4767: 4220: 3313: 3148: 3062:(愉貴妃) of the Keliyete clan (珂里葉特氏; 15 June 1714 – 9 July 1792) 2515: 2479: 2462: 2375: 2120: 2108: 2085:

was also a court painter. He co-designed, with Castiglione and

1896: 1745: 1635: 1556:, three calligraphy works: "Timely Clearing After Snowfall" by 1404: 1317: 1281: 1239: 1063: 991: 962: 7580: 7031: 6973: 1579:," in addition to pottery, [ceramics and applied arts such as 7783: 7049:. Vol. 9. Cambridge University Press. pp. 230–309. 5817: 5133:"The Qianlong Emperor as Manjusri, the Bodhisattva of Wisdom" 3009:(和碩和嘉公主; 24 December 1745 – 29 October 1767), fourth daughter 2603:, published his own account of the Titsingh mission in 1808. 2546: 2538: 2441: 1956: 1900: 1888: 1792: 1611: 1468: 1415:

took 2 to 3 years—at first the Qing army were mauled, though

1373: 1068: 987: 5853:[The Complete List of Concise Manchu Surnames (4)]. 3112:(婉貴妃) of the Chen clan (陳氏; 1 February 1717 – 10 March 1807) 3034:(忻貴妃) of the Daigiya clan (戴佳氏; 26 June 1737 – 28 May 1764) 3019:(慶恭皇貴妃) of the Lu clan (陸氏; 12 August 1724 – 21 August 1774) 2782:(固倫和靜公主; 10 August 1756 – 9 February 1775), seventh daughter 7437: 6711:

Unity and Diversity: Local Cultures and Identities in China

6513: 5793: 5533:

Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China

5083: 2798:(和碩和恪公主; 17 August 1758 – 14 December 1780), ninth daughter 2561:

Macartney's conclusions in his memoirs were widely quoted:

2387: 1333: 1245:

On 23 January 1751, Tibetan rebels who participated in the

961:

After his father's enthronement in 1722, Hongli was made a

6742:(reprint, revised ed.). University of Chicago Press. 5721: 5352: 3192:(固倫和孝公主; 2 February 1775 – 13 October 1823), 10th daughter 2855:(慧賢皇貴妃) of the Gaogiya clan (高佳氏; 1711 – 25 February 1745) 2720:(固倫和敬公主; 31 July 1731 – 30 September 1792), third daughter 2028:, and renovated a villa on the eastern shore of the lake. 5709: 5393: 5391: 3182:(惇妃) of the Wang clan (汪氏; 27 March 1746 – 6 March 1806) 1130:

was incorporated into the Qing Empire's rule and renamed

706: 692: 678: 6852:

China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia

2967:(純惠皇貴妃) of the Su clan (蘇氏; 13 June 1713 – 2 June 1760) 2610:

In contrast to Macartney, Isaac Titsingh, the Dutch and

1261:

In 1762 the Qianlong Emperor came close to war with the

1006:

Inauguration Portraits of Emperor Qianlong and Empress,

994:

on occasions when his father was away from the capital.

7341:

Later Jin rulers posthumously regarded as Qing emperors

6693:(3rd ed.). London: Hutchinson University Library. 6236: 5781: 5745: 5733: 5575: 5322: 5071: 5059: 4979: 4452:

The art of weaving in the Qing. Chunfeng Cultural Press

2663:, in 1796. For the next three years, he held the title 2055:, the Qianlong Emperor commissioned the Italian Jesuit 1766:, Manchu, Chinese, Tibetan, and Turki (Modern Uyghur). 837:

but ruled only in name as Qianlong held on to power as

6739:

Prisoners of Shangri-La: Tibetan Buddhism and the West

5942: 5388: 4771:(in German). Vol. 43, no. 1. pp. 16–24. 3208:(芳妃) of the Chen clan (陳氏; ? – 20 September 1801) 1714:

In his childhood, the Qianlong Emperor was tutored in

1680:

In 1743, after his first visit to Mukden (present-day

1098:

The Qianlong Emperor in Ceremonial Armour on Horseback

5769: 5614:[Wang Zhicheng and Qianlong archery screen]. 5376: 4787: 4775: 3322:(白貴人) of the Bo clan (柏氏; 17 June 1730 – 26 May 1803) 3233:(儀嬪) of the Huang clan (黄氏; ? – 1 November 1736) 2935:(仪慎亲王; 31 August 1746 – 1 September 1832), eighth son 2710:(端慧皇太子; 9 August 1730 – 23 November 1738), second son 2264:

The Qianlong Emperor and his predecessors, since the

654: 640: 626: 6443:(illustrated ed.). University of Hawaii Press. 6330: 5835:[A complete collection of Manchu surnames]. 5536:. University of Washington Press. pp. 112–114. 5364: 4826: 4083: 2816:(嘉慶帝; 13 November 1760 – 2 September 1820), 15th son 1626:

A visit by the Emperor to the tombs of his ancestors

1595:

also have collections of art from the Qianlong era.

1199:, to compile works on the Dzungar campaign, such as 1175:

