484:
19:
131:
560:
According to Jelle Krol, "It is not merely a collection of poems by a major Breton poet: it is a symbol of homage to Yann-Ber Kalloc'h and all those
Bretons whose creative powers were cut short by their untimely deaths. Breton literature from the trenches is very rare. Only Yann-Ber Kalloc'h's poems,
745:
In contrast to the concentration on short-form writings in Breton which had dominated production in the previous century, a trend towards novel-length writing developed from the 1980s. By the beginning of the 21st century a dozen or so novels on average were being published in Breton every year. The
1019:
249:
in a line should rhyme with one or more other syllables in the same line. For example, in the first line above, "en" is the second to last syllable, which rhymes with "guen" and "heguen". In the second line, "at" is the second to last syllable which rhymes with "hegarat".
204:, suggesting a continuum of cultural tradition. However, the decoration here is simpler and more geometric in form than that to be found in insular manuscripts. The beginning of each Gospel is preceded by a full miniature of the appropriate Evangelist's symbol and the
216:
Another early known piece of Breton literature is found in the margins of a 14th-century Latin manuscript, scribbled by a scribe weary of his toil and mind on more immediate concerns, he left for posterity a four line love poem, the first two lines beginning:
318:
1520:
374:
such as Aymar de Blois de La
Calande, Barbe-Émilie de Saint-Prix, Jean-Marie de Penguern, Jean-François de Kergariou, Ursule Feydeau de Vaugien, exchanged their findings informally. Writers such as
668:, Youenn Olier, Yann-Ber Piriou ... have made contributions to the magazine with poems, short stories, essays, studies, ... Breton poets and singers who were directly involved in the revival of the
355:
The 19the century witnessed "a veritable explosion" of published works of Breton literature, particularly after ties between the Breton people and the
Catholic clergy were restored following the
122:(1923–1987). The manuscript itself is a fragment of medicinal recipes composed of plants suggesting that Breton may well have been used by people of learning at the turn of the 11th century.
313:
Prose writings in Breton, almost exclusively religious, started appearing from the 17th century. The second half of the 18th century saw the appearance of the first secular works in Breton:
65:
period, up to the 17th century. The period break is marked by the Norman invasions of the 10th and 11th centuries which triggered an exodus out of
Brittany. Many Old Breton extant words are
414:, of collecting songs and stories and then editing them before publication to accord with contemporary literary taste. Taking a more rigorous approach to the collection of oral material,
1155:
1283:
379:
370:
undertook the collection of folk texts, songs and stories. The wave of interest in collecting oral traditions reached
Brittany around 1815-1820 when educated members of the
326:
272:
766:
is a notable author of such fiction aimed at young Breton-speaking readers. New more adult themes have appeared as the novel genre has developed: for example,
1726:
703:
149:
134:
763:
1515:
767:
566:
562:
702:, and poetry in both Breton, which he often self-translated into French in order to reach a wider audience. In 1948, he was the co-founder, with
707:
1315:
980:
599:
448:
77:
during the Old Breton period. And on the evidence of Breton names, it would appear that Old and Middle Breton literature inspired much of
73:
from the 9th and 10th centuries, now scattered in libraries and collections throughout Europe. It is likely there was a highly developed
176:, along with prefatory material and canon tables – an interesting admixture of traditions. The Breton Gospel is similar to the form of
1288:
160:. Amongst other things it attests to a high degree of learning and, presumably, monasterial wealth in Brittany comparable to that of
542:
of the
Peninsula of Brittany) and did much to encourage both traditional Celtic poetry and a sense of community among Breton Bards.
188:, and although the form of the large illuminated letters that form the beginning of each Gospel are comparable to those found in
754:, and autobiographies. With incentives from educational contexts, contests and literary prizes, there has been a development of
1218:
1036:
426:(1870). Despite their differences, both La Villemarqué and Luzel inspired many others to collect and publish other works of
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1834:
1308:
114:
by more than a century. It is generally assumed by specialists that this is the most ancient text in a continental
1768:
788:
is an annual (since 1997) award for expressions of Breton culture in seven categories, of which fiction is one.
