Guatemalan Civil War

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subsequently "disappeared" while in the custody of the security force and became known in subsequent months by the Guatemalan press as "the 28". This incident was followed by a wave of unexplained "disappearances" and killings in Guatemala City and in the countryside which were reported by the Guatemala City press. When press censorship was lifted for a period, relatives of "the 28" and of others who had "disappeared" in the Zacapa-Izabal military zone went to the press or to the Association of University Students (AEU). Using its legal department, the AEU subsequently pressed for habeas corpus on behalf of the "disappeared" persons. The government denied any involvement in the killings and disappearances. On 16 July 1966, the AEU published a detailed report on abuses in the last months of the Peralta regime in which it named thirty-five individuals as involved in killings and disappearances, including military commissioners and members of the Ambulant Military Police (PMA) in coordination with the G-2. After the publication of this report, "death-squad" attacks on the AEU and on the University of San Carlos began to intensify. Many law students and members of the AEU were assassinated.

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a wide range of counterinsurgency tactics at the Escuela Politecnica, the Guatemalan Army's main officer training school. Captain Jesse Garcia, a 32-year-old Green Beret interviewed by the New York Times during a training exercise in October 1982, described his work in Guatemala as "not much different" than that of U.S. advisors in El Salvador. The U.S. Special Forces had been operating in Guatemala since at least 1980 under the guise of the Personnel Exchange Program, and were officially classified as "English Instructors". The curriculum offered to Guatemalan cadets by the U.S. Special Forces during this period included training in surveillance, small arms, artillery, demolitions, ambushes, "helicopter assault tactics" and how to destroy towns. Another U.S. Green Beret interviewed by the New York Times – Major Larry Salmon – who had operated in Guatemala from 1980 to 1982, described how he had helped the Guatemalans plan their tactical training and had given course instructions to the Guatemalan Army Parachute Brigade. By 1983, it was also confirmed that Guatemalan military officers were once again being trained at the U.S.

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In December 1990, however, largely as a result of the killing of U.S. citizen Michael DeVine by members of the Guatemalan army, the Bush administration suspended almost all overt military aid." "The funds the CIA provided to the Guatemalan liaison services were vital to the D-2 and Archivos." The CIA "continued this aid after the termination of overt military assistance in 1990." "Overall CIA funding levels to the Guatemalan services dropped consistently from about $ 3.5 million in FY 1989 to about 1 million in 1995." The report writes that "the CIA's liaison relationship with the Guatemalan services also benefited U.S. interests by enlisting the assistance of Guatemala's primary intelligence and security service – the army's directorate of intelligence (D-2) – in areas such as reversing the 'auto-coup" of 1993'" "In the face of strong protests by Guatemalan citizens and the international community (including the United States) and – most importantly – in the face of the Guatemalan army's refusal to support him, President Serrano's

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organizing and left many survivors deeply critical of the government. The political system was ineffective to ensure the welfare of the populace. In the aftermath of the earthquake, more citizens wanted infrastructural reforms, and many saw it as the government's responsibility to invest in these improvements. In the poor barrios disproportionately affected by the quake, due to poor infrastructure, neighborhood groups helped to rescue victims or dig out the dead, distribute water, food and reconstruction materials, and prevent looting by criminals. The political pressures generated in the aftermath of the earthquake put greater pressure on the military government of Guatemala to induce reforms. The security forces subsequently took advantage of the disorder to engage in a wave of political assassinations in Guatemala City, of which 200 cases were documented by Amnesty International. A period of increased militarization began in the Indian highlands after the earthquake, accompanied by additional counterinsurgency operations.

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Julio César Méndez Montenegro signed a pact permitting the army to pursue a more aggressive counterinsurgency program, there was an influx of American military and security advisors in Guatemala. Up to 1,000 U.S. Green Berets were estimated to be operating in Zacapa during the 1966–68 period, providing training and support for Guatemalan counterinsurgency operations. Jonas claims that the ratio of military advisers to local military officials in Guatemala was the highest of any Latin American country in the late 1960s and 70s, and moreover that "there is substantial evidence of the direct role of U.S. military advisers in the formation of death squads: U.S. Embassy personnel were allegedly involved in writing an August 1966 memorandum outlining the creation of paramilitary groups, and the U.S. military attaché during this period publicly claimed credit for instigating their formation as part of "counterterror" operations."

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municipalities of Nebaj and Chajul. As part of its strategy, EGP decided to perpetrate notorious acts which also symbolized the establishment of a "social justice" against the inefficiency and ineffectiveness of the judicial and administrative State institutions. They also wanted that with these actions the indigenous rural population of the region identified with the insurgency, thus motivating them to join their ranks. As part of this plan it was agreed to do the so-called "executions"; in order to determine who would be subject to "execution", the EGP gathered complaints received from local communities. For example, they selected two victims: Guillermo Monzón, who was a military Commissioner in Ixcán and José Luis Arenas, the largest landowner in the area, and who had been reported to the EGP for allegedly having land conflicts with neighboring settlements and abusing their workers.

1198:("Revolutionary Action Party", PAR), and won 85 percent of the vote in elections that are widely considered to have been fair and open. Arévalo implemented social reforms, including minimum wage laws, increased educational funding, near-universal suffrage (excluding illiterate women), and labor reforms. But many of these changes only benefited the upper-middle classes and did little for the peasant agricultural laborers who made up the majority of the population. Although his reforms were relatively moderate, he was widely disliked by the United States government, portions of the Catholic Church, large landowners, employers such as the United Fruit Company, and Guatemalan military officers, who viewed his government as inefficient, corrupt, and heavily influenced by communists. At least 25 coup attempts took place during his presidency, mostly led by wealthy liberal military officers. 3493:

helicopters – worth $ 10.5 million – which were reportedly indispensable to the Guatemalan Army's capacity to transport its troops into the highlands for counterinsurgency sweeps. Lieutenant Col. George Maynes – former U.S. Defense Attache and Chief of the U.S. MilGroup in Guatemala – also worked with Guatemalan Army Chief-of-Staff Benedicto Lucas Garcia in the planning and development of the counterinsurgency program which was implemented by the Lucas Garcia regime in the highlands in late-1981 and early 1982. Maynes had close relations with Gen. Benedicto Lucas, functioning as an advisor in counterinsurgency matters. In an interview with investigative journalist Allen Nairn, Lt. Col. Maynes stated that Benedicto Lucas consulted with him on a regular basis. USAID assisted the army's "model village" or resettlement camp programs there as well.

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suffocated with hoods. They also witnessed a dying man lying on the floor, bleeding through bandaged eyes. They were then taken one-by-one to the headquarters of the feared DIT (Department of Technical Investigations) where they were interviewed by an American. The American was described as a short-haired caucasian man in his forties, with a military build who was flanked with two Guatemalan guards. It was noted that the "gringo" seemed to be an experienced interrogator, who knew many details about him and his family. One of his surviving friends (also interrogated by the "gringo") noted how he bragged about his experiences in Vietnam and Africa. At one point he threatened to "burn Miguel's ass" with hot coals if he didn't cooperate. Two of his friends who were captured later "disappeared".

3022:(DIT) for some time. His body later appeared bearing signs of torture. Following his murder, GAM co-founder and widow of missing student leader Carlos Ernesto Cuevas Molina, Rosario Godoy de Cuevas, who had delivered the eulogy at Gómez Calito's funeral, was found dead at the bottom of a ditch three kilometres (2 mi) outside Guatemala City, along with her 2-year-old son and 21-year-old brother. All of the three victims bodies bore signs of extreme torture prior to death. Human rights monitors who had seen the bodies reported that Godoy's 2-year-old son's fingernails had been ripped out. While the government claimed their deaths was an accident, Embassy sources discounted the official version of the events, and claimed that Godoy was targeted and her death was a premeditated homicide. 2358:– ostensibly to justify repressive measures against the city. On 6 December 1979, the Guatemalan Army abducted nine peasants from Uspantán and transported them to Chajul in a helicopter. Two of the peasants captured by the army managed to escape, while those remaining were dressed in olive drab by the army. After being put in uniform, the peasants were equipped with shotguns and instructed by soldiers to march down a road outside of Chajul. The soldiers then opened fire on the peasants, killing all seven. The army announced that the campesinos were guerillas, who had attempted to assault the detachment at Chajul. The bodies were later burned and buried. Within three weeks the army presence in Chajul grew and repression escalated. 3640:, the Israeli government cooperated closely with the United States in providing supplementary military and intelligence support for US-backed regimes in the region. This was especially true in Guatemala after 1977, when U.S. support became subject to constraints stemming from the rising tensions between Guatemala and Belize and Congressional opposition to the Guatemalan government's human rights practices. While the CIA and the U.S. Green Berets continued to function covertly in Guatemala – providing training and counterinsurgency advice – a critical aspect of American support involved outsourcing operations to proxies such as Israel and Argentina. In a declassified National Security Council memo dated 1 August 1983, NSC aids 1670:

kidnappers plan to "create a national crisis by appealing to the anti-communism of the Catholic population." The Archbishop was released unharmed after four days in captivity. In the aftermath of the incident, two civilians involved in the operation – Raul Estuardo Lorenzana and Ines Mufio Padilla – were arrested and taken away in a police patrol car. In transit, the car stopped and the police officers exited the vehicle as gunmen sprayed it with submachine gunfire. One press report said Lorenzana's body had 27 bullet wounds and Padilla's 22. The police escorts were unharmed in the assassination. Raul Lorenzana was a known "front man" for the MANO death squad and had operated out of the headquarters of the Guatemalan Army's

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the national territory. The siege was accompanied by a series of house to house searches by the police, which reportedly led to 1,600 detentions in the capital in the first fifteen days of the "State of Siege." Arana also imposed dress codes, banning miniskirts for women and long hair for men. High government sources were cited at the time by foreign journalists as acknowledging 700 executions by security forces or paramilitary death squads in the first two months of the "State of Siege". This is corroborated by a January 1971 secret bulletin of the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency detailing the elimination of hundreds of suspected "terrorists and bandits" in the Guatemalan countryside by the security forces.

1632:. Many of those named in the booklet were killed or forced to flee. Death threats and warnings were sent to both individuals and organizations; for example, a CADEG leaflet addressed to the leadership of the labor federation FECETRAG read: "Your hour has come. Communists at the service of Fidel Castro, Russia, and Communist China. You have until the last day of March to leave the country." Victims of government repression in the capital included guerrilla sympathizers, labor union leaders, intellectuals, students, and other vaguely defined "enemies of the government." Some observers referred to the policy of the Guatemalan government as "White Terror" -a term previously used to describe similar periods of 3001:– now a member of Congress – launched the Mutual Support Group (Grupo de Apoyo Mutuo—GAM), a new human rights organization that pressed the government for information about missing relatives. Co-founded with other families of the disappeared, GAM took shape in June 1984, holding demonstrations, meeting with government officials and leading a domestic and international advocacy campaign over the years to find the truth behind the thousands of Guatemala's disappeared. The organization was quickly joined by hundreds of additional family members of victims of government-sponsored violence, including Mayan Indians affected by the Army's genocidal counterinsurgency sweeps in the late-1970s and early-1980s. 352: 1652:, former "Miss Guatemala" of 1959, who was known for her left-wing sympathies, was picked up and found dead. Her body showed signs of torture, rape and mutilation. Amidst the outcry over the murder, the FAR opened fire on a carload of American military advisors on 16 January 1968. Colonel John D. Webber (chief of the U.S. military mission in Guatemala) and Naval Attache Lieutenant Commander Ernest A. Munro were killed instantly; two others were wounded. The FAR subsequently issued a statement claiming that the killings were a reprisal against the Americans for creating "genocidal forces" which had "resulted in the death of nearly 4,000 Guatemalans" during the previous two years. 1046:

owner. They were often victimized by owners, who encouraged them to get into debt by granting credit or lending cash. The owners recorded the accounts and the mozos were usually illiterate and at a disadvantage. If the mozos ran away, the owner could have them pursued and imprisoned by the authorities. Associated costs would be added to the ever-increasing debt of the mozo. If one of them refused to work, he or she was put in prison on the spot. The wages were also extremely low. The work was done by contract, but since every "mozo" starts with a large debt, the usual advance on engagement, effectively they became servants indentured to the landowner.

695: 623: 611: 591: 571: 551: 539: 259: 1606:– were suspended. The entire security apparatus – including local police and private security guards – was subsequently placed under then Minister of Defense, Col. Rafael Arriaga Bosque. Press censorship was imposed alongside these security measures, including measures designed to keep the Zacapa campaign entirely shrouded in secrecy. These controls ensured that the only reports made public on the counter-terror program in Zacapa were those handed out by the army's public relations office. Also on the day of the 'state of siege,' a directive was published banning publication of reports on arrests until authorization by military authorities. 1560:, announcing the impending creation of the "White Hand" or "the hand that will eradicate National Renegades and traitors to the fatherland." In August 1966, MANO leaflets were distributed over Guatemala City by way of light aircraft openly landing in the Air Force section of La Aurora airbase. Their main message was that all patriotic citizen must fully support the army's counterinsurgency initiative and that the army was "the institution of the greatest importance at any latitude, representative of Authority, of Order, and of Respect" and that to "attack it, divide it, or to wish its destruction is indisputedly treason to the fatherland." 2347:

building the first civil patrol of the area was established. The Army high command, meanwhile, was very pleased with the initial results of the operation and was convinced it had succeeded in destroying most of the social basis of EGP, which had to be expelled from the "Ixil Triangle". Army repression in the region became more intense and less selective than it had been under Laugerud García; the officers who executed the plan were instructed to destroy all towns suspected of cooperating with EGP and eliminate all sources of resistance. Army units operating in the "Ixil Triangle" belonged to the Mariscal Zavala Brigade, stationed in

290: 3471:. Angered by this report, the Laugerud government renounced all U.S. military assistance on 11 March 1977. Congress then reduced military aid to Guatemala for that year and prohibited military aid after 1978. Despite the prohibition, covert and overt U.S. support for the Guatemalan army continued as the administration continued to send equipment to Guatemala through the CIA or reclassified military items as non-military. In fiscal years 1978, 1979 and 1980 (the three years for which the Carter administration can be held responsible), the U.S. delivered approximately $ 8.5 million in direct military assistance to Guatemala, mostly 1455: 3817:) employed in Namibia and elsewhere. Of particular interest to the G-2 was the experience that the South Africans had in fighting Cuban forces in Angola. This cooperation coincided with a time when South Africa enjoyed warm relations with the United States and Israel, both of which were key allies of the Guatemalan regime. At the time, the CIA was actively supporting the apartheid regime's efforts to undermine the MPLA government in Angola, mainly through its support of UNITA. Israel had also helped South Africa develop its own arms industry at a time when it was becoming increasingly internationally isolated. 2396:

Almost all guerrilla massacres occurred in 1982 when further militarization reigned and there was widespread presence of PAC in communities; many of them were victims of non-cooperation with the guerrillas and in some cases they came after a previous attack by the PAC. In the massacres perpetrated by the guerrillas there is no use of informants, or concentration of population, or separation of groups; also, there are no recounts of rape or repetitive slaughter. There are cases of razed villages and less tendency to mass flight, even though it occurred in some cases. The use of lists was also more frequent.

1002:; by 1920, the Criollos made up much of the members of both political parties and the elite in the country. For centuries they had intermarried with indigenous peoples and other people of European ancestry. The great majority had some indigenous ancestry but largely identified with European culture. They led the country both politically and intellectually, partly because their education was far superior to that of most of the rest of the residents. Only criollos were admitted to the main political parties; their families largely controlled and for the most part owned the cultivated parts of the country. 275: 2828:

on the part of the junior officers or any other entity. General Lucas was reportedly prepared to resist the coup, and could have easily opposed the coup with his own contingent of troops stationed at the presidential palace, but was coerced into surrendering by being shown his mother and sister held with rifles to their heads. After the overthrow of Lucas Garcia, the home of Lucas's Interior Minister Donaldo Álvarez Ruiz was raided, uncovering a printing press, clandestine jail cells and property taken from police torture victims, including fifty stolen vehicles and scores of gold graduation rings.

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the military developed a parallel, semi-visible, and low profile but high-effect control of Guatemala's national life. It is estimated that 140,000 to 200,000 people were killed or "disappeared" forcefully during the conflict including 40,000 to 50,000 disappearances. Fighting took place between government forces and rebel groups, yet much of the violence was a very large coordinated campaign of one-sided violence by the Guatemalan state against the civilian population from the mid-1960s onward. The military intelligence services coordinated killings and "disappearances" of opponents of the state.

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the National Police under Col. Germán Chupina, who had close ties with the American Chamber of Commerce and with numerous business leaders. The manager of the Coca-Cola franchise in Guatemala City, John C. Trotter from Texas, was apparently a personal friend of Col. Chupina. Trotter would allegedly contact Col. Chupina via telephone regarding the activities of the union at the plant, and many unionists subsequently disappeared or were found dead later. The insurgents had attempted unsuccessfully to assassinate Col. Chupina, as well as Interior Minister Donaldo Álvarez, in February and March 1980.

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Guatemalan Army was involved in the assassination of Ambassador Mein. This was alleged years later to U.S. investigators by a reputed former bodyguard of Col. Arana Osorio named Jorge Zimeri Saffie, who had fled to the U.S. in 1976 and had been arrested on firearms charges in 1977. The Guatemalan police claimed to have "solved" the crime almost immediately, announcing that they had located a suspect on the same day. The suspect "Michele Firk, a French socialist who had rented the car used to kidnap Mein" shot herself as police came to interrogate her. In her notebook Michele had written:

2192:(EGP) carried out a terrorist attack right in front of the Guatemalan National Palace, then the headquarters of the Guatemalan government. The intention was to prevent a huge demonstration that the government had prepared for Sunday, 7 September 1980. In the attack, six adults and a little boy died after two bombs inside a vehicle went off. There was an undetermined number of wounded and heavy material losses, not only from art pieces from the National Palace, but from all the surrounding buildings, particularly in the Lucky Building, which is right across the Presidential Office. 3757:(Argentina's elite special forces battalion) worked directly with the death squads. Through its connections in the Guatemalan security forces, the Argentines were involved with the 'Secret Anticommunist Army' (ESA) carried out thousands of assassinations of leftist political activists, students, unionists and others in Guatemala City during the Lucas Garcia regime as part of its "pacification campaign." Argentine military advisors also participated in the Guatemalan army's rural counteroffensive in 1981 during "Operation Ash 81". Argentina's collaboration with the governments in 1747:

abducted, tortured and killed thousands of leftists, students, labor union leaders and common criminals in Guatemala City. In November 1970, the 'Judicial Police' were formally disbanded and a new semi-autonomous intelligence agency of the National Police was activated known as the 'Detectives Corps' – with members operating in plainclothes – which eventually became notorious for repression. One method of torture commonly used by the National Police at the time consisted of placing a rubber "hood" filled with insecticide over the victim's head to the point of suffocation.

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Republic. On 1 March 1985 the office of the Guatemalan Attorney General was occupied by 100 members of the GAM in protest over the lack of action by the government investigative commission. In the subsequent period the government began to issue warnings to the GAM regarding illegal public protests, starting with a warning from the Interior Minister Gustavo Adolfo Lopez Sandoval to the GAM to cease and desist any protests which blocked public traffic. Gen. Mejia subsequently stated in interviews that he believed the group was being manipulated by leftist forces.

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criminal counterinsurgency." In 1962, the Kennedy administration shifted the mission of the armies in Latin America, including Guatemala, from "hemispheric defense" to "internal security". Charles Meachling Jr., who led U.S. counterinsurgency and internal defense planning from 1961 to 1966, explains the results of this new initiative as a shift from toleration of "the rapacity and cruelty of the Latin American military", to "direct complicity" in their crimes, to U.S. support for "the methods of Heinrich Himmler's extermination squads."

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Guatemala). The army also seized his children from their church and threatened to drag them to death behind a car if he did not give better information. During one session, he was ushered into a room with two men, one of whom was notably taller than the other man and spoke in a heavy North American accent. The American promised Juan better treatment under the condition that he answer his questions, most of which pertained to the URNG's ties with Cuba and whether or not they had received training or medical treatment from the Cubans.

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fielded various paramilitary death squads to supplement regular army and police units in clandestine terror operations against the FAR's civilian support base. Personnel, weapons, funds and operational instructions were supplied to these organizations by the armed forces. The death squads operated with impunity – permitted by the government to kill any civilians deemed to be either insurgents or insurgent collaborators. The civilian membership of the army's paramilitary units consisted largely of right-wing fanatics with ties to the

1113:". He dressed ostentatiously and surrounded himself with statues and paintings of the emperor, regularly commenting on the similarities between their appearances. He militarized numerous political and social institutions—including the post office, schools, and even symphony orchestras—and placed military officers in charge of many government posts. He frequently travelled around the country performing "inspections" in dress uniform, followed by a military escort, a mobile radio station, an official biographer, and cabinet members. 1126:. The three generals promised to convene the national assembly to hold an election for a provisional president, but when the congress met on 3 July, soldiers held everyone at gunpoint and forced them to vote for General Ponce rather than the popular civilian candidate, Dr. Ramón Calderón. Ponce, who had previously retired from military service due to alcoholism, took orders from Ubico and kept many of the officials who had worked in the Ubico administration. The repressive policies of the Ubico administration were continued. 305: 2010:

students, different representations combined to build a higher education institution of higher social projection. In 1978 the University of San Carlos became one of the sectors with more political weight in Guatemala; that year the student movement, faculty and University Governing Board -Consejo Superior Universitario- united against the government and were in favor of opening spaces for the neediest sectors. In order to expand its university extension, the Student Body (AEU) rehabilitated the "Student House" in downtown

217: 1532:, who – in a bid to placate and secure the support of the military establishment – gave it carte blanche to engage in "any means necessary" to pacify the country. The military subsequently ran the counterinsurgency program autonomously from the Presidential House and appointed Vice-Defense Minister, Col. Manuel Francisco Sosa Avila as the main "counterinsurgency coordinator". In addition, the Army General Staff and the Ministry of Defense took control of the Presidential Intelligence Agency – which controlled the 2859:" was implemented on 6 June 1982. The authors of the plan emphasized that "The population's mentality is the principal objective". The program combined the brutal scorched-earth tactics developed and executed under Benedicto Lucas Garcia with social welfare programs and government assistance, both to incentivize civilian cooperation with the army and mitigate the negative effects of army massacres. Ríos Montt also expanded on the "civic action" strategy, which began under Benedicto Lucas. The civilian 1549:("White Hand"); initially formed by the MLN as a paramilitary front in June 1966 to prevent President Méndez Montenegro from taking office, the MANO was quickly taken over by the military and incorporated into the state's counter-terror apparatus. The MANO – while being the only death squad formed autonomously from the government – had a largely military membership, and received substantial funding from wealthy landowners. The MANO also received information from military intelligence through 11570: 1927:

radio of the farm and executed Arenas. Following the assassination, the guerrillas spoke in Ixil language to the farmers, informing them that they were members of the Guerrilla Army of the Poor and had killed the "Ixcán Tiger" due to his alleged multiple crimes against community members. The attackers then fled towards Chajul, while José Luis Arenas' son, who was in San Luis Ixcán at the time, took refuge in a nearby mountain and awaited the arrival of a plane to take him directly to

183: 1739:(MLN-PID). Arana was the first of a string of military rulers allied with the Institutional Democratic Party who dominated Guatemalan politics in the 1970s and 1980s (his predecessor, Julio César Méndez, while dominated by the army, was a civilian). Colonel Arana, who had been in charge of the terror campaign in Zacapa, was an anti-communist hardliner who once stated, "If it is necessary to turn the country into a cemetery in order to pacify it, I will not hesitate to do so." 3536:, where Reagan dismissed reports of human rights abuses by prominent human rights organizations while insisting that Ríos Montt was receiving a "bum rap". Human Rights Watch reported that soon after, the Reagan administration announced that it was dropping a five-year prohibition on arms sales and moreover had "approved a sale of $ 6.36 million worth of military spare parts," to Rios Montt and his forces. Human Rights Watch described the degree of U.S. responsibility thus: 1915:

every year to work on plantations on the Pacific coast to supplement their minuscule earnings. The CUC was the first Indian-led national labor organization and the first to unite Ladino workers and Indian farmers in a struggle for better working conditions. The growth of cooperatives could be attributed to the fact that the new military government – at least on the surface – appeared to support the establishment of cooperatives and unions to improve working conditions.

2351:. Moreover, although the EGP did not intervene directly when the army attacked the civilian population – allegedly due to a lack of supplies and ammunition – it did support some survival strategies. It streamlined, for example, "survival plans" designed to give evacuation instructions in assumption that military incursions took place. Most of the population began to participate in the schemes finding that they represented their only alternative to military repression. 1751:

condemning the repression. On 27 November, National University law professor and government critic Julio Camey Herrera was found murdered. On the following day, radio station owner Humberto Gonzalez Juarez, his business associate Armando Bran Valle and a secretary disappeared, their bodies were subsequently found in a ravine. Later in 1975, a former member of the Detective Corps of the National Police – jailed for a non-political murder – took credit for the killing.