extermination of the Jinchuan Tibetan people in 1776

1018:. The young Hongli was the favorite grandson of the 6798:(illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. 6770:(illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. 5004:(illustrated ed.). Leiden: Brill. p. 39. 4961:Schirokauer, Conrad & Clark, Donald N. (2008). 3239:(怡嬪) of the Bo clan (柏氏; 1 May 1721 – 30 June 1757) 2919:(履端親王; 21 February 1739 – 5 April 1777), fourth son 2190:(out of concern for his son Ma Xiongzhen's image). 2143:and induct the Chinese Plain White Banner into the 1173:The Dzungar genocide has been compared to the Qing 6893: 6849: 6261:. London: John Murray. p. 386. Archived from 6220:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1914. pp. 322–331 5655: 5305:"Top 10 calligraphy masterpieces of ancient China" 4254:) seal used for calligraphy and handwritten works. 3245:(慎嬪) of the Bai'ergesi clan (拜爾葛斯氏; ? – 1765) 2762:(永璟; 22 January 1756 – 7 September 1757), 13th son 1791:supported the Yellow Church (the Tibetan Buddhist 1255:what happened to Tibetan rebels on 1 November 1728 7016:Van Braam Houckgeest, Andreas Everardus. (1798). 6618:Emperor Qianlong: Son of Heaven, Man of the World 6060: 6058: 4383:10 great writers of China. Cao Xueqin / 中国十大文豪曹雪芹 2999:(質莊親王; 28 January 1744 – 13 June 1790), sixth son 2127:Descendants of the Ming dynasty's imperial family 943:. Hongli was adored by both his grandfather, the 826:that led to the suppression of some 3,100 works. 8161: 7325: 6921: 6032: 6020: 6008: 5984: 5972: 5960: 4960: 4053: 3251:(恂嬪) of the Huoshuote clan (霍碩特氏; ? – 1761) 3078:(榮純親王; 23 March 1741 – 16 April 1766), fifth son 3050:Obstructed labour or miscarriage at eight months 2016:. To celebrate the 60th birthday of his mother, 791:in history as well as one of the longest-lived. 7915: 7149:Soulstealers: The Chinese Sorcery Scare of 1768 5875:[The origin of the family name "Yan"]. 2983:(循郡王; 15 July 1735 – 26 August 1760), third son 2004:The Qianlong Emperor watching a wrestling match 1472:The Qianlong Emperor in his study, painting by 6055: 5879:(in Chinese). 16 December 2009. Archived from 5111:(3rd ed.). New York: Norton. p. 98. 2883:(定安親王; 5 July 1728 – 21 April 1750), first son 2838:(慶僖親王; 17 June 1766 – 25 April 1820), 17th son 2260:Chinese political identity and frontier policy 1107:(known as Lang Shining in Chinese) (1688–1766) 7901: 7566: 7311: 5857:(in Chinese). 14 October 2006. Archived from 4243: 3154:(博爾濟吉特氏; 12 February 1730 – 31 January 1774) 2957:(成哲親王; 22 March 1752 – 10 May 1823), 11th son 2941:(永瑜; 2 August 1748 – 11 June 1749), ninth son 2020:, the Qianlong Emperor ordered a lake at the 1988:Consorts and children of the Qianlong Emperor 1349:)) to be sliced to death after his commander 1304:The Qianlong Emperor responded to the vassal 1201:Strategy for the pacification of the Dzungars 1150:, 40% of the 600,000 Dzungars were killed by 596: 582: 34: 6362:, Vol. I (1798 English edition) pp. 283–288. 5220:Yang, Hong; Xie, Jiawei; Ji, Lifang (2018). 5158: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5150: 4931: 4893: 4891: 2903:(金佳氏; 14 September 1713 – 17 December 1755) 1043:"Qianlong", which means "Lasting Eminence". 7151:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 6958:Robbins, Helen Henrietta Macartney (1908). 5412:"The Qianlong Emperor and Tibetan Buddhism" 5188: 5167:. The Royal Academy of Arts. Archived from 4849:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 4764: 4312: 4310: 3389:(裕常在) of the Zhang clan (张氏; ? – 1745) 3092:(伊爾根覺羅氏; 29 October 1758 – 10 January 1798) 2788:(永璐; 31 August 1757 – 3 May 1760), 14th son 2461:'s discovery that the prices and duties at 895:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 7908: 7894: 7573: 7559: 7318: 7304: 7109:Ho, Chuimei & Bronson, Bennet (2004). 7013:Philadelphia: M.L.E. Moreau de Saint-Méry. 6795:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang 6661:Voyage a Pékin, Manille et l'Ile de France 6655: 6283: 6149: 5647: 4597:. Stanford University Press. p. 180. 4590: 3137:(永玥; 12 June 1751 – 7 July 1753), 10th son 2646:Studio of Exhaustion From Diligent Service 2605:Voyage a Pékin, Manille et l'Ile de France 2147:. Zhu was posthumously awarded the title " 1895:Ma Laichi said that before praying in the 1612:Burning of books and modification of texts 1413:campaign against the Jinchuan hill peoples 997: 954:The young Qianlong Emperor as Prince Bao, 841:until his death in 1799 at the age of 87. 44: 7108: 7023:London : R. Phillips. [digitized by 6982: 6965:London : John Murray. [digitized by 6674:. Harvard University Press. p. 167. 6634: 6344:]. London: J. Debrett. Archived from 6298: 6210:Annals and Memoirs of the Court of Peking 5593: 5556: 5513: 5497: 5481: 5245: 5219: 5162: 5147: 4888: 4502: 4500: 2449:(seated European with hat, far left) and 2103:During the Qianlong Emperor's reign, the 1848:Covenant to Instruct and Admonish Muslims 1253:by Qing Manchu general Bandi, similar to 915:Learn how and when to remove this message 783:and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over 7203:United States Government Printing Office 7166: 7040: 6791: 6763: 6707: 6485: 6425: 6242: 6112: 6044: 5948: 5799: 5787: 5751: 5739: 5715: 5328: 5089: 5077: 5065: 4985: 4874:. Harvard University Press. p. 68. 4832: 4696: 4530: 4478: 4434: 4380: 4307: 3334:(壽貴人) of the Bo clan (柏氏; ? – 1809) 3328:(祿貴人) of the Lu clan (陸氏; ? – 1788) 2650: 2514:trade ambassadors kneel and perform the 2440: 2425: 2417: 2345: 1999: 1991: 1983: 1917: 1857: 1773: 1629: 1621: 1618:Literary inquisition § Qing dynasty 1479: 1467: 1463: 1291: 1146:. According to the Qing dynasty scholar 1126:Under the Qianlong Emperor's reign, the 1110: 1092: 1001: 949: 926: 6615: 6587: 6541: 6370: 6368: 6332:van Braam Houckgeest, Andreas Everardus 6254: 5775: 5763: 5727: 5662:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 5561:. pp. 29, 33, 136, 240 & 265. 5418:. London: Routledge. pp. 123–124. 5397: 5382: 5370: 5358: 5268: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5178: 4869: 4662: 4624: 4492:計數十萬戶中，先痘死者十之四，繼竄入俄羅斯哈薩克者十之二，卒殲於大兵者十之三。 4191:Military of Macau under Portuguese rule 4060:Ch'ien Lung (emperor of China) (1810). 3352:(贵人) of the Wu clan (武氏; ? – 1781) 2545:Regarding your nation's worship of the 2081:also became a painter for the emperor. 2031:The Qianlong Emperor also expanded the 1652:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries 1648:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries 1601:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries 1531:, or sacred painting, depicting him as 1502:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries 1050:(son of Kangxi's deposed crown prince, 819:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries 749:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 261: 1745; died 1775) 236: 1734; died 1766) 211: 1727; died 1748) 8162: 7642:Prince Li ** Prince Xun ** Prince Kang 7185: 6891: 6870: 6847: 6464: 6436: 6090:Intra-Asian Trade and the World Market 5893: 5653: 5634: 5581: 5529: 5409: 5163:Holzworth, Gerald (12 November 2005). 5101: 5040:. Kobe University: 204. Archived from 4793: 4781: 4518: 4506: 4497: 4316: 4154:Family tree of Chinese monarchs (late) 3711: 3707: 3697: 3598: 3488: 3484: 2744:(那拉氏; 11 March 1718 – 19 August 1766) 2597:Andreas Everardus van Braam Houckgeest 2565:The Empire of China is an old, crazy, 1752:The Qianlong Emperor commissioned the 1485:The Qianlong Emperor Viewing Paintings 708: 656: 7889: 7554: 7299: 7041:Woodside, Alexander (December 2002). 6819: 6735: 6200: 6198: 6170: 5189:Spence, Jonathan (Winter 2003–2004). 5165:"China: The Three Emperors 1662–1795" 4997: 4844: 4805: 4799: 4730: 4350: 3909: 3866: 3863: 3853: 3840: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3810: 3804: 3794: 3781: 3771: 3767: 3755: 3752: 3742: 3729: 3719: 3715: 3694: 3684: 3671: 3661: 3657: 3645: 3639: 3629: 3616: 3606: 3602: 3586: 3580: 3570: 3554: 3544: 3540: 3528: 3522: 3512: 3496: 3492: 2530:Your request for a small island near 2098: 1509:by ordering a replica of the Tibetan 7701:Demoted but non-downgrading peerages 7198:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period 7171:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 7146: 7127: 7063: 6688: 6641:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 6365: 5175: 5024: 4897: 3921:The Adventures Of Emperor Chien Lung 3269:(恭嬪) of the Lin clan (林氏; 1733–1805) 3174:(和卓氏; 10 October 1734 – 24 May 1788) 3040:(24 August 1755 – 27 September 1758) 2698:(3 November 1728 – 14 February 1730) 2692:(富察氏; 28 March 1712 – 8 April 1748) 2407: 2243: 1517:, to be built on the grounds of the 1296:A soldier from the Qianlong era, by 1215:had plotted with the Dzungar leader 893:adding citations to reliable sources 860: 794:The fourth and favourite son of the 95:Emperor Emeritus of the Qing dynasty 8114:Expedition to Chiangmai (1774–1775) 8088:Phraya Rachasetthi Yuan (Mo Shilin) 6708:Liu, Tao Tao; Faure, David (1996). 