394:
collected by La
Villemarqué and published in 1839 (revised and expanded edition 1845). It was compiled from the
1579:
1095:
1066:
778:, whose creative career and international success (a rarity in contemporary France, as opposed to the epoch of
1829:
1527:
1301:
881:
1786:
332:
1798:
1714:
953:
938:
711:
867:
1791:
1709:
1468:
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468:
61:
Breton literature can be categorised into an Old Breton period, from the 5th to 11th century; and a
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1547:
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1208:
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18:
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742:(1905–1981) wrote poetry reflective of her peasant origins, mysticism, and social conscience.
687:
1684:
1646:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1380:
1143:
Minority
Language Writers in the Wake of World War One: A Case Study of Four European Authors
1130:
Minority
Language Writers in the Wake of World War One: A Case Study of Four European Authors
1117:
Minority
Language Writers in the Wake of World War One: A Case Study of Four European Authors
472:
360:
356:
177:
957:("I was Born in the Middle of the Sea"). The lyrics were first translated from the original
511:
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1669:
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1606:
1601:
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806:
774:(2006) deals with sexuality. Finally special mention should be made of the poet and singer
78:
1156:"Per Denez: Writer and scholar who sought recognition for the Breton language and culture"
464:
455:("The Battle of Kergidou"), the first and only novel in Breton to be published before the
406:
came under attack from a later generation of collectors, who accused La Villemarqué, like
8:
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published its first issue in 1946. Numerous authors of modern Breton literature, such as
549:(1888–1917) was killed during the First World War. His posthumously-published collection
483:
382:(son of Ursule Feydeau de Vaugien) brought new readers to traditional Breton literature.
201:
115:
66:
1006:
796:) is an annual (since 1976) prize for best unpublished prose work or poetry collection.
276:, a very badly damaged 247-line poem passed down through multiple generations of copies.
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in the early 20th century, most literature in Breton consisted of religious writings.
22:
Breton novelists Mich Beyer and Yann-Fulup Dupuy, with translator Hervé Latimier, 2008
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White Tie and Decorations: Sir John and Lady Hope Simpson in Newfoundland, 1934-1936
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1574:
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886:
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407:
399:
130:
506:, the real heyday of the movement took place between 1900 and the outbreak of the
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606:(who published the first long novel in Breton in 1941). The artistic movement
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344:
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197:
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62:
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and to also write and publish a flood of new poetry in the Breton language.
1180:
Timm, Lenora A. (1986). "Anjela duval: Breton poet, peasant and militant".
941:
849:
811:
779:
653:
577:
290:
172:
manuscript dating from the 9th century contains the Latin text of the four
1004:
823:. The same book has also been translated into German, Italian, and Polish.
629:
53:– all of which have had strong mutual linguistic and cultural influences.
1289:
British Library Collect Britain illuminated manuscript virtual exhibition
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1245:. Délégation générale à la langue française et aux langues de France
906:
in December 1945 and then republished posthumously in an edition by
945:
899:
840:
727:, which he helped adapt from an annual beauty contest into a Welsh
681:
620:
554:
246:
38:
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movement in Brittany was founded during the early 19th century by
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590:
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173:
74:
335:(1775–1838) played an important role by initiating a reform of
205:
156:) is an important literary work in terms of the wider scope of
82:
390:(literally "The Bards of Brittany") is a collection of Breton
827:
245:
The main principle of Breton poetry is that the next to last
181:
42:
576:
In the 1920s, a movement, in which the linguist and author
539:
192:
manuscripts, the decoration thereof is far more similar to
1111:
1109:
1107:
680:, or Bernez Tangi, have also published poems and songs in
110:, Netherlands, and predates the oldest text referenced in
1207:
Simpson, Sir John Hope; Simpson, Lady Quita Hope (1996).