2001:, which completely swept all student body positions that were up for election that year. FRENTE leaders were mostly members of the Patriotic Workers' Youth, the youth wing of the Guatemalan Labor Party -Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo- (PGT), the Guatemalan communist party who had worked in the shadows since it was illegalized in 1954. Unlike other Marxist organizations in Guatemala at the time, PGT leaders trusted the mass movement to gain power through elections. 2911:

characteristic of state-terror under the Lucas Garcia regime. The cable traced the wave of death squad repression to an October 1982 meeting by General Ríos Montt with the "Archivos" intelligence unit in which he gave agents full authorization to "apprehend, hold, interrogate and dispose of suspected guerrillas as they saw fit." This marked the beginning of a gradual return to the conditions which prevailed in Guatemala City under Rios Montt's predecessors.

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of the thirty men seized on 7 July, as well as seven other cases of "disappearances" among the same cooperative were named in a sworn statement to General Kjell Laugerud in November 1975. The Ministry of the Interior responded by denying that the "disappeared" persons had been taken by the government. That same month, a disturbing mimeographed letter sent to Guatemala City cooperatives in the name of the MANO "death squad" was reported in the press:

363: 12007: 667: 648: 521: 509: 497: 485: 473: 461: 449: 437: 425: 413: 401: 389: 171: 132: 11576: 3191: 3059: 204: 1348:. The young officers' were outraged by the staggering corruption of the Ydígoras regime, the government's showing of favoritism in giving military promotions and other rewards to officers who supported Ydígoras, and what they perceived as incompetence in running the country. The immediate trigger for their revolt, however, was Ydígoras' decision to allow the U.S. to train an invasion force in Guatemala to prepare for the planned 3597:

of his body under the supervision of a "gringo" (a man speaking in an American accent) and told repeatedly to confess to being a guerrilla. After days of torture, his blindfold was removed and he was confronted by two Americans claiming to be from the Red Cross who told him that if he confessed to being a guerrilla, they would protect him from further torture. When "David" did not confess, they left and he never saw them again.

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EGP, the regime also began singling out targets among the catechists. Between November 1976 and December 1977, death squads murdered 143 Catholic Action catechists of the 'Diocese of El Quiche.' Documented cases of killings and forced disappearances during this time represent a small fraction of the true number of killings by government forces, especially in the indigenous highlands, as many killings of persons went unreported.

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Limpieza" (Operation Cleanup) an urban counterinsurgency program under the command of Colonel Rafael Arriaga Bosque. This program coordinated the activities of all of the country's main security agencies (including the Army, the Judicial Police and the National Police) in both covert and overt anti-guerrilla operations. Under Arriaga's direction, the security forces began to abduct, torture and kill the PGT's key constituents.

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seconds after the horrific explosion, and found a truly infernal scene in the corner of the 6th avenue and 6th street -where the Presidential Office is located- which had turned into a huge oven -but the solid building where the president worked was safe-. The reporters witnessed the dramatic rescue of the wounded, some of them critical, like the man that completely lost a leg and had only stripes of skin instead.

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surface, previous statements had been made by General Laugerud in which he had condemned cooperatives as a facade for Soviet Communism. Due to the fact that cooperatives had largely been drawn out into the open, it was relatively easy for the intelligence services to collate the names of cooperative members in order to designate targets for an extermination program, which seems to have begun shortly thereafter.

11385: 3856: 833:. Other victims of the repression included activists, suspected government opponents, returning refugees, critical academics, students, left-leaning politicians, trade unionists, religious workers, journalists, and street children. The "Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico" estimated that government forces committed 93% of human right abuses in the conflict, with 3% committed by the guerrillas. 154: 2886:

responsibilities – while they contributed to self-defense actions to hinder the Army's activities. The CCL were local leaders, often communitarian authorities, who served as political representatives for the guerrilla. The death of these leaders was a priority for the Army because it signified the end of the political connection between the guerrilla units and their bases of social support.

3396:, Guatemala's military leaders developed and refined, with U.S. assistance, a massive counter-insurgency campaign that left tens of thousands of massacred, maimed or missing ." Historian Stephen G. Rabe, reports that "in destroying the popularly elected government of Jacobo Arbenz Guzman (1950–1954), the United States initiated a nearly four-decade-long cycle of terror and repression." The 1105:, saying at one point: "I am like Hitler. I execute first and ask questions later." Ubico was disdainful of the indigenous population, calling them "animal-like", and stated that to become "civilized" they needed mandatory military training, comparing it to "domesticating donkeys". He gave away hundreds of thousands of hectares to the United Fruit Company, exempted them from taxes in 2326:

presence in the Highlands, a new insurgent movement called the ORPA (Revolutionary Organization of Armed People) made itself known. Composed of local youths and university intellectuals, the ORPA developed out of a movement called the Regional de Occidente, which split from the FAR-PGT in 1971. The ORPA's leader, Rodrigo Asturias (a former activist with the PGT and first-born son of

2895:

rights of average citizens who lived in secure areas (mostly in the cities) and had nothing to do with subversion. The second set of rules would be applied to the areas where subversion was prevalent. In these areas ('war zones') the rules of unconventional warfare would apply. Guerrillas would be destroyed by fire and their infrastructure eradicated by social welfare programs."

3249:(or autocoup) failed due to unified, strong protests by most elements of Guatemalan society, international pressure, and the army's enforcement of the decisions of the Court of Constitutionality, which ruled against the attempted takeover. Serrano fled the country. An Intelligence Oversight Board report (secret at the time) states that the CIA helped in stopping this autocoup. 2140:," had "sacrificed the hostages and immolated themselves afterward." Ambassador Cajal denied the claims of the Guatemalan government and Spain immediately terminated diplomatic relations with Guatemala, calling the action a violation of "the most elementary norms of international law." Relations between Spain and Guatemala were not normalized until 22 September 1984. 2045:. Although not strictly an armed group, FERG sought confrontation with government forces all the time, giving prominence to measures that could actually degenerate into mass violence and paramilitary activity. Its members were not interested in working within an institutional framework and never asked permission for their public demonstrations or actions. 2946:

of the political institutions. It eradicated opponents in the government through terror and selective assassinations. The counterinsurgency program had militarized Guatemalan society, creating a fearful atmosphere of terror that suppressed most public agitation and insurgency. The military had consolidated its power in virtually all sectors of society.

3789:

Valle was one of 120 trainees from several Central American countries who attended courses offered by American, Argentine, Chilean and Panamanian advisors. Valle claims that among these trainees were 60 to 70 officers from El Salvador and Guatemala. Guatemalans were also trained in Argentina as well. In October 1981, the Guatemalan government and the

3572:

Intelligence Directorate (D-2), one D-2 commander stated, "It's quite simple and I won't deny it: between the 1960s and 1990s, we had a structure from the CIA. The money, the resources, the training, and the relations were all from and through the CIA. This was the case because our intelligence, in the end, has had to serve the interests of the U.S."

2899:

disbanded the 'Detectives Corps' of the National Police and replaced it with the 'Department of Technical Investigations' (DIT). Additionally, Col. Germán Chupina Barahona – who was responsible for much of the repression in the capital under Lucas – was forced to resign and Col. Hernán Ponce Nitsch, a former instructor at the U.S. Army

1049:"Independent tillers" live in the most remote provinces. Some people, often Mayan, survived by growing crops of maize, wheat, or beans. They tried to cultivate some of the excess to sell in the market areas of the towns. They often carried their goods on their back for up to 40 kilometres (25 mi) a day to reach such markets. 3005:

their demands for the whereabouts of their missing. A second meeting on 30 November 1984 led to the formation of a government commission to investigate the reports of the GAM's charges. The following month, the GAM met with the commission. The subsequent inaction of the commission in the following months led to protest.

2136:(Patriotic Front of 31 January or FP-31). The incident has been called "the defining event" of the Guatemalan Civil War. The Guatemalan government issued a statement claiming that its forces had entered the embassy at the request of the Spanish Ambassador, and that the occupiers of the embassy, whom they referred to as " 1165:, organizing a band of revolutionary exiles. On 19 October 1944, a small group of soldiers and students led by Árbenz and Arana attacked the National Palace in what later became known as the "October Revolution". Ponce was defeated and driven into exile; Árbenz, Arana, and a lawyer named Jorge Toriello established a 3036:

perforce came mainly from center to far-right parties, and independent or critical media outlets were nonexistent. Repression confined most citizen participation in formal national politics to voting. Only a tiny minority of center and right-wing party activists engaged in campaigns, and repression kept turnout low.

3480:

1979 and May 1980. In August 1980, it was reported that the U.S. had reversed its position entirely on multilateral development assistance to Guatemala. At that time, the U.S. refused to veto a $ 51 million loan from the IDB that was earmarked for government use in the turbulent Quiché area of northern Guatemala.

1911:(later president from 1982 to 1983) and leftist economist Alberto Fuentes Mohr. Inflation, imbalance, public outrage at the electoral fraud, and discontent with human rights violations generated widespread protest and civil disobedience. A mass social movement emerged that persisted throughout much of the decade. 4021:

José Luis Arenas, who at that time a journalist called "Ixcán Tiger" had been active in Guatemalan politics. He joined as Congress of Republic in the period of Jacobo Arbenz in the opposition; in 1952, he founded the Anti-communist Unification Party (AUP), which later became part of the liberationist

3788:

In addition to training officers in Guatemala, Argentine advisors are alleged to have trained Guatemalan officers in Honduras. Argentine training of Guatemalans in Honduras has been attested to by a defector from Battalion 3–16, Jose Federico Valle, who described his training in intelligence in 1980.

3592:

It is unknown to what extent American military and intelligence personnel participated directly in torture and human rights abuses in Guatemala. Few citizens who were taken and tortured by the military and intelligence services survived and most were "disappeared". However, a handful of those who did

3558:

The CEH's coordinator, Christian Tomuschat, stated that until the mid-1980s the United States government and U.S.-based multinationals exerted strong pressures "to maintain the country's archaic and unjust socioeconomic structures." In addition, he said, U.S. intelligence agencies, including the CIA,

3520:

light tanks were illegally delivered to Guatemala by ASCO – a Belgian company – at a cost of US$ 34 million. The 10 tanks were part of a U.S. government authorized shipment of 22 tanks from Belgium to the Dominican Republic. Only twelve of the tanks were unloaded and the remainder were shipped to the

3479:

Additionally, the reaction of U.S. policymakers in multilateral lending institutions was at best ambiguous during the Carter administration and economic and financial aid continued to reach Guatemala. The U.S. only voted against 2 of 7 multilateral development bank loans for Guatemala between October

3475:

credits, as well as export licensing for commercial arms sales worth $ 1.8 million, a rate which differs very little from that of the Nixon-Ford Administrations. According to Elias Barahona, former Press Secretary for the Ministry of Home Affairs in Guatemala from 1976 to 1980, the United States also

2910:

However, in February 1983, a then-confidential CIA cable noted a rise in "suspect right-wing violence" in the capital, with an increasing number of kidnappings (particularly of educators and students) and a concomitant increase in the number of corpses recovered from ditches and gullies, previously a

2827:

and deposed General Romeo Lucas Garcia. The coup was not supported by any entities within the Lucas government aside from the junior officers involved in engineering the coup. At the time of the coup, the majority of Lucas Garcia's senior officers were reportedly unaware of any previous coup plotting

2399:

In a publication of the Army of Guatemala, sixty massacres perpetrated by the EGP were reported, arguing that they were mostly ignored by REHMI and the Historical Clarification Commission reports. It is also reported that in mid-1982, 32 members of "Star Guerilla Front " were shot for not raising the

2321:

stated, "Between January and November of 1980, some 3,000 people described by government representatives as "subversives" and "criminals" were either shot on the spot in political assassinations or seized and murdered later; at least 364 others seized in this period have not yet been accounted for."

2309:

The daily number of killings by official and unofficial security forces increased from an pdpepepelelelelepe average of 20 to 30 in 1979 to a conservative estimate of 30 to 40 daily in 1980. Human rights sources estimated 5,000 Guatemalans were killed by the government for "political reasons" in 1980

2085:

unit of the National Police – on 15 January 1980. On the day of his death, Lima López was sporting a U.S. Army signet ring. The National Police said López, 32, had driven away from his house in downtown Guatemala City when gunmen in another vehicle pulled up next to him and opened fire with automatic

1988:

Due to his seniority in both the military and economic elites in Guatemala, as well as the fact that he spoke q'ekchi perfectly, one of the Guatemalan indigenous languages, Lucas García became the ideal candidate for the 1978 elections; and to further enhance his image, he was paired with the leftist

1708:

The assassination of Ambassador Mein led to public calls for tougher counterinsurgency measures by the military and an increase in U.S. security assistance. This was followed by a renewed wave of "death squad" killings of members of the opposition, under the guise of new Defense Minister Col. Rolando

1702:

It is hard to find the words to express the state of putrefaction that exists in Guatemala, and the permanent terror in which the inhabitants live. Everyday bodies are pulled out of the Motagua River, riddled with bullets and partially eaten by fish. Every day men are kidnapped right in the street by

1696:

was assassinated by FAR rebels one block from the U.S. consulate on Avenida Reforma in Guatemala City. U.S. officials believed that FAR intended to kidnap him in order to negotiate an exchange, but instead, they shot him when he attempted to escape. Some sources suggested that the high command of the

1356:

without consulting the Guatemalan military and without sharing with the military the payoff he received in exchange from the U.S. government. The military was concerned about the infringement on the sovereignty of their country as unmarked U.S. warplanes piloted by US-based Cuban exiles flew in large

3496:

When Gen. Efrain Rios Montt seized power in 1982, the administration saw an opportunity to justify additional aid for Guatemala, including a $ 4 million shipment of helicopter spare parts. In October 1982, it was discovered that the U.S. Army Special Forces were instructing Guatemalan Army cadets in

3139:

With Cerezo's election, the military moved away from governing and returned to the more traditional role of providing internal security, specifically by fighting armed insurgents. The first two years of Cerezo's administration were characterized by a stable economy and a marked decrease in political

2009:

was elected as President of the Student Body and Saúl Osorio Paz as President of the university; plus they had ties with the university workers union (STUSC) through their PGT connections. Osorio Paz gave space and support to the student movement and instead of having a conflictive relationship with

1968:

shook Guatemala. Over 23,000 Guatemalans perished in the disaster and close to a million were left without adequate housing. The earthquake had a political effect as well: the visible incapacity and corruption of the government to deal with the effects of the catastrophe led to a rise in independent

1926:

On Saturday, 7 June 1975 landowner José Luis Arenas was assassinated on the premises of his farm "La Perla." In front of his office there were approximately two to three hundred peasant workers to receive payment. Hidden among the workers were four members of the EGP, who destroyed the communication

1914:

Coinciding with the election of Kjell Laugerud was the rise to prominence of labor organizations in rural Guatemala, such as the CUC. When the CUC (Committee for Peasant Unity) first began organizing in the countryside in the early 1970s more than 300,000 rural peasants left the Guatemalan altiplano

1779:

and domestic human rights organizations such as 'Committee of Relatives of Disappeared Persons', over 7,000 civilian opponents of the security forces were 'disappeared' or found dead in 1970 and 1971, followed by an additional 8,000 in 1972 and 1973. In the period between January and September 1973,

1742:

Despite minimal armed insurgent activity at the time, Arana announced another "state of siege" on 13 November 1970 and imposed a curfew from 9:00 PM to 5:00 AM, during which time all vehicle and pedestrian traffic — including ambulances, fire engines, nurses, and physicians—were forbidden throughout

1712:

On 31 March 1970 West German Ambassador Count Karl Von Sprite was kidnapped when his car was intercepted by armed men belonging to the FAR. The FAR subsequently put out a ransom note in which they demanded $ 700,000 ransom and the release of 17 political prisoners (which was eventually brought up to

1524:

On 3 and 5 March 1966, the G-2 (military intelligence) and the Judicial Police raided three houses in Guatemala City, capturing twenty-eight trade unionists and members of the PGT. Those captured included most of the PGT's central committee and peasant federation leader Leonardo Castillo Flores. All

853:

report–prepared by the UN-appointed Commission for Historical Clarification. It was also the first time that the court recognized the rape and abuse which Mayan women suffered. Of the 1465 cases of rape that were reported, soldiers were responsible for 94.3 percent. The Commission concluded that the

3648:

was planning to exploit Israeli intelligence networks to secretly arrange for the loan of 10 UH-1H "Huey" helicopters to Guatemala, which lacked the FMS (Foreign Military Sales) credits to obtain the helicopters. The memo reads, "With regard to the loan of ten helicopters, it is understanding that

3596:

One man known as "David" was abducted by plainclothes soldiers in Guatemala City in 1969. He was stripped, beaten, burned with cigarettes and hooded with a bag full of insecticide before being fondled and threatened with rape. He was then subjected to repeated electric shocks on the sensitive parts

3575:

An Intelligence Oversight Board report from 1996 writes that military aid was stopped during the Carter administration but later resumed under the Reagan Administration. "After a civilian government under President Cerezo was elected in 1985, overt non-lethal U.S. military aid to Guatemala resumed.

3562:

Among them, Colonel Julio Roberto Alpirez, base commander of the Military Intelligence Section (G-2). Alpirez discussed in an interview how the CIA helped advise and to run G-2. He claimed that U.S. agents trained G-2 men. Alpirez described attending CIA sessions at G-2 bases on "contra-subversion"

3540:

In light of its long record of apologies for the government of Guatemala, and its failure to repudiate publicly those apologies even at a moment of disenchantment, we believe that the Reagan Administration shares in the responsibility for the gross abuses of human rights practiced by the government

3488:

After the election of Ronald Reagan, the U.S. undertook more active measures to ensure close relations with the Guatemalan government. In April 1981, President Reagan's national security team agreed to supply military aid to the Guatemalan regime in order to exterminate leftist guerrillas and their

3279:

Under de León, the peace process, now brokered by the United Nations, took on new life. The government and the URNG signed agreements on human rights (March 1994), resettlement of displaced persons (June 1994), historical clarification (June 1994), and indigenous rights (March 1995). They also made

2945:

By the time Oscar Humberto Mejia Victores assumed power, the counterinsurgency under Lucas Garcia and Ríos Montt had largely succeeded in its objective of detaching the insurgency from its civilian support base. Additionally, Guatemalan military intelligence (G-2) had succeeded in infiltrating most

2906:

Since the insurgency operated in remote rural areas, the application of "unconventional warfare" became less prevalent in the capital. According to some observers, the decline in extralegal tactics by the National Police and intelligence services and the passing of press censorship laws offered the

2894:

While wholesale killings of indigenous peasants escalated to unprecedented levels in the countryside, "death squad" killings in the cities decreased. A U.S. defense attaché report informed Washington in April 1982 that "The army intended to act with two sets of rules, one to protect and respect the

2796:

By way of a policy of forced recruitment, Gen. Benedicto Lucas began organizing a "task-force" model for fighting the insurgency, by which strategic mobile forces of 3,000 to 5,000 troops were drawn from larger military brigades for search and destroy missions in the highlands. These operations led

2374:

In 1980, armed insurgents assassinated prominent Ixil landowner Enrique Brol, and president of the CACIF (Coordinating Committee of Agricultural, Commercial, Industrial, and Financial Associations) Alberto Habie. In October 1980, a tripartite alliance was formalized between the EGP, the FAR and the

2325:

With the mass movement being ravaged by covertly sanctioned terror in the cities and brutal army repression in the countryside, its constituents saw no other option than to take up arms against the regime, which led to the growth of the insurgent movement. At the same time the EGP was expanding its

2147:

In one incident on 21 June 1980, 60 non-uniformed agents – likely from the Detectives Corps – seized and detained 27 members of the National Workers Union (CNT) during an attack on its headquarters, in which uniformed police blocked off the streets surrounding the building. The trade unionists were

2143:

The climate of fear maintained by the Lucas government in Guatemala City persisted through 1980 and 1981. Political killings and disappearances of residents were common-place and ordinary residents lived in terror of the death squads. A coordinated campaign against trade unionists was undertaken by

2127:

in doing so. The peasants barricaded themselves, along with the captive embassy staff and the visiting Guatemalan officials, in the ambassador's office on the second floor. A fire ensued as "Commando Six" prevented those inside of the embassy from exiting the building. In all, 36 people were killed

2105:

by elements of the Guatemalan Army. Guatemalan government officials, including the National Police Detective Corps Chief, branded them as guerilleros, collaborators, and subversives, warning people on radio and television not to be fooled by the campesinos' appearance. A special meeting was held in

1942:

On 7 July 1975, one month to the date after the assassination of Arenas, a contingent of army paratroopers arrived in the marketplace of Ixcán Grande. There they seized 30 men who were members of the Xalbal cooperative and took them away in helicopters; all were subsequently "disappeared". The case

1830:

In those years, the importance of the region was in livestock, exploitation of precious export wood, and archaeological wealth. Timber contracts were granted to multinational companies such as Murphy Pacific Corporation from California, which invested US$ 30 million for the colonization of southern

1783:

Amnesty International mentioned Guatemala as one of several countries under a human rights state of emergency, while citing "the high incidence of disappearances of Guatemalan citizens" as a major and continuing problem in its 1972–1973 annual report. Overall, as many as 42,000 Guatemalan civilians

1746:

While government repression continued in the countryside, the majority of victims of government repression under Arana were residents of the capital. "Special commandos" of the military and the Fourth Corps of the National Police acting "under government control but outside the judicial processes",

1613:

In January 1967, the Guatemalan Army formed the 'Special Commando Unit of the Guatemalan Army' – SCUGA – a thirty-five man commando unit composed of anti-communist army officers and right-wing civilians, which was placed under the command of Colonel Máximo Zepeda. The SCUGA – which the CIA referred

3825:

independence movement. South Africa is also alleged to have offered to deploy counterinsurgency troops to Guatemala, though what was made of this offer by their Guatemalan counterparts is unknown. It was also reported in November of the following year, that high ranking South African Generals L.B.

3256:

Despite considerable congressional resistance, presidential and popular pressure led to a November 1993 agreement brokered by the Catholic Church between the administration and Congress. This package of constitutional reforms was approved by popular referendum on 30 January 1995. In August 1994, a

2898:

Pursuant with the army's new "set of rules", Rios Montt began to make changes in the intelligence apparatus and disbanded – or renamed – some of the security structures which had become infamous for repression in the capital under previous regimes. In March 1982, shortly after the coup, Rios Montt

2854:

The architects of the counterinsurgency program under Rios Montt were aware of the social problems generated by the counterinsurgency under Lucas Garcia; the most counterproductive was the widespread antipathy generated amongst towards the State through indiscriminate mass murder. A compromise was

2800:

Meanwhile, relations between the Guatemalan military establishment and the Lucas García regime worsened. Professionals within the Guatemalan military considered the Lucas approach counterproductive, on grounds that the Lucas government's strategy of military action and systematic terror overlooked

2788:

Relying on continued material support from the United States and US-allied third parties, the armed forces under Army Chief of Staff, Benedicto Lucas García (the president's brother, known as "General Benny") initiated a strategy of "scorched earth" to "separate and isolate the insurgents from the

2300:

system used to monitor electrical and water usage as a means of pinpointing the coordinates of potential guerrilla safe-houses. In the July 1981, tanks and shock troops were mobilized for a massive series of raids to shut down the guerrilla bases operating in the city. Thirty ORPA safe-houses were

1954:

A total of 60 cooperative leaders were murdered or "disappeared" in Ixcan between June and December 1975. An additional 163 cooperative and village leaders were assassinated by death squads between 1976 and 1978. Believing that the Catholic Church constituted a major part of the social base of the

1922:

did not begin his term with the use of military repression to consolidate power and seemed to favor negotiation between unions and industries over than silencing the workers through violence. The public support given to cooperatives under General Laugerud prompted the U.S. Agency for International

1826:

inherited Saquixquib and Punta de Boloncó farms in northeastern Sebol. In 1963 he bought the farm "San Fernando" El Palmar de Sejux and finally bought the "Sepur" farm near San Fernando. During those years, Lucas was in the Guatemalan legislature and lobbied in Congress to boost investment in that

1627:

Operations carried out under by the SCUGA and the Fourth Corps were usually carried out under the guise of paramilitary fronts, such as RAYO, NOA, CADEG and others. By 1967, at least twenty such death squads operated in Guatemala City which posted blacklists of suspected "communists" who were then

1539:

In the city and in the countryside, persons suspected of leftist sympathies began to disappear or turn up dead at an unprecedented rate. In the countryside most "disappearances" and killings were carried out by uniformed army patrols and by locally known PMA or military commissioners, while in the

813:

During the 1980s, the Guatemalan military assumed close to absolute government power for five years; it successfully infiltrated and eliminated enemies in every socio-political institution of the nation including the political, social, and intellectual classes. In the final stage of the civil war,

3752:

regime during its own "dirty war" against leftist "subversives" and suspected guerillas. Argentine military advisors sent to Guatemala (as well as El Salvador and Honduras) were veterans of the "dirty war" who were familiar with the techniques employed by the military and security forces and were

3549:

went on television to defend the announced resumption of military aid: The army massacres and the ensuing refugee flows should be blamed "on the guerrillas who are fighting the government", he said. Massacres and refugees are "the price of stability." As opposition to U.S. policy grew, the London

3438:

cited estimates that 3,000 to 8,000 peasants were killed by the army and paramilitary organizations in Zacapa and Izabal under Colonel Arana between October 1966 and March 1968. Other estimates are that 15,000 peasants were killed to eliminate 300 suspected rebels. After July 1966, when President

3412:

The report by the Historical Clarification Commission (CEH) shows that the United States institutionalized its "National Security Doctrine" in nearly every country in Latin America. In Guatemala, this strategy was first implemented "as anti-reformist, then anti-democratic policies, culminating in

3004:

In November 1984, the GAM boldly organized a "symbolic journey" to the constituent assembly where they met with the assembly president to demand information on the whereabouts of their "disappeared" relatives. After several days, they were received by General Mejia personally. There they repeated

2988:

On 18 February 1984, student leader Edgar Fernando Garcia "disappeared" after being seized and dragged into a van on the outskirts of a market near his home in Guatemala City. Fernando Garcia was a trade unionist and member of the outlawed PGT who was studying engineering at the University of San

2831:

Within two months after seizing power, Ríos Montt worked to strengthen his personal power and began eliminating those officers which he believed to be involved in counter-coup plotting. One particularly cohesive group of officers opposed to Ríos was the Guatemalan Military Academy promotion class

2118:

to negotiate, a decision was made among Gen. Lucas García's cabinet to forcibly expel the group occupying the embassy. Shortly before noon, about 300 heavily armed state agents cordoned off the area to vehicular traffic and cut the electricity, water and telephone lines. Under the orders from Lt.