6667: 6638:Buddhism And Islam on the Silk Road 6376:"Juanqizhai in the Qianlong Garden" 6086: 4870:Giersch, Charles Patterson (2006). 4368:三春爭及初春景/Fight in the spring scenery 4365: 4335: 4317:Jacobs, Andrew (31 December 2008). 3104:(巴鄰氏; 7 March 1731 – 14 March 1800) 2574: 2465:were both much lower than those at 2350:The Qianlong Emperor in his old age 1769: 1690:Shengjing fu/Mukden-i fujurun bithe 1368:, the last ruler of the Vietnamese 13: 8109:Siamese–Vietnamese War (1771–1773) 7102: 6900:. University of California Press. 6492:. University of California Press. 6230:Internet Modern History Sourcebook 6206:"Qianlong's Letter to King George" 6195: 6051:. London: J. Debrett. p. 262. 4397:"Qianlong Reign|The Palace Museum" 3131:(葉赫那拉; 7 July 1728 – 4 July 1777) 2254:guns turned over to the government 2046: 1922:Emperor Qianlong, aged 65, in the 1887:to learn Sufism, and Yemen and in 1836: 1778:Qianlong Emperor on a hunting trip 1289:, who was a vassal of Qing China. 1170:launched by the Qianlong Emperor. 319:Prince Zhizhuang of the First Rank 16:Emperor of China from 1735 to 1796 14: 8236: 8190:Anti-Christian sentiment in China 7210: 7045:. In Peterson, Willard J. (ed.). 6657:de Guignes, Chrétien-Louis-Joseph 6175:. Durham: Duke University Press. 5658:A History of Chinese Civilization 5635:Le Bas, Jacques-Philippe (1770). 5557:Marinescu, Jocelyn M. N. (2008). 4963:Modern East Asia: A Brief History 4244: 4201:British Forces Overseas Hong Kong 3968:Yanxi Palace: Princess Adventures 2279: 1862:Engraving of the Qianlong Emperor 1675: 935:Hongli was the fourth son of the 376:Princess Hexiao of the First Rank 366:Princess Hejing of the First Rank 361:Princess Hejia of the Second Rank 356:Princess Hejing of the First Rank 337:Prince Chengzhe of the First Rank 310:Prince Rongchun of the First Rank 104:9 February 1796 – 7 February 1799 69:18 October 1735 – 9 February 1796 8150:Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932) 7446: 7216: 6393: 6352: 6324: 6292: 6288:(PhD). University of Washington. 6277: 5034:Journal of Intercultural Studies 4449: 4319:"Dusting Off a Serene Jewel Box" 4275: 4266: 4257: 4206:Mao Zedong's cult of personality 4128: 4114: 4100: 4086: 3346:(慎貴人; ? – 9 September 1777) 3046:(16 January 1758 – 17 June 1767) 2601:Chrétien-Louis-Joseph de Guignes 2158: 1996:Consorts of the Qianlong Emperor 1078: 865: 729: 555: 371:Princess Heke of the Second Rank 283:Prince Ding'an of the First Rank 8200:Chinese critics of Christianity 8119:Burmese–Siamese War (1775–1776) 6465:Clarke, Michael Edmund (2004). 6248: 6142: 6106: 6080: 6038: 5990: 5930: 5918: 5906: 5887: 5865: 5843: 5825: 5805: 5687: 5654:Gernet, Jacques (31 May 1996). 5628: 5604: 5587: 5550: 5523: 5463: 5451: 5439: 5403: 5343: 5334: 5297: 5262: 5213: 5125: 5095: 5018: 4991: 4954: 4925: 4916: 4863: 4838: 4758: 4724: 4690: 4656: 4618: 4584: 4558: 4524: 4512: 4472: 4458: 4443: 4435:Chen (陈), Jiexian (捷先) (2010). 4355:. Shaanxi: 陕西旅游出版社. p. 30. 4046:Ruyi's Royal Love in the Palace 3016:Imperial Noble Consort Qinggong 2867:(富察氏; ? – 20 August 1735) 1971: 707: 693: 679: 351:Prince Qingxi of the First Rank 328:Prince Yishen of the First Rank 301:Prince Lüduan of the First Rank 258: 233: 208: 8205:Chinese emperors who abdicated 8104:Taksin's reunification of Siam 8056:Phraya Rachasetthi (Chen Lian) 8026:Chaophraya Chakri (Thongduang) 7975:Queen Mother Phithak Thephamat 7667:Prince Chengze (Prince Zhuang) 7047:The Cambridge History of China 6714:. Hong Kong University Press. 6486:Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2000). 6123:The American Historical Review 5894:Porter, David (9 March 2013). 5821:(in Chinese). 1 February 2009. 5600:(DPhil). University of Kansas. 4669:. Leiden: Brill. p. 394. 4428: 4414: 4389: 4374: 4359: 4344: 4329: 4233: 3986:Portrayed by Chiu Hsinchih in 3288:(鈕祜祿氏; 3 January 1748 – 1790) 2964:Imperial Noble Consort Chunhui 2889:(1 June 1731 – 6 January 1732) 2852:Imperial Noble Consort Huixian 2822:(13 January 1763 – 6 May 1765) 2422:Lord Macartney's embassy, 1793 2341: 2069:, to design a series of timed 1871:converted to Naqshbandiyya by 1852:Shaanxi-Gansu Governor-General 1658:suffered the greatest damage. 1234:as the ruler of Tibet, with a 978: 973: 856: 655: 641: 627: 597: 583: 35: 1: 8185:18th-century Chinese monarchs 8146:Ayutthaya Kingdom (1351–1767) 7506:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms 7036:"China Through Western Eyes." 7009:, Andreas Everardus. (1797). 6978:"China Through Western Eyes." 6668:Guy, R. Kent (October 1987). 6620:. New York: Pearson Longman. 6594:. Stanford University Press. 6437:Berger, Patricia Ann (2003). 5643:(in French). Xinjiang, China. 4703:. Leiden: Brill. p. 32. 4537:. Leiden: Brill. p. 21. 4381:Dong (董), Yiqiu (一秋) (2003). 4296: 4054:Works by the Qianlong Emperor 3414:(祥答应; ? – 28 March 1773) 3316:(索取羅氏; ? – 26 June 1765) 2896:Imperial Noble Consort Shujia 2860:Imperial Noble Consort Zhemin 2618: 2453:(seated European without hat) 2394: 292:Prince Xun of the Second Rank 8220:Emperors of the Qing dynasty 6671:The Emperor's Four Treasures 6407:(in Chinese). Archived from 6284:O'Neil, Patricia O. (1995). 6072:(in Chinese). Archived from 5620:(in Chinese). Archived from 4370:. 生活・讀書・新知三联书店. p. 686. 4351:Hui/惠, Huanzhang/焕章 (2004). 4301: 3995:Portrayed by Wang Wenjie in 3695:Qianlong Emperor (1711–1799) 3412:Second Class Attendant Xiang 3263:(鈕祜祿氏; ? – 29 May 1784) 2756:(23 July 1753 – 1 June 1755) 2655:Tomb of the Qianlong Emperor 2638:Palace of Tranquil Longevity 2059:for the construction of the 2010:Garden of Perfect Brightness 1926:, Beijing in 1761 (winter). 1726:, arranged to be tutored in 1709: 1568:, and "Letter to Boyuan" by 1211:Khalkha Mongol rebels under 970:Prince Bao of the First Rank 394:Aisin-Gioro Hongli (愛新覺羅·弘曆) 109:Prince Bao of the First Rank 7: 8124:Lao–Siamese War (1778–1779) 7980:Prince Inthraphithak (Chui) 7917:Thonburi Period (1767–1782) 7274:Emperor of the Qing dynasty 6792:Millward, James A. (2007). 6764:Millward, James A. (1998). 5108:The Search for Modern China 4079: 4020:Palace 3: The Lost Daughter 3474: 3457:(格格; ? – 30 July 1731) 3451:(格格; ? – October 1729) 3383:(揆常在; ? – 26 May 1756) 2802:Miscarriage at eight months 2364:his nose is rather aquiline 1955:The sudden questions about 60:Emperor of the Qing dynasty 10: 8241: 7657:Prince Zheng (Prince Jian) 6983:Scharping, Thomas (1998). 6892:Rawski, Evelyn S. (1998). 6418: 6255:Robbins, Helen H. (1908). 6150:Peyrefitte, Alain (1992). 5410:Benard, Elisabeth (2004). 4845:Mosca, Matthew W. (2013). 4731:Chang, Michael G. (2007). 4663:Schmidt, Jerry D. (2013). 3709: 3592: 3486: 3430:Second Class Attendant Cai 3424:Second Class Attendant Wan 3399:First Class Attendant Ning 3393:First Class Attendant Ping 2630:Hall of Mental Cultivation 2411: 2356:British diplomatic mission 2354:A valet who accompanied a 2238:Qing lists of Manchu clans 2162: 1979: 1634:Qianlong Emperor entering 1615: 1589:Victoria and Albert Museum 1564:, "Mid-Autumn" by his son 1554:Hall of Mental Cultivation 1445:invasion by Jahangir Khoja 1089:Qing dynasty in Inner Asia 1082: 956:Metropolitan Museum of Art 419: 18: 8195:Chinese Buddhist monarchs 8142: 8031:Chaophraya Surasi (Bunma) 7923: 7852: 7716: 7700: 7628: 7594: 7455: 7444: 7337: 7284: 7271: 7263: 7258: 7231: 6848:Perdue, Peter C. (2005). 6736:Lopez, Donald S. (1999). 6635:Elverskog, Johan (2010). 6542:Elliott, Mark C. (2000). 6066:"Qianlong Emperor (乾隆皇帝)" 5896:"Gun Control, Qing Style" 5594:Greenwood, Kevin (2013). 4697:Theobald, Ulrich (2013). 4591:Man-Cheong, Iona (2004). 4531:Theobald, Ulrich (2013). 3847: 3828: 3824: 3816: 3788: 3769: 3761: 3736: 3717: 3713: 3678: 3659: 3651: 3623: 3604: 3600: 3564: 3542: 3534: 3506: 3490: 3418:Second Class Attendant Na 3381:First Class Attendant Kui 2672: 2451:A.E. van Braam Houckgeest 2149:Marquis of Extended Grace 2018:Empress Dowager Chongqing 1755:Qin ding Xiyu Tongwen Zhi 1585:Percival David Foundation 1499:, published later in the 1384:(Vietnamese New Year) by 1029:Palace of Heavenly Purity 789:longest-reigning monarchs 721: 700: 686: 672: 665: 648: 634: 620: 613: 608: 604: 590: 576: 572: 567: 549: 539: 529: 519: 507: 495: 476: 469: 442: 435: 412: 407: 393: 388: 384: 269: 185: 172: 150: 125: 121: 113: 108: 100: 93: 83: 73: 65: 58: 43: 30: 8225:Yongzheng Emperor's sons 8046:Phraya Phichai (Thongdi) 7629:Non-downgrading peerages 7167:Berliner, Nancy (2010). 