Hùng king - Knowledge

1165: 36: 87: 1085:, settled the question of the origins of the Vietnamese nation in an article on the Hùng kings. The article noted that on the "tenth day of the third lunar month, the central government and local government held an official ceremony to commemorate the death anniversary of our Hung king ancestors at the Temple of the Hùng kings." He commented that the Hùng kings were the "origins of the nation" as they "built the country", and "if there had been no Hùng kings, then there would be no Đinh, Lê, Lý, Trần, Hồ, or Nguyễn, and also no Democratic Republic of Vietnam". Trần Huy Liệu also wrote that the "patriotic spirit and indomitable tradition of our nation broke out in the thousand years of Chinese feudal rule, and it broke out in the hundred years under the domination of the French colonizers." He concluded by lamenting that "at this time our lovely country has been provisionally divided into two regions and our fellow countrymen in the South moan and writhe under the fascist regime of the gang of Ngô Đình Diệm, lackey of the American imperialists." 1195: 1223: 20: 1210: 1156:

with terms such as "Hùng", "Lạc", and "Việt". He does this by examining ancient Chinese historical sources to highlight similar terms and stories as in "Biography", and search for terms and accounts mentioned in "Biography" to corroborate the existence of the latter's information on the Hùng Kings. In doing so he also shows how this practice of drawing upon old texts for material to create a local history was also practiced at that time in parts of the Chinese empire like Sichuan and Guangdong, hence placing the "Biography" in the broader literary trends of the time.

911:, the question of political legitimisation was an urgent one that needed tackling – especially given the lack of ancient Viet sources to base on, and after about a thousand years of Chinese rule. This explained why it attempted to reach back in time and create a mythic past for itself to serve its present political needs. Although part of the legitimisation process included eliminating colonial (Chinese) influences, ironically, it was this ease with Chinese characters and sources that caused them to utilise Chinese history and sources to validate their own. 1001:(Precious genealogy of the eighteen reigns of the Hùng Kings). The text was reproduced in the successive dynasties, and court-issued copies were worshipped in village temples. Spirit promulgation was promoted by imperial decrees and intensified as the dynasties passed. In the 16th and 17th century, court academicians compiled, recopied, and modified collections of myths and genealogies about supernatural beings and national heroes, including that of the Hùng kings. This were then accepted and perpetuated by villages. The Hùng kings were transformed into 1271: 970:(Complete Book of the Historical Records of Đại Việt), was used by the emperor as a tool to promote Việt 'national feeling'. Thus, Ngô Sĩ Liên was tasked to promote Đại Việt's supernatural and millennial ancestry. This marked the first time a Việt state traced its origins back to the first realm of Văn Lang of the Hùng kings, calculated by Ngô Sĩ Liên to be in 2879 BCE. Prior to this, official dynastic histories of the Việt started with Triệu Đà, acknowledging a Qin general as the founder of the 850: 873:.) In the book, Trần Trọng Kim uses the expression that has become one of the most popular labels for the Việt connecting them to the Hùng kings – "race of the Dragon and the Fairy", and in his revised 1920 edition, "children of the Fairy, grandchildren of the Dragon" or "the descendants of the Fairy and the Dragon". Trần Trọng Kim's text became a standard textbook until 1954 in all parts of Vietnam. 1325: 1114:, dates from the thirteenth century, eighteen hundred years after the kingdom it is supposed to describe. The earliest Chinese text, which mentions not the Hung but the Lac kings, dates from the fourth century CE, eight hundred years after the period it discusses. Hence, such texts are not reliable transmissions of any written or oral tradition over eight or eighteen hundred years. 1089:

nation; third, it states explicitly the continuity between the period of the Hùng kings and the present. The dating of the origins of the nation to the rule of the Hùng kings would eventually become the orthodox position of historians at the Research Committee, the Institute of History, and later the Institute of Archaeology.

1140:(Complete Book of the Historical Records of Đại Việt) created in 1479, which marked the official transformation of the Hùng kings into the founders of dynasties. The Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư was in turn the core text that DRV historians used as proof of the ancient origins of the Vietnamese people and the Vietnamese nation. 1061:

holidays in the RVN with a full day of rest. In an April 1964 decree, the Hùng kings Memorial Day also became one of the four holidays requiring private businesses to give their employees paid time off. This elevated the status of the Hùng kings and highlighted their importance for official discourse.

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In 2012, the worship of the Hùng kings in Phú Thọ was recognised by UNESCO as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, and the UNESCO page notes that this "tradition embodies spiritual solidarity and provides an occasion to acknowledge national origins and sources of Vietnamese cultural and moral

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Historian Cherry Haydon notes that this article is important for a few reasons. First, it highlights the direct link made between the period of the Hùng kings and the formation of the Vietnamese nation. Second, it dates the origins of Vietnamese resistance to foreign aggression to the founding of the

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and utilisation of the Hùng kings epic can be explained by developments from the thirteenth century. Three devastating invasions – by the Mongols in the thirteenth century, the Cham in the fourteenth century, and the Ming in the fifteenth century, corresponded with the myth's emergence and absorption

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Over time, the worship of Hùng kings evolved; they acquired sons-in-laws who became Mountain Spirits, when migrating south with the territorial expansion, and transformed themselves into Whale Spirits when near the sea. Land was also provided to temples in Phú Thọ province, the site of the main Hung

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In 2018, the state-established Association for Liaison with Overseas Vietnamese (ALOV) implemented a project titled Vietnam Ancestral Global Day which organised various cultural activities worldwide to celebrate Hung Kings Memorial Day. This year is the first time that Vietnam Ancestral Global Day

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In 1999, the government issued a directive on the celebration on what it perceived as the most important events in 2000. Other than the Hùng kings Festival, the other events perceived to be important were: the seventieth anniversary of the Vietnamese Communist Party, the 110th anniversary of Hồ Chí