1885:

In 1974 the insurgent guerrilla group held its first conference, where it defined its strategy of action for the coming months and called itself Guerrilla Army of the Poor (-Ejército Guerrillero de Los Pobres -EGP-). In 1975 the organization had spread around the area of the mountains of northern

1762:

A number of death squads – run by the police and intelligence services – emerged in the capital during this period. In one incident on 13 October 1972, ten people were knifed to death in the name of a death squad known as the "Avenging Vulture." Guatemalan government sources confirmed to the U.S.

1618:

of both real and suspected communists. The SCUGA also worked with the Mano Blanca for a period before inter-agency rivalry took over. In March 1967, after Vice-Defense Minister and counterinsurgency coordinator Col. Francisco Sosa Avila was named director-general of the National Police, a special

1045:

are day-laborers who were contracted to work for certain periods of time. They were paid a daily wage. In theory, each "mozo" was free to dispose of his labor as he or she pleased, but they were bound to the property by economic ties. They could not leave until they had paid off their debt to the

3687:

Though primarily a proxy for the United States, impact of Israeli training and the role of Israeli advisors in prosecuting the war during this period was publicly emphasized numerous times by top-ranking Guatemalan military officials during the 1980s. In 1981, Guatemalan Army Chief-of-Staff Gen.

3600:

In another testimony, a fourteen-year-old boy known as "Miguel" was abducted in Guatemala City with two of his friends in 1982. Members of his family and several other friends were also seized by security forces. Over the course of two days, "Miguel" and his friends where beaten, denied food and

2885:

Although the plan distinguished between the army's objectives regarding the FIL and the CCL, both groups were local unarmed campesinos living and working in the targeted areas of operation. The FIL were civilians whose routine labors continued – tending their crops in the field or their domestic

2395:

According to a report by the rightist magazine "Crónica", there were 1258 guerrilla actions against civilians and infrastructure in Guatemala, including more than two hundred murders, sixty eight kidnappings, eleven bombs against embassies and three hundred twenty-nine attacks against civilians.

2366:

to resign from his position on 1 September 1980. In his resignation, Villagran cited his disapproval of the government's human rights record as one of the primary reasons for his resignation. He then went into voluntary exile in the United States, taking a position in the Legal Department of the

2291:

Despite advances by the insurgency, the insurgency made a series of fatal strategic errors. The successes made by the revolutionary forces in Nicaragua against the Somoza regime combined with the insurgency's own successes against the Lucas government led rebel leaders to falsely conclude that a

2173:

Beheaded corpses hanging from their legs in between what is left from blown up cars, shapeless bodies among glass shards and tree branches all over the place is what a terrorist attack caused yesterday at 9:35 am. El Gráfico reporters were able to get to exact place where the bomb went off, only

1609:

At the time of the Zacapa campaign, the government launched a parallel counter-terror program in the cities. Part of this new initiative was the increased militarization of the police forces and the activation of several new counter-terror units of the army and the National Police for performing

1496:

In November 1965, U.S. Public Safety Advisor John Longan arrived in Guatemala on temporary loan from his post in Venezuela to assist senior military and police officials in establishing an urban counterinsurgency program. With the assistance of Longan, the Guatemalan Military launched "Operation

858:

between 1981 and 1983. Ríos Montt was the first former head of state to be tried for genocide by his own country's judicial system; he was found guilty and sentenced to 80 years in prison. A few days later, however, the sentence was reversed by the country's high court. They called for a renewed

3620:(TASSC). In 1989, while working as a missionary in Guatemala, Ortiz was kidnapped, tortured, and gang raped by state security agents, receiving 111 second-degree cigarette burns. She identified the leader of the unit as a North American with the U.S. embassy and said that several members of the 3492:

The U.S. provided military logistical support to the Guatemalan Army, which was reclassified as non-military "regional stability controls" to circumvent the Congressional Embargo. Such aid included a $ 3.2 million shipment of 150 jeeps and trucks and shipments of three Bell-212 and six Bell-412

3035:

The elections in Guatemala in 1985 and 1990 as well as those in El Salvador in 1982, 1984, 1988, 1989, and 1991 were held against a background of state-sponsored terror that had taken tens of thousands of lives and had disarticulated most mass-based civic and political organizations. Candidates

3030:

In 1985 the United States encouraged civilian rule and elections in Guatemala. When these emerged, Washington proclaimed the birth of "democracy" in one of its client states. The elections themselves were internationally acclaimed procedurally fair but were also considered deficient in terms of

3013:

The military government of General Mejia Victores evinced no real desire to make concessions with the GAM and treated the organization as a front for leftist subversion. This was especially true when the GAM's actions began to attract international attention to the human rights situation in the

2159:

On 24 August 1980, plainclothes National Police and Army soldiers under the direction of Alfonso Ortiz, the Deputy Chief of the Detectives Corps, abducted 17 union leaders and a Catholic administrator from a seminar at the "Emaus Medio Monte" estate belonging to the diocese of Escuintla, on the

1948:

We know of your PROCOMMUNIST attitude...We know by experience that all labor organizations and cooperatives always fall into the power of Communist Leaders infiltrated into them. We have the organization and the force to prevent this from happening again... There are THIRTY THOUSAND CLANDESTINE

1834:

In 1962, the DGAA became the National Institute of Agrarian Reform (INTA), by Decree 1551 which created the law of Agrarian Transformation. In 1964, INTA defined the geography of the FTN as the northern part of the departments of Huehuetenango, Quiché, Alta Verapaz and Izabal and that same year

1593:

cited estimates that between 3,000 and 8,000 peasants were killed by the army and paramilitary organizations in Zacapa and Izabal between October 1966 and March 1968. Other estimates put the death toll at 15,000 in Zacapa during the Mendez period. As a result, Colonel Arana Osorio subsequently

1589:

clandestine detention camps for interrogation. In villages which the Army suspected were pro-guerrilla, the Army rounded up all of the peasant leaders and publicly executed them, threatening to kill additional civilians if the villagers did not cooperate with the authorities. In a 1976 report,

1576:

in October 1966 dubbed "Operation Guatemala." Colonel Arana Osorio was appointed commander of the Zacapa-Izabal Military Zone and took charge of the counter-terror program with guidance and training from 1,000 U.S. Green Berets. Under Colonel Arana's jurisdiction, military strategists armed and

3800:

Argentina also provided shipments of military hardware to the Guatemalan regime in the late-1970s and early-1980s, though the scale of these shipments is unknown. The government of Argentina is known to have supplied quantities of Israeli-made weapons and hardware to the Guatemalan military on

2863:

bands fielded by Lucas were renamed "civilian self-defense patrols" (PACs), and the army began conscripting large portions of the rural civilian population into the militias. At the start of the Rios Montt period there were approximately 25,000 civilians in the PACs. In the subsequent eighteen

2346:

In 1979 the EGP controlled a large amount of territory in the Ixil Triangle and held many demonstrations in Nebaj, Chajul and Cotzal. That year, the owners of "La Perla" established links with the army and for the first time a military detachment was installed within the property; in this same

1993:

as his running mate. Villagrán Kramer was a man of recognized democratic trajectory, having participated in the Revolution of 1944, and was linked to the interests of transnational corporations and elites, as he was one of the main advisers of agricultural, industrial and financial chambers of

1647:

By the end of 1967, the counterinsurgency program had resulted in the virtual defeat of the FAR insurgency in Zacapa and Izabal and the retreat of many of its members to Guatemala City. President Mendez Montenegro suggested in his annual message to congress in 1967 that the insurgents had been

1121:

and nationwide protests. He had planned to hand over power to the former director of policy, General Roderico Anzueto, whom he felt he could control. But his advisors noted that Anzueto's pro-Nazi sympathies had made him unpopular and that he would not be able to control the military. So Ubico

3683:

Numerous sources – including the Israeli press – estimated that up to 300 Israeli advisors were operating in Guatemala. The nature of Israel's advisory role in Guatemala included training in intelligence and surveillance and courses in urban counterinsurgency. With funding from USAID, Israeli

3604:

Another man "Juan" was a URNG guerrilla who was captured by the army in 1988 and turned over to the G-2 for interrogation. He was beaten with a bat, shocked on the testicles and underarms with electrodes and suffocated with a rubber hood full of insecticide (a very common torture technique in

2378:

In early 1981, the insurgency mounted the largest offensive in the country's history. This was followed by an additional offensive towards the end of the year, in which many civilians were forced to participate by the insurgents. Villagers worked with the insurgency to sabotage roads and army

2036:

Now, FRENTE had to face the radical left, represented then by the Student Revolutionary Front "Robin García" (FERG), which emerged during the Labor Day march of 1 May 1978. FERG coordinated several student associations on different colleges within University of San Carlos and public secondary

1938:

Despite the Defense Minister's denial of the presence of guerrillas in Ixcán, the government responded to these new guerrilla actions by systematically eliminating many cooperative leaders in the Guatemalan highlands. While the new government appeared to support cooperative development on the

1758:

went on a general strike to protest the killing of students by the security forces; they called for an end to the "state of siege." On 27 November 1971, the Guatemalan military responded with an extensive raid on the main campus of the university, seeking cached weapons. It mobilized 800 army

1669:

incident by implicating guerilla forces in the kidnapping; the Archbishop was well known for his extremely conservative views and it was considered that he might have organized a "self-kidnapping" to harm the reputation of the guerillas. However, he refused to go along with the scheme and his

1072:

military regimes in Central American history. Just as Estrada Cabrera had done during his government, Ubico created a widespread network of spies and informants and had political opponents tortured and put to death. A wealthy aristocrat (with an estimated income of $ 215,000 per year in 1930s

1881:

On 19 January 1972, members of a new Guatemalan guerrilla movement (made up of surviving former leaders of the FAR) entered Ixcán, from Mexico, and were accepted by many farmers; in 1973, after an exploratory foray into the municipal seat of Cotzal, the insurgent group decided to set up camp

1750:

Some of the first victims of Arana's state of the siege were his critics in the press and in the university. In Guatemala City on 26 November 1970, security forces captured and disappeared journalists Enrique Salazar Solorzano and Luis Perez Diaz in an apparent reprisal for newspaper stories

1540:

cities the abductions and "disappearances" were usually carried out by heavily armed men in plainclothes, operating out of the army and police installations. The army and police denied responsibility, pointing the finger at right-wing paramilitary death squads autonomous from the government.

10980:

Guatemala and El Salvador, Latin America's worst human rights violators in 1980 : Central America replaces Southern Cone as epicenter of the region's most repressive regimes: Argentina, Chile, Haiti, Uruguay, Bolivia, Paraguay and Guyana also denounced for excessive violations of human

3571:

civilian airport and from a separate U.S. Air facility. The CIA also supplied the Guatemalan army and G-2 with "civil material assistance," which included medical supplies, Vietnam-era metal jeep parts, compasses, and walkie-talkies. When asked to summarize the CIA's relations with the Army

1588:

Blacklists were compiled of suspected guerilla's collaborators and those with communist leanings, as troops and paramilitaries moved through Zacapa systematically arresting suspected insurgents and collaborators; prisoners were either killed on the spot or "disappeared" after being taken to

2148:

taken away in unmarked Toyota jeeps or forced into their own cars and taken away. All 27 members of the CNT seized on that day disappeared while in the custody of the police. Among those abducted were members of the union representing the workers of the Coca-Cola plant under John Trotter.

3340:

By the end of the war, it is estimated that 140,000–200,000 people had been killed or had disappeared. The overwhelming majority of those killed in human rights abuses were victims of official-sanctioned terror by government forces. The internal conflict is described in the report of the

1772:), described in a U.S. State Department intelligence cable as "a largely military membership with some civilian cooperation". The 'Ojo por Ojo' tortured, killed and mutilated scores of civilians linked to the PGT or suspected of collaborating with the FAR in the first half of the 1970s. 3252:

Pursuant to the 1985 constitution, the Guatemalan Congress on 5 June 1993 elected de León, the Human Rights Ombudsman, to complete Serrano's presidential term. He was not a member of any political party; lacking a political base but with strong popular support, he launched an ambitious

3700:, a leading military official during the conflict, mentioned the United States, Israel, and Argentina as countries that "spontaneously" offered military aid Guatemala. Despite some public praise for Israel, some Guatemalan officials were nonetheless critical of Israel's role. General 1767:

that the "Avenging Vulture" and other similar death squads operating during the time period were a "smokescreen" for extralegal tactics being employed by the National Police against non-political delinquents. Another infamous death squad active during this time was the 'Ojo por Ojo'

2155:

of the National Police, was assassinated along with his driver and two bodyguards while on his way to work. This was followed by the assassinations of three police agents, two special agents of the Army G-2 and a security guard of the Ministry of the Interior in the following week.

3559:

provided direct and indirect support to "some illegal state operations". In the 1980s and 1990s, the CIA employed Guatemalan intelligence officials as informants and supplied them with intelligence for their war efforts against guerrillas, farmers, peasants, and other opponents.

1433:(FAR) in December 1962. Also affiliated with the FAR was the FGEI (Edgar Ibarra Guerrilla Front). The MR-13, PGT and the FGEI each operated in different parts of the country as three separate "frentes" (fronts); the MR-13 established itself in the mostly Ladino departments of 1713:

25). The Mendez government refused to cooperate with the FAR, causing outrage among the diplomatic community and the German government. Ten days later on 9 April 1970, Von Sprite was found dead after an anonymous phone call was made disclosing the whereabouts of his remains.

1610:

urban counter-terror functions, particularly extralegal activities against opponents of the state. The National Police were subsequently transformed into an adjunct of the military and became a frontline force in the government's urban pacification program against the left.

809:

along with a group of junior army officers, seized power in a military coup on 23 March 1982. In the 1970s social discontent continued among the large populations of indigenous people and peasants. Many organized into insurgent groups and began to resist government forces.

3140:

violence. Dissatisfied military personnel made two coup attempts in May 1988 and May 1989, but military leadership supported the constitutional order. The government was heavily criticized for its unwillingness to investigate or prosecute cases of human rights violations.

3550:

Economist, three months later observed, "What liberal Americans can reasonably expect is that a condition of military help to Guatemala should be an easing of the political persecution of the center – which played into the hands of the extreme left in the first place."

3143:

The final two years of Cerezo's government also were marked by a failing economy, strikes, protest marches, and allegations of widespread corruption. The government's inability to deal with many of the nation's problems – such as infant mortality, illiteracy, deficient

3660:), but also working to oppose the Soviet Union and grow the market for Israeli arms. The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) calculates that 39 percent of Guatemala's weapons imports between 1975 and 1979 were from Israel. These shipments included 1489:(anti-guerrilla warfare). In addition, U.S. police and "Public Safety" advisers were sent to reorganize the Guatemalan police forces. In response to increased insurgent activity in the capital, a specialty squad of the National Police was organized in June 1965 called 10357: 4026:

he held various public offices. During Carlos Arana Osorio presidency (1970–1974) was in charge of the Promotion and Development of Petén agency (FYDEP); later, he left politics for agriculture in his coffee and cardamom plantations in the Ixcán and the Ixil area, in

2342:

where it enjoyed considerable popular support. On 18 September 1979, the ORPA made its existence publicly known when it occupied the Mujulia coffee farm in the coffee-growing region of the Quezaltenango province to hold a political education meeting with the workers.

1994:

Guatemala. Despite the democratic facade, the electoral victory was not easy and the establishment had to impose Lucas García, causing further discredit the electoral system -which had already suffered a fraud when General Laugerud was imposed in the 1974 elections.

2295:

On the urban front, the armed forces began to utilize more sophisticated technology to combat the insurgency. With help of advisors from Israel, a computer system was installed in the annex of the EMP behind the presidential palace in 1980. This computer used a

3476:

worked closely with the government of Gen. Romeo Lucas Garcia on the development of anti-guerilla strategies through the "Programme for the Elimination of Communism". This was also confirmed by several other senior civil servants who worked under Lucas Garcia.

3684:

specialists – acting as subcontractors for the United States – held torture workshops with the Contras in Guatemala, Nicaragua and Honduras. High-ranking officers from Guatemala also attended courses in interrogation in Tel-Aviv – also with funds from USAID.

2301:

raided in Guatemala City in the summer of 1981 according to G-2 sources. Large caches of small arms were located in these raids, including 17 American-made M-16s which had previously been issued to American units in Vietnam in the late 1960s and early 1970s

3044:

writes that "for the most part from 1986 through 1995, civilian presidents allowed the army to rule from behind the scenes." After an initial decline, death squad violence and other abuses by the army had actually increased significantly in the late 1980s.

3017:

On Easter "Holy Week" in March 1985, the government's liquidation units began targeting the GAM's leadership. On 30 March 1985, senior GAM member Héctor Gómez Calito was abducted. U.S. Embassy sources reported that Calito had been under surveillance by the

3784:

in Honduras with the CIA, which was responsible for hundreds of disappearances. In Guatemala, Mingolla worked with the military intelligence services (G-2), which was responsible for coordinating many of the assassinations and disappearances in Guatemala.

2797:

to massive civilian casualties, numbering in the tens of thousands. The use of genocidal scorched-earth tactics radicalized the population, creating antipathy towards the government and causing the ranks of the insurgents to swell to unprecedented levels.

2793:" ("Operation Ash"). In a strategy developed jointly by Benedicto Lucas García and Lieutenant Col. George Maynes (U.S. Defense Attache and Chief of the U.S. MilGroup in Guatemala), some 15,000 troops were deployed on a gradual sweep through the highlands. 1899:, which led to rising food prices, fuel shortages, and decreased agricultural output due to the lack of imported goods and petrol-based fertilizers. A blatant electoral fraud during the 1974 presidential elections favored Arana's Defense Minister, General 1445:

and the PGT operated as an urban guerrilla front. Each of these three "frentes" (comprising no more than 500 combatants) were led by former members of the 1960 army revolt, who had previously been trained in counterinsurgency warfare by the United States.

3253:

anti-corruption campaign to "purify" Congress and the Supreme Court, demanding the resignations of all members of the two bodies. Shortly after he took office, his cousin, leader of the liberal party and two-time presidential candidate, was assassinated.

2080:

In response to the increasing number of disappearances and killings, the insurgency began targeting members of the security forces, beginning with the assassination of Juan Antonio "El Chino" Lima López – a notorious torturer and second in command of the

1628:

targeted for murder. These lists were often published with police mugshots and passport photographs which were only accessible to the Ministry of the Interior. In January 1968, a booklet containing 85 names was distributed throughout the country entitled

4114:

EGP classified the PAC according to the collaboration level they gave to the Army. The guerilla differentiated patrols formed by people eager to help the Army -and called them "reactionary gangs"- from those "forced civilian patrols" that were forcibly

1679:

to become Consul General; Vice-Defense Minister and Director-General of the National Police, Col. Francisco Sosa Avila was dispatched as a military attache to Spain and Col. Arana Osorio was sent as Ambassador to Nicaragua, which was under the rule of

8195:

Human Rights in Guatemala: Hearing Before the Subcommittees on Human Rights and International Organizations and on Inter-American Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, Ninety-seventh Congress, First Session, July 30,

1368:

bombers disguised as Guatemalan military jets to bomb the rebel bases because the coup threatened U.S. plans for the invasion of Cuba as well as the Guatemalan regime it supported. The rebels fled to the hills of eastern Guatemala and neighboring

2361:

The repression and excessive force used by the government against the opposition was such that it became source of contention within Lucas García's administration itself. This contention within the government caused Lucas García's Vice President

1623:

was created to carry out extralegal operations alongside the SCUGA. The Fourth Corps was an illegal fifty-man assassination squad which operated in secrecy from other members of the National Police, taking orders from Col. Sosa and Col. Arriaga.

1192:, to which Ubico was strongly opposed. Realizing the dictatorial nature of Ubico, Arévalo left Guatemala and went back to Argentina. He went back to Guatemala after the 1944 Revolution and ran under a coalition of leftist parties known as the 1674:

and a government safe house at La Aurora airbase. The army was not left unscathed by the scandal and its three primary leaders of the counterinsurgency program were replaced and sent abroad. Defense Minister Rafael Arriaga Bosque was sent to

2025:), which besides reporting on the activities of the university, constantly denounced the violation of human rights, especially the repression against the popular movement. It also told what was happening with revolutionary movements in both 1116:

After 14 years, Ubico's repressive policies and arrogant demeanor finally led to pacific disobedience by urban middle-class intellectuals, professionals, and junior army officers in 1944. On 1 July 1944, Ubico resigned from office amidst a

1780:

the Guatemalan Human Rights Commission documented the deaths and forced disappearances of 1,314 individuals by death squads. The Guatemalan Human Rights Commission estimated 20,000 people killed or "disappeared" between 1970 and 1974.

929:

over resources and labor in the region. The dictators that ruled Guatemala during the late 19th and early 20th centuries were very accommodating to U.S. business and political interests, because they personally benefitted. Unlike in

5859:

U.S. Embassy in Guatemala (USE/G) to U.S. Department of State (DOS), "Students Sight in on New Minister of Government," 30 June 1969, NACP, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy Files, 1967–1969, Political and Defense, Box 2160, Folder POL

1923:

Development (AID) to grant Guatemala $ 4,500,000 to finance the purchase of fertilizers and other supplies, while the Inter-American Development Bank granted an additional $ 15,000,000 for "cooperative development" in early 1976.

2200:" and "millionaire exploiters" that were collaborating with the genocidal government. The following is a non-exhaustive list of the terrorist attacks that occurred in Guatemala city and are presented in the UN Commission report: 2004:

FRENTE used its power within the student associations to launch a political campaign for the 1978 university general elections, allied with leftist Faculty members grouped in "University Vanguard". The alliance was effective and

2993:

of the National Police who were conducting stop-and-search patrols in the area. Those identified in his kidnapping were policemen Ramírez Ríos, Lancerio Gómez, Hugo Rolando Gómez Osorio and Alfonso Guillermo de León Marroquín.

2832:

number 73. To intimidate these officers and stifle plans for a counter-coup, Ríos Montt ordered the arrest and investigation of three of its most prominent members: Captains Mario López Serrano, Roberto Enrique Letona Hora and

1814:. Sebol, then regarded as a strategic point and route through Cancuén river, which communicated with Petén through the Usumacinta River on the border with Mexico and the only road that existed was a dirt one built by President 836:

In 2009, Guatemalan courts sentenced former military commissioner Felipe Cusanero, the first person to be convicted of the crime of ordering forced disappearances. In 2013, the government conducted a trial of former president

10365: 6546: 3294:

of the FRG by just over 2 percent of the vote. Arzú won because of his strength in Guatemala City, where he had previously served as mayor, and in the surrounding urban area. Portillo won all of the rural departments except

3563:

tactics and "how to manage factors of power" to "fortify democracy." He said the CIA officials were on call to respond to G-2 questions, and that the G-2 often consulted the agency on how to deal with "political problems."