7147:Kuhn, Philip A. (1990). 7128:Kahn, Harold L. (1971). 7078:10.1177/0097700405282349 6871:Petech, Luciano (1972). 6552:Journal of Asian Studies 6426:Anderson, Æneas (1795). 6401:"Jiaqing Emperor (嘉庆皇帝)" 6171:Hevia, James L. (1995). 6045:Anderson, Æneas (1795). 4226: 4004:Portrayed by Chen Xu in 3387:First Class Attendant Yu 2585:Dutch East India Company 1964:executed Jahriya leader 1115:Qianlong Emperor hunting 578:Traditional Chinese 8051:Chaophraya Phichairacha 8036:Chaophraya Chakri (Mud) 7990:Prince Anurak Songkhram 7662:Prince Su (Prince Xian) 7043:"The Ch'ien-Lung Reign" 7025:University of Hong Kong 6967:University of Hong Kong 6616:—— (2009). 6588:—— (2001). 6360:An authentic account... 6318:10.1163/156853238X00027 5813:"我姓阎,满族正黄旗,请问我的满姓可能是什么" 4625:Schmidt, J. D. (2013). 4385:. Beijing Book Co. Inc. 4144:Jean Joseph Marie Amiot 3998:Empresses in the Palace 2583:Representing Dutch and 2435:Jean Joseph Marie Amiot 2083:Jean-Damascène Sallusti 2022:Garden of Clear Ripples 1266:Emir Ahmad Shah Durrani 1226:in Mongolia. After the 1008:Cleveland Museum of Art 998:Accession to the throne 814:Qing's Tibetan subjects 769:Emperor Gaozong of Qing 592:Simplified Chinese 459:: Yongkiyaha hūwangdi ( 450:(法天隆運至誠先覺體元立極敷文奮武欽明孝慈神聖 408:Era name and dates 8215:Qing dynasty Buddhists 8129:Phraya San's Rebellion 8041:Chaophraya Nakhon (Nu) 7588:s (first-rank princes) 7221:Quotations related to 6405:Palace Museum, Beijing 6192:Vol. 24, no. 2 (1998). 6070:Palace Museum, Beijing 5617:Palace Museum, Beijing 4171:Putuo Zongcheng Temple 3436:Second Class Attendant 3406:Second Class Attendant 3306:(西林覺羅氏; ? – 1808) 2845:Imperial Noble Consort 2656: 2572: 2556: 2454: 2438: 2423: 2368: 2351: 2033:imperial summer palace 2005: 1997: 1989: 1932: 1863: 1806:In 1744 he turned the 1779: 1639: 1627: 1519:imperial summer palace 1515:Putuo Zongcheng Temple 1487: 1477: 1301: 1249:against the Qing were 1187:The Qing Empire hired 1116: 1108: 1011: 958: 932: 737:This article contains 8210:Genocide perpetrators 7359:Enthroned in 1626 as 7187:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr. 6924:Environmental History 6820:Newby, L. J. (2005). 6689:Hall, D.G.E. (1960). 6432:. London: J. Debrett. 6136:10.1093/ahr/122.3.680 6033:Reardon-Anderson 2000 6021:Reardon-Anderson 2000 6009:Reardon-Anderson 2000 5985:Reardon-Anderson 2000 5973:Reardon-Anderson 2000 5961:Reardon-Anderson 2000 5641:World Digital Library 4998:Newby, L. J. (2005). 4898:Hall, D.G.E. (1960). 4806:Newby, L. J. (2005). 3963:Story of Yanxi Palace 3806:Empress Xiaoshengxian 3556:Empress Xiaokangzhang 3375:First Class Attendant 2654: 2632:(Yangxindian) in the 2563: 2523: 2444: 2429: 2421: 2360: 2349: 2003: 1995: 1987: 1921: 1861: 1777: 1633: 1625: 1483: 1471: 1464:Cultural achievements 1454:White Lotus Rebellion 1295: 1134:, while to the west, 1114: 1096: 1005: 953: 930: 844:Qianlong oversaw the 824:literary inquisitions 800:a series of campaigns 534:Empress Xiaoshengxian 141:Prince Yong's Mansion 7717:Downgrading peerages 7238:House of Aisin-Gioro 7007:van Braam Houckgeest 6380:World Monuments Fund 6348:on 15 February 2009. 6169:For a critique, see 5900:Manchu Studies Group 5624:on 25 February 2014. 5199:World Monuments Fund 5171:on 12 December 2005. 4935:Modern Asian Studies 4570:Manchu Studies Group 3989:New My Fair Princess 3980:My Fair Princess III 3401:(寧常在; ? – 1781) 3395:(平常在; ? – 1778) 3370:(福貴人; ? – 1764) 3364:(新貴人; ? – 1775) 3358:(金貴人; ? – 1778) 3340:(秀貴人; ? – 1745) 3218:(富察氏; ? – 1822) 2685:Empress Xiaoxianchun 2642:World Monuments Fund 2092:Battle Copper Prints 2057:Giuseppe Castiglione 1873:Muhammad Yusuf Khoja 1737:Pentaglot Dictionary 1664:Literary Inquisition 1474:Giuseppe Castiglione 1434:Muslims against the 1353:was defeated at the 1105:Giuseppe Castiglione 1046:In 1739, the Prince 889:improve this section 853:of the Qing empire. 197:Empress Xiaoxianchun 52:Giuseppe Castiglione 7373:began to rule over 7032:Digital Initiatives 6974:Digital Initiatives 6663:(in French). Paris. 6411:on 22 October 2008. 6153:The Immobile Empire 6114:Harrison, Henrietta 5802:, pp. 103–105. 5730:, pp. 184–186. 5349:Guy (1987), p. 166. 5340:Guy (1987), p. 167. 5238:2018BuHer...2...19Y 5103:Spence, Jonathan D. 5092:, pp. 206–207. 4439:. 遠流出版. p. 62. 3753:Lingzhu (1664–1754) 3641:Empress Xiaogongren 2706:(永璉), Crown Prince 2087:Ignatius Sichelbart 1638:and the Grand Canal 1549:landscape paintings 1314:Green Standard Army 1184:and sent to Paris. 1085:Ten Great Campaigns 966:(first-rank prince) 7633:"iron-cap" princes 5361:, p. 615-617. 5247:10.1186/BF03545700 5143:on 16 August 2014. 4572:. 18 December 2012 4366:Gao, Yang (2001). 4323:The New York Times 4289:) is based on her. 4283:Fragrant Concubine 3910:In popular culture 3097:Noble Consort Ying 3007:of the Second Rank 2981:of the Second Rank 2804:(13 November 1759) 2796:of the Second Rank 2769:Empress Xiaoyichun 2657: 2484:Thirteen Factories 2459:East India Company 2455: 2439: 2424: 2352: 2336:Évariste Régis Huc 2099:Other architecture 2079:Jean Denis Attiret 2006: 1998: 1990: 1933: 1864: 1780: 1640: 1628: 1488: 1478: 1302: 1276:Four Afghan Steeds 1247:Lhasa riot of 1750 1228:Lhasa riot of 1750 1154:, 20% fled to the 1117: 1109: 1012: 988:Yunsi, Prince Lian 979:Héshuò Bǎo Qīnwáng 959: 933: 850:largest population 427:: Тэнгэр тэтгэгч ( 418:: Abkai wehiyehe ( 247:Empress Xiaoyichun 179:Eastern Qing tombs 8157: 8156: 8137: 8136: 7959:(Borommaracha IV) 7883: 7882: 7853:Posthumous titles 7548: 7547: 7294: 7293: 7285:Succeeded by 7267:Yongzheng Emperor 7246:25 September 1711 7233:Qianlong Emperor 7178:978-0-87577-221-9 7056:978-0-521-24334-6 6907:978-0-520-92679-0 6863:978-0-674-01684-2 6833:978-90-04-14550-4 6805:978-0-231-13924-3 6777:978-0-8047-2933-8 6749:978-0-226-49311-4 6721:978-962-209-402-4 6700:978-1-4067-3503-1 6681:978-0-674-25115-1 6648:978-0-8122-4237-9 6627:978-0-321-08444-6 6601:978-0-8047-4684-7 6527:978-1-134-36222-6 6499:978-0-520-92884-8 6450:978-0-8248-2563-8 6300:Duyvendak, J.J.L. 6265:on 6 October 2018 6182:978-0-8223-9628-4 6163:978-0-39458-654-0 6100:978-1-134-19408-7 6076:on 24 April 2008. 5833:"满族姓氏寻根大全·满族老姓全录" 5718:, pp. 55–56. 5673:978-0-521-49781-7 5584:, pp. 23–24. 5568:978-0-549-59712-4 5425:978-1-13436-222-6 5118:978-0-39393-451-9 5025:Wang, Ke (2017). 4972:978-0-618-92070-9 4909:978-1-4067-3503-1 4856:978-0-80478-538-9 4819:978-9-00414-550-4 4812:. Leiden: Brill. 4744:978-0-67402-454-0 4710:978-9-00425-567-8 4676:978-9-00425-229-5 4642:978-1-13686-225-0 4604:978-0-80476-713-2 4544:978-9-00425-567-8 4468:. Vol. 1048. 4336:Hua, Bin (2018). 4211:Macartney Embassy 4196:British Hong Kong 3906: 3905: 3582:Yongzheng Emperor 3190:of the First Rank 3109:Noble Consort Wan 3085:Noble Consort Xun 3076:of the First Rank 3031:Noble Consort Xin 2997:of the First Rank 2955:of the First Rank 2933:of the First Rank 2917:of the First Rank 2881:of the First Rank 2836:of the First Rank 2780:of the First Rank 2718:of the First Rank 2414:Macartney Embassy 2408:Macartney Embassy 2244:Anti-gun measures 2053:Old Summer Palace 1808:Palace of Harmony 1419:(a descendant of 1326:Ayutthaya Kingdom 1298:William Alexander 1213:Prince Chingünjav 1025:military strategy 1016:Yongzheng Emperor 968:under the title " 937:Yongzheng Emperor 925: 924: 917: 809:Emperor Manjushri 796:Yongzheng Emperor 745:rendering support 725: 724: 717: 716: 674:Yale Romanization 615:Standard Mandarin 563: 562: 524:Yongzheng Emperor 491: 490: 136:25 September 1711 78:Yongzheng Emperor 8232: 8170:Qianlong Emperor 8078:Maha Thiha Thura 8068:Qianlong Emperor 7995:Prince Ramphubet 7944:Thonburi dynasty 7926: 7925: 7910: 7903: 7896: 7887: 7886: 7739:Prince Duanzhong 7672:Prince Shuncheng 7575: 7568: 7561: 7552: 7551: 7450: 7383: 7377:, replacing the 7343: 7320: 7313: 7306: 7297: 7296: 7278:Emperor of China 7264:Preceded by 7254: 7247: 7229: 7228: 7223:Qianlong Emperor 7220: 7206: 7194: 7182: 7162: 7143: 7124: 7097: 7060: 7003: 7001: 6999: 6989: 6955: 6918: 6916: 6914: 6899: 6888: 6867: 6855: 6844: 6842: 6840: 6816: 6814: 6812: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6760: 6758: 6756: 6732: 6730: 6728: 6704: 6685: 6664: 6652: 6631: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6584: 6548: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6482: 6480: 6473: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6433: 6413: 6412: 6397: 6391: 6390: 6388: 6386: 6372: 6363: 6356: 6350: 6349: 6328: 6322: 6321: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6281: 6275: 6274: 6272: 6270: 6252: 6246: 6240: 6234: 6233: 6227: 6225: 6214:Edmund Backhouse 6212:. Translated by 6202: 6193: 6186: 6167: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6084: 6078: 6077: 6062: 6053: 6052: 6042: 6036: 6030: 6024: 6018: 6012: 6006: 6000: 5994: 5988: 5982: 5976: 5970: 5964: 5958: 5952: 5946: 5940: 5934: 5928: 5922: 5916: 5910: 5904: 5903: 5891: 5885: 5884: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5861:on 4 April 2019. 