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elite in the Red River Delta first constructed a separate identity in relation to China's cultural heritage. Kelley exposes the problems of the "Biography" in a few ways – for example, by showing how it borrowed figures and accounts from ancient Chinese texts and stories, and by highlighting issues

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Perhaps the most important indication of the Hùng kings Memorial Day's significance is that it was a contender for the honour of being designated as National Day. In 1967, the National Assembly considered whether the Hùng kings Memorial Day should also be made Independence Day. While the initiative

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Historian Patricia Pelley posits that the selection of the Hùng Kings and the Hung dynasty during the Văn Lang period was part of Hanoi's quest to create a "cult of antiquity" to illustrate the historical longevity and prestige of Vietnam that predated the Chinese occupation. The transformation of

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The conversion of the Hùng kings to historical "truth" in the DRV emerged over time through extensive discussions by DRV official scholars and resolutions by the Party such as regarding the establishment of the date of the death anniversary of the Hùng kings and its celebration in festivals. The

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as prime minister decided that citizens would not have time off for the holiday. The Hùng kings was hence rejected at the official level. However, at the public level, commemorations were allowed. The Saigon News Review and the Vietnam News Agency reported on celebrations around the state with the

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who produced a sac containing one hundred eggs from which one hundred sons emerged. Dragon Lord Lạc preferred to live by the sea, and Goddess Âu Cơ preferred the snow-capped mountains. The two separated with half of the sons following each parent. The most illustrious of the sons became the first

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of Phú Thọ. Nguyễn Thị Diệu argues that as the result of the meeting of the two currents, that of the state's mythographic construction and that of popular, village-based animistic worship, the Hùng kings came to be venerated as the ancestral founders of the Việt nation in temples throughout the

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reforms from 1986, Vietnam saw a resurrection of traditional festivals, including the Hùng kings Temple Festival. Celebrations of the Hùng kings moved from the local to the provincial and then to the state levels. This revival has been perceived as an attempt by the government to maintain the

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With the assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm and changes in the RVN government, the Hùng kings Memorial Day was restored to the list of official holidays in February 1964, allocating a whole day off for government employees and students. The Hùng kings Memorial Day became one of the seven official

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There was likely already a long oral tradition in the Red River Delta of the re-enactment of myths and legends at the level of the village even before myths were written into literature. Each village held yearly festivities at the communal temple with public recitations and re-enactments

994:) during which villagers recreated a specific myth, historical event, or character. Thus, Hùng kings worship may have existed locally before the 15th century, manifesting in the construction of temples and shrines, and in oral propagation of different variations of the Hùng kings epic. 885:'s biography, published in South Vietnam in 1948, mentions Ho recalling the day of the Proclamation of Independence of Vietnam on September 2, 1945, and describing it as a "day to remember for twenty-five million people, the children of the Lạc and the grandchildren of Hồng". 1074:

Institute of Archaeology was established in 1968 with the highest priority given to scientifically documenting the Hùng kings. The Institute launched excavations and organised conferences between 1968 and 1971 to discuss the findings and published their proceedings.

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the Hùng kings into historical fact was based on the conflation of different kinds of evidence such as archaeological remains, dynastic chronicles, collections of legends, and a poem attributed to Hồ Chí Minh titled "The History of Vietnam from 2879 BCE to 1945".

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has been celebrated simultaneously in many European countries following a shared format. Since 2015, one of the three main goals of the Vietnam Ancestral Global Day Project has been to preserve and spread the Hùng kings worship rite amongst overseas Vietnamese.

1029:(six-eight) verse form – tales recounted using this form, aided with the use of Quốc Âm (National Sound) instead of Literary Chinese, and the use of colourful verse close to the vernacular, allowed for the ease of memorisation and transmission of such myths. 943:

Developments from the thirteenth century then combined to set the stage for the state promotion of the Hùng king founding myth by the 15th century. There was a shift away from a more indigenous, pre-Southeast Asian phase, to the 'Neo-Confucian revolution" of

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Dror, Olga. "Foundational Myths in the Republic of Vietnam (1955–1975): "Harnessing" the Hùng Kings against Ngô Đình Diệm Communists, Cowboys, and Hippies for Unity, Peace, and Vietnameseness." Journal of Social History, Volume 51, Number 1, Fall 2017, pp.

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into the capital, and the latter's emphasis on the classical beliefs of China and its antiquity set the intellectual tone of Thang-long. Antiquity was now seen as providing solutions for the difficult present. The disastrous invasion by the Cham under

948:. This, together with the chaos created by the devastating invasions and internal social problems, encouraged a search for 'Vietnamese Antiquity' modelled on classical Chinese antiquity, in the mythic creation of 'Văn Lang' via the Hùng king. 2051:

Page 153 – 2009 "... the young generation is not passionate about the history of their country (according to Dương Trung Quốc, a survey showed at the end of the 1990s that up to 40 per cent of the students did not know who King Hùng Vương

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The Hùng kings are perceived as the founders of the Viet civilisation, and are promoted by the government as a source of national pride and solidarity through platforms such as the state-sponsored commemoration of an annual holiday, the

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Page 68 2007 "Hùng Kings' Holy Land Forever – The Đổi Mới state's commitment to preserving and promoting the values of ancestor worship are demonstrated with great pomp and circumstance at the annual death-day festival for the Hùng

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According to the Hùng kings narrative, the eighteen Hùng kings belonged to the Hong Bang dynasty (2879–258 BCE) that ruled over the northern part of Vietnam and southern part of modern China in antiquity. Their progenitors were

1052:, the RVN also commemorated the Hùng kings' in a national holiday. The Hùng kings Memorial Day was one of the twenty official holidays at the inception of the RVN but was dropped in January 1956 from the official list as 1122:

Analyses of the earliest sources on the Hùng kings have illustrated problems with these sources that have been used as historical evidence of the existence of the Hùng kings. In particular, historians have examined the

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Historians studying the Hùng kings have suggested that developments from the 13th to the 15th centuries explain why there was a desire by Đại Việt to incorporate the founding epic of the Hùng kings into its history.