933:
253:
There are several texts from the 15th and 16th century:
1104:
1005:
Romuald Texier; Mark Kerrain; SAV-HEOL Roazhon (1995).
854:
467:; an uprising by Breton nobles and commons against the
41:
in the three other main languages of the area, namely,
1056:
343:
and making the first Modern Breton translation of the
573:'s letters addressed to his wife survived the war."
402:, legends, and music. Although hugely influential,
56:
580:played an important part, arose to introduce both
208:folios themselves measure 32.5 by 23 centimetres.
106:(dating to the end of the 8th century) is kept at
306:Before the literary revival movement promoted by
1816:
588:into the Breton language. The literary magazine
735:, literature, and music which still continues.
118:language and was studied by the late Professor
1206:
1309:
782:) testifies to the appeal of Breton artists.
981:Literature in the other languages of Britain
893:
718:
530:. During those decades, Taldir founded the
1316:
1302:
1284:British Library catalogue entry (in Latin)
436:used Le Gonidec's standardised Breton for
329:. Most literature remained oral, however.
1082:
1080:
1078:
184:– one of the classicising centres of the
746:choice of genres was diverse, including
482:
440:(1844), and his collection of proverbs,
323:Sarmoun great war ar maro a Vikael Vorin
319:François-Nicolas de Pascal de Kerenveyer
137:: Folio 8 rect, the incipit page to the
129:
17:
1323:
835:("The King of Ys"), by French composer
102:The oldest surviving manuscript in the
37:) or the broader literary tradition of
1817:
1075:
731:-inspired summer festival celebrating
510:. Those two decades were dominated by
478:
1297:
1200:
1007:"The Breton Language? A Presentation"
799:
694:, literary adaptations of tales from
273:Dialogue Between Arthur and Guynglaff
1233:
1179:
902:"). The poem was first published in
518:was Taldir, and who introduced many
301:
230:The fair one, her cheek gladdened me
125:
95:
1182:Women's Studies International Forum
459:. The novel is set during the 1793
280:Life of Saint Nonn and Her Son Devy
13:
532:Gorsedd Barzed Gourenez Breiz Isel
380:Théodore Hersart de la Villemarqué
14:
1846:
1236:"Quand le breton se met au roman"
289:("The Life of Saint Barbara"), a
712:Les grandes Fêtes de Cornouaille
553:established his reputation as a
235:The lovable one of the blue eye.
57:Old and Middle Breton literature
1257:
1227:
1213:. University of Toronto Press.
1173:
1057:Gibson & Griffiths (2006).
1039:from the original on 2016-03-03
861:. The same story also inspired
366:Increasingly, antiquarians and
350:
29:may refer to literature in the
1148:
1135:
1122:
1090:. Rennes: Ouest-France. 2001.
1050:
1025:
1013:
998:
895:An Aotrou Nann hag ar Gorigann
819:was published under the title
490:, book 1, by Jakez Riou, 1936.
240:
1:
1277:
939:Scottish traditional musician
821:Ballads and Songs of Brittany
1194:10.1016/0277-5395(86)90040-3
944:recorded Breton World War I
885:a 1930 poem of 508 lines by
882:The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun
847:, is based on the legend in
494:Even though the neo-bardic,
488:Troiou kamm Alanig al Louarn
293:on the life and miracles of
154:British Library, Egerton 609
7:
969:
954:Me 'zo Ganet kreiz ar e mor
920:("The Horse of Pride") was
565:, the memoirs recounted by
10:
1851:
1825:Breton-language literature
1132:, Palgrave. Pages 226-227.
1061:. London: Francis Boutle.