5847: 5841: 5840: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5809: 5803: 5797: 5791: 5785: 5779: 5773: 5767: 5761: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5737: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5713: 5707: 5706: 5695:"清代延恩侯明朝皇族后裔辩伪考" 5691: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5661: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5608: 5602: 5601: 5591: 5585: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5527: 5521: 5511: 5505: 5495: 5489: 5479: 5473: 5467: 5461: 5455: 5449: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5407: 5401: 5395: 5386: 5380: 5374: 5368: 5362: 5356: 5350: 5347: 5341: 5338: 5332: 5326: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5301: 5295: 5294: 5266: 5260: 5259: 5249: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5201:. pp. 24–30 5186: 5173: 5172: 5160: 5145: 5144: 5139:. 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The 1466: 1458:Jiaqing Emperor 1324:of the Siamese 1322:latest invasion 1251:sliced to death 1128:Dzungar Khanate 1091: 1081: 1033:imperial family 1000: 921: 910: 904: 901: 886: 870: 859: 835:Jiaqing Emperor 758: 757: 756: 753:Manchu alphabet 743:Without proper 734: 730: 694:Kin4-lung4 Dai3 487: 483: 478: 462: 460: 455: 437:Posthumous name 428: 423: 414: 400: 395: 380: 342:Jiaqing Emperor 265: 264: 256: 252: 249: 239: 231: 227: 224: 214: 206: 202: 199: 181: 161: 159: 155: 154:7 February 1799 139: 137: 131: 129: 88:Jiaqing Emperor 54: 33: 32: 24: 21:Qianlong shouhu 17: 12: 11: 5: 8238: 8228: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8155: 8154: 8143: 8140: 8139: 8135: 8134: 8132: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8095: 8093: 8091: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8059: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8017: 8015: 8013: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7977: 7972: 7961: 7960: 7940: 7937: 7936: 7933: 7930: 7924: 7921: 7920: 7913: 7912: 7905: 7898: 7890: 7881: 7880: 7878: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7856: 7854: 7850: 7849: 7847: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7724:Prince Jingjin 7720: 7718: 7714: 7713: 7711: 7710: 7704: 7702: 7698: 7697: 7695: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7638: 7636: 7626: 7625: 7623: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7601: 7599: 7595:Absorbed into 7592: 7591: 7578: 7577: 7570: 7563: 7555: 7546: 7545: 7456: 7453: 7452: 7445: 7443: 7441: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7355: 7354: 7349: 7338: 7335: 7334: 7323: 7322: 7315: 7308: 7300: 7292: 7291: 7286: 7283: 7270: 7265: 7261: 7260: 7259:Regnal titles 7256: 7255: 7235: 7232: 7227: 7226: 7212: 7211:External links 7209: 7208: 7207: 7189:, ed. (1943). 7183: 7177: 7164: 7157: 7144: 7138: 7125: 7119: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7098: 7061: 7055: 7038: 7014: 7004: 6980: 6956: 6930:(4): 503–530. 6919: 6906: 6889: 6883: 6868: 6862: 6845: 6832: 6817: 6804: 6789: 6776: 6761: 6748: 6733: 6720: 6705: 6699: 6686: 6680: 6665: 6653: 6647: 6632: 6626: 6613: 6600: 6585: 6559:(3): 603–646. 6539: 6526: 6511: 6498: 6483: 6462: 6449: 6434: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6414: 6392: 6364: 6351: 6323: 6291: 6276: 6247: 6245:, p. 690. 6235: 6218:J. O. P. Bland 6194: 6181: 6162: 6141: 6130:(3): 680–701. 6105: 6099: 6079: 6054: 6037: 6035:, p. 509. 6025: 6023:, p. 508. 6013: 6011:, p. 507. 6001: 5997:Scharping 1998 5989: 5987:, p. 506. 5977: 5975:, p. 505. 5965: 5963:, p. 504. 5953: 5941: 5929: 5917: 5905: 5886: 5864: 5842: 5824: 5804: 5792: 5790:, p. 128. 5780: 5768: 5756: 5754:, p. 293. 5744: 5742:, p. 291. 5732: 5728:Elliott (2001) 5720: 5708: 5701:(in Chinese). 5686: 5672: 5646: 5627: 5603: 5586: 5574: 5567: 5549: 5542: 5522: 5514:Elverskog 2010 5506: 5498:Elverskog 2010 5490: 5482:Elverskog 2010 5474: 5462: 5450: 5438: 5424: 5402: 5400:, p. 145. 5398:Elliott (2009) 5387: 5383:Elliott (2009) 5375: 5371:Elliott (2009) 5363: 5359:Elliott (2000) 5351: 5342: 5333: 5331:, p. 290. 5321: 5296: 5277:(2): 121–144. 5261: 5226:Built Heritage 5212: 5174: 5146: 5124: 5117: 5094: 5082: 5080:, p. 109. 5070: 5068:, p. 108. 5058: 5047:on 1 June 2019 5017: 5010: 4990: 4988:, p. 124. 4978: 4971: 4953: 4924: 4915: 4908: 4887: 4880: 4862: 4855: 4837: 4825: 4818: 4798: 4796:, p. 256. 4786: 4784:, p. 207. 4774: 4757: 4743: 4723: 4709: 4689: 4675: 4655: 4641: 4617: 4603: 4583: 4557: 4543: 4523: 4511: 4509:, p. 287. 4496: 4471: 4457: 4442: 4427: 4413: 4388: 4373: 4358: 4343: 4340:. 千華駐科技出版有限公司. 4328: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4281:The fictional 4274: 4265: 4256: 4231: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4224: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4165:Manwen Laodang 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4140: 4139: 4125: 4122:History portal 4111: 4097: 4081: 4078: 4077: 4076: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4050: 4037: 4033:Succession War 4028:Zhang Guoqiang 4024: 4011: 4002: 3993: 3984: 3971: 3950: 3937: 3924: 3911: 3908: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3858: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3835: 3832: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3803: 3800: 3799: 3796: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3776: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3747: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3724: 3721: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3689: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3666: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3638: 3635: 3634: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3611: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3579: 3576: 3575: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3559: 3553: 3550: 3549: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3524:Kangxi Emperor 3521: 3518: 3517: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3501: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3471: 3459: 3458: 3452: 3440: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3403: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3372: 3371: 3365: 3362:Noble Lady Xin 3359: 3356:Noble Lady Jin 3353: 3347: 3341: 3338:Noble Lady Xiu 3335: 3329: 3323: 3320:Noble Lady Bai 3317: 3310:Noble Lady Rui 3307: 3297: 3296: 3295: 3271: 3270: 3267:Concubine Gong 3264: 3252: 3246: 3243:Concubine Shen 3240: 3234: 3220: 3219: 3209: 3201: 3200: 3199: 3198:(1777 or 1778) 3193: 3175: 3163: 3162: 3161: 3160:(1759 or 1760) 3140: 3139: 3138: 3129:Yehe-Nara clan 3114: 3113: 3105: 3093: 3081: 3080: 3079: 3055: 3054: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3038:Sixth daughter 3021: 3020: 3012: 3011: 3010: 3000: 2984: 2960: 2959: 2958: 2942: 2936: 2920: 2892: 2891: 2890: 2884: 2856: 2842: 2841: 2840: 2839: 2823: 2817: 2805: 2799: 2789: 2783: 2765: 2764: 2763: 2757: 2754:Fifth daughter 2751: 2733: 2732: 2731: 2721: 2711: 2699: 2696:First daughter 2674: 2671: 2666:Taishang Huang 2634:Forbidden City 2626:Kangxi Emperor 2620: 2617: 2589:Isaac Titsingh 2576: 2573: 2547:Lord of Heaven 2524: 2447:Isaac Titsingh 2412:Main article: 2409: 2406: 2343: 2340: 2299:Inner Mongolia 2281: 2280:Han settlement 2278: 2261: 2258: 2245: 2242: 2163:Main article: 2160: 2157: 2128: 2125: 2100: 2097: 2067:Michel Benoist 2048: 2045: 2014:Forbidden City 1981: 1978: 1973: 1970: 1924:Forbidden City 1838: 1835: 1788:Buddhist canon 1771: 1768: 1742:Buddhist canon 1711: 1708: 1677: 1676:Literary works 1674: 1616:Main article: 1613: 1610: 1593:British Museum 1476:, 18th century 1465: 1462: 1366:Lê Chiêu Thống 1345:, or possibly 1270:Durrani Empire 1197:Hanlin Academy 1156:Russian Empire 1121:Miao rebellion 1080: 1077: 1020:Kangxi Emperor 999: 996: 945:Kangxi Emperor 923: 922: 873: 871: 864: 858: 855: 831:Kangxi Emperor 747:, you may see 735: 