98:
is of the French peasant), a public informed enough to engage with a Breton literature that, while seeking to tap the sap in the genius of the race, wants to be
European in spirit, drawing on modern European literary techniques, both in expression and in
205:
expanded, producing a popular supplement "kannadig
Gwalarn" in 1932 and books for children. The latter were distributed free in schools to children who had participated in essay competitions in the Breton language.
23:
literary journal. By extension, the term refers to the style of literature that it encouraged. 166 issues (numbered from 0 to 165) appeared between 1925 and May 1944.
62:
Gwalarn is above all something new and unique: a literary magazine aimed at the Breton elite, and whose ambition is nothing less than setting
117:
201:
Olier
Mordrel no longer participated in the journal after 1928, but Roparz Hemon stayed on as an editor until the last issue. Gradually,
274:
250:
269:
78:, among others...For the first time, a Breton revue will publish a pure literature, closing the door on
132:, and Maodez Glanndour. These writers produced the "classic" literary Breton of the twentieth century.
90:
is an experiment: to determine whether there is an audience in
Brittany educated enough to understand
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The main contributors were mostly very young. In addition to Hemon, the most important writers were
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214:
218:
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8:
148:
144:
129:
83:
75:
71:
246:
160:
91:
63:
217:, which was set up by the Germans. In consequence, it was forced to close after the
42:
The journal published a manifesto in
February 1925. The manifesto stated the aim of
221:. After the war, a new magazine with the same function was created under the title
164:
121:
67:
58:, who had alleged that Breton was nothing more than the crude speech of peasants:
168:
47:
20:
95:
263:
113:
31:
66:
on the road that follows the longstanding literature of many small nations:
210:
51:
27:
55:
173:
156:
225:, which continued the project of creating a Breton literary culture.
152:
186:
182:
82:... will adopt a language of classical formality with a rigorous
125:
109:
54:. This was written in response to some French authors, including
213:, the magazine was linked to the Breton language radio station
79:
193:
published poems, plays, and essays on contemporary concerns.
94:(as far from the language of the Breton peasant as that of
181:
cultures were also common, including discussions of
143:
into Breton of foreign authors and poets, including
209:Associated with collaborationist politics during
261:
262:
13:
124:, Yannn-Eozen Jarl, Kenan Kongar,
14:
286:
163:. Great emphasis was placed on
235:
1:
228:
37:
7:
177:. Essays on philosophy and
167:and legends, including the
103:
50:could become a vehicle for
26:The journal was founded by
10:
291:
275:Breton-language newspapers
196:
135:The content was varied.
19:("Northwesterly") was a
101:
46:was to prove that the
215:Radio Rennes Bretagne
141:literary translations
60:
219:Liberation of France
139:regularly published
243:Le mouvement breton
149:Nathaniel Hawthorne
145:William Shakespeare
270:Breton nationalism
130:Xavier de Langlais
245:, Maspéro, 1976,
171:preserved in the
161:Alexander Pushkin
92:literary language
64:Breton literature
282:
254:
239:
189:. Additionally,
165:Celtic mythology
122:Gwilherm Berthou
290:
289:
285:
284:
283:
281:
280:
279:
260:
259:
258:
257:
240:
236:
231:
199:
169:Welsh mythology
106:
48:Breton language
40:
21:Breton language
12:
11:
5:
288:
278:
277:
272:
256:
255:
241:Alain Deniel,
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227:
198:
195:
105:
102:
39:
36:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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251:2-7071-0826-X
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179:Indo-European
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166:
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158:
154:
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146:
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138:
133:
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127:
123:
119:
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114:Youenn Drezen
111:
100:
97:
93:
89:
85:
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77:
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59:
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53:
49:
45:
35:
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32:Olier Mordrel
29:
24:
22:
18:
242:
237:
222:
211:World War II
208:
202:
200:
190:
172:
136:
134:
107:
87:
61:
52:high culture
43:
41:
28:Roparz Hemon
25:
16:
15:
84:orthography
56:Victor Hugo
264:Categories
229:References
174:Mabinogion
157:J.M. Synge
126:Fant Rozec
118:Jakez Riou
96:Mr. France
153:Boccaccio
76:Catalonia
38:Manifesto
223:Al Liamm
187:Buddhism
183:Hinduism
104:Contents
99:thought.
72:Flanders
253:, p. 69
203:Gwalarn
197:History
191:Gwalarn
137:Gwalarn
110:Abeozen
88:Gwalarn
68:Bohemia
44:Gwalarn
17:Gwalarn
249:
159:, and
80:patois
247:ISBN
185:and
30:and
266::
155:,
151:,
147:,
128:,
120:,
116:,
112:,
86:.
74:,
70:,
34:.
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