1012:, and criollo ancestry, they held almost no political power in 1920. They made up the bulk of artisans, storekeepers, tradesmen, and minor officials. In the eastern part of the country, they worked as agricultural laborers. 4022:

movement; went into exile when the first armed clashes between the "Liberation Army" and the Guatemalan Army occurred, but returned with the victory of the National Liberation Movement and during the government of colonel

2966:

Due to international pressure, as well as pressure from other Latin American nations, General Mejía Victores allowed a gradual return to democracy in Guatemala. On 1 July 1984 an election was held for representatives to a

3466:

In 1977, the Carter administration published a report citing the Guatemalan government as a "gross and consistent human rights violator" while noting that the situation was improving under the administration of president

2836:. He threatened to expose evidence of their corruption if they continued to oppose him. On 9 July 1982, Ríos Montt forced two members of the junta to resign, leaving him in complete control of the government, as both the 3566:

The agency also helped to provide "technical assistance" including communications equipment, computers and special firearms, as well as collaborative use of CIA-owned helicopters that were flown out of a piper hangar at

2963:-on the year of the Fifth Centennial celebration of America Discovery- for her work in favor of broader social justice. Her memoir drew international attention to Guatemala and the nature of its institutional terrorism. 2292:

military equilibrium was being reached in Guatemala, thus the insurgency underestimated the military strength of the government. The insurgency subsequently found itself overwhelmed on both urban and countryside fronts.

7652:

Jonas, Susanne. Democratization through Peace: The Difficult Case of Guatemala. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, Vol. 42, No. 4, Special Issue: Globalization and Democratization in Guatemala (Winter,

1015:

Indigenous peoples: The majority of the population was composed of native or indigenous Guatemalans, most of whom were Mayan peoples. Many had little to no formal education. Indigenous people served as soldiers for the

3820:

While the full extent of this cooperation is unknown, it is reported that a number of Guatemalan officers traveled to South Africa and Namibia in early 1983 to study South African techniques being employed against the

2871:" still sought first and foremost to destroy the guerrilla forces and their base through operations of annihilation and the scorched earth tactics. As stated in the plan's "Purpose" (II/A/1-3), the army's job was to: 4059:

CSU members are: University president, University Provost, University Treasurer, College Deans, ten tenured faculty representatives, ten student body representatives and eleven representatives from the Professional

8428: 1894:

For several years after the "state of siege," the insurgency was largely inactive, having been defeated and demoralized on all fronts. Massive economic inequality persisted, compounded by external factors such the

897:

escalated coffee production in Guatemala, which required much land and many workers. Barrios established the Settler Rule Book, which forced the native population to work for low wages for the landowners, who were

8556: 3720:

in particular was a prominent source of both material aid and inspiration to the Guatemalan military. Many of the tactics used by the Guatemalan security forces were similar to those used by Argentina during the

3121:

Upon its inauguration in January 1986, President Cerezo's civilian government announced that its top priorities would be to end the political violence and establish the rule of law. Reforms included new laws of

2864:

months, this number grew to 700,000, due to a policy of forced conscription. Dissenters to the establishment of civil patrols in their villages were often marked for death or other violent reprisal by the army.

3349:). ODHAG attributed almost 90.0 percent of the atrocities and over 400 massacres to the Guatemalan army (and paramilitary), and less than 5 percent of the atrocities to the guerrillas (including 16 massacres). 8152: 2195:

As killings by government security forces and death squads increased, so did terrorist attacks against private financial, commercial and agricultural targets by the insurgents, who saw those institutions as

2979:

was elected as president. The gradual revival of "democracy" did not end the "disappearances" and death squad killings, as extrajudicial state violence had become an integral part of the political culture.

1664:

within 100 yards of the National Palace in the presence of heavily armed troops and police. The kidnappers (possible members of the security forces on orders from the army high command) intended to stage a

1148:

Opposition groups began organizing again, this time joined by many prominent political and military leaders, who deemed the Ponce regime unconstitutional. Among the military officers in the opposition were

1614:

to as a "government-sponsored terrorist organization...used primarily for assassinations and political abductions" – carried out abductions, bombings, street assassinations, torture, "disappearances" and

2937:

president and justified the coup, saying that "religious fanatics" were abusing their positions in the government and also because of "official corruption." Ríos Montt remained in politics, founding the

1844:

It is of public interest and national emergency, the establishment of Agrarian Development Zones in the area included within the municipalities: San Ana Huista, San Antonio Huista, Nentón, Jacaltenango,

1287:

followed, featuring fraudulent elections in which only military personnel were the winner candidates. Aggravating the general poverty and political repression motivating the civil war was the widespread

3433:

to defeat the guerrillas, borrowing "extensively from current counterinsurgency strategies and technology being employed in Vietnam." In subsequent years, Arana earned the nickname "Butcher of Zacapa".

2548:

Attack against a "reactionary gang" from the PAC in Chacalté, that had just formed in March and was loyal to the Army after becoming disillusioned with guerilla promises. Resulted in 55 dead civilians.

4735:

Sanford, Victoria; Sofía Duyos Álvarez-Arenas; Kathleen Dill (2020). "Sexual Violence as a Weapon during the Guatemalan Genocide". In O'Toole, Laura L.; Jessica R. Schiffman; Rosemary Sullivan (eds.).

3704:

stated in an interview, "Maybe some Israeli's taught us intelligence but for reasons of business...The hawks (Israeli arms merchants) took advantage of us, selling us equipment at triple the price."

3173:

over the army, replacing a number of senior officers and persuading the military to participate in peace talks with the URNG. He took the politically unpopular step of recognizing the sovereignty of

3768:

One Argentine intelligence officer who is known to have been active in Guatemala during this time is Alfredo Mario Mingolla, who participated in the 1980 'Cocaine Coup' in Bolivia which put General

1304:; many later fought in the civil war. Although the indigenous Guatemalans constitute more than half of the national populace, they were landless, having been dispossessed of their lands since the 1089:

and forced labor to make sure that there was enough labor available for the coffee plantations and that the UFCO workers were readily available. Allegedly, he passed laws allowing landowners to

14625: 11400: 817:

In rural areas, where the insurgency maintained its strongholds, the government repression led to large massacres of the peasantry and the destruction of villages, first in the departments of

4098: 3177:, which until then had been officially, though fruitlessly, claimed by Guatemala. The Serrano government reversed the economic slide it inherited, reducing inflation and boosting real growth. 3813:. It is known that South Africa provided the Guatemalan government with military advice and training in counterinsurgency tactics based on those the SADF and paramilitary forces (such as the 1184:

due to his superb professor skills. Arévalo remained in South America for a few years, working as a university professor in several countries. Back in Guatemala during the early years of the

1831:

Petén and Alta Verapaz, and formed the North Impulsadora Company. Colonization of the area was made through a process by which inhospitable areas of the FTN were granted to native peasants.

14665: 2801:

the social and ideological causes of the insurgency while radicalizing the civilian population. Additionally, Lucas went against the military's interests by endorsing his defense minister,

8477: 1493:('Commando Six') to deal with urban guerilla assaults. 'Commando Six' received special training from the U.S. Public Safety Program and money and weapons from U.S. Public Safety Advisors. 3793:

formalized secret accords which augmented Argentine participation in government counterinsurgency operations. As part of the agreement, two hundred Guatemalan officers were dispatched to

14062: 3780:

and Argentine advisors such as Mingolla, the Bolivian regime violently repressed its opposition. Mingolla was also one of the Argentine advisors known to have been involved in training

2903:, was appointed as director-general of the National Police. Col. Hector Ismael Montalván Batres was retained for a period as the chief of the EMP after the coup, due to his experience. 3688:

Benedicto Lucas Garcia – the architect of the Guatemalan army's "scorched-earth" policy – proclaimed that the "Israeli soldier is the model for our soldiers". In a 1982 interview with

2041:(EGP), a guerrilla group that had appeared in 1972 and had its headquarters in the oil rich region of northern Quiché department -i.e., the Ixil Triangle of Ixcán, Nebaj and Chajul in 10381: 10305: 3628:

issued an apology declaring that "support for military forces or intelligence units which engaged in violent and widespread repression of the kind described in the report was wrong."

1031:

settled on the plantations and were given a small piece of land to cultivate on their own account, in return for work in the plantations a certain number of months a year, similar to

8450: 8409: 6538: 3830:

delegation to Guatemala which toured Guatemalan military bases and installations and held talks with high-ranking officials of the Mejia Victores government to discuss military aid.

12525: 2959:, which gained worldwide attention. She is the daughter of one of the peasant leaders that died in the Spanish Embassy massacre on 31 January 1980. She was later awarded the 1992 2907:

regime some degree of plausible deniability and fostered the misconception on the outside and among city dwellers that political repression was on a downward trend in Guatemala.

3159: 2855:

reached between the army's drive to eradicate the insurgency and the desire to "win the hearts and minds" of the civilian population and new counterinsurgency program known as "

3593:

survive torture in Guatemala over the years have recounted that American agents were present during torture sessions or interrogated them after they had already been tortured.

1867:

The Northern Transversal Strip was officially created during the government of General Carlos Arana Osorio in 1970, by Legislative Decree 60–70, for agricultural development.

1508:

existed, linking the National Police, the Treasury Guard, the Judicial Police, the Presidential House and the Military Communications Center via a VHF-FM intracity frequency.

1418:

Through the early phase of the conflict, the MR-13 was a principal component of the insurgent movement in Guatemala. The MR-13 later initiated contact with the outlawed PGT (

8425: 5681:

Levenson-Estrada, Deborah (Winter 2003). "The Life That Makes Us Die/The Death That Makes Us Live: Facing Terrorism in Guatemala City". Radical History Review (85): 94–104.

2168:, Col. Pedro García Arredondo, who had been promoted to Chief of the Detectives Corps. All 17 unionists subsequently disappeared after being tortured under Col. Arredondo. 3133: 8553: 4616: 13398: 2111: 6726: 4158:

When some autobiographical details in the book were challenged, the Nobel Committee stated that they did not consider this grounds for rescinding the award for her work

3286:

were held in November 1995. With almost 20 parties competing in the first round, the presidential election came down to a 7 January 1996 run-off in which PAN candidate

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had control over much of the land. They paid almost zero taxes in return–leading to conflicts with the rural indigenous poor who worked the land under miserable terms.

12849: 10044:

signatories: colonel Benigno Álvarez S., Alta Verapaz governor, and Flavio Monzón, Héctor Monzón, Raúl Aníbal Ayala, Joaquín González, Mario Cazs and José María Borges

1504:

established a Presidential Intelligence Agency in the National Palace, under which a telecommunications database is known as the Regional Telecommunications Center or

11027: 1839:

order and the Order of the Sacred Heart began the first process of colonization, along with INTA, carrying settlers from Huehuetenango to the Ixcán sector in Quiché.

1759:

personnel, as well as tanks, helicopters and armored cars, for the raid. They conducted a room-to-room search of the entire campus but found no evidence or supplies.

14490: 4169:

The official 200,000 figure is not universally accepted; historian Carlos Sabina has argued for a much lower total of 37,000 civil war deaths, while a 2008 study in

1980:, which stated that no assistance will be provided to a government "engages in a consistent pattern of gross violations of internationally recognized human rights." 1462:

In 1964 and 1965, the Guatemalan Armed Forces began engaging in counterinsurgency operations against the MR-13 in eastern Guatemala. In February and March 1964, the

859:

trial because of alleged judicial anomalies. The trial resumed on 23 July 2015, but the jury had not reached a verdict before Montt died in custody on 1 April 2018.

10180: 8783:

Armony, Ariel C. (1999), La Argentina, los Estados Unidos y la Cruzada Anti-Comunista en América Central, 1977–1984, Quilmes: Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. isbn.

8390: 2014:; there, they welcomed and supported families of villagers and peasant already sensitized politically. They also organized groups of workers in the informal trade. 14685: 8148: 2881:

Annihilate the Clandestine Local Committees (Comités Clandestinos Locales-CCL) and the Permanent Military Units (Unidades Militares Permanentes-UMP) of the enemy.

1085:

in 1929, the peasant system established by Barrios in 1875 to jump start coffee production in the country faltered, and Ubico was forced to implement a system of

13167: 3404:

as head of government, and then he and "the United States began to militarize Guatemala almost immediately, financing and reorganizing the police and military."

2878:

Recover members of the Irregular Local Forces (Fuerzas Irregulares Locales-FIL) when possible while eliminating subversives who refuse to lay down their weapons.

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Argentine involvement in Guatemala is believed to have begun in 1980 and consisted of training in counterinsurgency methods, many of which were employed by the

3421:

Also in 1962, Guatemalan specialist Susanne Jonas has alleged that U.S. Special Forces set up a secret military training base. After a successful (U.S. backed)

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and San Miguel Uspantán in Quiché; Cobán, Chisec, San Pedro Carchá, Lanquín, Senahú, Cahabón and Chahal, in Alta Verapaz and the entire department of Izabal.

14601: 13406: 13140: 12518: 3132:(court-ordered protection), the creation of a legislative human rights committee, and the establishment in 1987 of the Office of Human Rights Ombudsman. The 10885: 1429:

and students) and a student organization called the Movimiento 12 de Abril (12 April Movement) and merged into a coalition guerilla organization called the

14569: 7535:. National Security Archive Electronic. Vol. Briefing Book No. 32. George Washington University: Defense Intelligence Agency, secret cable Section 3. 5753:

Brian Jenkins, Cesar D. Sereseres, "US Military Assistance and the Guatemalan Armed Forces: The Limits of Military Involvement in Latin America", June 1976

3306:, which became a legal party, signed peace accords ending the 36-year internal conflict on 29 December 1996. The General Secretary of the URNG, Comandante 2607: 1692:

The lull in political violence in the aftermath of the "kidnapping" of Archbishop Casariego ended after several months. On 28 August 1968, U.S. Ambassador

1684:

at the time. Political murders by "death squads" declined in subsequent months and the "state of siege" was reduced to a "state of alarm" on 24 June 1968.

1272:. Upon deposing the Árbenz Guzmán government, Castillo Armas began to dissolve a decade of social and economic reform and legislative progress, and banned 10667: 8598: 4141: 12762: 12492: 12487: 12482: 12477: 12472: 12417: 12412: 12407: 12402: 12397: 12392: 12387: 12382: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12362: 12357: 12352: 12347: 12331: 12326: 12321: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12221: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12086: 12078: 12070: 12062: 12054: 12046: 12027: 7945: 7924: 7175: 3624:

administration "slandered" her by denying her story. On a trip to Guatemala in 1999 after the publication of the Truth Commission report, U.S. President

991:. He analyzed Guatemalan society at the time, pointing out that even though it called itself a "republic", Guatemala had three sharply defined classes: 906:

settlers. Barrios also confiscated the common native land, which had been protected during the Spanish Colony and during the Conservative government of

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political parties, a disfranchisement of left-wing Guatemalans. He also returned all the confiscated land to the United Fruit and the elite landlords.

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was inaugurated on 14 January 1991, thus completing the first transition from one democratically elected civilian government to another. Because his

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On 25 May 1993, Serrano illegally dissolved Congress and the Supreme Court and tried to restrict civil freedoms, allegedly to fight corruption. The

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escalated state terror under guise of repressing leftist rebels but in practice was used to murder civilians. This caused an uprising in the city.

1512:

also served as a depository for the names of suspected "subversives" and had its own intelligence and operational unit attached to it known as the

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The Civil War began on 13 November 1960, when a group of left-wing junior military officers led a failed revolt against the government of General

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Inside the League: the shocking exposé of how terrorists, Nazis, and Latin American death squads have infiltrated the world Anti-Communist League

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Among the deceased was Domingo Sánchez, Secretary of Agriculture driver; Joaquín Díaz y Díaz, a car washer; and Amilcar de Paz, a security guard.

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Bombs against newly built structures: Chamber of Industry, Torre Panamericana (Bank of Coffee headquarters) and Industrial Bank Financial Center

1709:

Chinchilla Aguilar and Army chief of staff Col. Doroteo Reyes, who were both subsequently promoted to the rank of "General" in September 1968.

14617: 13779: 13204: 12802: 10056: 9186: 9148: 5952: 4537: 4243: 1585:, a former participant in the 1954 coup. By 1967, the Guatemalan army claimed to have 1,800 civilian paramilitaries under its direct control. 942:, the U.S. did not have to use overt military force to maintain dominance in Guatemala. The Guatemalan military/police worked closely with the 8136:

Norwegian Assistance to Countries in Conflict: The Lesson of Experience from Guatemala, Mali, Mozambique, Sudan, Rwanda, and Burundi, Issue 11

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unit of the National Police proceeded to occupy the first and third floors of the building over the shouts of Ambassador Cajal that they were

1907:

and the Institutional Democratic Party (MLN-PID), this time against a center-left alliance promoting the ticket of Christian Democrat General

13691: 13019: 12905: 11367: 11345: 6688: 2379:

establishments, and destroy anything of strategic value to the armed forces. By 1981, an estimated 250,000 to 500,000 members of Guatemala's

1568:

With increased military aid from the United States, the 5,000-man Guatemalan Army mounted a larger pacification effort in the departments of

13525: 10389: 10313: 8406: 8219: 8081:

Jeffery M. Paige, Social Theory and Peasant Revolution in Vietnam and Guatemala, Theory and Society, Vol. 12, No. 6 (Nov. 1983), pp. 699–737

755:

against civilians. The context of the struggle was based on longstanding issues of unfair land distribution. Wealthy Guatemalans, mainly of

11995: 8447: 7895: 2490: 11973: 7753:"Security Council authorises deployment of United Nations military observers to verify implementation of ceasefire agreement in Guatemala" 7752: 6042: 4414: 2338:. The ORPA established an operational base in the mountains and forests above the coffee plantations of southwestern Guatemala and in the 1972:

At the same time, the Guatemalan government was becoming increasing isolated internationally. In 1977, the administration of US-president

797:

or PID. The PID dominated Guatemalan politics for twelve years through electoral frauds favoring two of Colonel Arana's protégés (General

356: 7536: 6092: 5820: 2603: 2383:

community actively supported the insurgency. Guatemalan Army Intelligence (G-2) estimated a minimum 360,000 indigenous supporters of the

1976:

targeted Guatemala and several other Latin American regimes for a reduction in military assistance in pursuance with Section 502B of the

1903:, who was also a veteran of the 1966–68 Zacapa campaign. Laugerud, like his predecessor, represented the right-wing alliance between the 10424:

Levenson-Estrada, Deborah (Winter 2003). "The Life That Makes Us Die/The Death That Makes Us Live: Facing Terrorism in Guatemala City".

5139: 5100: 14675: 14577: 14524: 13493: 11667: 11485: 11419: 11411: 11405: 9016: 6542: 3978: 3960: 3901: 1415:

throughout the country, to which the Ydígoras regime responded with a violent crackdown. This violent crackdown sparked the civil war.

325: 9983: 9920: 7944:. Scientific Responsibility, Human Rights & Law Program | AAAS – The World's Largest General Scientific Society. p. 85. 7923:. Scientific Responsibility, Human Rights & Law Program | AAAS – The World's Largest General Scientific Society. p. 86. 6880: 6651: 2238:

Car bomb damaged the building and neighbor Guatemalan and international financial institutions; there were more than Q300k in losses.

13771: 13147: 12936: 12674: 7963: 5558: 3915: 11339:

Rosser, Emily (December 2007). "Depoliticised speech and sexed visibility: women, gender and sexual violence in the 1999 Guatemalan

7687: 7472: 7383: 4797: 4381: 12857: 11862: 10994: 10759: 10639: 1904: 1732: 1578: 6340: 5945:"Information Memorandum From the Acting Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs (Vaky) to Secretary of State Rusk" 14690: 12921: 11662: 11389: 4206: 4046: 3346: 3118:, won the first election held under the new constitution with almost 70 percent of the vote, and took office on 14 January 1986. 2645: 1297: 770:

had brought popular leftist governments to power, who sought to ameliorate working conditions and implement land distribution. A

263: 13834: 12721: 11140: 6869:

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, 1980–1981, RESOLUTION 35/81, Case 7490 (GUATEMALA), 25 June 1981

4606: 2783: 2132:, Vicente Menchú) attracted hundreds of thousands of mourners, and a new guerrilla group was formed commemorating the date, the 984: 13446: 11728: 8193:

United States Congress House Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations (1981).

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instead chose to select a triumvirate of Major General Buenaventura Piñeda, Major General Eduardo Villagrán Ariza, and General

14180: 13374: 13236: 11318: 11295: 11265: 11244: 11223: 11195: 11163: 11130: 11013: 10945: 10922: 10874: 10853: 10794: 10748: 10656: 10617: 10585: 10564: 10543: 10511: 10464: 10346: 10294: 10273: 10221: 10169: 10148: 10118: 10097: 10078: 9955: 9909: 9888: 9840: 9275: 9254: 9221: 9137: 9095: 9076: 8982: 8961: 8868: 8729: 8704: 8372: 8066: 7785: 7740: 7098: 6765: 6645: 6582: 6036: 5203: 5133: 5094: 4509: 4484: 4456: 4269: 3954: 3302:

Under the Arzú administration, peace negotiations were concluded, and the government and the guerrilla umbrella organization

3208: 3076: 1755: 11206: 11073:. National Security Archive Electronic. Vol. Briefing Book No. George Washington University: National Security Archive. 8324:: Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere Affairs, Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives 8038: 7104: 7065: 6588: 2930: 2384: 2189: 2033:. For a few months, the state university was a united and progressive institution, preparing to confront the State head on. 477: 14680: 14609: 14129: 13738: 13658: 12552: 11035: 1375: 786: 294: 17: 11104: 9149:"Organizing and Repression in the University of San Carlos, Guatemala, 1944 to 1996: 1983–1989: The Illusion of Democracy" 6824: 6205: 5341: 1602:

On 2 November 1966 a nationwide 'state of siege' was declared in Guatemala in which civil rights – including the right to

961:

President Manuel Estrada Cabrera's official portrait from his last presidential term; during his government, the American

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to secure U.S. interests. The Guatemalan government exempted several U.S. corporations from paying taxes, especially the

11453: 2086:

rifles, killing him instantly. None of the insurgent groups operating in the Guatemala immediately took responsibility.

13414: 12978: 12557: 12547: 11524: 8808: 4080:

In a sign of defiance, the bank did not repair the windows immediately and continued operating as normally as it could.

3896: 3274: 1529: 417: 7985:

Rabe, Stephen G. (April 2003). "Managing the Counterrevolution: The United States and Guatemala, 1954–1961 (review)".

1536:

annex – and renamed it the Guatemalan National Security Service (Servicio de Seguridad Nacional de Guatemala – SSNG).

13454: 12873: 11647: 9006:

Arias, Arturo (1990). "Changing Indian Identity: Guatemala's Violent Transition to Modernity". In Carol Smith (ed.).

4319: 3230: 3151: 3098: 2058: 1257: 11544: 11395: 8624: 7404:

Plan de campaña Victoria 82, Anexo "H" (Ordenes Permanentes para el Desarrollo de Operaciones Contrasubversivas), I.

3733:(backed by the CIA) aimed at providing intelligence training and counterinsurgency assistance to the governments in 3422: 3382: 3326:

on 20 January 1997 deploying military observers to Guatemala to monitor the implementation of the peace agreements.

2920: 2814: 1269: 1068:

came to power, backed by the United States. While an efficient administrator, he initiated one of the most brutally

771: 14540: 14498: 11988: 11612: 9297: 8256:"Modern Genocide: The Definitive Resource and Document Collection: The Definitive Resource and Document Collection" 7803:"Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme" 3545:

In January 1983, shortly after President Reagan's "bum rap" comment, Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights

3283: 3170: 3166:, Serrano entered into a tenuous alliance with the Christian Democrats and the National Union of the center (UCN). 2849: 1648:

defeated. Despite the defeat of the insurgency, the government's killings continued. In December 1967, 26-year-old

1245: 1137: 11441: 3468: 1919: 1900: 1822:, the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) financed infrastructure projects in Sebol. In 1960, then Army captain 798: 441: 13586: 13561: 11774: 11617: 11602: 10894: 3568: 3319: 3257:

new Congress was elected to complete the unexpired term. Controlled by the anti-corruption parties: the populist

2368: 2006: 1379:). The surviving officers fled into the hills of eastern Guatemala, and later established communication with the 175: 11534: 3754: 1252:(CIA) director, respectively, and were both in the company board, the U.S. government ordered the CIA to launch 1233:

land on large estates, threatening the interests of the landowning elite and, mainly, the United Fruit Company.

1188:

regime, his colleagues asked him to present a project to the president to create the Faculty of Humanism at the

14670: 14506: 14136: 13894: 13310: 13100: 12810: 11764: 11713: 11657: 11519: 11478: 11215: 10893:(in Spanish). Centro de Estudios y Documentación de la Frontera Occidental de Guatemala, CEDFOG. Archived from 10712: 10675: 8589: 4145: 3990: 3212: 3115: 3080: 2075: 1736: 794: 14413: 7171: 6962: 6960: 6922: 6458:

Speech on 27 February 1974 by General Kjell Eugenio Laugerud Garcia. (Editorial del Ejercito, Guatemala, 1976)

3155: 2107: 1932: 1908: 1823: 802: 453: 14660: 14166: 13270: 12865: 12667: 11798: 11514: 11436: 11023: 3450:

revealed that many of the same U.S. personnel operating in Guatemala during the 1960s and 70s also served in

3392:. Analysts Kate Doyle and Peter Kornbluh report that "after a small insurgency developed, in the wake of the 1020:

and they were often raised to positions of considerable trust. They made up most of the agricultural workers.