728: 727: 726: 723: 722: 719: 718: 715: 714: 704: 698: 697: 690: 684: 683: 676: 670: 669: 667:Yue: Cantonese 663: 662: 652: 646: 645: 638: 632: 631: 624: 618: 617: 611: 610: 609:Transcriptions 602: 601: 594: 588: 587: 580: 574: 573: 570: 569: 561: 560: 553: 547: 546: 541: 537: 536: 531: 527: 526: 521: 517: 516: 511: 505: 504: 499: 493: 492: 489: 488: 474: 473: 467: 466: 440: 439: 433: 432: 420:ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᠸᡝᡥᡳᠶᡝᡥᡝ 410: 409: 405: 404: 391: 390: 382: 381: 379: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 344: 339: 330: 321: 312: 303: 294: 285: 275: 273: 267: 266: 254: 250: 245: 244: 243: 242: 229: 225: 220: 219: 218: 217: 204: 200: 195: 194: 193: 192: 189: 187: 183: 182: 177:Yu Mausoleum, 176: 174: 170: 169: 163:Forbidden City 158:(aged 87) 152: 148: 147: 138:(康熙五十年八月十三日) 127: 123: 122: 119: 118: 115: 111: 110: 106: 105: 102: 98: 97: 91: 90: 85: 81: 80: 75: 71: 70: 67: 63: 62: 56: 55: 49: 41: 40: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8237: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8167: 8165: 8151: 8147: 8141: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8101: 8100: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8073:Francis Light 8071: 8069: 8066: 8065: 8064: 8063: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8023: 8022: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7985: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7967: 7966: 7965: 7958: 7955: 7954: 7953: 7952: 7951: 7946: 7945: 7939: 7938: 7934: 7931: 7928: 7927: 7922: 7918: 7911: 7906: 7904: 7899: 7897: 7892: 7891: 7888: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7857: 7855: 7851: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7715: 7709: 7706: 7705: 7703: 7699: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7627: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7598: 7593: 7589: 7587: 7583: 7576: 7571: 7569: 7564: 7562: 7557: 7556: 7553: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7385: 7384: 7382: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7369:In 1644, the 7366: 7362: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7344: 7342: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7321: 7316: 7314: 7309: 7307: 7302: 7301: 7298: 7289: 7280: 7279: 7275: 7268: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7245: 7240: 7239: 7230: 7224: 7219: 7215: 7214: 7204: 7200: 7199: 7193: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7174: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7158:0-674-82151-3 7154: 7150: 7145: 7141: 7139:0-674-58230-6 7135: 7131: 7126: 7122: 7120:1-85894-203-9 7116: 7112: 7107: 7106: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7062: 7058: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7039: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7026: 7022: 7020: 7015: 7012: 7008: 7005: 6993: 6986: 6981: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6968: 6964: 6963: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6920: 6909: 6903: 6898: 6897: 6890: 6886: 6884:90-04-03442-0 6880: 6876: 6875: 6869: 6865: 6859: 6854: 6853: 6846: 6835: 6829: 6825: 6824: 6818: 6807: 6801: 6797: 6796: 6790: 6779: 6773: 6769: 6768: 6762: 6751: 6745: 6741: 6740: 6734: 6723: 6717: 6713: 6712: 6706: 6702: 6696: 6692: 6687: 6683: 6677: 6673: 6672: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6644: 6640: 6639: 6633: 6629: 6623: 6619: 6614: 6603: 6597: 6593: 6592: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6553: 6545: 6540: 6529: 6523: 6520:. Routledge. 6519: 6518: 6512: 6501: 6495: 6491: 6490: 6484: 6477: 6470: 6469: 6463: 6452: 6446: 6442: 6441: 6435: 6431: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6396: 6381: 6377: 6371: 6369: 6361: 6355: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6338: 6333: 6327: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6306: 6301: 6295: 6287: 6280: 6264: 6260: 6259: 6251: 6244: 6239: 6231: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6201: 6199: 6191: 6184: 6178: 6174: 6165: 6159: 6155: 6154: 6145: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6124: 6119: 6115: 6109: 6102: 6096: 6092: 6091: 6083: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6061: 6059: 6050: 6049: 6041: 6034: 6029: 6022: 6017: 6010: 6005: 5998: 5993: 5986: 5981: 5974: 5969: 5962: 5957: 5951:, p. 25. 5950: 5949:Millward 1998 5945: 5938: 5933: 5926: 5921: 5914: 5909: 5901: 5897: 5890: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5868: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5851:"简明满族姓氏全录（四）" 5846: 5839:(in Chinese). 5838: 5834: 5828: 5820: 5819: 5814: 5808: 5801: 5800:Crossley 2000 5796: 5789: 5788:Crossley 2000 5784: 5778:, p. 84. 5777: 5772: 5765: 5760: 5753: 5752:Crossley 2000 5748: 5741: 5740:Crossley 2000 5736: 5729: 5724: 5717: 5716:Crossley 2000 5712: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5690: 5675: 5669: 5665: 5660: 5659: 5650: 5642: 5638: 5631: 5623: 5619: 5618: 5613: 5607: 5599: 5598: 5590: 5583: 5578: 5570: 5564: 5560: 5553: 5545: 5543:0-295-97644-6 5539: 5535: 5534: 5526: 5519: 5515: 5510: 5503: 5499: 5494: 5487: 5483: 5478: 5471: 5466: 5459: 5454: 5447: 5442: 5427: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5406: 5399: 5394: 5392: 5385:, p. 57. 5384: 5379: 5372: 5367: 5360: 5355: 5346: 5337: 5330: 5325: 5310: 5306: 5300: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5265: 5257: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5216: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5170: 5166: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5142: 5138: 5137:Freer Sackler 5134: 5128: 5120: 5114: 5110: 5109: 5104: 5098: 5091: 5090:Millward 1998 5086: 5079: 5078:Millward 2007 5074: 5067: 5066:Millward 2007 5062: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5028: 5021: 5013: 5011:90-04-14550-8 5007: 5003: 5002: 4994: 4987: 4986:Millward 1998 4982: 4974: 4968: 4964: 4957: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4936: 4928: 4919: 4911: 4905: 4901: 4894: 4892: 4883: 4881:0-674-02171-1 4877: 4873: 4866: 4858: 4852: 4848: 4841: 4834: 4833:Millward 2007 4829: 4821: 4815: 4811: 4810: 4802: 4795: 4790: 4783: 4778: 4770: 4769: 4761: 4746: 4740: 4736: 4735: 4727: 4712: 4706: 4702: 4701: 4693: 4678: 4672: 4668: 4667: 4659: 4644: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4629: 4621: 4606: 4600: 4596: 4595: 4594:Class of 1761 4587: 4571: 4567: 4561: 4546: 4540: 4536: 4535: 4527: 4521:, p. 37. 4520: 4515: 4508: 4503: 4501: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4475: 4467: 4461: 4453: 4446: 4438: 4431: 4423: 4417: 4402: 4401:en.dpm.org.cn 4398: 4392: 4384: 4377: 4369: 4362: 4354: 4347: 4339: 4332: 4324: 4320: 4313: 4311: 4306: 4288: 4284: 4278: 4269: 4260: 4253: 4247: 4241: 4236: 4232: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4166: 4162: 4160: 4159:Long Corridor 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4149:Canton System 4147: 4145: 4142: 4141: 4137: 4126: 4123: 4112: 4109: 4108:Taiwan portal 4098: 4095: 4084: 4065: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4048: 4047: 4042: 4039:Portrayed by 4038: 4035: 4034: 4029: 4026:Portrayed by 4025: 4022: 4021: 4016: 4013:Portrayed by 4012: 4009: 4008: 4003: 4000: 3999: 3994: 3991: 3990: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3976: 3973:Portrayed by 3972: 3969: 3965: 3964: 3959: 3958:World Granary 3955: 3952:Portrayed by 3951: 3948: 3947: 3942: 3939:Portrayed by 3938: 3935: 3934: 3929: 3926:Portrayed by 3925: 3922: 3918: 3915:Portrayed by 3914: 3913: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3869: 3861: 3860: 3857: 3856: 3851: 3850: 3845: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3834: 3833: 3820: 3819: 3814: 3813: 3807: 3802: 3801: 3798: 3797: 3792: 3791: 3786: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3775: 3774: 3765: 3764: 3759: 3758: 3750: 3749: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3739: 3734: 3733: 3727: 3726: 3723: 3722: 3705: 3704: 3701: 3700: 3692: 3691: 3688: 3687: 3682: 3681: 3676: 3675: 3669: 3668: 3665: 3664: 3655: 3654: 3649: 3648: 3642: 3637: 3636: 3633: 3632: 3627: 3626: 3621: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3610: 3609: 3596: 3595: 3590: 3589: 3583: 3578: 3577: 3574: 3573: 3568: 3567: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3552: 3551: 3548: 3547: 3538: 3537: 3532: 3531: 3525: 3520: 3519: 3516: 3515: 3510: 3509: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3482: 3481: 3469: 3466: 3465: 3464: 3463: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3446: 