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Minh's birthday, the twenty-fifth anniversary of the victory in the campaign against Americans to save the country, the fifty-fifth anniversary of the August Revolution, and the start of the twenty-first century.

940:, and caused Vietnamese literati to seek desperately for a means to restore harmony. The Ming occupation of 1407–1427 dramatically deepened the influence of the literati through promoting schools and scholarship. 1469:

Dror, Olga (2016-08-25). "Foundational Myths in the Republic of Vietnam (1955–1975): "Harnessing" the Hùng Kings against Ngô Đình Diệm Communists, Cowboys, and Hippies for Unity, Peace, and Vietnameseness".

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However, Haydon Cherry has argued that contrary to the assertions of Vietnamese scholars, such relics cannot provide such a support. He notes that the earliest Vietnamese text to describe this kingdom, the

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Nguyê˜n Quang Ngọc, 'Khuynh hướng trở vềvới cội nguồn dân tọc thời kỳ văn minh Đại Việt và sự ra đời của Đại Viêṭ Sử Ký Ngoại Ký Toàn Thư (Quyên̉ I)' , in Ngô Sĩ Liên và Đại Viêṭ sử ký toàn thư, pp. 137–8.

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under the late-fourteenth-century Trần dynasty, and amended in the fifteenth century under the Lê dynasty by Vũ Quỳnh and Kiều Phú. This source is of great importance in providing core information for

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Nguyen, Dieu Thi. "A mythographical journey to modernity: The textual and symbolic transformations of the Hùng Kings founding myths." Journal of Vietnamese Studies, Vol. 7, No. 2 (Summer 2012): 87–130.

832:(Collection of legends and biographies of heroes and founding spirits) compiled by Lý Tế Xuyên, where the Hung King was a mere ruler. The next earliest appearance is in the fourteenth-fifteen century 1041:. Olga Dror has written about how the perception of the Hùng kings as common ancestors of all Vietnamese was mobilised for various agendas despite admitting a lack of historical evidence about them. 981:(chronicles) and in particular, the Arrayed Tales. Court historians in the later dynasties followed Ngô Sĩ Liên's example in integrating the Hùng kings into Việt official historiography. 35: 1164: 1281:

In April 2016, the festival at the Hùng kings temple in Phú Thọ attracted about seven million people. Nguyễn Phú Trọng, the general secretary of the Communist Party, also attended.

869:, covered the period from the Hùng kings to colonial times. (Trần Trọng Kim was an official in the education service who later became prime minister of the 1945 Japanese-sponsored 2038:

Viet Nam social sciences: Issues 1–6 2003 The Hùng Kings Temple festival: Every year at the end of Spring people throughout the country organize pilgrimages to the Hùng Temple.

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Haydon Cherry, "Digging Up the Past: Prehistory and the Weight of the Present in Vietnam", (Journal of Vietnamese Studies, Vol. 4, Issue 1, pp. 84–144), p. 106.

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Resolution of the State Organizational Committee on the commemoration of the big ceremonial days in 2000], no. 01/1999/Q&Dstrok;-BTCNN, December 7, 1999;

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Cherry, Haydon, "Digging Up the Past: Prehistory and the Weight of the Present in Vietnam." Journal of Vietnamese Studies, Vol. 4, Issue 1, (2009): 84–144.

1597: 927:(Zen) Buddhism which did not seem to be working in its integrative function, and looked to Confucianism and antiquity. He brought the Confucian teacher 2150:

Kelley, Liam C. "The Biography of the Hồng Bàng Clan as a Medieval Vietnamese Invented Tradition." Journal of Vietnamese Studies 7 (2), (2012): 87–130.

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Lieberman, Victor. "John K Whitmore's contribution to Vietnamese and Southeast Asian Studies.", in Aung-Thwin, M. (Ed.), Hall, K. R. (Ed.). (2011).

815:(文郎國). Their customs were substantively honest; strings and knots for their regulations. Passing down eighteen generations, all styled Đối kings. 2299: 1780: 1717: 1615:

Nguyen, Dieu Thi (2013-04-22). "A mythographical journey to modernity: The textual and symbolic transformations of the Hùng Kings founding myths".

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Every year, leading government figures make pilgrimages to the Hùng kings temple in Phú Thọ province to honour the Quốc tộ (National Founder).

493: 398: 300: 1222: 1137: 966: 2215: 2095: 1199: 879:, an early Vietnamese nationalist, wrote a poem in 1910 which glorifies the lineage of "children of the Dragon, grandchildren of the Fairy". 517: 1363: 846:

Textual references in the early 20th century highlight that the Hùng kings were already a key part of the Vietnamese collective memory.

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http://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Van-hoa-Xa-hoi/Quyet-dinh01-1999-QD-BTCNN-Chuongtrinh-to-chuc-ky-niem-ngay-le-lon-2000-46015.aspx

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Jiaozhi's land was very fertile. After people settled there, they began to cultivate. Its soils are black, its climate gloomy and

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relics have been used to support the existence of the kingdom of Van Lang and the Hùng kings. The official DRV national history,

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Another early known reference is purportedly found in a story called "Tale of the Mountain Spirit and Water Spirit' in the 1329

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Matthew B. Masur, Hearts and Minds: Cultural Nation-Building, 1954–1963. Dissertation, Ohio State University, 2004: pp. 111–15.