14466: 14333: 5869:"Organization of the Guatemalan Internal Security Forces," 5 February 1968, NSA, Guatemala 1954–1999, #00357 4767: 3364:

committed during the war, the guerrillas for 3 percent. They peaked in 1982. 83 percent of the victims were

2363: 1990: 14187: 14159: 13350: 13246: 12003: 11915: 11880: 11857: 11718: 11632: 8992: 6957: 6945: 6933: 4012:

Sebol finally adopted the name "Fray Bartolomé de las Casas', municipality created in 1983 in Alta Verapaz.

3656:

reported that Israel was not only acting as a surrogate for the United States (in a similar fashion to its

2098: 2042: 1803: 1793: 1633: 627: 110: 9057:

Central America; Describing Each of the States of Guatemala, Honduras, Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica

7855: 1516:. This network was built on the "Committees against Communism" created by the CIA after the coup in 1954. 14474: 14349: 14341: 13642: 13228: 11981: 11652: 11627: 11622: 11607: 10358:"Una crónica impactante en el aniversario de la quema de la Embajada de España tras 33 años de impunidad" 5086:

Nazis and good neighbors: the United States campaign against the Germans of Latin America in World War II

4563: 3258: 2939: 1249: 1109:, and allowed the U.S. military to establish bases in Guatemala. Ubico considered himself to be "another 8173: 595: 14389: 13594: 11637: 11427: 10956: 6718: 4709: 3986: 3974: 3430: 3262: 2038: 1876: 1850: 1194: 790: 756: 429: 317: 279: 11331:

Instruments of statecraft: U.S. guerrilla warfare, counterinsurgency, and counter-terrorism, 1940–1990

11060:. National Security Archive Electronic. Vol. Briefing Book No. 32. George Washington University: 10480:. National Security Archive Electronic. Vol. Briefing Book No. 11. George Washington University: 8996: 8016: 7694:, Intelligence Oversight Board. 28 June 1996, National Security Archive, George Washington University. 7432: 6388: 5553:. National Security Archive Electronic. Vol. Briefing Book No. 32. George Washington University: 3426: 1819: 1256:(1952–1954) and halt Guatemala's "communist revolt", as perceived by the United Fruit Company and the 782: 393: 14357: 14325: 14207: 14090: 12620: 11847: 11840: 11703: 11569: 11559: 11471: 11061: 10481: 9821: 9820:. National Security Archive Electronic. Vol. Briefing Book No. 4. George Washington University: 7267: 7190: 5554: 4377: 4201: 3781: 3696:

attributed the success of his coup to the fact that his soldiers "were trained by Israelis". General

3287: 2972: 2802: 2327: 2160:

southern coast of Guatemala. The detainees were taken to the garages of National Police in Zone 6 of

2115: 1965: 1931:

to the presidential palace. There he immediately reported the matter to Minister of Defense, General

1661: 1261: 1222: 1017: 555: 525: 9192: 9152: 8238: 7707: 7131: 5944: 4529: 3265:(PAN), the new Congress began to move away from the corruption that characterized its predecessors. 1582: 1543:

One of the most notorious death squads operating during this period was the MANO, also known as the

1236:

Given the strong ties of the UFCO with high Eisenhower administration officers such as the brothers

14055: 14046: 13747: 13124: 12660: 11830: 11693: 11442:

18 Guatemalan Ex-Military Leaders Arrested for Crimes Against Humanity During U.S.-Backed Dirty War

8359:

With Friends Like These: The Americas Watch Report on Human Rights and U.S. Policy in Latin America

4690: 3920: 3880: 3790: 3689: 3291: 1681: 1189: 954:. It also privatized and sold off publicly owned utilities giving away huge swaths of public land. 876: 14514: 7938: 7917: 6696: 4668:"En pie de lucha: Organización y represión en la Universidad de San Carlos, Guatemala 1944 a 1996" 3649:

Bud will take this up with the Israelis. There are expectations that they would be forthcoming."

2649: 2611: 2583: 2494: 2472: 2331: 1209:

economic reform, benefiting and politically strengthening the civil and labor rights of the urban

513: 14076: 14069: 13060: 10692: 10477:

Memo of 1966 from Longan to Byron Engle, Director of OPS, re: consultation in Guatemala and plans

10338: 10240: 10130:

Truth, Torture, and the American Way: The History and Consequences of U.S. Involvement in Torture

7494: 3875: 3797:

to undergo advanced military intelligence training, which included instruction in interrogation.

3637: 3361: 3201: 3069: 2971:

to draft a democratic constitution. On 30 May 1985, the Constituent Assembly finished drafting a

1501: 1419: 1399:

They returned in early 1962, and on 6 February 1962 in Bananera they attacked the offices of the

1317: 1082: 752: 740: 405: 136: 41: 7887: 4311: 4301: 829:

from 1978 onward. The widespread killing of the Mayan people in the early 1980s is considered a

14585: 14173: 14122: 14012: 13755: 13294: 13180: 12625: 11825: 11815: 11784: 11733: 11708: 11597: 11585: 9745: 9703: 9169: 8843: 7756: 6757: 6026: 5195: 4422: 4257: 3693: 3644:

and Alfonso Sapia-Bosch reported to National Security Advisor William P. Clark that his deputy

3498: 3472: 3381:

Declassified CIA documents report that the U.S. Government organized, funded, and equipped the

2900: 2820: 1977: 1959: 1454: 1218: 1173: 1154: 978: 918: 884: 872: 838: 806: 575: 465: 53: 14421: 11090: 11052: 10864: 10475: 10265: 10108: 9974: 9870:

Doing Business with the Dictators: A Political History of United Fruit in Guatemala, 1899–1944

9779: 9661: 9619: 9577: 9535: 9493: 9451: 9409: 9367: 9325: 9265: 8426:"Shadowy Alliance – A special report.; In Guatemala's Dark Heart, C.I.A. Lent Succor to Death" 8364: 8056: 7527: 7347: 6083: 5809: 4028: 3136:

also embarked on a series of reforms to fight corruption and improve legal system efficiency.

2955: 2588: 1687: 987:

visited Guatemala and described Guatemalan society and Estrada Cabrera government in his book

501: 14482: 14237: 13517: 13195: 12946: 12889: 12770: 11895: 11852: 11723: 11698: 11681: 11539: 11120: 10213: 9764: 9722: 9680: 9638: 9596: 9554: 9512: 9470: 9428: 9386: 9344: 8947: 8750: 7777: 7771: 7367:

North American Congress on Latin America, 1983 – NACLA Report on the Americas, Vol. 17, p. 16

6247: 5123: 5084: 4023: 3532:

in 1984 criticized U.S. President Ronald Reagan for his December 1982 visit to Ríos Montt in

3435: 3163: 2579: 2318: 1776: 1703:

unidentified people in cars, armed to the teeth, with no intervention by the police patrols.

1649: 1637: 1590: 1407:), an American corporation that controlled vast territories in Guatemala as well as in other 1265: 1202: 1123: 947: 775: 767: 11416: 9201: 9066: 9024: 8972: 8835: 8003:

J. Patrice McSherry. "The Evolution of the National Security State: The Case of Guatemala."

7311:

Draining the Sea: An Analysis of Terror in Three Rural Communities in Guatemala (1980–1984),

6749: 5187: 3944: 3296: 2261: 2063: 2054: 61:

carrying their loved ones' remains after an exhumation in the Ixil Triangle in February 2012

14633: 14532: 14115: 13908: 13887: 13254: 13108: 12954: 12913: 12691: 11934: 11872: 11779: 11747: 11506: 9991: 9928: 9859:

Diario de Centro América (2 June 1978). "Entrevista a Walter Overdick, alcalde de Panzós".

8897: 6888: 6632: 3869: 3753:

experienced in the use of torture and political assassination. A squadron of the notorious

3725:. Argentina's involvement with the Guatemalan government fit within the broader context of 3697: 3389: 2968: 2942:

party in 1989. Elected to Congress, he was elected President of Congress in 1995 and 2000.

2090: 1641: 1463: 1400: 1357:

numbers over their country and the U.S. established a secret airstrip and training camp at

1349: 1305: 1289: 1081:, Guatemalan landowners and urban elites in disputes with peasants. After the crash of the 1078: 1069: 962: 951: 894: 888: 826: 760: 12503: 8956:. An Amnesty International Report Series. Amnesty International Publications. p. 32. 5546: 4789: 2975:, which took effect immediately. General elections were scheduled, and civilian candidate 2833: 2561: 2557: 2436: 1846: 1553:, with which it was linked to the Army General Staff and all of the main security forces. 855: 8: 14695: 14450: 14152: 14019: 13968: 13674: 13570: 13541: 13501: 13485: 13132: 13084: 13050: 13042: 13011: 12786: 11910: 11820: 11549: 11284: 11079: 10331: 7959: 7860: 7684: 7466: 7377: 4370: 3749: 3335: 3145: 2926: 2124: 1798: 1764: 1728: 1722: 1442: 1253: 830: 748: 140: 13286: 11257:

Empire's Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism

10804:

Richards, Michael (1985). "Cosmopolitan world-view and counterinsurgency in Guatemala".

10767: 9735: 9693: 9267:

The Washington Connection and Third World Fascism: The Political Economy of Human Rights

8322:

Military Sales: the United States Continuing Munition Supply Relationship with Guatemala

8058:

The Washington Connection and Third World Fascism: The Political Economy of Human Rights

4734: 4089: 3769: 2950: 2129: 1341: 1217:

students, professionals, and liberal-democratic government coalitions developed, led by

13975: 13961: 13722: 13578: 13430: 13116: 13003: 12993: 12745: 12615: 11957: 11905: 11900: 11885: 11810: 11769: 10821: 10737: 10441: 10140:

Gross Human Rights Violations: A Search for Causes. A Study of Guatemala and Costa Rica

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under the code-name "Operation Falcon" in September and October of the following year.

1430: 1361:

to prepare for its invasion of Cuba. The rebellion was not ideological in its origins.

1277: 1237: 1214: 1181: 1133: 1090: 744: 309: 11144: 11118: 7622:

Death of Maria Rosario Godoy de Cuevas, a Director of the "Mutual Support Group" (GAM)

7196: 4042: 14277: 13940: 13866: 13787: 13382: 13262: 13220: 13092: 13076: 12881: 12754: 12696: 12467: 12462: 12457: 12452: 12447: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12422: 12241: 11948: 11890: 11759: 11575: 11314: 11307: 11291: 11261: 11240: 11219: 11191: 11184: 11159: 11126: 11009: 10941: 10918: 10870: 10849: 10790: 10744: 10652: 10613: 10581: 10560: 10539: 10507: 10460: 10445: 10342: 10290: 10269: 10258: 10217: 10206: 10165: 10144: 10114: 10093: 10074: 10009: 9967: 9951: 9905: 9884: 9836: 9271: 9250: 9244: 9133: 9123: 9091: 9072: 9040: 8978: 8957: 8864: 8836: 8725: 8700: 8368: 8357: 8062: 7834: 7781: 7736: 7094: 6761: 6750: 6641: 6578: 6032: 5199: 5188: 5129: 5090: 4505: 4480: 4452: 4327: 4315: 4265: 4196: 4121: 3950: 3621: 2998: 2960: 1615: 1573: 1569: 1486: 1471: 1467: 1438: 1434: 1141: 903: 822: 818: 14253: 13278: 12841: 9803:"Colonisation du district de Santo-Thomas de Guatemala par la Communauté de l'Union" 6577:(in Spanish). Madrid: Instituto de Estudios Políticos para América Latina y Africa. 4826:

La Patria del criollo: Ensayo de interpretación de la Realidad colonial guatemalteca

4675: 3701: 3169:

The Serrano administration's record was mixed. It had some success in consolidating

2824: 1169:. They declared that democratic elections would be held before the end of the year. 1129: 778:

to prevent reform. Armas was followed by a series of right-wing military dictators.

14397: 14285: 14083: 14039: 13954: 13683: 13666: 13366: 13358: 13342: 13068: 12970: 12962: 12610: 12578: 12573: 11962: 11354: 10813: 10433: 9988:

Luis Figueroa Carpe Diem | Periodismo de Reflexión, Por la Libertad y la Razón

9832:

Secret History: The CIA's Classified Account of its Operations in Guatemala 1952–54

9184: 8913: 8909: 8684:. Sweden: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. 1979. pp. 214–215. 7824: 7816: 6966: 6951: 6939: 5527: 3847: 3730: 3726: 3577: 3509: 3489:"civilian support mechanisms," according to a document from the National Archives. 3311: 1693: 1528:

The use of such tactics increased dramatically after the inauguration of President

1449: 1408: 1380: 1098: 1094: 1009: 615: 599: 579: 559: 9232: 3307: 1731:

assumed the presidency. Arana, backed by the army, represented an alliance of the

1344:, who had usurped power in 1958, after the assassination of the incumbent Colonel 1150: 543: 14593: 14309: 14245: 14221: 14030: 13763: 13730: 13650: 13334: 13302: 12729: 11423: 11255: 11234: 11156:

Silence on the Mountain: Stories of Terror, Betrayal, and Forgetting in Guatemala

11003: 10978: 10843: 10784: 10607: 10596: 10575: 10554: 10531: 10501: 10490: 10454: 10406: 10284: 10159: 10138: 10068: 10064: 9945: 9899: 9878: 9830: 9127: 8951: 8858: 8560: 8505: 8498: 8454: 8432: 8413: 8394: 8262: 8255: 8180: 8042: 8035: 8023: 7691: 7669: 7662: 7640: 7633: 7088: 7059: 6572: 3758: 3524: 1896: 1470:, which was followed by a counterinsurgency sweep in the neighboring province of 1404: 1093:

workers as a "disciplinary" measure. He also identified as a fascist; he admired

999: 914: 10437: 3680:

armored cars, patrol boats, field kitchens, and large quantities of ammunition.

2339: 2310:

alone, making Guatemala the worst human rights violator in the hemisphere after

2284:

Car bomb against the building which virtually destroyed one of the bank towers.

1935:. Romeo Lucas replied, "You are mistaken, there are no guerrillas in the area". 1324:

ancestry as well, controlled most of the land after the Liberal Reform of 1871.

14373: 13982: 13947: 13634: 13626: 13602: 13187: 13034: 13026: 11446: 11368:

Challenging the Conventional: Can Truth Commissions Strengthen Peace Processes?

10934: 10181:"Recuperación de la Memoria Histórica: Tomo II. Los Mecanismos de la violencia" 7801:

Obermeyer, Ziad; Murray, Christopher J. L.; Gakidou, Emmanuela (26 June 2008).

7663:"Messengers of Death: Human Rights in Guatemala, November 1988 – February 1990" 7014: 6816: 6213: 4297: 3910: 3861: 3613: 3546: 3401: 3111: 2976: 2348: 2161: 2011: 1928: 1676: 1557: 1345: 1166: 1118: 1074: 995: 907: 899: 868: 489: 11236:

In the Name of Democracy: U.S. Policy Toward Latin America in the Reagan Years

10835:

Guatemala, la historia silenciada (1944–1989). Tomo 1: Revolución y Liberación

10232: 9815: 8670:. Sweden: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. 1978. p. 262. 8656:. Sweden: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. 1977. p. 316. 3318:

for their efforts to end the civil war and attaining the peace agreement. The

14654: 14405: 14269: 14261: 14229: 13795: 13390: 12641: 9132:. International library of essays on military history. Vol. 2. Ashgate. 9055: 8573:

Ortiz, Dianna (May–June 2007). "Spokes in the Wheel: An Account of Torture".

8336:

Guatemala: A Nation of Prisoners, An Americas Watch Report, January 1984, 135

7728: 4307: 4232:. Vol. Part II: Israel and Central America. Guatemala. pp. 111–137. 3906: 3762: 3713: 3451: 3123: 2914: 2297: 2037:

education institutions. This coordination between legal groups came from the

1603: 1210: 1036: 1005: 943: 922: 188: 10989:

Torres Rivas, Edelberto (1980). "Guatemala: Crisis and Political Violence".

8974:

Politics in Central America: Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua

8812: 8699:. Guatemala: A Special Case: The MacMillan Press LTD., London. p. 161. 4744: 4636: 4634: 4475:

Steadman, Stephen John; Rothchild, Donald S.; Cousens, Elizabeth M. (2002).

4342:

Coll, Alberto R. (Summer 1985). "Soviet Arms and Central American Turmoil".

3809:

During the 1980s, the Guatemalan intelligence services had covert ties with

2017:

At the beginning of his tenure as president, Saúl Osorio founded the weekly

14381: 13915: 13825: 11309:

Exporting democracy: the United States and Latin America: themes and issues

7838: 3810: 3794: 3777: 3641: 3625: 3609: 3513: 3365: 3128: 2860: 2455: 1973: 1811: 1688:

The assassinations of Ambassador John Gordon Mein and Count Karl Von Sprite

1478: 1426: 1423: 1391:

movement known as the MR-13, named after the date of the officers' revolt.

1384: 1365: 1301: 1241: 1102: 1086: 1032: 247: 242: 12928: 11358: 10915:

Managing the counterrevolution: the United States and Guatemala, 1954–1961

10070:

Shattered hope: the Guatemalan revolution and the United States, 1944–1954

7422: 6504:

Truth and Memory: The Church and Human Rights in El Salvador and Guatemala

6415: 6378: 6072:

Norman Gall, "Guatemalan Slaughter", New York Review of Books, 20 May 1971

3893:: United Nations verification/peacekeeping mission in Guatemala, 1994–2004 1332:

On 13 November 1960, a group of left-wing junior military officers of the

1327: 747:

rebel groups. The Guatemalan government forces are said to have committed

14293: 14005: 13998: 13610: 12737: 11835: 11365: 10037: 9880:

Title Power in the Isthmus: A Political History of Modern Central America

8310:

Information Services on Latin America – Vol. 33, 10 November 1986; p. 263

6848:

Annual Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 1980–1981

6774: 6501: 4631: 3994: 3734: 3608:

Perhaps the best known and most highly publicized case is that of Sister

2867:

Despite the implementation of social welfare and civil action programs, "

2311: 2197: 2151:

On 7 July 1980, Col. Miguel Ángel Natareno Salazar, head of the infamous

2094: 2030: 1545: 1411:

countries. The attack sparked sympathetic strikes and university student

1309: 1273: 1185: 1162: 1065: 1059: 910:. He distributed it to his Liberal friends, who became major landowners. 880: 846: 158: 58: 10958:

Human Rights in Guatemala: no neutrals allowed; an American Watch Report

9901:

The time of freedom: campesino workers in Guatemala's October Revolution

9861:

Diario de Centro América, Periódico Oficial de la República de Guatemala

9199: 8345:

Guatemala: A Nation of Prisoners, An Americas Watch Report, January 1984

6510: 6091:. Defense Intelligence Agency, Secret Intelligence Bulletin. p. 2. 4355: 4303:

The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability

2760: 2703: 2684: 2431: 2102: 849:

Maya during his 1982–83 rule. The charges of genocide were based on the

14301: 13880: 13841: 13422: 13318: 12897: 11098:. George Washington University: U.S. Department of State, Secret cable. 10825: 10789:. Hague Academy of International Law: Center for Studies and Research. 7300:

Report on Guatemala, Guatemala News and Information Bureau, 1986, p. 24

3483: 3342: 3215: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3083: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1983: 1666: 1358: 1226: 1206: 957: 13618: 9969:

Double-Edged Diplomacy: International Bargaining and Domestic Politics

9854:(in Spanish). México: Fondo de la Cultura de la Universidad de México. 7708:"Promise and Reality – Implementation of the Guatemalan Peace Accords" 7316: 6903: 4376:. National Security Archive Electronic. George Washington University: 4205:. National Security Archive Electronic. George Washington University. 4001:

NDF. The PAC were local militias created by the Guatemalan Government.

2989:

Carlos. The kidnappers were uniformed policemen with the BROE and the

2354:

In December 1979, the Guatemalan Army staged a false flag incident in

2101:

in Guatemala City to protest the kidnapping and murder of peasants in

13859: 13848: 13326: 12985: 12012: 11494: 11463: 11146:

Between two continents, notes from a journey in Central America, 1920

9202:"Scientific Responsibility, Human Rights & Law Program &#124" 9107:

Tendencias del desarrollo agrario, en 500 años de lucha por la tierra

7820: 7634:"Understanding Central America: Global Forces, Rebellion, and Change" 7609:

Background and Recent Developments of the Mutual Support Group (GAM),

7596:

Background and Recent Developments of the Mutual Support Group (GAM),

7583:

Background and Recent Developments of the Mutual Support Group (GAM),

7087:

Carlsen, Robert S. (2011). Prechtel, Martin; Carrasco, David (eds.).

5334:"The Octopus and the Generals: the United Fruit Company in Guatemala" 4415:"Agudización de la Violencia y Militarización del Estado (1979–1985)" 3998: 3973:

The URNG was the result of the merger of the left-wing armed groups,

3742: 3722: 3717: 3716:

provided material support and training to the Guatemalan government.

3673: 3661: 3581: 3245: 3148:, and rising levels of violence – contributed to popular discontent. 2741: 2722: 2137: 2026: 1836: 1388: 1337: 1313: 1177: 1106: 998:

are a minority made up of descendants of the Spaniards who conquered

989:

Between Two Continents, notes from a journey in Central America, 1920

966: 935: 736: 732: 368: 84: 11433:

Digital Archive of the Guatemalan National Police Historical Archive

11408:

report by the Historical Clarification Commission (Truth Commission)

10887:

Contextualización histórica de la Franja Transversal del Norte (FTN)

10817: 4856: 3190: 3058: 805:

in 1978). The PID lost its grip on Guatemalan politics when General

793:

was the first of a series of military dictators who represented the

14626:

Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al

13922: 13901: 13873: 13818: 12683: 12535: 11412:"State Violence in Guatemala, 1960–1996: A Quantitative Reflection" 11084:. George Washington University: Department of State, secret report. 10605: 10022:"The CIA and Jacobo Arbenz: The story of a disinformation campaign" 10021: 9807:

Collection de Renseignements Publiés Ou Recueillis Par la Compagnie

9017:"State Violence in Guatemala, 1960–1996: A Quantitative Reflection" 9015:

Ball, Patrick; Kobrak, Paul; Spirer, Herbert F.; Chapter 4 (n.d.).

7038: 6640:. American Association for the Advancement of Science. p. 23. 5843: 5841: 4939: 4937: 4924: 4922: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4888: 4886: 4873: 4871: 3738: 3677: 3533: 2164:

where they were tortured under the direction of the former head of

1882:

underground in the mountains of Xolchiché, municipality of Chajul.

1660:

On 16 March 1968, kidnappers apprehended Roman Catholic Archbishop

1477:

It was at this phase in the conflict that the U.S. government sent

1370: 1110: 926: 842: 45: 10976: 10837:(in Spanish). Guatemala: Fondo Nacional para la Cultura Económica. 9944:

Esparza, Marcia; Huttenbach, Henry R.; Feierstein, Daniel (2009).

8838:

Predatory States: Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America

7680: 7678: 7643:

John A. Booth, Christine J. Wade, Thomas Walker, 2014, pp. 277–278

7468:

Ríos Montt Gives Carte Blanche to Archivos to Deal with Insurgency

7020: 6488:

From a photograph of a message produced and signed by the MANO in

5653: 5651: 5585: 4672:

Centro de Estudios Urbanos y Regionales, Universidad de San Carlos

3360:(CEH) stated that the state was responsible for 93 percent of the 2405:

Chajul, Nebaj and Ixcán massacres in Franja Transversal del Norte

2390: 10739:

Eisenhower and Latin America: The Foreign Policy of Anticommunism

8795:

In from the Cold: Latin America's New Encounter with the Cold War

8508:

Jennifer Schirmer, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010, p. 171

7997: 7807: 7572:

Americas Watch and British Parliamentary Human Rights Group: 1987

6634:

State Violence in Guatemala, 1960–1996: A Quantitative Reflection

6206:"Guatemala, charged with rights violations, searches for respect" 6149: 4171: 4090:

Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico: Caso No. 110 (1999).

3890: 3814: 3665: 3657: 3284:

National elections for president, Congress, and municipal offices

3280:

significant progress on a socio-economic and agrarian agreement.

2784:

Guatemalan genocide § Genocide under General Benedicto Lucas

2128:

in the fire. The funeral of the victims (including the father of

1412: 1321: 845:

for the killing and disappearances of more than 1,700 indigenous

10595:

Menton, Seymour; Goodsell, James Nelson; Jonas, Susanne (1973).

10556:

Dictating Democracy: Guatemala and the End of Violent Revolution

9947:

State Violence and Genocide in Latin America: The Cold War Years

8407:"The Atrocity Findings: 'The Historic Facts Must Be Recognized'" 7413:

America's Watch Report, Civil Patrols in Guatemala, 8/1986, p. 2

7382:. Defense Intelligence Agency, confidential cable. 10 May 1982. 6630: 6427: 6182: 6161: 5888: 5838: 5735: 5713: 5711: 5224: 4934: 4919: 4898: 4883: 4868: 4413:

Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico: Agudización (1999).