922:adapted for the big screen
758:, often using fantasy and
561:some war notes written by
211:
1331:
469:French Revolutionary Army
221:An guen heguen am louenas
1835:Middle Breton literature
1268:The Road to Middle-Earth
991:
674:Milig ar Skañv (Glenmor)
258:Destruction of Jerusalem
224:An hegarat an lacat glas
196:manuscripts such as the
1270:(1992) pp. 245-246, 320
868:La cathédrale engloutie
853:of the drowned city of
790:Prix Xavier de Langlais
594:provided an outlet for
339:, producing an orderly
333:Yann-Frañsez ar Gonideg
186:Carolingian Renaissance
1059:The Turn of the Ermine
894:
719:
522:-inspired elements of
491:
141:
23:
1145:, Palgrave. Page 229.
1119:, Palgrave. Page 226.
951:'s most famous song,
914:Pierre-Jacques Hélias
871:in his first book of
738:Helias' contemporary
486:
473:First French Republic
361:First French Republic
357:religious persecution
265:Life of Saint Guénolé
178:Carolingian minuscule
133:
21:
961:into Fowlis' native
898:("Lord Nann and the
807:literary translation
648:, Maodez Glanndour,
547:Jean-Pierre Calloc'h
416:François-Marie Luzel
144:Although written in
79:Arthurian literature
1830:European literature
1325:European literature
1234:FAVEREAU, Francis.
1141:Jelle Krol (2020),
1128:Jelle Krol (2020),
1115:Jelle Krol (2020),
1033:"Untitled Document"
756:young adult fiction
688:Pierre-Jakez Hélias
479:20th–21st centuries
420:Gwerziou Breiz Izel
327:Claude-Marie Le Laë
202:Lindisfarne Gospels
1243:Langues et cité 17
1088:Parlons du breton!
976:Cornish literature
931:In her 2009 album
889:, is based on the
857:in the kingdom of
800:In popular culture
794:Xavier de Langlais
752:historical fiction
720:Cornouaille Kemper
690:(1914–1995) wrote
638:Xavier de Langlais
612:included writers.
596:literary modernism
582:literary modernism
512:François Jaffrenou
492:
368:Celtic revivalists
337:Breton orthography
142:
135:Breton Gospel Book
90:of Marie de France
83:Tristan and Iseult
24:
1812:
1811:
1220:978-0-8020-0719-3
949:Yann-Ber Kalloc'h
839:and based upon a
748:detective fiction
670:music of Brittany
617:literary magazine
465:Saint-Pol-de-Léon
315:Ar Farvel Goapaer
302:Modern literature
286:Buhez Sante Barba
139:Gospel of Matthew
126:The Breton Gospel
108:Leyden University
97:Leyden Manuscript
27:Breton literature
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1162:. September 2011
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1022:of the Leyden MS
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986:Welsh literature
897:
887:J. R. R. Tolkien
815:into English by
768:Yann Fulub Dupuy
722:
696:Breton mythology
586:world literature
422:(1868–1874) and
408:James Macpherson
400:Breton mythology
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1849:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1815:
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1808:
1799:Western Lombard
1769:Turkish Cypriot
1729:
1715:Scottish Gaelic
1663:
1518:
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1188:(5–6): 481–90.