1540: 1104:, published in 1971, asserted the connection between the Bronze Age and the Dong Son culture and the period of the Hùng kings. 753: 951: 838:(Arrayed Tales of Selected Oddities from South of the Passes), a collection of myths and legends compiled by various authors. 1110: 784: 149:, the realm of all the descendants of Dragon and Goddess Âu Cơ who became the Vietnamese people, from his capital in modern 2072:

http://tuoitrenews.vn/lifestyle/34313/seven-million-visitorsexpected-%20to-attend-hung-kings-festival-in-northern-vietnam

828: 1183: 1005:(tutelary god) sanctified by imperial orders and by popular feeling stemming from long traditions of ancestor worship. 695:). These fields followed the flood's ebbs and flows. The people cultivated these fields for foods, so they were called 1743: 1431: 1386: 1203: 1186:

in Ho Chi Minh City, the exhibits are arranged chronologically, with the first one on the "Rise of the Hùng kings".

2070:"Seven million visitors expected to attend Hùng king festival in northern Vietnam," Tuoi tre news, April 16, 2016, 2144:

Masur, Matthew B. Hearts and Minds: Cultural Nation-Building, 1954–1963. Dissertation, Ohio State University, 2004

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https://vietnamnews.vn/domestic-press-highlights/157317/overseas-vietnamese-liaison-opens.html#473Q5uylaDF2mYSt.97

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Based on an analysis of an essay called "Biography of the Hồng Bàng Clan" from the Arrayed Tales, historian

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Canonization in Ngô Sĩ Liên's Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư (Complete Book of the Historical Records of Đại Việt)

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UNESCO, "Worship of Hùng kings in Phú Thọ", UNESCO: Intangible Cultural Heritage, accessed October 2018,

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https://vietnam.vnanet.vn/english/overseas-vietnamese-to-celebrate-hung-kings-temple-festival/370428.html

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Resolution of the State Organizational Committee on the commemoration of the big ceremonial days in 2000

1182:, to honour the Hùng kings, and the promotion of the Hung King National Museum in Việt Trì City. In the 1124: 834: 406: 231: 211: 1264: 574: 185: 175: 100: 2187: 2107: 1308: 1248: 1179: 1068: 501: 464: 2094:"Overseas Vietnamese to celebrate Hung Kings Temple Festival", Vietnam News Agency, April 20, 2018, 865:'s Elementary Textbook for a Brief History of Annam, the first vernacular history of Vietnam in the 2274: 1736:

New perspectives on the history and historiography of Southeast Asia : continuing explorations

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The Hùng kings seem to have been well embedded in Vietnamese collective memory by the 1950s in the

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into historiography. By late 1330, with social problems growing in the countryside, the Trần ruler

799:(嘉寧部), there was a strange man, could use mystical arts overwhelm all the tribes; he styled self 1950:(Summer 2012). "The Biography of the Hồng Bàng Clan as a Medieval Vietnamese Invented Tradition". 1303: 1128: 812: 765: 368: 75: 2279: 1947: 2180:

Whitmore, John K. 'Religion and ritual in the royal courts of Dai Viet', Working Paper 128, Asia

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failed, the idea was surfaced again in the Senate in 1971 and discussed in the cabinet in 1973.

796: 150: 862: 1773: 424: 271: 2294: 2284: 961: 945: 920: 308: 251: 111:王, which means "king". The name Hùng Vương might have originally been a title bestowed on a 1368: 1527: 876: 203: 193: 137: 8: 866: 792: 773: 740:) established to govern all those commanderies and prefectures. prefectures many made 51: 28: 1359: 1168:Đông Sơn relic situated in exhibit on Hùng King Period at the Museum of National History 1133: 957: 908: 1761: 1711: 1640: 1449: 1148: 1010: 673: 1231: 1749: 1739: 1699: 1644: 1632: 1483: 1437: 1427: 1426:. Hurley, Martha Maud, 1966–, Le, Minh Duc, 1973–. New Haven: Yale University Press. 870: 820: 819:

Chinese historian Luo Xianglin, apud Lai (2013), considered 碓王 (SV: Đối Vương; lit. "

677: 1259:) is a Vietnamese festival held annually from the 8th to the 11th days of the third 1959: 1624: 1475: 1069:

Hùng kings in North Vietnam/Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV)'s national history

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in honour of the Hùng Kings. The main festival day – which has been designated a

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Seven million visitors expected to attend Hùng king festival in northern Vietnam

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The dissemination of the Hùng kings myth was also facilitated by the use of the

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means "monarch; could mean emperor or king") is the title given to the ancient

1628: 1596:, Page 5. Publisher: Chinese University of Hong Kong – Department of History. 1408: 1026: 1014: 47: 2268: 1753: 1703: 1636: 1487: 1441: 1270: 1053: 1045: 1038: 761: 243: 2246: 1147:

posits that the Hùng kings did not exist. Instead, he argues that they were

928: 787:(大越史略 – Great Viet's Abridged History) by an anonymous 14th-century author: 531:

The earliest references to the Hung kings are found in early collections of

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Vietnamese identity of its people in view of increasing foreign influence.

1152: 1127:(Arrayed Tales of Selected Oddities from South of the Passes), compiled by 416: 263: 223: 112: 960:

in his compiling of a new history of the realm under the order of Emperor

380: 340: 328: 2255: 2082:"Overseas Vietnamese Liaison opens.", Viet Nam News, September 16, 2006, 1698:. Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore. p. 10. 1479: 1144: 984: 933: 882: 434: 360: 348: 1032: 1009:

temple, to meet the expense of Hùng kings worship. As late as 1945, the

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The Hùng kings' eighteen generations (or dynasties) were mentioned in

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New Perspectives on the History and Historiography of Southeast Asia.

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Modernity and Re-Enchantment: Religion in Post-Revolutionary Vietnam

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The canonization of the Hùng kings founding myth was carried out by

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https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/worship-of-hung-kings-in-phu-tho-00735

849: 1666:. (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002), p. 307; Dror, p. 128. 1516:"Records of the Outer Territories of Jiao Province", as quoted in 1213:

Temple of Hùng Kings at Tao Đàn Park, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City

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It is likely that the name Hùng Vương is a combination of the two

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Chaos in northern Vietnam as thousands flock to Hung Kings temple

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DRV scholar and the first president of the Institute of History,

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court continued to delegate officials to oversee rituals in the

2190:", UNESCO, Intangible Cultural Heritage, accessed October 2018. 1117: 972: 1334: 907:

in the 1000s and worked at the transition to an independent

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Overseas Vietnamese to celebrate Hung Kings Temple Festival

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Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 2009.