1630:

People of Guatemala, Know the Traitors, the Guerillas of the FAR

1450:

U.S. intelligence and counterinsurgency assistance to government

13989: 11384: 9800: 7675: 7238: 6805:

New York Times, 1 June 1980. Cited in I.S.L.A., Vol. 20, p. 27.

6018: 5648: 4832: 4264:. Armenian Research Center collection. I.B.Tauris. p. 80. 3669: 3618:

Torture Abolition and Survivors Support Coalition International

3502: 3174: 2819:

On 23 March 1982, junior officers under the command of General

2535: 2516: 2355: 2335: 1854: 1594:

earned the nickname "The Butcher of Zacapa" for his brutality.

1293: 1230: 222: 209: 11276:

The Battle for Guatemala: Rebels, Death Squads, and U.S. Power

10208:

The battle for Guatemala: rebels, death squads, and U.S. power

9219: 8933:

Enfoprensa USA, 1984; "MILITARY AID FROM SOUTH AFRICA," p 174.

8499:"The Guatemalan Military Project: A Violence Called Democracy" 8265:

Paul R. Bartrop, Steven Leonard Jacobs, ABC-CLIO, 2014, p. 928

6752:

Taking Their Word: Literature and the Signs of Central America

6063:

Latin America Press, Vol. III, Noticias Aliadas, 1971, p. VIII

5819:. National Security Archive Electronic. Briefing Book No. 11. 5042: 5040: 4961: 4371:"Military Intelligence Summary, Volume VIII Latin America (U)" 3525:

Reagan administration dismisses reports of human rights abuses

3521:

Guatemalan military in Puerto Barrios on the Caribbean coast.

3180: 3154:

were held on 11 November 1990. After the second-round ballot,

3114:, a civilian politician and the presidential candidate of the 2444:

There were 42 fatal victims, who were murdered with machetes.

1889: 785:. The officers who survived created a rebel movement known as 13554: 13212: 11432: 11329: 11125:(Illustrated ed.). Washington, D.C.: DIANE. p. 86. 11022: 9222:"Nottebohm case (second phase). Judgement of April 6th, 1955" 8977:(revised ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 256. 8722:

Psychological Torture: Definition, Evaluation and Measurement

7773:

Who Counts?: The Mathematics of Death and Life after Genocide

6254:. London, UK: Amnesty International Publications. p. 45. 5708: 5663: 4640: 3822: 3388:, deposing the elected Guatemalan presidential government of 2110:, Col. Germán Chupina Barahona, and Minister of the Interior 1810:

The first settler project in the FTN was in Sebol-Chinajá in

931: 235: 14666:

Civil wars involving the states and peoples of North America

11286:

Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America

11005:

Rivers of Blood: A Comparative Study of Government Massacres

10954: 10866:

The Guatemalan Military Project: A Violence Called Democracy

10845:

The Guatemalan Military Project: A Violence Called Democracy

10333:

Inevitable revolutions: the United States in Central America

7274:

Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico: Caso No. 77 1999

7138:

Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico: Caso No. 61 1999

7057: 6881:"Bombazo en el Palacio Nacional (No apto para todo público)" 6780: 6269:. London, UK: Amnesty International Publications. p. 6. 5756: 5436: 5012: 5010: 4997: 4995: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4697:

Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico: Conclusions 1999

2304: 1394: 1203:

the "October Revolutionaries" took control of the government

1172:

The winner of the 1944 elections was a teaching major named

766:

Democratic elections in 1944 and 1951 which were during the

12652: 12533: 11119:

Vice President's Task Force on Combating Terrorism (1989).

10936:

Banana wars: power, production, and history in the Americas

10649:

American Foreign Relations: A History, Volume 2: Since 1895

10503:

The Politics of antipolitics: the military in Latin America

10404: 9943: 8149:"The Social Consequences of "Development" Aid in Guatemala" 8054: 7525: 7355:

National Security Archive, The George Washington University

7257: 7255: 7253: 6421: 6081: 5905: 5903: 5723: 5689: 5687: 5638: 5636: 5609: 5573: 5508: 5389: 5387: 5372: 5037: 4368: 3827: 3303: 2805:, as a candidate in the March 1982 presidential elections. 1619:

counterinsurgency unit of the National Police known as the

1353: 939: 345: 75:(36 years, 1 month, 2 weeks and 2 days) 8138:, Royal Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1 January 1998, p. 34 8026:

Report of the Commission on Historical Clarification, 1999

7962:. George Washington University NSA Archive (Republished). 6470: 6403: 5768: 2915:

Mejia Victores regime and democratic transition: 1983–1986

1556:

The first leaflets by the MANO appeared on 3 June 1966 in

1466:

began a selective bombing campaign against MR-13 bases in

1336:

national military academy led a failed revolt against the

14491:

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

11149:. London, UK: E. Nash and Grayson, Ltd. pp. 148–209. 10456:

Trade Unionists Against Terror: Guatemala City, 1954-1985

10303: 10233:"Entrevista completa Ríos Montt: Yo controlo al ejército" 10110:

The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War

9200:

Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (19 June 2014).

9014: 8535: 8523: 8096: 7322: 7296: 7294: 7026: 6909: 6137: 6131:

Paper Cadavers: The Archives of Dictatorship in Guatemala

6006: 5994: 5296: 5260: 5236: 5007: 4992: 4973: 4530:"Billy Briggs on the atrocities of Guatemala's civil war" 4477:

Ending civil wars: the implementation of peace agreements

3616:

nun who later founded a human rights advocacy group, the

2808: 2334:), formed the organization after returning from exile in 1655: 1482: 10388:(in Spanish). Guatemala. 5 December 2011. Archived from 10161:

The CIA in Guatemala: The Foreign Policy of Intervention

10038:

Gobernatura Departamental de Baja Verapaz (5 May 1978).

9858: 8877: 8765: 7250: 6990: 6967:

Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico: Vol. IV 1999

6952:

Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico: Vol. IV 1999

6940:

Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico: Vol. IV 1999

5912: 5900: 5684: 5633: 5448: 5384: 5348: 5128:. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. pp. 38–39. 5125:

Grappling with atrocity: Guatemalan theater in the 1990s

5064: 5052: 4844: 4474: 4230:

Israeli foreign policy: South Africa and Central America

1008:

are middle class. Descendants of peoples of indigenous,

10525:(in Spanish). México: Ediciones En Marcha. p. 858. 10286:

Democracies and Tyrannies of the Caribbean in the 1940s

8554:"Congressional Human Rights Caucus Briefing on Torture" 8117: 7328: 7279: 7197:

Vice President's Task Force on Combating Terrorism 1989

6603: 5621: 4823: 3773: 3353: 3268: 1387:. By 1962, those surviving officers had established an 1328:

Initial phase of the civil war: 1960's and early 1970's

1157:. Ubico had fired Árbenz from his teaching post at the 913:

In the 1890s, the United States began to implement the

11077: 11050: 10848:. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. 9246:

Bananas: How the United Fruit Company Shaped the World

8511: 7960:"CIA and Assassinations: The Guatemala 1954 Documents" 7800: 7291: 7090:

The War for the Heart and Soul of a Highland Maya Town

6631:

Ball, Patrick; Paul Kobrak; Herbert F. Spirer (1999).

6179:

NSA Electronic Archive Briefing Book #11, Document #12

6028:

Atrocities, Massacres, and War Crimes: An Encyclopedia

5934:; Association for Education in Journalism, 1971, p. 43 5810:"Special Commando Unit of the Guatemalan Army – SCUGA" 5780: 5472: 5308: 5284: 5272: 5166: 5154: 4949: 4479:. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 165. 4278: 3456:

Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support

2843: 2270:

Car bombs completely destroyed the buildings windows.

2059:

Guatemalan genocide § Genocide under Lucas García

14602:

International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine

13141:

Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction

10559:(Illustrated ed.). University Press of Florida. 10382:"Guatemala, viudas y huérfanos que dejó el comunismo" 10306:"Guatemala, viudas y huérfanos que dejó el comunismo" 9780:"Conclusions: The Tragedy of the Armed Confrontation" 9104: 8946: 7952: 7214: 7119: 7044: 6814: 6321: 6309: 6297: 6285: 6264: 6246: 6024: 5427: 5212: 5027: 5025: 4447:

Gallardo, María Eugenia; López, José Roberto (1986).

1997:

In 1976 student group called "FRENTE" emerged in the

1500:

With money and support from U.S. advisors, President

1373:

and formed the kernel of what became known as MR-13 (

893:

After the 1871 revolution, the Liberal government of

14570:

International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur

10260:

Banana: The Fate of the Fruit That Changed the World

9817:

CIA and Assassinations: The Guatemala 1954 Documents

8084: 7733:

Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I

6273: 5190:

The blood of Guatemala: a history of race and nation

4607:"Guatemalan Army Waged 'Genocide,' New Report Finds" 3837: 3484:

Reagan increases military assistance and cooperation

2850:

Guatemalan genocide § Genocide under Ríos Montt

2463:

EGP entered the community and murdered 20 peasants.

2316:

Guatemala: A Government Program of Political Murder,

1984:

Transition between Laugerud and Lucas Garcia regimes

1784:

were killed or "disappeared" between 1966 and 1973.

1735:– the originators of the MANO death squad – and the 721:

Between 140,000–200,000 dead and missing (estimated)

11396:

Guatemala After the War – Photographs by Jorge Uzon

11088: 11068: 10984:. Washington, D.C.: Council of Hemispheric Affairs. 10743:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 10594: 10506:(3rd, revised ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. 10090:

La montaña infinita; Carrera, caudillo de Guatemala

9964: 9185:Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico (1999). 8953:

Guatemala: A Government Program of Political Murder

8220:"Guatemala Uses U.S. 'Civilian' Copters in Warfare" 7611:

U.S. Embassy in Guatemala, Confidential Cable; p. 5

7598:

U.S. Embassy in Guatemala, Confidential Cable; p. 4

7585:

U.S. Embassy in Guatemala, Confidential Cable; p. 3

7423:Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico (1999). 6379:Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico (1999). 6228: 6167: 6155: 5951:. XXXI, South and Central America. 29 August 1968. 5894: 5847: 5741: 5484: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5248: 2953:published a memoir of her life during that period, 2925:Ríos Montt was deposed on 8 August 1983 by his own 1818:in 1928. In 1958, during the government of General 11306: 11283: 11183: 10933: 10736: 10532:"State Terror and Popular Resistance in Guatemala" 10330: 10257: 10205: 10008: 9966: 8356: 8326:. U.S. General Accounting Office. 1986. p. 7. 6675:Pico de Coaña, Spanish Foreign Ministry Report, 7. 6502:Michael A. Hayes (Chaplain.), David Tombs (2001). 5022: 4451:(in Spanish). San José: IICA-FLACSO. p. 249. 3745:as a supplement to U.S. operations in the region. 3429:in 1963, U.S. advisors began to work with Colonel 3371: 2840:head of the armed forces and Minister of Defense. 1320:immigrants to Guatemala, although often with some 1024:The prince classified them into three categories: 11290:. New York City, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. 11205:Archivo Histórico de la Policía Nacional (2013). 11139: 11092:Subject: Internal Security: "Death Squad" Strikes 10955:The American Watch Committee (23 November 1982). 10710: 9287:"Perenco: explotar petróleo cueste lo que cueste" 8860:Israel and Latin America: The Military Connection 8697:Israel and Latin America: The Military Connection 7755:. United Nations. 20 January 1997. Archived from 7554: 7244: 7152: 5949:Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968 5460: 5432:. London, UK: Amnesty International Publications. 4943: 4928: 4913: 4892: 4877: 4862: 3368:. Both sides used terror as a deliberate policy. 3261:(FRG) headed by Ríos Montt, and the center-right 2983: 2956:I, Rigoberta Menchú, An Indian Woman in Guatemala 2471:El Conguito (settlement), Las Pacayas (village), 1458:1961 CIA map of British Honduras-Guatemala border 749:genocide against the Maya population of Guatemala 14652: 14459:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 14205: 11028:"Guatemala, Government of Guatemala – civilians" 10452: 10423: 10230: 10087: 8991: 8747:The Israeli Connection: Whom Israel Arms and Why 8045:Charles Meachling Jr., L.A. Times, 18 March 1982 6981: 6516: 6433: 5591: 5496: 5399: 4838: 4262:The Israeli Connection: Whom Israel Arms and why 3553: 1716: 1485:advisers to instruct the Guatemalan military in 1229:, passed in 1952, ordered the redistribution of 751:during the civil war and there were widespread 14686:Genocide of indigenous peoples of North America 13399:German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs 11366:International Center for Transitional Justice. 11208:From Silence to Memory: Revelations of the AHPN 10931: 10520: 10019: 8792: 8183:Robert Parry, Consortium News, 21 February 2013 7624:, U.S. Embassy in Guatemala, Confidential Cable 6878: 6082:Defense Intelligence Agency (12 January 1971). 5360: 5327: 5325: 5323: 4967: 4586: 4502:Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations: Americas 4144:. Stanfordalumni.org. June 1999. Archived from 2391:List of massacres perpetrated by the EGP in FTN 1787: 965:became a major economic and political force in 739:which was fought from 1960 to 1996 between the 11401:Key agreements in the Guatemalan peace process 9064: 9008:Guatemalan Indians and the State, 1540 to 1988 8622: 8468:"A Guatemalan Colonel and a C.I.A. Connection" 7888:"Group Works to Identify Remains in Guatemala" 5717: 5089:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 82–83. 4504:. New York, NY: Worldmark Press. p. 156. 4369:Defense Intelligence Agency (September 1981). 4296: 2997:In the wake of García's kidnapping, his wife, 1563: 13692:Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War 12668: 12519: 11989: 11479: 11346:International Journal of Transitional Justice 11054:Guatemala: A Counter-Insurgency Running Wild? 10499: 10304:La otra memoria histórica (5 December 2011). 10178: 9270:. Vol. I. Haymarket Books. p. 462. 9263: 9109:(in Spanish). Vol. 1. Guatemala: FLACSO. 9001:(in Spanish). Guatemala: Tipografía Nacional. 8744: 8354: 7850: 7848: 7232: 6794:Amnesty International, the Human Rights Story 6683: 6681: 6267:Amnesty International Annual Report 1972–1973 6252:Amnesty International Annual Report 1971–1972 5762: 5547:"Denied in full: documented dated March 1966" 5430:Amnesty International Annual Report 1975–1976 5230: 4446: 4256: 3942: 3008: 1870: 1754:In October 1971, over 12,000 students at the 1519: 1316:, generally descendants of Spanish and other 1144:and board member of the United Fruit Company. 10988: 10606:Minority Rights Group International (1994). 10113:. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. 10106: 10092:(in Spanish). Guatemala: Artemis y Edinter. 9918: 8856: 7526:Defense Intelligence Agency (30 June 1983). 7425:"Capítulo 2: Patrullas de Autodefensa civil" 7064:. 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Stanford University Press. 9769:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 9727:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 9685:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 9643:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 9601:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 9559:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 9517:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 9475:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 9433:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 9391:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 9349:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 9045:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6846:"Resolution 33/81, case 7403 (Guatemala)". 6817:"Guatemala: All the truth, justice for all" 6719:"30 are killed in Guatemala Embassy Battle" 5877: 5875: 5121: 4760:"Guatemala's Rios Montt guilty of genocide" 4470: 4468: 4194: 4126:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3508:In early 1982, with authorization from the 3181:Serrano government dissolution and recovery 3162:(MAS) Party gained only 18 of 116 seats in 2789:civilian population", under the code-name " 2629:La Estancia(village), Santa Cruz del Quiché 1890:Mass movement for social reforms: 1974–1976 1161:, and since then Árbenz had been living in 14525:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 12675: 12661: 12526: 12512: 11996: 11982: 11486: 11472: 11341:Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico 11327: 11071:Assignment terror: The Army's Special Unit 11051:US Department of State (23 October 1967). 10609:Minority Rights Group International Report 10529: 10500:Loveman, Brian; Davies, Thomas M. (1997). 10055:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 10011:Guatemala in rebellion: unfinished history 9231:(in English and French): 4. Archived from 9114:CDI (1 January 1998). "The World at War". 8123: 8102: 8036:"The Murderous Mind of the Latin Military" 7856:"Clinton: Support for Guatemala was wrong" 7845: 7456:DIA, Views of a Coup Leader, 7 April 1982. 7093:. University of Texas Press. p. 144. 6986:(in Spanish). San Jose, Costa Rica: EDUCA. 6741: 6711: 6678: 6624: 6566: 6564: 6476: 6409: 6333: 6143: 6000: 5937: 5918: 5693: 5642: 5615: 5514: 5454: 5393: 5378: 5332:Bucheli, Marcelo; Jones, Geoffrey (2005). 4828:(in Spanish). México: Ediciones En Marcha. 4442: 4440: 4242:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3902:Assassinated Catholic priests in Guatemala 3826:Erasmus and Alexander Potgeiter headed an 3025: 2777: 2375:ORPA as a precondition for Cuban-backing. 2048: 1806:(Northern Transversal Strip) in Guatemala. 13148:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars 11304: 11232: 11153: 11102: 11069:US State Department (1967). "Guatemala". 10782: 10647:Paterson, Thomas G.; et al. (2009). 10598:Report from Ad Hoc committee on Guatemala 10264:. New York: Hudson Street Press. p. 10063: 9876: 9828: 9813: 9284: 9060:. London: Trelawney Saunders. p. 87. 8443: 8441: 7828: 7702: 7700: 7261: 7032: 7011:The New York Times, 2 February 1988, p. 1 6972: 6756:. University of Minnesota Press. p. 6422:Esparza, Huttenbach & Feierstein 2009 6374: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6194: 6012: 5442: 5354: 5016: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4523: 4521: 3231:Learn how and when to remove this message 3099:Learn how and when to remove this message 2305:Insurgent mobilization in the countryside 2235:Corporación Financiera Nacional (CORFINA) 2089:On 31 January 1980, a group of displaced 1395:MR-13 attacks United Fruit Company office 1176:, Ph.D., who had earned a scholarship in 825:(1966–68) and in the predominantly Mayan 774:in 1954 installed the military regime of 145:Government-led paramilitary organizations 12621:Internal conflict in Peru (1980–present) 11181: 11078:US Department of State (28 March 1986). 10995:North American Congress on Latin America 10912: 10862: 10841: 10803: 10711:Platero Trabanino, Oscar German (2013). 10646: 10640:North American Congress on Latin America 10573: 10552: 10212:(5th ed.). Westview Press. p. 10157: 9981: 9801:Compagnie Belge de Colonisation (1844). 9068:Counter Insurgency: Lessons from history 8970: 8883: 8833: 8771: 8283:Washington Post, 21 October 1982, p. A1. 7334: 7285: 7235:, p. Las massacres de la guerrilla. 7061:Guatemala, Dare to Struggle, Dare to Win 6996: 6124: 6122: 5872: 5786: 5627: 5579: 5478: 5314: 5302: 5290: 5278: 5266: 5242: 5172: 5082: 5046: 5001: 4986: 4850: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4757: 4557: 4555: 4465: 4284: 3804: 3461: 3152:Presidential and congressional elections 3048: 2069: 1797: 1453: 1213:and the peasants. Elsewhere, a group of 1128: 956: 759:and foreign companies like the American 13020:Indigenous peoples in the United States 11281: 11253: 11089:US State Department (4 February 1974). 10932:Striffler, Steve; Moberg, Mark (2003). 10495:. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin. 10492:The Agrarian Crises in Modern Guatemala 10355: 10337:. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 10328: 10312:(in Spanish). Guatemala. Archived from 10255: 10127: 9897: 9296:(in Spanish). Guatemala. Archived from 9242: 9220:Corte internacional de La Haya (1955). 9122: 8857:Bahbah, Bishara; Butler, Linda (1986). 8625:"Israel said to aid Latin Aims of U.S." 8541: 8529: 8517: 7452: 7450: 7086: 7021:The Council of Hemispheric Affairs 1981 6561: 5490: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5185: 5070: 5058: 4604: 4437: 3949:. Transaction Publishers. p. 564. 3938: 3936: 3712:Military regimes in the South American 3587: 14: 14653: 11493: 11338: 11001: 10883: 10832: 10786:The Right to Life in International Law 10757: 9264:Chomsky, Noam; Herman, Edward (2014). 8895: 8694: 8457:Allan Nairn, The Nation, 17 April 1995 8448:"The CIA and Guatemala's Death Squads" 8438: 8151:. Cultural Survival. 9 February 2010. 7769: 7697: 7416: 6609: 6570: 6363: 6327: 6315: 6303: 6291: 6234: 6203: 4955: 4646: 4527: 4518: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4337: 4335: 4227: 3407: 3020:Department of Technical Investigations 2809:1982 coup d'état and Ríos Montt regime 2114:. Despite pleas by Spanish Ambassador 1999:Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala 1958:On 4 February 1976, a devastating 7.5 1656:The kidnapping of Archbishop Casariego 1376:Movimiento Revolucionario 13 Noviembre 14555: 14436: 14204: 14181:Mass killings under communist regimes 13706: 13469: 13164: 12825: 12705: 12656: 12626:Insurgency in Paraguay (2005–present) 12507: 11977: 11467: 10713:"La farsa del genocidio en Guatemala" 10633: 10601:. Latin American Studies Association. 10488: 10282: 10243:from the original on 19 December 2021 10203: 10006: 9872:. Nueva York: Rowman and Littlefield. 9867: 9105:Castellanos Cambranes, Julio (1992). 9053: 9005: 8898:"South Africa: Through the Back Door" 8719: 8591:Memorandum for William P. Clark, 5312 8587: 8572: 8563:Sister Dianna Ortiz, 2 September 1998 8236: 8090: 7542:from the original on 11 February 2013 7220: 7125: 7058:Concerned Guatemala Scholars (1982). 6923:"Terror en el Parque Central en 1980" 6815:Amnesty International (13 May 1998). 6747: 6729:from the original on 15 February 2016 6549:from the original on 12 February 2009 6279: 6119: 6098:from the original on 11 February 2013 6045:from the original on 9 September 2018 5826:from the original on 11 February 2013 5528:"U.S. policy IN guatemala, 1966-1996" 5254: 5160: 4812: 4619:from the original on 27 February 2017 4552: 4540:from the original on 21 December 2016 4499: 4221: 4197:"U.S. policy in Guatemala, 1966–1996" 4188: 3916:Latin America–United States relations 3776:officer and Nazi German war criminal 1756:University of San Carlos of Guatemala 1053: 972: 14130:Terminology of the Armenian genocide 12553:List of conflicts in Central America 11204: 10869:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 10734: 10690: 10405:Latin America Working Group (1991). 10107:Grandin, Greg; Klein, Naomi (2011). 9167: 9146: 9085: 9065:Beckett, Ian; Pimlott, John (2011). 9010:. Austin: University of Texas Press. 8809:"MARGEN - Revista de Trabajo Social" 8239:"Reagan and Guatemala's Death Files" 8055:Noam Chomsky, Edward Herman (2014). 7984: 7948:from the original on 13 August 2012. 7868:from the original on 19 October 2013 7560: 7475:from the original on 18 October 2012 7471:. CIA, secret cable. February 1983. 7447: 7386:from the original on 24 October 2012 7379:Guatemala/Turbulence in the Military 7158: 7107:from the original on 14 January 2016 7068:from the original on 14 January 2016 7009:A U.S. Frameup of Nicaragua Charged, 6591:from the original on 14 January 2016 6531: 6128: 5955:from the original on 22 October 2018 5561:from the original on 5 November 2013 5502: 5416: 5410: 5218: 5142:from the original on 23 January 2016 5103:from the original on 14 January 2016 5031: 4665: 4605:Navarro, Mireya (26 February 1999). 4387:from the original on 8 November 2011 4362: 4341: 4195:Doyle, Kate; Osorio, Carlos (2013). 4034: 3963:from the original on 14 January 2016 3933: 3707: 3269:Renewed peace process (1994 to 1996) 3213:adding citations to reliable sources 3184: 3081:adding citations to reliable sources 3052: 2119:Colonel Pedro García Arredondo, the 14366:War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia 11530:Federal Republic of Central America 10760:"Victimization – the EXMIBAL Story" 10665: 10136: 10088:González Davison, Fernando (2008). 9814:Cullather, Nicholas (23 May 1997). 9113: 8301:The Guardian (London), 17 May 1983. 8155:from the original on 9 October 2014 7209:Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, 7178:from the original on 19 August 2012 7149:IACHR, 10/1981 – "Chajul Massacre." 6528:Amnesty International 1976, pp. 5–6 5807: 5544: 5466: 5366: 4592: 4561: 4399: 4332: 4250: 4209:from the original on 9 October 2014 3358:Historical Clarification Commission 2844:'Victoria 82' and 'Operation Sofia' 1949:PEASANT GRAVES TO BEAR WITNESS.... 73:13 November 1960 – 29 December 1996 24: 12558:List of conflicts in South America 12548:List of conflicts in North America 11313:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 11239:. University of California Press. 11174: 10473: 10453:Levenson-Estrada, Deborah (1994). 9904:. University of Pittsburgh Press. 9188:Atentados contra sedes municipales 8604:from the original on 29 March 2017 8217: 7898:from the original on 17 April 2018 7172:"Timeline of Guatemalan Civil War" 6984:Dialéctica del Terror en Guatemala 6695:. 11 February 1980. Archived from 6657:from the original on 28 April 2012 6621:UPI Press Release; 16 January 1980 6539:"Legislation on Foreign Relations" 5883:El Proceso del Terror en Guatemala 4104:from the original on 23 March 2017 3897:Guatemala National Police Archives 3772:in power. With the help of former 3631: 3275:Guatemalan Peace Process 1994-1996 2190:Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres 25: 14707: 14676:Ethnic cleansing in North America 12616:Colombian conflict (1964–present) 11377: 10020:Garcia Ferreira, Roberto (2008). 8480:from the original on 7 March 2016 8237:Parry, Robert (5 November 2011). 7966:from the original on 17 June 2014 7927:from the original on 19 May 2008. 7495:"Death Squad Dossier (1983–1985)" 6827:from the original on 2 April 2015 6781:The American Watch Committee 1982 6204:Norton, Chris (18 January 1985). 6156:Menton, Goodsell & Jonas 1973 6085:Guatemalan Antiterrorist Campaign 5973:Washington Post, 18 October 1978. 5194:. Duke University Press. p. 4800:from the original on 3 April 2018 4758:Castillo, Mariano (10 May 2013). 4716:from the original on 6 April 2018 4641:Uppsala Conflict Data Program n.d 4528:Briggs, Billy (2 February 2007). 2278:EGP "Otto René Castillo" commando 2106:the National Palace by President 1597: 1441:, the FGEI established itself in 1268:to lead an "insurrection" in the 1180:during the government of general 1077:, he consistently sided with the 14556: 14437: 13707: 13470: 13165: 12826: 12595:Guatemalan Civil War (1960–1996) 12005: 11574: 11568: 11454:The Secrets in Guatemala's Bones 11383: 11081:Guatemala's Disappeared: 1977–86 10538:. Vol. 2. London, UK: Zed. 10521:Martínez Peláez, Severo (1990). 10231:Justice Republic (11 May 2013). 10042:(in Spanish). Cobán, Guatemala. 9984:"Bombazo en el Palacio Nacional" 9965:Evans; Jacobson; Putnam (1993). 9919:El Periódico (31 January 2012). 8927: 8889: 8850: 8827: 8801: 8786: 8777: 8756: 8745:Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin (1988). 8738: 8713: 8688: 8674: 8660: 8646: 8616: 8581: 8566: 8547: 8492: 8460: 8419: 8416:New York Times, 26 February 1999 8400: 8381: 8348: 8339: 8330: 8313: 8304: 8295: 8292:Washington Post, 21 October 1982 8286: 8277: 8268: 8249: 8230: 8211: 8202: 8186: 8167: 8141: 8129: 8108: 8075: 8061:. Haymarket Books. p. 253. 8048: 8029: 8010: 7978: 7931: 7910: 7880: 7794: 7763: 7745: 7722: 7656: 7646: 7627: 7614: 7601: 7588: 7575: 7566: 7519: 7507:from the original on 14 May 2012 7487: 7459: 7407: 7398: 7370: 7361: 7340: 7303: 7202: 7164: 7143: 7080: 7050: 7002: 6915: 6872: 6863: 6854: 6839: 6808: 6799: 6786: 6669: 6615: 6522: 6495: 6482: 6467:Amnesty International 1976, p. 9 6461: 6452: 6439: 6258: 6240: 6173: 6110: 6075: 6066: 6057: 5985: 5976: 5967: 5705:La Violencia en Guatemala, p. 49 4824:Martínez Peláez, Severo (1990). 4574:from the original on 20 May 2014 4163: 4134: 4083: 4074: 4065: 4049:from the original on 4 July 2010 4043:"Recordando el 14 julio de 1980" 4015: 4006: 3854: 3840: 3189: 3057: 2889: 2281:Industrial Bank Financial Center 2249:Industrial Bank Financial Center 1918:Unlike his predecessor, General 1340:government (1958–63) of General 772:United States-backed coup d'état 693: 665: 646: 621: 609: 589: 569: 549: 537: 519: 507: 495: 483: 471: 459: 447: 435: 423: 411: 399: 387: 361: 350: 338: 303: 288: 273: 257: 241: 228: 215: 202: 181: 169: 152: 130: 52: 12979:Indigenous peoples in Australia 12706: 12611:Mapuche conflict (1997–present) 12579:Mexican Drug War (2006–present) 11540:Ten Years of Spring (1944–1954) 11417:Guatemala Documentation Project 11103:Velásquez, S. (8 August 1997). 10040:Audiencia del 5 de mayo de 1978 9787:Guatemala: Memoria del Silencio 9742:Guatemala: Memoria del Silencio 9700:Guatemala: Memoria del Silencio 9658:Guatemala: Memoria del Silencio 9616:Guatemala: Memoria del Silencio 9574:Guatemala: Memoria del Silencio 9532:Guatemala: Memoria del Silencio 9490:Guatemala: Memoria del Silencio 9448:Guatemala: Memoria del Silencio 9406:Guatemala: Memoria del Silencio 9364:Guatemala: Memoria del Silencio 9322:Guatemala: Memoria del Silencio 8939: 8634:from the original on 4 May 2014 8623:Philip Taubman (21 July 1983). 8588:North, Oliver (1 August 1983). 7864:. Washington, D.C. March 1999. 7429:Guatemala: Memoria del Silencio 6929:(in Spanish). 4 September 2015. 6385:Guatemala: Memoria del Silencio 5982:New York Times, 18 October 1978 5924: 5863: 5853: 5801: 5792: 5747: 5699: 5675: 5597: 5538: 5520: 5178: 5115: 5076: 4782: 4751: 4728: 4702: 4598: 4493: 4419:Guatemala: Memoria del Silencio 3400:installed lead usurper Colonel 3372:Foreign support and involvement 3320:United Nations Security Council 3200:needs additional citations for 3068:needs additional citations for 2759:Rosario Monte María (village), 2369:Inter-American Development Bank 14691:CIA activities in the Americas 13895:Genocide of indigenous peoples 13494:Indigenous peoples in Paraguay 12795:Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate 11216:University of Oregon Libraries 10964:. The American Watch Committee 10863:Schirmer, Jennifer G. (1998). 10720:Fundación Contra el Terrorismo 10073:. Princeton University Press. 10026:Journal of Third World Studies 9191:. Vol. IV. Archived from 9086:Benz, Stephen Connely (1996). 9071:. Pen and Sword. p. 240. 8914:10.1080/10714839.1988.11723297 8749:. London: I.B.Tauris. p. 8174:"How Reagan Promoted Genocide" 8017:"Guatemala: Memory of Silence" 7939:"Guatemala: Memory of Silence" 7918:"Guatemala: Memory of Silence" 7685:Report on the Guatemala Review 7357:. 30 June 1983. pp. 1, 2. 6910:La otra memoria histórica 2011 6725:. 1 February 1980. p. 2. 6341:"Franja Transversal del Norte" 6265:Amnesty International (1973). 6031:. ABC-CLIO, LLC. p. 215. 6025:Alexander Mikaberidze (2013). 5817:CIA, Secret Information Report 5428:Amnesty International (1976). 3672:general purpose machine guns, 3416: 3116:Guatemalan Christian Democracy 2984:The Mutual Support Group (GAM) 2076:Burning of the Spanish Embassy 1862:-- Decreto 60–70, artítulo 1o. 1737:Institutional Democratic Party 1064:In 1931, the dictator General 795:Institutional Democratic Party 13: 1: 14610:Ukraine v. Russian Federation 12914:Jews in the Cossack Hetmanate 11437:University of Texas at Austin 11024:Uppsala Conflict Data Program 10913:Streeter, Stephen M. (2000). 10758:Rakosy, Betsy (23 May 2002). 10580:. Stanford University Press. 10164:. University of Texas Press. 10158:Immerman, Richard H. (1983). 9090:. University of Texas Press. 8834:McSherry, J. Patrice (2005). 8597:. National Security Council. 8274:New York Times, 25 April 1982 7309:Grupo de Apoyo Mutuo (1996), 6447:Guatemala: Unnatural Disaster 6210:The Christian Science Monitor 4766:. Atlanta, GA. Archived from 4710:"Truth Commission: Guatemala" 4182: 3554:Support for Army Intelligence 3469:Kjell Eugenio Laugerud García 3329: 3160:Movement of Solidarity Action 2949:In 1983, indigenous activist 2931:Óscar Humberto Mejía Víctores 2740:Salinas Magdalena (village), 2134:Frente patriotico 31 de enero 2097:peasant farmers occupied the 1901:Kjell Eugenio Laugerud García 1849:, and Santa Cruz Barillas in 1717:Domination by military rulers 1530:Julio César Méndez Montenegro 1298:Guatemalan indigenous peoples 1195:Partido Acción Revolucionaria 862: 799:Kjell Eugenio Laugerud García 14541:Croatia–Serbia genocide case 14342:Nuremberg Military Tribunals 14188:Anti-communist mass killings 12922:Indigenous peoples in Canada 12858:Indigenous peoples in Brazil 12682: 12574:Chiapas conflict (1994–2014) 11535:1902 eruption of Santa María 11328:McClintock, Michael (1992). 10991:NACLA Report on the Americas 10636:NACLA Report on The Americas 10530:McClintock, Michael (1985). 10364:(in Spanish). Archived from 10187:(in Spanish). Archived from 9990:(in Spanish). Archived from 9927:(in Spanish). Archived from 9921:"Quema de embajada española" 9850:De los Ríos, Efraín (1946). 9829:Cullather, Nicholas (2006). 9744:(in Spanish). Archived from 9702:(in Spanish). Archived from 9660:(in Spanish). Archived from 9618:(in Spanish). Archived from 9576:(in Spanish). Archived from 9534:(in Spanish). Archived from 9492:(in Spanish). Archived from 9450:(in Spanish). Archived from 9408:(in Spanish). Archived from 9366:(in Spanish). Archived from 9324:(in Spanish). Archived from 9170:"Guatemala 1981, Chapter IX" 8971:Anderson, Thomas P. (1988). 8902:NACLA Report on the Americas 8435:New York Times, 2 April 1995 8208:New York Times, 21 June 1981 7431:(in Spanish). Archived from 7348:"Possible Coup in Guatemala" 6574:Guatemala, un futuro próximo 6387:(in Spanish). Archived from 5338:Harvard Business School Case 4421:(in Spanish). Archived from 3755:Batallón de Inteligencia 601 3345:'s Office for Human Rights ( 2043:Franja Transversal del Norte 1804:Franja Transversal del Norte 1794:Franja Transversal del Norte 1788:Franja Transversal del Norte 1634:anti-communist mass killings 1290:socioeconomic discrimination 111:Franja Transversal del Norte 7: 14681:Revolution-based civil wars 14475:Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal 13643:National Population Program 11863:Water supply and sanitation 11406:Guatemala Memory of Silence 11305:Lowenthal, Abraham (1991). 10842:Schirmer, Jennifer (1988). 10612:. The Group. p. 1981. 10438:10.1215/01636545-2003-85-94 10007:Fried, Jonathan L. (1983). 9151:. SHR, AAAS. Archived from 8695:Bahbah, Bishara A. (1986). 5340:(9–805–146). Archived from 5083:Friedman, Max Paul (2003). 4674:. Guatemala. Archived from 4175:gave an estimate of 20,000. 3833: 3259:Guatemalan Republican Front 3156:Jorge Antonio Serrano Elías 2940:Guatemalan Republican Front 2921:1983 Guatemalan coup d'état 2815:1982 Guatemalan coup d'état 2125:violating international law 1933:Fernando Romeo Lucas García 1824:Fernando Romeo Lucas García 1564:Counterinsurgency in Zacapa 1270:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 1260:. The CIA chose right-wing 1250:Central Intelligence Agency 95:Peace accord signed in 1996 10: 14712: 14390:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials 14334:Hamburg Ravensbrück trials 14160:Effects on young survivors 13595:Sabra and Shatila massacre 11428:National Security Archives 11233:Carothers, Thomas (1993). 11154:Wilkinson, Daniel (2002). 11105:"Crímenes de la Guerrilla" 10764:MAC: Mines and communities 10577:Rural Guatemala, 1760–1940 10128:Harbury, Jennifer (2005). 9738:"Caso ilustrativo No. 110" 9696:"Caso ilustrativo No. 107" 8863:. Macmillan. p. 133. 8397:The Economist, 28 May 1983 8363:. Pantheon Books. p. 8007:. Spring/Summer 1990, 133. 7529:Possible Coup in Guatemala 7045:Amnesty International 1981 6543:Government Printing Office 5718:Beckett & Pimlott 2011 5122:Shillington, John (2002). 3761:came to an end during the 3431:Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio 3333: 3272: 3263:National Advancement Party 3146:health and social services 3009:Repression against the GAM 2918: 2847: 2812: 2781: 2364:Francisco Villagrán Kramer 2073: 2052: 2039:Guerrilla Army of the Poor 2007:Oliverio Castañeda de León 1991:Francisco Villagrán Kramer 1877:Guerrilla Army of the Poor 1874: 1871:Guerrilla Army of the Poor 1791: 1720: 1520:Escalation of state terror 1057: 976: 866: 791:Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio 14564: 14445: 14358:Ulm Einsatzkommando trial 14326:Supreme National Tribunal 14216: 14197: 14107: 14029: 13932: 13810: 13717: 13480: 13175: 12937:Residential school system 12836: 12716: 12690: 12634: 12603: 12587: 12566: 12543: 12538:conflicts in the Americas 12340: 12039: 12020: 11928: 11871: 11806: 11797: 11755: 11746: 11689: 11680: 11593: 11584: 11566: 11505: 11062:National Security Archive 10940:. Duke University Press. 10917:. Ohio University Press. 10806:Anthropological Quarterly 10735:Rabe, Stephen G. (1988). 10553:McCleary, Rachel (1999). 10482:National Security Archive 10386:La otra memoria histórica 10310:La otra memoria histórica 9877:Dunkerley, James (1988). 9822:National Security Archive 9654:"Caso ilustrativo No. 97" 9612:"Caso ilustrativo No. 92" 9570:"Caso ilustrativo No. 78" 9528:"Caso ilustrativo No. 77" 9486:"Caso ilustrativo No. 73" 9444:"Caso ilustrativo No. 61" 9402:"Caso ilustrativo No. 60" 9360:"Caso ilustrativo No. 44" 9318:"Caso ilustrativo No. 13" 8720:Sales, Pau Perez (2017). 7770:Nelson, Diane M. (2015). 6982:Aguilera Peralta (1981). 