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1163:
1160:The Independent
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963:Scottish Gaelic
959:Breton language
802:
764:Yann-Fañch Jacq
760:science fiction
646:Reun Ar C'halan
508:First World War
504:Auguste Brizeux
481:
457:First World War
453:Emgann Kergidou
434:Auguste Brizeux
376:Anatole Le Braz
353:
304:
243:
214:
128:
104:Breton language
100:
81:, the story of
59:
31:Breton language
12:
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5:
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926:Claude Chabrol
911:
908:Verlyn Flieger
878:
863:Claude Debussy
824:
801:
798:
733:Breton culture
704:François Bégot
678:Youenn Gwernig
664:, Kerverzioù,
650:Youenn Gwernig
604:Yves Le Drézen
567:Ambroise Harel
563:Auguste Bocher
528:Breton culture
480:
477:
424:Contes Bretons
412:Brothers Grimm
398:and preserves
396:oral tradition
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158:Breton culture
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75:oral tradition
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1463:(Anglo-Saxon)
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918:Marh ar lorh
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904:Welsh Review
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845:Édouard Blau
837:Édouard Lalo
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640:(Langleiz),
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1730: [
1664:(Provençal)
1652:Montenegrin
1519: [
1264:Tom Shippey
859:Cornouaille
832:Le roi d'Ys
692:stage plays
662:Paol Keineg
516:bardic name
461:Chouannerie
428:oral poetry
392:oral poetry
241:Epic poetry
190:Carolingian
170:Gospel Book
162:Lindisfarne
71:manuscripts
1819:Categories
1787:in English
1685:Portuguese
1632:Macedonian
1627:Luxembourg
1622:Lithuanian
1381:Belarusian
1278:References
1166:2016-12-31
1097:2737329272
1068:1903427282
1043:2009-06-11
891:Breton lay
817:Tom Taylor
805:In 1865 a
729:Eisteddfod
700:nonfiction
672:, such as
658:Ronan Huon
609:Seiz Breur
600:Jakez Riou
598:, such as
500:Eisteddfod
451:published
449:Lan Inisan
418:published
1774:Ukrainian
1700:Sardinian
1670:Old Norse
1657:Norwegian
1602:Kashubian
1570:Icelandic
1565:Hungarian
1406:Bulgarian
1361:Aromanian
1351:Aragonese
1249:25 August
916:' memoir
826:The 1888
772:Par Dibar
698:, prose,
630:Per Denez
545:The poet
447:In 1877,
116:Brythonic
69:in Latin
35:Brezhoneg
1792:in Welsh
1779:Venetian
1727:Silesian
1705:Scottish
1690:Romanian
1675:Ossetian
1662:Occitan
1647:Moldovan
1592:Jèrriais
1553:medieval
1533:Georgian
1528:Galician
1506:Friulian
1476:Estonian
1431:Croatian
1371:Austrian
1366:Asturian
1356:Armenian
1341:Albanian
1037:Archived
970:See also
946:war poet
928:in 1980.
910:in 2016.
900:Korrigan
874:Preludes
865:'s 1910
841:libretto
762:themes.
682:Al Liamm
621:Al Liamm
555:war poet
514:, whose
471:and the
444:(1845).
410:and the
372:nobility
247:syllable
200:and the
85:and the
39:Brittany
1804:Yiddish
1764:Turkish
1754:Swedish
1749:Spanish
1744:Slovene
1722:Serbian
1695:Russian
1637:Maltese
1617:Latvian
1607:Kosovar
1587:Italian
1548:ancient
1501:Frisian
1491:Flemish
1486:Finnish
1481:Faroese
1456:English
1436:Cypriot
1421:Cornish
1416:Chuvash
1411:Catalan
1401:British
1391:Bosnian
1386:Belgian
1020:Preview
786:Prizioù
725:Quimper
666:Meavenn
626:Abeozen
591:Gwalarn
536:Gorsedd
496:Gorsedd
359:of the
341:grammar
308:Gwalarn
212:Glosses
174:Gospels
67:glosses
1783:Welsh
1739:Slovak
1680:Polish
1597:Kazakh
1558:modern
1538:German
1516:Gagauz
1511:Gaelic
1496:French
1446:Danish
1396:Breton
1376:Basque
1336:Abkhaz
1217:
1094:
1065:
715:Breton
498:, and
206:vellum
168:. The
112:French
51:French
1759:Swiss
1734:]
1710:Scots
1612:Latin
1575:Irish
1543:Greek
1523:]
1451:Dutch
1441:Czech
1239:(PDF)
992:Notes
828:opera
723:) in
710:, of
540:Bards
534:(The
526:into
182:Tours
166:Kells
146:Latin
47:Gallo
43:Latin
1642:Manx
1251:2012
1215:ISBN
1092:ISBN
1063:ISBN
706:and
615:The
602:and
584:and
569:and
378:and
321:and
164:and
148:the
88:Lais
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1190:doi
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924:by
843:by
809:of
770:'s
538:of
463:in
325:by
317:by
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1521:ru
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