1734:(ed.), Aung-Thwin, Michael, (ed.) Hall, Kenneth R. (2011). 1346: 964:(1460–97), drawing upon popular sources. This history, the 668:, Lạc generals, and Lạc lords, ruled by Lạc king, instead: 124: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1558:

Nguyễn, Văn Tố (1 August 1941). "Lạc King not Hùng King".

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Postcolonial Vietnam: New Histories of the National past.

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King") to be 雒王 (SV: Lạc Vương) erroneously transmitted.

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Hùng Vương statue in traditional style at Giác Hải Temple

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Postcolonial Vietnam: New Histories of the National past

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Sterling, Eleanor & Hurley, Martha & Le, Minh.

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Dissemination of Hùng kings epic from the 15th century

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Hùng kings in South Vietnam/Republic of Vietnam (RVN)

115:. The Hùng Vương was allegedly the head chieftain of 1696:

Religion and ritual in the Royal Courts of Dai Viet

1217: 894: 811:Vương); capital was in Văn Lang, appellation was 107:雄 "masculine, virile, fierce, powerful, grand" and 1226:Statues of Hùng Kings at Quốc Tổ Hùng Vương Temple 39:Statue of Hùng Vương at Hùng Temple, Tao Đàn, HCMC 81: 2266: 1092: 2163:, no. 01/1999/QĐ-BTCNN, December 7, 1999. 1594:and the Local Administration of the Han Empire 1242: 997:Emperor Lê Thánh Tông authorised in 1470 the 1716:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1454:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1779:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1541:"Văn Lang Realm (translated from French)" 1387:Learn how and when to remove this message 656:Almanacs of the Outer Territories of the 16:Vietnamese rulers of the Hồng Bàng period 2157:Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002. 1269: 1221: 1208: 1193: 1189: 1163: 1159: 848: 130: 85: 34: 18: 2300:Titles of national or ethnic leadership 2218:", Vietnam News Agency, April 20, 2018. 2170:New Haven, Yale University Press, 2006. 1538: 999:Hùng Vương ngọc phả thập bát thế truyền 903:As different groups of local elites in 2267: 2211:.", Viet Nam News, September 16, 2006. 1946: 1678: 1614: 1557: 562:). So hitherto its fields were called 526: 2173:Trần Huy Liệu, "Giỗ tổ hùng vương" , 2049:Education As a Political Tool in Asia 1942: 1940: 1921: 1919: 1900:Trần Huy Liệu, "Giỗ tổ hùng vương" , 1803: 1801: 1799: 1733: 1729: 1727: 1674: 1672: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1288: 853:The 1920 version of Trần Trọng Kim's 842:Early 20th century textual references 156: 1683:. New York: Basic Books. p. 24. 1468: 1358:, as they are easily broken. Please 1318: 1172: 617:vương), and his chief advisors were 541:Extensive Records of the Taiping Era 484:Hùng Nghị Vương(雄毅王), Hung King XVII 291:Hùng Chiêu vương(雄昭王), Hùng King VII 2197:", Thanh Nien News, April 16, 2016. 1600:, archived June 2, 2018. in Chinese 672:During the time before Jiaozhi had 27:" by Trọng Nội, 1966, displayed at 13: 2047:Marie-Carine Lall, Edward Vickers 1937: 1916: 1796: 1724: 1693: 1669: 1651: 1617:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 1603: 1421: 1118:Hùng kings as "invented tradition" 752:). Lạc generals copper seals and 119:which at the time was composed of 14: 2316: 2222: 2209:Overseas Vietnamese Liaison opens 2204:," Tuoi tre news, April 16, 2016. 1274:Main Gate of Hùng Temple, Phú Thọ 1267:since 2007 – is on the 10th day. 1057:participation of many officials. 2188:Worship of Hùng kings in Phú Thọ 1424:Vietnam : a natural history 1323: 1218:Revival of worship of Hùng kings 1151:in the medieval period when the 895:Developments in the 15th century 2100: 2088: 2076: 2064: 2055: 2041: 2032: 2018: 2006: 1997: 1979: 1970: 1928: 1907: 1894: 1885: 1876: 1867: 1858: 1849: 1840: 1828: 1787: 1687: 1523:Commentary on the Water Classic 1125:Lĩnh Nam chích quái liệt truyện 914:Academics have argued that the 499: 462: 422: 386: 346: 306: 269: 229: 191: 162: 2134:. New York: Basic Books, 2016. 1987:"Museum of Vietnamese History" 1582: 1573:Abridged History of Great Viet 1566: 1551: 1532: 1510: 1494: 1462: 1422:J., Sterling, Eleanor (2006). 1415: 977:This was done based mostly on 889: 664:(交州外域記) mentioned Lạc fields, 82:Traditional Vietnamese account 1: 2256:The Next Comedians (1/1/2024) 2247:The Next Comedians (1/1/2024) 1952:Journal of Vietnamese Studies 1409:"Hung Vuong, King Of Vietnam" 1372:), or an abbreviated title. 