3445: 3444: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3409: 3408: 3407: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3378: 3377: 3376: 3369: 3368:Noble Lady Fu 3366: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3326:Noble Lady Lu 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3312:(瑞貴人) of the 3311: 3308: 3305: 3302:(鄂貴人) of the 3301: 3298: 3293: 3290: 3289: 3287: 3284:(順貴人) of the 3283: 3282: 3278: 3277: 3276: 3275: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3258: 3257: 3253: 3250: 3249:Concubine Xun 3247: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3226: 3225: 3224: 3217: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3180: 3176: 3173: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3156: 3155: 3153: 3152:Borjigin clan 3150: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3133: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3120: 3119: 3118: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3103: 3100:(穎貴妃) of the 3099: 3098: 3094: 3091: 3088:(循貴妃) of the 3087: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3064: 3063: 3061: 3060: 3056: 3052:(28 May 1764) 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3027: 3026: 3025: 3024:Noble Consort 3018: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3006: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2869: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2861: 2857: 2854: 2853: 2849: 2848: 2847: 2846: 2837: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2814: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2774: 2773: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2726:(永琮), Prince 2725: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2712: 2709: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2693: 2691: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2681: 2680: 2679: 2670: 2668: 2667: 2662: 2653: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2616: 2613: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2571: 2568: 2562: 2559: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2540: 2533: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2476:Canton System 2473: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2436: 2433: 2428: 2420: 2415: 2405: 2401: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2367: 2365: 2359: 2357: 2348: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2328:Songhua River 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2287: 2277: 2274: 2269: 2267: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2166: 2165:Eight Banners 2159:Banner system 2156: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2145:Eight Banners 2142: 2138: 2134: 2124: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2107:was built in 2106: 2096: 2094: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2063: 2058: 2054: 2044: 2042: 2041:imperial hunt 2038: 2037:Rehe Province 2034: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2002: 1994: 1986: 1977: 1969: 1967: 1961: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1931: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1916: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1868:Naqshbandiyya 1860: 1856: 1853: 1849: 1843: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1785: 1776: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1756: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1673: 1671: 1670: 1665: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1637: 1632: 1624: 1619: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1602: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1541: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1511:Potala Palace 1508: 1504: 1503: 1498: 1497:Shamanic Code 1493: 1486: 1482: 1475: 1470: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1449: 1446: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1428:Ush rebellion 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1299: 1294: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1283: 1278: 1277: 1271: 1267: 1264: 1259: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1236:Qing resident 1233: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1193:Jiang Yongzhi 1190: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1122: 1113: 1106: 1103: 1100:, by Italian 1099: 1095: 1090: 1086: 1079:Frontier wars 1076: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1061: 1060:imperial hunt 1057: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1017: 1009: 1004: 995: 993: 989: 985: 981: 971: 967: 965: 957: 952: 948: 946: 942: 938: 929: 919: 916: 908: 898: 894: 890: 884: 883: 879: 874:This section 872: 868: 863: 862: 854: 851: 847: 846:High Qing era 842: 840: 836: 832: 827: 825: 821: 820: 815: 811: 810: 805: 801: 797: 792: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 767: 763: 754: 750: 746: 742: 740: 720: 710: 705: 703: 699: 691: 689: 685: 680:Kìhnlùhng Dai 677: 675: 671: 668: 664: 658: 653: 651: 647: 642:Chʻienlung Ti 639: 637: 633: 625: 623: 619: 616: 612: 607: 603: 595: 593: 589: 581: 579: 575: 571: 566: 558: 554: 552: 548: 545: 542: 538: 535: 532: 528: 525: 522: 518: 515: 512: 510: 506: 503: 500: 498: 494: 482:: G'aodzung ( 481: 475: 472: 468: 458: 453: 449: 445: 441: 438: 434: 429:ᠲᠩᠷᠢ ᠲᠡᠳᠬᠦᠭᠴᠢ 426: 417: 411: 406: 398: 392: 387: 383: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 334: 331: 329: 325: 322: 320: 316: 313: 311: 307: 304: 302: 298: 295: 293: 289: 286: 284: 280: 277: 276: 274: 272: 268: 248: 241: 240: 223: 216: 215: 198: 191: 190: 188: 184: 180: 175: 171: 168: 164: 153: 149: 146: 142: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 107: 103: 99: 96: 92: 89: 86: 82: 79: 76: 72: 68: 64: 61: 57: 53: 47: 42: 29: 26: 22: 8097: 8096: 8067: 8061: 8060: 8019: 8018: 7984:Front Palace 7963: 7962: 7948: 7942: 7941: 7829:Prince Cheng 7749:Prince Xiang 7708:Prince Cheng 7609: 7585: 7582:Qing dynasty 7494:N. Dynasties 7490:S. Dynasties 7407: 7379:Ming dynasty 7375:China proper 7358: 7356: 7340: 7331:Qing dynasty 7272: 7250: 7243: 7236: 7225:at Wikiquote 7196: 7168: 7163:(alk. paper) 7148: 7129: 7110: 7069: 7066:Modern China 7065: 7046: 7018: 7010: 6996:. Retrieved 6991: 6960: 6927: 6923: 6911:. Retrieved 6895: 6873: 6851: 6837:. Retrieved 6822: 6809:. Retrieved 6794: 6781:. Retrieved 6766: 6753:. Retrieved 6738: 6725:. Retrieved 6710: 6690: 6670: 6660: 6637: 6617: 6605:. Retrieved 6590: 6556: 6550: 6531:. Retrieved 6516: 6503:. Retrieved 6488: 6476:the original 6467: 6454:. Retrieved 6439: 6428: 6409:the original 6404: 6395: 6383:. Retrieved 6379: 6359: 6354: 6346:the original 6341: 6336: 6326: 6312:(1): 1–137. 6309: 6303: 6294: 6285: 6279: 6267:. Retrieved 6263:the original 6257: 6250: 6238: 6228:– via 6222:. Retrieved 6209: 6190:Modern China 6189: 6172: 6151: 6144: 6127: 6121: 6108: 6089: 6082: 6074:the original 6069: 6047: 6040: 6028: 6016: 6004: 5992: 5980: 5968: 5956: 5944: 5939:, pp. 11–12. 5932: 5920: 5908: 5899: 5889: 5881:the original 5876: 5867: 5859:the original 5854: 5845: 5836: 5827: 5816: 5807: 5795: 5783: 5776:Elliott 2001 5771: 5764:Elliott 2001 5759: 5747: 5735: 5723: 5711: 5702: 5698: 5689: 5677:. Retrieved 5657: 5649: 5640: 5630: 5622:the original 5615: 5606: 5596: 5589: 5577: 5558: 5552: 5532: 5525: 5509: 5493: 5477: 5465: 5453: 5441: 5429:. Retrieved 5415: 5405: 5378: 5373:, p. 5. 5366: 5354: 5345: 5336: 5324: 5312:. Retrieved 5309:China.org.cn 5308: 5299: 5274: 5270: 5264: 5232:(1): 19–38. 5229: 5225: 5215: 5203:. Retrieved 5194: 5169:the original 5141:the original 5136: 5127: 5106: 5097: 5085: 5073: 5061: 5049:. 