1314: 1198:People worship Hùng Kings at 1093:Hùng kings and the Bronze Age 635:), the lands distributed to 1679:Goscha, Christopher (2016). 1184:Museum of Vietnamese History 94: 7: 2168:Vietnam: A Natural History. 1694:K., Whitmore, John (2009). 1539:Maspéro, Henri (May 1948). 1309:Hung Kings' Temple Festival 1297: 1249:Hùng Kings' Temple Festival 539:(南越志) in the 978 anthology 170:Reign, and line of descent 10: 2321: 2238:Cười Xuyên Việt (5/1/2024) 2229:Cười Xuyên Việt (5/1/2024) 2117: 1243:Hùng kings Temple Festival 1180:Hùng kings Temple Festival 923:started to move away from 760:Therefore, French scholar 1738:. Routledge. p. 16. 1629:10.1017/s002246341300009x 1562:(in Vietnamese) (9): 124. 1472:Journal of Social History 1265:public holiday in Vietnam 654:However, the 4th century 504:(雄睿王),the Hung King XVIII 169: 166: 163: 2061:Dieu Thi Nguyen, p. 316. 1825:Nguyen Dieu Thi, p. 326. 680:, the soil and land had 140:and his consort Goddess 1793:Nguyen Dieu Thi, p 322. 1588:Lai, Ming-chiu (2013). 1362:by replacing them with 1354:Knowledge's style guide 1138:Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư 967:Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư 764:and Vietnamese scholar 467:(雄造王),the Hung King XVI 2290:Positions of authority 2132:Vietnam: A New History 1964:10.1525/vs.2012.7.2.87 1681:Vietnam: A New History 1275: 1227: 1214: 1206: 1169: 857: 817: 758: 652: 584:) and its people were 91: 55: 40: 32: 2130:Goscha, Christopher. 1590:The Rebellion of the 1547:(in Vietnamese): 6–8. 1273: 1225: 1212: 1197: 1190:Worship of Hùng kings 1167: 1160:Cultural significance 852: 789: 768:proposed that 雄 (SV: 670: 545: 131:Hùng kings' narrative 89: 38: 22: 2153:Pelley, Patricia M. 1991:Saigon Tours Vietnam 1925:Haydon, pp. 108–109. 1360:improve this article 829:Việt Điện U Linh Tập 602:). Their leader was 409:(雄越王),Hùng King XIII 391:(雄武王), Hùng King XII 311:(雄暐王) Hùng King VIII 145:Hùng king who ruled 2305:Vietnamese emperors 1904:D 17 (May 1956): 1. 1332:Constructs such as 1200:Temple of Hùng King 867:Vietnamese alphabet 835:Lĩnh Nam chích quáí 793:King Zhuang of Zhou 527:Earliest references 445:(雄朝王), Hùng King XV 427:(雄英王),Hùng King XIV 371:(雄楨王), Hùng King XI 331:(雄定王), Hùng King IX 274:(雄暉王), Hùng King VI 214:(雄麟王),Hùng King III 202:2793 BC – 2525 BC, 184:2879 BC – 2794 BC, 46:(2879 BC – 258 BC; 29:Independence Palace 2141:London: Routledge. 1993:. 2 December 2020. 1966:– via JSTOR. 1772:has generic name ( 1480:10.1093/jsh/shw058 1289:UNESCO recognition 1276: 1228: 1215: 1207: 1170: 1015:Hùng kings temples 871:Bảo Đại government 858: 351:(雄曦王), Hùng King X 234:(雄曄王),Hùng King IV 157:List of Hùng kings 92: 41: 33: 31:, Ho Chi Minh City 25:Quốc tổ Hùng Vương 1545:Vietnamese People 1397: 1396: 1389: 1304:Hồng Bàng dynasty 1253:Giỗ Tổ Hùng Vương 1204:Giỗ Tổ Hùng Vương 1173:National Identity 1044:Just like in the 797:Gia Ninh division 772:) was actually a 533:Records of Nanyue 524: 523: 66:means "king" and 2312: 2111: 2104: 2098: 2092: 2086: 2080: 2074: 2068: 2062: 2059: 2053: 2045: 2039: 2036: 2030: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2004: 2001: 1995: 1994: 1983: 1977: 1974: 1968: 1967: 1944: 1935: 1932: 1926: 1923: 1914: 1911: 1905: 1898: 1892: 1889: 1883: 1880: 1874: 1871: 1865: 1862: 1856: 1853: 1847: 1844: 1838: 1832: 1826: 1823: 1808: 1805: 1794: 1791: 1785: 1784: 1777: 1771: 1767: 1765: 1757: 1731: 1722: 1721: 1715: 1707: 1691: 1685: 1684: 1676: 1667: 1662:Patrica Pelley, 1660: 1649: 1648: 1612: 1601: 1586: 1580: 1570: 1564: 1563: 1555: 1549: 1548: 1536: 1530: 1514: 1508: 1498: 1492: 1491: 1466: 1460: 1459: 1453: 1445: 1419: 1413: 1412: 1405: 1392: 1385: 1381: 1378: 1364:named references 1327: 1326: 1319: 1111:Đại Việt sử lược 1102:Lịch Sử Việt Nam 855:Việt Nam sử lược 785:Đại Việt sử lược 443:Hùng Triệu Vương 369:Hùng Trinh Vương 282:1712 – 1632 BC, 262:1912 – 1713 BC, 242:2254 – 1913 BC, 222:2524 – 2253 BC, 176:Kinh Dương Vương 161: 151:Phú Thọ Province 2320: 2319: 2315: 2314: 2313: 2311: 2310: 2309: 2275:Ancient Vietnam 2265: 2264: 2225: 2177:D 17 (May 1956) 2120: 2115: 2114: 2105: 2101: 2093: 2089: 2081: 2077: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2056: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2033: 2023: 2019: 2011: 2007: 2002: 1998: 1985: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1971: 1945: 1938: 1934:Haydon, p. 130. 1933: 1929: 1924: 1917: 1913:Ibid., pp. 1–3. 1912: 1908: 1899: 1895: 1891:Pelley, p. 151. 1890: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1873:Pelley, p. 153. 1872: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1811: 1806: 1797: 1792: 1788: 1778: 1769: 1768: 1759: 1758: 1746: 1732: 1725: 1709: 1708: 1692: 1688: 1677: 1670: 1661: 1652: 1613: 1604: 1587: 1583: 1571: 1567: 1556: 1552: 1537: 1533: 1515: 1511: 1501:Taiping Guangji 1499: 1495: 1467: 1463: 1447: 1446: 1434: 1420: 1416: 1407: 1406: 1402: 1393: 1382: 1376: 1373: 1352:discouraged by 1328: 1324: 1317: 1300: 1291: 1257:lễ hội đền Hùng 1245: 1220: 1192: 1175: 1162: 1120: 1095: 1071: 1035: 1020:Red River Delta 987: 954: 916:historicization 897: 892: 844: 529: 449:Cảnh Chiêu Lang 407:Hùng Việt Vương 397:1054 – 969 BC, 379:1161 – 1055 BC, 359:1251 – 1162 BC, 339:1331 – 1252 BC, 329:Hùng Định vương 319:1431 – 1332 BC, 299:1631 – 1432 BC, 232:Hùng Diệp Vương 159: 133: 123:communities of 101:Sino-Vietnamese 97: 84: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2318: 2308: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2280:Heads of state 2277: 2263: 2262: 2253: 2244: 2235: 2224: 2223:External links 2221: 2220: 2219: 2212: 2205: 2198: 2191: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2171: 2164: 2158: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2135: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2099: 2087: 2075: 2063: 2054: 2040: 2031: 2024:Philip Taylor 2017: 2005: 1996: 1978: 1976:Kelley, p. 88. 1969: 1936: 1927: 1915: 1906: 1893: 1884: 1875: 1866: 1857: 1848: 1839: 1827: 1809: 1795: 1786: 1744: 1723: 1686: 1668: 1650: 1623:(2): 315–337. 1602: 1581: 1565: 1550: 1531: 1509: 1493: 1461: 1432: 1414: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1331: 1329: 1322: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1306: 1299: 1296: 1290: 1287: 1244: 1241: 1219: 1216: 1191: 1188: 1174: 1171: 1161: 1158: 1119: 1116: 1094: 1091: 1070: 1067: 1034: 1031: 986: 983: 953: 950: 936:destroyed the 896: 893: 891: 888: 887: 886: 880: 874: 863:Trần Trọng Kim 843: 840: 813:Văn Lang state 528: 525: 522: 521: 514: 505: 502:Hùng Duệ Vương 498: 497: 490: 485: 481: 480: 473: 468: 465:Hùng Tạo Vương 461: 460: 453:754 – 661 BC, 451: 446: 439: 438: 433:853 – 755 BC, 431: 430:Chân Nhân Lang 428: 425:Hùng Anh Vương 421: 420: 413: 410: 403: 402: 395: 392: 385: 384: 377: 372: 365: 364: 357: 352: 345: 344: 337: 332: 325: 324: 317: 312: 305: 304: 297: 292: 288: 287: 280: 275: 272:Hùng Huy Vương 268: 267: 260: 255: 248: 247: 240: 235: 228: 227: 220: 215: 212:Hùng Lân vương 208: 207: 200: 197: 190: 189: 182: 179: 172: 171: 168: 165: 158: 155: 132: 129: 96: 93: 83: 80: 74:rulers of the 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2317: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2272: 2270: 2261: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2227: 2226: 2217: 2213: 2210: 2206: 2203: 2199: 2196: 2192: 2189: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2169: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2109: 2103: 2097: 2091: 2085: 2079: 2073: 2067: 2058: 2050: 2044: 2035: 2027: 2021: 2015: 2009: 2003:Dror, p. 148. 2000: 1992: 1988: 1982: 1973: 1965: 1961: 1958:(2): 87–130. 1957: 1953: 1949: 1943: 1941: 1931: 1922: 1920: 1910: 1903: 1897: 1888: 1879: 1870: 1864:Dror, p. 136. 1861: 1855:Dror, p. 135. 1852: 1843: 1836: 1831: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1790: 1782: 1775: 1763: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1745:9780415600835 1741: 1737: 1730: 1728: 1719: 1713: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1690: 1682: 1675: 1673: 1665: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1599: 1595: 1593: 1592:Zheng Sisters 1585: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1561: 1554: 1546: 1542: 1535: 1529: 1525: 1524: 1519: 1513: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1465: 1457: 1451: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1433:9780300128215 1429: 1425: 1418: 1411:. britannica. 1410: 1404: 1400: 1391: 1388: 1380: 1377:November 2019 1371: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1356:for footnotes 1355: 1349: 1348: 1343: 1342: 1337: 1336: 1330: 1321: 1320: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1295: 1286: 1282: 1279: 1272: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1251:(Vietnamese: 1250: 1240: 1236: 1233: 1224: 1211: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1166: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1130: 1129:Trần Thế Pháp 1126: 1115: 1113: 1112: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1090: 1086: 1084: 1083:Trần Huy Liệu 1079: 1075: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1055: 1054:Ngô Đình Diệm 1051: 1047: 1042: 1040: 1030: 1028: 1023: 1022:and beyond. 