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Retrieved 4062: 4044: 4031: 4018: 4005: 3996: 3987: 3978: 3967: 3961: 3957: 3944: 3931: 3928:Zhang Tielin 3920: 3672:Lady Saiheli 3467: 3461: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3309: 3300:Noble Lady E 3299: 3291: 3286:Niohuru clan 3279: 3273: 3272: 3266: 3261:Niohuru clan 3259:(誠嬪) of the 3254: 3248: 3242: 3237:Concubine Yi 3236: 3230:Concubine Yi 3228: 3222: 3221: 3214:(晉妃) of the 3211: 3205:Consort Fang 3203: 3195: 3187: 3177: 3170:(容妃) of the 3167:Consort Rong 3165: 3157: 3147:(豫妃) of the 3142: 3134: 3127:(舒妃) of the 3122: 3116: 3115: 3107: 3095: 3083: 3073: 3065: 3057: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3029: 3023: 3022: 3014: 3004: 2994: 2986: 2978: 2970: 2962: 2952: 2944: 2938: 2930: 2922: 2914: 2906: 2901:Gingiya clan 2894: 2886: 2878: 2870: 2858: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2833: 2825: 2819: 2811: 2807: 2801: 2793: 2785: 2777: 2767: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2740:(皇后) of the 2736: 2727: 2723: 2715: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2664: 2658: 2622: 2609: 2604: 2591:traveled to 2582: 2578: 2564: 2560: 2557: 2525: 2520: 2512: 2500: 2488: 2456: 2402: 2392: 2380: 2369: 2361: 2353: 2283: 2270: 2263: 2247: 2233: 2229: 2227: 2222: 2214: 2206: 2198: 2192: 2180: 2168: 2137:Ming dynasty 2130: 2119:leader from 2105:Emin Minaret 2102: 2090: 2060: 2050: 2030: 2026:Kunming Lake 2007: 1975: 1972:Christianity 1962: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1927: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1865: 1847: 1844: 1840: 1831:Mark Elliott 1829: 1825:Yuan dynasty 1805: 1801:Panchen Lama 1781: 1764:Oirat Mongol 1753: 1751: 1735: 1730:, and spoke 1713: 1693: 1689: 1679: 1667: 1660: 1656:Ming dynasty 1651: 1647: 1641: 1606:Siku Quanshu 1605: 1599: 1597: 1574: 1566:Wang Xianzhi 1546: 1542: 1526: 1507:Central Asia 1500: 1489: 1484: 1450: 1439: 1425: 1390: 1363: 1303: 1280: 1274: 1260: 1244: 1221: 1210: 1204: 1200: 1186: 1172: 1164:Peter Perdue 1125: 1118: 1097: 1054:) plotted a 1045: 1013: 977: 969: 963: 960: 934: 911: 902: 887:Please help 875: 843: 828: 817: 807: 793: 785:China proper 781:Qing dynasty 772: 768: 761: 759: 736: 622:Hanyu Pinyin 477:Gāozōng (高宗) 451: 447: 443: 222:Empress Nara 160:(嘉慶四年正月三日) 156:(1799-02-07) 50:Portrait by 25: 8180:1799 deaths 8175:1711 births 7970:Yong Saetae 7932:Individuals 7870:Prince Huai 7865:Prince Duan 7860:Prince Rong 7814:Prince Rong 7809:Prince Ding 7799:Prince Xian 7784:Prince Lian 7774:Prince Heng 7759:Prince Gong 7692:Prince Qing 7687:Prince Chun 7682:Prince Gong 7605:Prince Yong 7486:16 Kingdoms 7072:(1): 3–30. 6358:van Braam, 5873:""闫"姓一支的来历" 5766:, p. . 5612:"王致诚乾隆射箭图屏" 5582:Rawski 1998 5516:, pp. 5500:, pp. 5484:, pp. 5470:Berger 2003 5446:Berger 2003 4794:Petech 1972 4782:Petech 1972 4576:19 February 4519:Clarke 2004 4507:Perdue 2005 4488:Sheng Wu Ji 4406:13 February 4041:Wallace Huo 3966:(2018) and 3808:(1692–1777) 3643:(1660–1723) 3584:(1678–1735) 3558:(1638–1663) 3526:(1654–1722) 3500:(1638–1661) 3314:Socoro clan 3292:Miscarriage 3212:Consort Jin 3196:Miscarriage 3179:Consort Dun 3172:Hezhuo clan 3158:Miscarriage 3124:Consort Shu 3102:Baarin clan 2587:interests, 2542:subjects... 2478:, with its 2430:The French 2398: 1775 2372:Yu Minzhong 2342:Later years 2184:Li Yongfang 2043:each year. 1562:Jin dynasty 1560:, from the 1537:Bodhisattva 1430:in 1765 by 1417:Yue Zhongqi 1306:Shan States 857:Early years 766:temple name 628:Qiánlóng Dì 502:Aisin-Gioro 471:Temple name 399:: Hung li ( 74:Predecessor 8164:Categories 8098:Key events 8083:Ang Non II 8062:Foreigners 8005:Prince Noi 7935:Key events 7875:Prince Zhe 7844:Prince Hui 7839:Prince Rui 7834:Prince Dun 7819:Prince Zhi 7794:Prince Guo 7647:Prince Rui 7620:Prince Zhi 7615:Prince Jia 7610:Prince Bao 7478:3 Kingdoms 7365:Hong Taiji 7282:1735–1796 6962:Documents. 6305:T'oung Pao 6269:25 October 6224:28 January 5705:(1). 2012. 5458:Lopez 1999 5271:Asia Major 4942:(1): 178. 4922:Dai, p.145 4297:References 3350:Noble Lady 3274:Noble Lady 3144:Consort Yu 2810:(永琰), the 2619:Abdication 2567:first-rate 2551:missionary 2286:Liao River 2234:Fusi Nikan 2232:(台尼堪) and 2188:Ma Mingpei 2175:Hong Taiji 2141:Ming tombs 2113:Emin Khoja 2071:waterworks 2062:Xiyang Lou 1966:Ma Mingxin 1877:Afaq Khoja 1797:Dalai Lama 1793:Gelug sect 1558:Wang Xizhi 1386:Nguyễn Huệ 1370:Lê dynasty 1287:Badakhshan 1232:Dalai Lama 1205:Yanpu zaji 1083:See also: 636:Wade–Giles 461:ᠶᠣᠩᡴᡳᠶᠠᡥᠠ 132:1711-09-25 7824:Prince Yi 7804:Prince He 7789:Prince Lü 7769:Prince Li 7754:Prince Yu 7744:Prince An 7677:Prince Yi 7652:Prince Yu 7597:the Crown 7403:Yongzheng 7094:144587815 7028:Libraries 6998:14 August 6970:Libraries 6952:143541438 6581:162684575 5937:Zhao 2006 5925:Zhao 2006 5913:Zhao 2006 5837:51cto.com 5283:0004-4482 5256:2662-6802 5205:7 October 4633:Routledge 4466:《高宗純皇帝實錄》 4422:《高宗純皇帝實錄》 4338:大清高宗純皇帝乾隆 4302:Citations 4287:Xiang Fei 4015:Kent Tong 4007:Palace II 3864:Lady Peng 3782:Lady Qiao 3223:Concubine 3216:Fuca clan 3186:Princess 3003:Princess 2995:Zhizhuang 2972:Yongzhang 2908:Yongcheng 2872:Yonghuang 2865:Fuca clan 2792:Princess 2776:Princess 2742:Nara clan 2714:Princess 2690:Fuca clan 2472:romanized 2467:Guangzhou 2315:Changchun 2295:Manchuria 2290:squatters 2230:Tai Nikan 2075:fountains 1881:Ma Laichi 1784:Manjushri 1724:Mongolian 1710:Languages 1700:Manchuria 1644:anti-Qing 1581:enameling 1533:Manjushri 1316:based in 876:does not 425:Mongolian 297:Yongcheng 288:Yongzhang 279:Yonghuang 117:1733–1735 84:Successor 7929:Monarchs 7438:Xuantong 7423:Xianfeng 7418:Daoguang 7408:Qianlong 7327:Emperors 7086:20062627 6913:10 March 6839:10 March 6811:10 March 6783:10 March 6755:10 March 6727:10 March 6659:(1808). 6607:10 March 6533:10 March 6505:10 March 6456:10 March 6334:(1798). 6116:(2017). 5999:, p. 18. 5855:Sohu.com 5472:, p. 35. 5460:, p. 20. 5448:, p. 34. 5431:10 March 5291:41649979 5105:(2013). 4750:24 April 4716:24 April 4682:24 April 4648:24 April 4610:24 April 4550:22 April 4482:(1848). 4480:Wei Yuan 4216:Liu Yong 4080:See also 4070:24 April 3960:(2001), 3954:Nie Yuan 3941:Kwong Wa 3917:Tony Liu 3475:Ancestry 3455:Mistress 3449:Mistress 3443:Mistress 3074:Rongchun 2988:Yongrong 2953:Chengzhe 2946:Yongxing 2924:Yongxuan 2820:16th son 2760:Yongjing 2724:Yongcong 2703:Yonglian 2323:Ningguta 2307:Fengtian 2273:Xinjiang 2155:at all. 2051:For the 1760:Xinjiang 1732:Chagatai 1686:Liaoning 1682:Shenyang 1570:Wang Xun 1217:Amursana 1168:massacre 1152:smallpox 1148:Wei Yuan 1140:Dzungars 1132:Xinjiang 1041:era name 905:May 2023 804:Jinchuan 688:Jyutping 544:Buddhism 540:Religion 333:Yongxing 324:Yongxuan 315:Yongrong 8020:Siamese 7964:Royalty 7586:qinwang 7433:Guangxu 7428:Tongzhi 7413:Jiaqing 7393:Shunzhi 7388:Taizong 7352:Taizong 7329:of the 7021:Vol. I. 6944:3985584 6573:2658945 6419:Sources 6385:16 July 5927:, p. 4. 5915:, p. 7. 5877:Sina.cn 5234:Bibcode 4948:3876499 4252:Chénhàn 4240:Chenhan 4049:(2018). 4036:(2018). 4023:(2014). 4010:(2012). 4001:(2011). 3992:(2011). 3983:(2003). 3975:Ti Lung 3970:(2019). 3949:(1999). 3936:(1998). 3923:(1977). 3135:Yongyue 3117:Consort 3072:Prince 2993:Prince 2977:Prince 2951:Prince 2929:Prince 2913:Prince 2879:Ding'an 2877:Prince 2832:Prince 2827:Yonglin 2808:Yongyan 2737:Empress 2708:Duanhui 2678:Empress 2593:Beijing 2311:Tieling 2303:Jinzhou 2211:Chinese 2195:Chinese 2171:Nurhaci 2135:of the 1980:Palaces 1893:Ramadan 1885:Bukhara 1812:Tibetan 1728:Tibetan 1720:Chinese 1669:lingchi 1528:thangka 1523:Chengde 1436:Manchus 1421:Yue Fei 1409:Mongols 1401:Kyrgyzs 1397:Kazakhs 1393:Uyghurs 1378:Tây Sơn 1357:in the 1351:Mingrui 1240:Gurkhas 1189:Zhao Yi 1073:Yuntang 1052:Yunreng 984:Hongshi 964:qinwang 897:removed 882:sources 812:by the 779:of the 777:emperor 509:Dynasty 463:ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡩᡳ 444:Emperor 347:Yonglin 263: 255: 251: 238: 230: 226: 213: 205: 201: 186:Spouses 167:Beijing 145:Beijing 7957:Taksin 7518:W. Xia 7398:Kangxi 7249: 7175: 7155: 7136: 7117: 7092: 7084: 7053: 6950: 6942: 6904: 6881: 6860: 6830: 6802: 6774: 6746: 6718: 6697: 6678: 6645: 6624: 6598: 6579: 6571: 6524: 6496: 6447: 6179: 6160: 6097: 5679:28 May 5670: 5565: 5540: 5422: 5314:16 May 5289: 5281: 5254: 5115: 5051:1 June 5008: 4969: 4946: 4906: 4878: 4853: 4816: 4768:Damals 4741: 4707: 4673: 4639: 4601: 4541: 4221:Heshen 3841:Wugong 3294:(1776) 3188:Hexiao 3070:(永琪), 3067:Yongqi 2991:(永瑢), 2975:(永璋), 2949:(永瑆), 2939:Yongyu 2931:Yishen 2927:(永璇), 2915:Lüduan 2911:(永珹), 2875:(永璜), 2834:Qingxi 2830:(永璘), 2786:Yonglu 2778:Hejing 2748:Yongji 2716:Hejing 2673:Family 2532:Chusan 2516:kowtow 2480:Cohong 2463:Ningbo 2432:Jesuit 2376:Heshen 2321:, and 2250:Solons 2219:Manchu 2215:Hanren 2203:Manchu 2199:Minren 2121:Turpan 2117:Uyghur 2109:Turpan 2089:, the 1897:mosque 1820:Manchu 1816:Mongol 1746:calque 1716:Manchu 1636:Suzhou 1535:, the 1513:, the 1492:Manchu 1432:Uyghur 1405:Evenks 1318:Yunnan 1300:, 1793 1282:kowtow 1263:Afghan 1179:Jesuit 1160:Kazakh 1102:Jesuit 1064:Hongpu 1048:Hongxi 992:regent 773:Hongli 739:Manchu 530:Mother 520:Father 484:ᡬᠠᠣᡯᡠᠩ 480:Manchu 457:Manchu 416:Manchu 401:ᡥᡠᠩ ᠯᡳ 397:Manchu 306:Yongqi 173:Burial 114:Tenure 101:Tenure 7950:Kings 7462:Shang 7347:Taizu 7251:Died: 7244:Born: 7090:S2CID 7082:JSTOR 6988:(PDF) 6948:S2CID 6940:JSTOR 6691:Burma 6577:S2CID 6569:JSTOR 6547:(PDF) 6479:(PDF) 6472:(PDF) 6340:[ 5818:Baidu 5520:–251. 5504:–247. 5488:–245. 5287:JSTOR 5045:(PDF) 5030:(PDF) 4944:JSTOR 4900:Burma 4486:[ 4285:(香妃; 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