1021: 1016: 1012: 1006: 1004: 1000: 995: 993: 982: 980: 976: 974: 969: 968: 963: 962:Lê Thánh Tông 959: 949: 947: 946:Lê Thánh Tông 941: 939: 935: 930: 926: 922: 917: 912: 910: 906: 901: 884: 881: 878: 877:Phan Bội Châu 875: 872: 868: 864: 860: 859: 856: 851: 847: 839: 837: 836: 831: 830: 824: 822: 816: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 788: 786: 781: 779: 775: 774:scribal error 771: 767: 766:Nguyễn Văn Tố 763: 762:Henri Maspéro 757: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 737: 732: 728: 724: 722: 717: 713: 709: 707: 702: 698: 694: 692: 687: 683: 679: 675: 669: 667: 663: 662: 659: 651: 649: 645: 641: 639: 634: 632: 627: 623: 621: 616: 612: 608: 606: 601: 599: 594: 590: 588: 583: 581: 576: 572: 568: 566: 561: 560: 554: 550: 544: 542: 538: 534: 519: 516:408 – 258 BC, 515: 513: 509: 506: 503: 500: 495: 492:568 – 409 BC, 491: 489: 488:Bảo Quân Lang 486: 483: 482: 478: 475:660 – 569 BC, 474: 472: 471:Đức Quân Lang 469: 466: 463: 459: 457: 452: 450: 447: 444: 441: 440: 436: 432: 429: 426: 423: 418: 415:968 – 854 BC, 414: 411: 408: 405: 404: 400: 396: 394:Đức Hiền Lang 393: 390: 389:Hùng Vũ Vương 387: 382: 378: 376: 375:Hưng Đức Lang 373: 370: 367: 366: 362: 358: 356: 355:Hùng Hải Lang 353: 350: 349:Hùng Hi vương 347: 342: 338: 336: 333: 330: 327: 326: 322: 318: 316: 315:Thừa Vân Lang 313: 310: 309:Hùng Vĩ vương 307: 302: 298: 296: 293: 290: 289: 285: 281: 279: 278:Pháp Hải Lang 276: 273: 270: 265: 261: 259: 256: 254:, Hùng King V 253: 252:Hùng Hy Vương 250: 249: 245: 241: 239: 236: 233: 230: 225: 221: 219: 216: 213: 210: 209: 205: 201: 199:Sùng Lãm (崇纜) 198: 195: 194:Lạc Long Quân 192: 187: 183: 180: 177: 174: 173: 154: 152: 148: 143: 139: 138:Lạc Long Quân 128: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 88: 79: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 37: 30: 26: 21: 2295:Royal titles 2285:Noble titles 2174: 2167: 2154: 2138: 2131: 2102: 2090: 2078: 2066: 2057: 2048: 2043: 2034: 2025: 2020: 2008: 1999: 1990: 1981: 1972: 1955: 1951: 1948:Kelley, Liam 1930: 1909: 1901: 1896: 1887: 1878: 1869: 1860: 1851: 1842: 1834: 1830: 1789: 1735: 1695: 1689: 1680: 1663: 1620: 1616: 1589: 1584: 1579:(in Chinese) 1577:Upper Volume 1572: 1568: 1559: 1553: 1544: 1534: 1521: 1512: 1500: 1496: 1471: 1464: 1423: 1417: 1403: 1383: 1374: 1367: 1351: 1345: 1339: 1333: 1292: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1256: 1252: 1246: 1237: 1229: 1176: 1142: 1121: 1109: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1087: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1063: 1059: 1043: 1036: 1024: 1007: 998: 996: 991: 988: 978: 971: 965: 955: 942: 938:Trần dynasty 934:Chế Bồng Nga 913: 902: 898: 854: 845: 833: 827: 825: 818: 808: 804: 800: 795:'s time, in 790: 782: 777: 769: 759: 749: 745: 741: 735: 734: 730: 726: 720: 719: 715: 711: 705: 704: 700: 696: 690: 689: 685: 681: 674:commanderies 671: 655: 653: 647: 643: 637: 636: 630: 629: 625: 619: 618: 614: 610: 604: 603: 597: 596: 592: 586: 585: 579: 578: 570: 564: 563: 558: 556: 552: 548: 546: 536: 532: 530: 511: 507: 487: 470: 454: 448: 374: 354: 334: 314: 294: 277: 257: 237: 217: 181:Lộc Tục (祿續) 134: 108: 104: 98: 67: 63: 59: 43: 42: 24: 1770:|last= 1474:: 124–125. 1369:quick guide 1294:identity". 1261:lunar month 1145:Liam Kelley 1134:Ngo Si Lien 1003:Thành hoàng 958:Ngô Sĩ Liên 890:Historicity 883:Hồ Chí Minh 776:for 雒 (SV: 678:prefectures 543:. It said: 512:Mai An Tiêm 508:Lý Văn Lang 167:Given name 2269:Categories 1837:., p. 129. 1518:Li Daoyuan 1315:References 1098:Bronze Age 992:diễn xướng 929:Chu Văn An 754:blue-green 744:generals ( 666:Lạc people 72:Vietnamese 56:Hùng Vương 52:Vietnamese 2186:UNESCO, " 1762:cite book 1754:768658922 1712:cite book 1704:697389884 1645:162651203 1637:0022-4634 1598:full-text 1488:0022-4529 1450:cite book 1442:159935986 1341:loc. cit. 1230:With the 1153:Sinicised 921:Minh Tông 861:The 1916 756:ribbons. 750:Lạc tướng 537:Nanyuezhi 494:Nhâm line 456:Canh line 412:Tuấn Lang 399:Đinh line 381:Bính line 341:Giáp line 335:Quân Lang 321:Đoài line 301:Khôn line 295:Lang Liêu 258:Viên Lang 244:Chấn line 204:Khảm line 127:farmers. 113:chieftain 95:Etymology 76:Hồng Bàng 44:Hùng king 2251:Facebook 2233:Facebook 2127:124–159. 1298:See also 1149:invented 973:Nam Việt 909:Đại Việt 699:people ( 684:fields ( 661:province 650:tướng). 640:generals 518:Qúy line 477:Tân line 417:Mậu line 264:Tốn line 238:Bửu Lang 224:Cấn line 218:Lân Lang 186:Càn line 147:Văn Lang 117:Văn Lang 78:period. 60:vua Hùng 58:(雄王) or 2260:Youtube 2242:Youtube 2118:Sources 1560:Tri Tân 1528:vol. 37 1505:vol 482 1232:Đổi Mới 1027:lục bát 905:Jiaozhi 807:王, SV: 733:侯; SV: 729:Lords ( 718:王; SV: 710:). 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