6381:"Caso Ilustrativo No. 59" 5763:Chomsky & Herman 2014 5555:National Security Archive 5231:Loveman & Davies 1997 4378:National Security Archive 4202:National Security Archive 3377:United States Involvement 3352:In a report in 1999, the 1662:Mario Casariego y Acevedo 1142:Eisenhower administration 720: 715: 636: 377: 122: 65: 51: 39: 34: 13229:Christians in Diyarbekir 11694:Administrative divisions 11282:Lafeber, Walter (1993). 11182:Anderson, Scott (1986). 11122:Terrorist Group Profiles 10783:Ramcharan, B.G. (1985). 10666:PBS (30 December 1996). 10574:McCreery, David (1994). 10329:LaFeber, Walter (1993). 10185:Derechos Humanos Website 9129:Warfare in Latin America 8993:Arévalo Martínez, Rafael 8793:Joseph, Spenser (2008). 7672:Human Rights Watch, 1990 6879:Figueroa, =Luis (2011). 6189:Grandin & Klein 2011 6168:US State Department 1974 5909:NACLA, Guatemala, p. 186 5895:US State Department 1967 5848:US State Department 1967 5742:US State Department 1967 5730:Grandin & Klein 2011 5670:Grandin & Klein 2011 5658:Grandin & Klein 2011 4500:Sachs, Moshe Y. (1988). 3943:Schmid; Jongman (2005). 3926: 3921:2005 Guatemalan protests 3881:Colombian Armed Conflict 3791:Argentine military junta 3292:Alfonso Portillo Cabrera 2188:On 5 September 1980 the 1682:Anastasio Somoza Debayle 14167:Politics of recognition 12722:Destruction of Carthage 11002:Uekert, Brenda (1995). 10833:Sabino, Carlos (2007). 10536:The American Connection 10489:Lopes, Paul D. (1985). 10408:Central American Update 10283:Krehm, William (1999). 10204:Jonas, Susanne (1991). 9982:Figueroa, Luis (2011). 9898:Forster, Cindy (2001). 9249:. Canongate Books Ltd. 9243:Chapman, Peter (2007). 8005:Socialism and Democracy 7690:24 October 2012 at the 6723:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 4562:BBC (9 November 2011). 4258:Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin 3876:Archbishop Oscar Romero 3638:Central American crisis 3427:Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes 3362:human rights violations 3026:Transition to elections 2778:'Operation Ceniza' 1981 2049:Lucas García presidency 1820:Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes 1502:Enrique Peralta Azurdia 1420:Guatemalan Labour Party 1083:New York Stock Exchange 1073:dollars) and a staunch 917:, pushing out European 753:human rights violations 741:government of Guatemala 137:Government of Guatemala 42:Central American crisis 14618:South Africa v. Israel 14586:Rohingya genocide case 14123:Names of the Holocaust 13587:Chittagong Hill Tracts 13295:Kinder der Landstrasse 13181:Late Ottoman genocides 11372:, Guatemala at page 25 11254:Grandin, Greg (2007). 10426:Radical History Review 10289:. COMER Publications. 10179:Informe REHMI (n.d.). 9883:. Verso. p. 691. 8355:Cynthia Brown (1985). 7245:Platero Trabanino 2013 6969:, p. Sección 252. 6954:, p. Sección 253. 6942:, p. Sección 256. 6748:Arias, Arturo (2007). 6519:, p. 52, 67, 124. 6129:Weld, Kirsten (2014). 6116:Sereseres 1978; p. 189 5932:The Press in Guatemala 5798:Kuzmarov, 2012; p. 220 5186:Grandin, Greg (2000). 4944:Wilhelm of Sweden 1922 4929:Wilhelm of Sweden 1922 4914:Wilhelm of Sweden 1922 4893:Wilhelm of Sweden 1922 4878:Wilhelm of Sweden 1922 4863:Wilhelm of Sweden 1922 4092:"Memoria del silencio" 3543: 3499:School of the Americas 3473:Foreign Military Sales 3038: 2901:School of the Americas 2875:Defend the population. 2683:Lancetillo (village), 2176: 1978:Foreign Assistance Act 1951: 1909:José Efraín Ríos Montt 1859: 1807: 1727:In July 1970, Colonel 1705: 1583:Mario Sandoval Alarcón 1459: 1422:, composed and led by 1155:Francisco Javier Arana 1145: 979:Manuel Estrada Cabrera 969: 873:Manuel Estrada Cabrera 851:"Memoria del Silencio" 378:Commanders and leaders 14671:Coup-based civil wars 14483:Bosnian genocide case 14137:Holocaust terminology 13780:Christians under ISIS 13518:1966 anti-Igbo pogrom 12947:1740 Batavia massacre 12771:Harrying of the North 11555:Civil War (1960–1996) 11032:Conflict Encyclopedia 10884:Solano, Luis (2012). 10523:La Patria del Criollo 10256:Koeppel, Dan (2008). 9852:Ombres contra Hombres 8948:Amnesty International 8896:Hunter, Jane (1988). 8559:26 March 2017 at the 8504:25 March 2017 at the 8393:29 March 2017 at the 8261:23 March 2017 at the 8218:Dickey, Christopher. 8041:26 March 2017 at the 8022:23 April 2017 at the 7778:Duke University Press 7710:. University of Texas 7668:28 March 2017 at the 7639:28 March 2017 at the 6517:Levenson-Estrada 1994 6434:Levenson-Estrada 1994 6248:Amnesty International 5808:CIA (November 1967). 5592:Levenson-Estrada 2003 4839:González Davison 2008 4564:"Timeline: Guatemala" 4300:(11 September 2003). 4228:Hunter, Jane (1987). 4041:Molina Mejía (2007). 4024:Carlos Castillo Armas 3805:South African support 3538: 3462:Carter Administration 3448:Foreign Service Lists 3436:Amnesty International 3314:jointly received the 3049:Cerezo Administration 3033: 2650:Santa Cruz del Quiché 2612:Santa Cruz del Quiché 2584:Santa Cruz del Quiché 2580:Santa Cruz del Quiche 2513:San Miguel Sechochoch 2495:San Cristóbal Verapaz 2473:San Cristóbal Verapaz 2332:Miguel Ángel Asturias 2319:Amnesty International 2314:. In a report titled 2171: 2070:Civil war in the city 2019:Siete Días en la USAC 1946: 1842: 1827:area of the country. 1801: 1777:Amnesty International 1700: 1650:Rogelia Cruz Martinez 1636:in countries such as 1591:Amnesty International 1581:, founded and led by 1457: 1283:A series of military 1266:Carlos Castillo Armas 1258:U.S. State Department 1132: 1124:Federico Ponce Vaides 960: 776:Carlos Castillo Armas 768:Guatemalan Revolution 716:Casualties and losses 14661:Guatemalan Civil War 14634:Nicaragua v. Germany 14533:Khmer Rouge Tribunal 13909:Utilitarian genocide 13888:Transgender genocide 13255:Osage Indian murders 12955:Great Gypsy Round-up 11668:World Heritage Sites 11422:16 July 2012 at the 11392:at Wikimedia Commons 11390:Guatemalan Civil War 11158:. Houghton Mifflin. 10668:"Guatemala's future" 10651:. Cengage Learning. 10143:. Martinus Nijhoff. 9868:Dosal, Paul (1995). 9238:on 10 February 2012. 9054:Baily, John (1850). 8453:2 March 2017 at the 8431:2 March 2017 at the 8412:2 March 2017 at the 8388:"From Allah's Earth" 8179:2 March 2017 at the 7759:on 25 February 2005. 5344:on 10 December 2012. 4968:Martínez Peláez 1990 3870:Salvadoran Civil War 3698:Rodolfo Lobos Zamora 3658:actions in Nicaragua 3588:U.S. role in torture 3516:, ten American-made 3390:Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán 3288:Álvaro Arzú Irigoyen 3209:improve this article 3077:improve this article 2969:Constituent Assembly 2803:Ángel Aníbal Guevara 2721:Tzununul (village), 2116:Máximo Cajal y López 2112:Donaldo Álvarez Ruiz 1672:Cuartel de Matamoros 1464:Guatemalan Air Force 1401:United Fruit Company 1350:Bay of Pigs Invasion 1308:times. The landlord 1306:Justo Rufino Barrios 1223:Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán 1079:United Fruit Company 983:In 1920, the prince 963:United Fruit Company 952:United Fruit Company 895:Justo Rufino Barrios 889:United Fruit Company 801:in 1974 and General 761:United Fruit Company 729:Guatemalan Civil War 35:Guatemalan Civil War 18:Guatemalan civil war 14020:Settler colonialism 13969:Forced assimilation 13675:Srebrenica massacre 13447:Chechens and Ingush 13205:Thracian Bulgarians 13051:Sand Creek massacre 13012:Siege of Tripolitsa 12763:Ancestral Puebloans 11550:Guatemalan genocide 11359:10.1093/ijtj/ijm032 11260:. Holt Paperbacks. 10993:. Vol. 14–18. 10900:on 13 November 2014 10691:Pike, John (n.d.). 10459:. UNC Press Books. 10137:Hey, Hilde (1995). 9303:on 18 February 2015 9116:The Defense Monitor 7894:. 29 January 2007. 7861:The Washington Post 6823:. AMR 34/002/1998. 6391:on 20 February 2012 5582:, pp. 157–158. 5445:, pp. 448–453. 5049:, pp. 316–317. 4712:. 1 February 1997. 4142:"Stanford Magazine" 3989:, supported by the 3946:Political terrorism 3801:several occasions. 3444:Biographic Register 3408:US changes approach 3336:Guatemalan genocide 2927:Minister of Defense 2702:La Taña (village), 2406: 2252:Building sabotage. 1765:Department of State 1729:Carlos Arana Osorio 1723:Carlos Arana Osorio 1443:Sierra de las Minas 1334:Escuela Politécnica 1254:Operation PBFortune 1190:National University 1159:Escuela Politécnica 877:José María Orellana 789:. In 1970, Colonel 141:Guatemalan military 14499:Slobodan Milošević 14350:Erich von Manstein 13962:Extermination camp 13723:Effacer le tableau 13486:Hyderabadi Muslims 13431:Nanshitou Massacre 13415:Muslims and Croats 13117:Hamidian massacres 13004:Al-Jawazi massacre 12994:Stolen Generations 12697:list by death toll 11775:Telecommunications 11603:Biosphere reserves 11458:The New York Times 10697:Globalsecurity.org 10392:on 7 December 2013 10368:on 7 December 2013 10316:on 7 December 2013 9931:on 30 October 2013 9285:Collectif (2011). 9088:Guatemalan Journey 8815:on 30 October 2013 8628:The New York Times 8473:The New York Times 7780:. pp. 63–64. 7233:Informe REHMI n.d. 6891:on 26 October 2014 6885:Luis Figueroa Blog 6216:on 29 January 2015 6191:, p. 245-254. 5881:Gabriel Aguilera, 5660:, p. 245-248. 5594:, pp. 94–104. 5545:CIA (March 1966). 5532:nsarchive2.gwu.edu 5233:, p. 118-120. 4865:, p. 148-209. 4612:The New York Times 3886:List of civil wars 3664:automatic rifles, 3530:Human Rights Watch 3518:M41 Walker Bulldog 3454:, particularly in 3425:against president 3316:UNESCO Peace Prize 2608:El Carmen Chitatul 2404: 2262:Otto René Castillo 2246:EGP Urban guerilla 2229:15 September 1981 2183:, 6 September 1980 2064:Romeo Lucas García 2055:Romeo Lucas García 2023:Seven Days in USAC 1808: 1616:summary executions 1460: 1431:Rebel Armed Forces 1296:practiced against 1246:Secretary of State 1238:John Foster Dulles 1205:. They instituted 1146: 1138:Secretary of State 1134:John Foster Dulles 1054:Jorge Ubico regime 1043:"Mozos jornaleros" 973:Societal structure 970: 803:Romeo Lucas Garcia 708:1,500–3,000 (1994) 27:1960–1996 conflict 14648: 14647: 14644: 14643: 14551: 14550: 14432: 14431: 14278:Euthanasia trials 14198:Legal proceedings 13941:Cultural genocide 13867:Cultural genocide 13806: 13805: 13739:Masalit massacres 13702: 13701: 13603:Sri Lankan Tamils 13510:Arabs in Zanzibar 13465: 13464: 13383:Three Alls policy 13160: 13159: 13093:Putumayo genocide 12821: 12820: 12650: 12649: 12501: 12500: 11971: 11970: 11924: 11923: 11793: 11792: 11742: 11741: 11729:Political parties 11714:Foreign relations 11676: 11675: 11520:Captaincy General 11388:Media related to 11334:. Pantheon Books. 11320:978-0-8018-4132-3 11297:978-0-393-30964-5 11267:978-0-8050-7738-4 11246:978-0-520-07319-7 11225:978-0-985-82041-1 11197:978-0-396-08517-1 11165:978-0-618-22139-4 11141:Wilhelm of Sweden 11132:978-1-56806-864-0 11015:978-0-275-95165-8 10947:978-0-8223-3196-4 10924:978-0-89680-215-5 10876:978-0-8122-1730-8 10855:978-0-8122-3325-4 10796:978-90-247-3074-2 10770:on 6 October 2014 10750:978-0-8078-4204-1 10678:on 26 August 2009 10658:978-0-547-22569-2 10619:978-1-897693-40-7 10587:978-0-8047-2318-3 10566:978-0-8130-1726-6 10545:978-0-86232-259-5 10513:978-0-8420-2611-6 10466:978-0-8078-4440-3 10348:978-0-393-30964-5 10296:978-1-896266-81-7 10275:978-1-101-21391-9 10223:978-0-8133-0614-8 10171:978-0-292-71083-2 10150:978-90-411-0146-4 10120:978-0-226-30690-2 10099:978-84-89452-81-7 10080:978-0-691-02556-8 9957:978-1-135-24495-8 9911:978-0-8229-4162-0 9890:978-0-86091-912-4 9842:978-0-8047-5468-2 9294:Une seule planète 9277:978-1-60846-448-7 9256:978-1-84195-881-1 9139:978-0-7546-2486-8 9097:978-0-292-70840-2 9078:978-1-84884-396-7 8984:978-0-275-92883-4 8963:978-0-86210-026-1 8870:978-0-333-43220-4 8731:978-1-315-61694-0 8706:978-1-349-09195-9 8544:, pp. 71–72. 8532:, pp. 70–71. 8476:. 26 March 1995. 8374:978-0-394-72949-7 8114:cf. Schoultz 1987 8068:978-1-60846-448-7 7787:978-0-8223-7507-4 7741:978-0-19-928357-6 7100:978-0-292-78276-1 6767:978-0-8166-4849-8 6699:on 11 August 2010 6689:"Outright Murder" 6647:978-0-87168-630-5 6584:978-84-85436-10-1 6038:978-1-59884-925-7 5930:Mary A. Gardner, 5775:Torres Rivas 1980 5618:, pp. 82–83. 5517:, pp. 80–83. 5381:, pp. 49−50. 5305:, pp. 15–16. 5269:, pp. 41–43. 5205:978-0-8223-2495-9 5135:978-0-8386-3930-6 5096:978-0-521-82246-6 4989:, pp. 11–12. 4511:978-0-47162-406-6 4486:978-1-58826-083-3 4458:978-9-29039-110-4 4328:The Pinochet File 4271:978-1-85043-069-8 3956:978-1-4128-1566-6 3708:Argentine support 3694:Efraín Ríos Montt 3668:submachine guns, 3622:George H. W. Bush 3241: 3240: 3233: 3109: 3108: 3101: 2999:Nineth Montenegro 2961:Nobel Peace Prize 2834:Otto Pérez Molina 2821:Efraín Ríos Montt 2774: 2773: 2562:San Miguel Acatán 2558:San Miguel Acatán 2288: 2287: 2275:28 December 1981 2257:21 December 1981 2232:Rebel Army Forces 1847:San Mateo Ixtatán 1487:counterinsurgency 1219:Juan José Arévalo 1174:Juan José Arévalo 985:Wilhelm of Sweden 885:Juan José Arévalo 839:Efraín Ríos Montt 827:western highlands 807:Efraín Ríos Montt 725: 724: 596:Bernardo Alvarado 466:Efraín Ríos Montt 373: 330: 322: 314: 299: 284: 268: 118: 117: 106:Guatemala border 16:(Redirected from 14703: 14637: 14629: 14621: 14613: 14605: 14597: 14589: 14581: 14573: 14559: 14553: 14552: 14544: 14536: 14528: 14518: 14510: 14507:Radovan Karadžić 14502: 14494: 14486: 14478: 14470: 14467:Belgrade Process 14462: 14454: 14440: 14434: 14433: 14425: 14417: 14409: 14401: 14398:Treblinka trials 14393: 14385: 14377: 14369: 14361: 14353: 14345: 14337: 14329: 14321: 14313: 14305: 14297: 14289: 14281: 14273: 14265: 14257: 14249: 14241: 14238:Épuration légale 14233: 14225: 14211: 14208:Holocaust trials 14202: 14201: 14190: 14183: 14176: 14169: 14162: 14155: 14148: 14139: 14132: 14125: 14118: 14100: 14093: 14086: 14079: 14072: 14065: 14058: 14049: 14042: 14022: 14015: 14008: 14001: 13992: 13985: 13978: 13971: 13964: 13957: 13955:Ethnic cleansing 13950: 13943: 13925: 13918: 13911: 13904: 13897: 13890: 13883: 13876: 13869: 13862: 13851: 13844: 13837: 13828: 13821: 13799: 13791: 13783: 13775: 13772:Shias under ISIS 13767: 13759: 13751: 13741: 13734: 13726: 13712: 13704: 13703: 13695: 13687: 13677: 13670: 13662: 13654: 13646: 13638: 13630: 13622: 13614: 13606: 13598: 13590: 13582: 13574: 13564: 13557: 13550: 13545: 13537: 13529: 13521: 13513: 13505: 13497: 13489: 13475: 13467: 13466: 13458: 13450: 13442: 13434: 13426: 13418: 13410: 13407:Serbs in Croatia 13402: 13394: 13386: 13378: 13370: 13367:Nanjing Massacre 13362: 13359:Parsley massacre 13354: 13351:Polish Operation 13346: 13343:Romani Holocaust 13338: 13330: 13322: 13314: 13306: 13298: 13290: 13287:Napalpí massacre 13282: 13274: 13266: 13258: 13250: 13240: 13232: 13224: 13216: 13208: 13198: 13191: 13183: 13170: 13162: 13161: 13151: 13143: 13136: 13128: 13120: 13112: 13104: 13096: 13088: 13080: 13072: 13064: 13054: 13046: 13038: 13030: 13022: 13015: 13007: 12997: 12989: 12981: 12974: 12966: 12958: 12950: 12940: 12932: 12924: 12917: 12909: 12901: 12893: 12885: 12877: 12869: 12861: 12853: 12845: 12831: 12823: 12822: 12814: 12806: 12798: 12790: 12782: 12779:Mongol conquests 12774: 12766: 12758: 12748: 12741: 12733: 12725: 12711: 12703: 12702: 12677: 12670: 12663: 12654: 12653: 12528: 12521: 12514: 12505: 12504: 12010: 12009: 12008: 11998: 11991: 11984: 11975: 11974: 11951: 11944: 11937: 11804: 11803: 11753: 11752: 11687: 11686: 11591: 11590: 11578: 11572: 11545:1954 coup d'état 11515:Spanish conquest 11488: 11481: 11474: 11465: 11464: 11435:, hosted by the 11387: 11371: 11362: 11335: 11324: 11312: 11301: 11289: 11274:Jonas, Susanne. 11271: 11250: 11229: 11213: 11201: 11189: 11169: 11150: 11136: 11115: 11109: 11099: 11097: 11085: 11074: 11065: 11059: 11047: 11045: 11043: 11034:. Archived from 11019: 10998: 10985: 10973: 10971: 10969: 10963: 10951: 10939: 10928: 10909: 10907: 10905: 10899: 10892: 10880: 10859: 10838: 10829: 10800: 10779: 10777: 10775: 10766:. Archived from 10754: 10742: 10731: 10729: 10727: 10717: 10707: 10705: 10703: 10687: 10685: 10683: 10674:. Archived from 10662: 10643: 10638:. Vol. 21. 10630: 10628: 10626: 10602: 10591: 10570: 10549: 10526: 10517: 10496: 10485: 10470: 10449: 10420: 10418: 10416: 10401: 10399: 10397: 10377: 10375: 10373: 10356:La Hora (2013). 10352: 10336: 10325: 10323: 10321: 10300: 10279: 10263: 10252: 10250: 10248: 10227: 10211: 10200: 10198: 10196: 10175: 10154: 10133: 10124: 10103: 10084: 10065:Gleijeses, Piero 10060: 10054: 10046: 10033: 10016: 10014: 10003: 10001: 9999: 9978: 9972: 9961: 9940: 9938: 9936: 9915: 9894: 9873: 9864: 9855: 9846: 9825: 9810: 9797: 9795: 9793: 9784: 9783:(online edition) 9778:— (1999). 9774: 9768: 9760: 9758: 9756: 9750: 9749:(online edition) 9736:— (1999). 9732: 9726: 9718: 9716: 9714: 9708: 9707:(online edition) 9694:— (1999). 9690: 9684: 9676: 9674: 9672: 9666: 9665:(online edition) 9652:— (1999). 9648: 9642: 9634: 9632: 9630: 9624: 9623:(online edition) 9610:— (1999). 9606: 9600: 9592: 9590: 9588: 9582: 9581:(online edition) 9568:— (1999). 9564: 9558: 9550: 9548: 9546: 9540: 9539:(online edition) 9526:— (1999). 9522: 9516: 9508: 9506: 9504: 9498: 9497:(online edition) 9484:— (1999). 9480: 9474: 9466: 9464: 9462: 9456: 9455:(online edition) 9442:— (1999). 9438: 9432: 9424: 9422: 9420: 9414: 9413:(online edition) 9400:— (1999). 9396: 9390: 9382: 9380: 9378: 9372: 9371:(online edition) 9358:— (1999). 9354: 9348: 9340: 9338: 9336: 9330: 9329:(online edition) 9316:— (1999). 9312: 9310: 9308: 9302: 9291: 9281: 9260: 9239: 9237: 9226: 9216: 9214: 9212: 9196: 9181: 9179: 9177: 9168:— (1981). 9164: 9162: 9160: 9143: 9119: 9110: 9101: 9082: 9061: 9050: 9044: 9036: 9034: 9032: 9023:. Archived from 9011: 9002: 8988: 8967: 8934: 8931: 8925: 8924: 8922: 8920: 8893: 8887: 8881: 8875: 8874: 8854: 8848: 8847: 8841: 8831: 8825: 8824: 8822: 8820: 8811:. Archived from 8805: 8799: 8798: 8790: 8784: 8781: 8775: 8769: 8763: 8762:Enfoprensa, 1984 8760: 8754: 8753: 8742: 8736: 8735: 8717: 8711: 8710: 8692: 8686: 8685: 8678: 8672: 8671: 8664: 8658: 8657: 8650: 8644: 8643: 8641: 8639: 8620: 8614: 8613: 8611: 8609: 8603: 8596: 8585: 8579: 8578: 8570: 8564: 8551: 8545: 8539: 8533: 8527: 8521: 8515: 8509: 8496: 8490: 8489: 8487: 8485: 8464: 8458: 8445: 8436: 8423: 8417: 8404: 8398: 8385: 8379: 8378: 8362: 8352: 8346: 8343: 8337: 8334: 8328: 8327: 8317: 8311: 8308: 8302: 8299: 8293: 8290: 8284: 8281: 8275: 8272: 8266: 8253: 8247: 8246: 8234: 8228: 8227: 8215: 8209: 8206: 8200: 8199: 8190: 8184: 8171: 8165: 8164: 8162: 8160: 8145: 8139: 8133: 8127: 8121: 8115: 8112: 8106: 8100: 8094: 8088: 8082: 8079: 8073: 8072: 8052: 8046: 8033: 8027: 8014: 8008: 8001: 7995: 7994: 7982: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7971: 7956: 7950: 7949: 7943: 7935: 7929: 7928: 7922: 7914: 7908: 7907: 7905: 7903: 7884: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7873: 7852: 7843: 7842: 7832: 7821:10.1136/bmj.a137 7815:(1482): 1482–6. 7798: 7792: 7791: 7767: 7761: 7760: 7749: 7743: 7726: 7720: 7719: 7717: 7715: 7704: 7695: 7682: 7673: 7660: 7654: 7650: 7644: 7631: 7625: 7618: 7612: 7605: 7599: 7592: 7586: 7579: 7573: 7570: 7564: 7558: 7552: 7551: 7549: 7547: 7541: 7534: 7523: 7517: 7516: 7514: 7512: 7506: 7499: 7491: 7485: 7484: 7482: 7480: 7463: 7457: 7454: 7445: 7444: 7442: 7440: 7420: 7414: 7411: 7405: 7402: 7396: 7395: 7393: 7391: 7374: 7368: 7365: 7359: 7358: 7352: 7344: 7338: 7332: 7326: 7320: 7314: 7307: 7301: 7298: 7289: 7283: 7277: 7271: 7265: 7259: 7248: 7242: 7236: 7230: 7224: 7218: 7212: 7206: 7200: 7194: 7188: 7187: 7185: 7183: 7168: 7162: 7156: 7150: 7147: 7141: 7135: 7129: 7123: 7117: 7116: 7114: 7112: 7084: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7073: 7054: 7048: 7042: 7036: 7030: 7024: 7018: 7012: 7006: 7000: 6994: 6988: 6987: 6979: 6970: 6964: 6955: 6949: 6943: 6937: 6931: 6930: 6919: 6913: 6907: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6887:. Archived from 6876: 6870: 6867: 6861: 6858: 6852: 6851: 6843: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6832: 6812: 6806: 6803: 6797: 6792:J. Power, 2013, 6790: 6784: 6778: 6772: 6771: 6755: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6715: 6709: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6685: 6676: 6673: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6656: 6639: 6628: 6622: 6619: 6613: 6607: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6596: 6568: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6554: 6535: 6529: 6526: 6520: 6514: 6508: 6507: 6499: 6493: 6486: 6480: 6474: 6468: 6465: 6459: 6456: 6450: 6443: 6437: 6431: 6425: 6419: 6413: 6407: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6396: 6376: 6361: 6360: 6358: 6356: 6351:on 14 April 2014 6347:. Archived from 6337: 6331: 6325: 6319: 6313: 6307: 6301: 6295: 6289: 6283: 6277: 6271: 6270: 6262: 6256: 6255: 6244: 6238: 6232: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6212:. Archived from 6201: 6192: 6186: 6180: 6177: 6171: 6165: 6159: 6153: 6147: 6141: 6135: 6134: 6126: 6117: 6114: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6097: 6090: 6079: 6073: 6070: 6064: 6061: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6022: 6016: 6010: 6004: 5998: 5992: 5989: 5983: 5980: 5974: 5971: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5941: 5935: 5928: 5922: 5916: 5910: 5907: 5898: 5892: 5886: 5885:, September 1970 5879: 5870: 5867: 5861: 5857: 5851: 5845: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5825: 5814: 5805: 5799: 5796: 5790: 5784: 5778: 5772: 5766: 5760: 5754: 5751: 5745: 5739: 5733: 5727: 5721: 5715: 5706: 5703: 5697: 5691: 5682: 5679: 5673: 5672:, p. 87-89. 5667: 5661: 5655: 5646: 5640: 5631: 5625: 5619: 5613: 5607: 5601: 5595: 5589: 5583: 5577: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5551:CIA Secret Cable 5542: 5536: 5535: 5524: 5518: 5512: 5506: 5500: 5494: 5488: 5482: 5476: 5470: 5464: 5458: 5452: 5446: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5425: 5414: 5408: 5397: 5391: 5382: 5376: 5370: 5364: 5358: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5329: 5318: 5312: 5306: 5300: 5294: 5288: 5282: 5276: 5270: 5264: 5258: 5252: 5246: 5245:, p. 39-40. 5240: 5234: 5228: 5222: 5221:, p. 16-17. 5216: 5210: 5209: 5193: 5182: 5176: 5170: 5164: 5163:, p. 44-45. 5158: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5119: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5080: 5074: 5073:, p. 81-82. 5068: 5062: 5061:, p. 77-79. 5056: 5050: 5044: 5035: 5029: 5020: 5014: 5005: 5004:, p. 34-37. 4999: 4990: 4984: 4971: 4965: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4932: 4926: 4917: 4911: 4896: 4890: 4881: 4875: 4866: 4860: 4854: 4853:, pp. 8–10. 4848: 4842: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4821: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4796:. 1 April 2018. 4786: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4739:(3rd ed.). 4732: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4706: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4678:on 11 March 2009 4663: 4644: 4638: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4559: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4525: 4516: 4515: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4472: 4463: 4462: 4444: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4410: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4386: 4375: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4339: 4330: 4325: 4294: 4288: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4241: 4233: 4225: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4192: 4176: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4155: 4153: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4125: 4117: 4111: 4109: 4103: 4096: 4087: 4081: 4078: 4072: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4056: 4054: 4038: 4032: 4019: 4013: 4010: 4004: 4003: 3970: 3968: 3940: 3864: 3859: 3858: 3857: 3850: 3848:Guatemala portal 3845: 3844: 3843: 3770:Luis García Meza 3731:covert operation 3727:Operation Charly 3646:Robert McFarlane 3510:State Department 3310:, and President 3236: 3229: 3225: 3222: 3216: 3193: 3185: 3171:civilian control 3104: 3097: 3093: 3090: 3084: 3061: 3053: 2973:new constitution 2951:Rigoberta Menchú 2791:Operación Ceniza 2441:17 February 1982 2407: 2403: 2330:-winning author 2243:19 October 1981 2204: 2203: 2184: 2130:Rigoberta Menchú 1863: 1802:Location of the 1694:John Gordon Mein 1514:Policía Regional 1409:Central American 1381:Cuban government 1342:Ydígoras Fuentes 948:State Department 783:Ydigoras Fuentes 757:European descent 698: 697: 696: 670: 669: 668: 651: 650: 649: 626: 625: 624: 616:Rodrigo Asturias 614: 613: 612: 604: 594: 593: 592: 584: 574: 573: 572: 564: 554: 553: 552: 542: 541: 540: 524: 523: 522: 512: 511: 510: 500: 499: 498: 488: 487: 486: 476: 475: 474: 464: 463: 462: 452: 451: 450: 440: 439: 438: 428: 427: 426: 416: 415: 414: 404: 403: 402: 392: 391: 390: 371: 367: 365: 364: 355: 354: 353: 344: 342: 341: 328: 320: 312: 308: 307: 306: 297: 293: 292: 291: 282: 278: 277: 276: 266: 262: 261: 260: 246: 245: 234: 232: 231: 221: 219: 218: 208: 206: 205: 187: 185: 184: 174: 173: 172: 157: 156: 155: 135: 134: 133: 67: 66: 56: 32: 31: 21: 14711: 14710: 14706: 14705: 14704: 14702: 14701: 14700: 14651: 14650: 14649: 14640: 14632: 14624: 14616: 14608: 14600: 14594:Uyghur Tribunal 14592: 14584: 14576: 14568: 14560: 14557: 14547: 14539: 14531: 14523: 14513: 14505: 14497: 14489: 14481: 14473: 14465: 14457: 14449: 14441: 14438: 14428: 14420: 14414:Fedorenko trial 14412: 14404: 14396: 14388: 14380: 14372: 14364: 14356: 14348: 14340: 14332: 14324: 14316: 14310:Stutthof trials 14308: 14300: 14292: 14286:Nuremberg trial 14284: 14276: 14268: 14260: 14252: 14246:Majdanek trials 14244: 14236: 14228: 14222:Krasnodar trial 14220: 14212: 14206: 14193: 14186: 14179: 14172: 14165: 14158: 14151: 14144: 14135: 14128: 14121: 14114: 14103: 14096: 14089: 14082: 14075: 14068: 14061: 14054: 14045: 14038: 14025: 14018: 14011: 14004: 13997: 13988: 13981: 13974: 13967: 13960: 13953: 13946: 13939: 13928: 13921: 13914: 13907: 13900: 13893: 13886: 13879: 13872: 13865: 13858: 13847: 13840: 13833: 13824: 13817: 13802: 13794: 13786: 13778: 13770: 13762: 13754: 13748:Southern Kaduna 13746: 13737: 13729: 13721: 13713: 13708: 13698: 13690: 13682: 13673: 13665: 13657: 13649: 13641: 13633: 13625: 13617: 13609: 13601: 13593: 13585: 13577: 13569: 13560: 13553: 13548: 13540: 13532: 13524: 13516: 13508: 13500: 13492: 13484: 13476: 13471: 13461: 13453: 13445: 13437: 13429: 13421: 13413: 13405: 13397: 13389: 13381: 13373: 13365: 13357: 13349: 13341: 13335:Simele massacre 13333: 13325: 13317: 13309: 13301: 13293: 13285: 13277: 13269: 13261: 13253: 13245: 13235: 13227: 13219: 13211: 13203: 13194: 13186: 13179: 13171: 13166: 13156: 13146: 13139: 13131: 13125:Herero and Nama 13123: 13115: 13107: 13099: 13091: 13083: 13075: 13067: 13059: 13049: 13041: 13033: 13025: 13018: 13010: 13002: 12992: 12984: 12977: 12969: 12961: 12953: 12945: 12935: 12927: 12920: 12912: 12904: 12896: 12888: 12880: 12872: 12864: 12856: 12848: 12840: 12832: 12827: 12817: 12809: 12801: 12793: 12785: 12777: 12769: 12761: 12753: 12744: 12736: 12730:Asiatic Vespers 12728: 12720: 12712: 12707: 12694: 12686: 12681: 12651: 12646: 12630: 12599: 12588:Central America 12583: 12562: 12539: 12532: 12502: 12497: 12336: 12035: 12016: 12006: 12004: 12002: 11972: 11967: 11954: 11947: 11940: 11933: 11920: 11916:Public holidays 11911:National emblem 11867: 11858:Sex trafficking 11789: 11738: 11719:Law enforcement 11672: 11663:Water resources 11580: 11579: 11564: 11560:1976 earthquake 11501: 11492: 11460:, 30 June 2016. 11424:Wayback Machine 11380: 11375: 11321: 11298: 11268: 11247: 11226: 11211: 11198: 11177: 11175:Further reading 11172: 11166: 11133: 11112:Revista Crónica 11107: 11095: 11057: 11041: 11039: 11038:on 5 March 2016 11016: 10967: 10965: 10961: 10948: 10925: 10903: 10901: 10897: 10890: 10877: 10856: 10818:10.2307/3317916 10797: 10773: 10771: 10751: 10725: 10723: 10715: 10701: 10699: 10681: 10679: 10659: 10624: 10622: 10620: 10588: 10567: 10546: 10514: 10467: 10414: 10412: 10411:. Vol. 1–7 10395: 10393: 10380: 10371: 10369: 10349: 10319: 10317: 10297: 10276: 10246: 10244: 10224: 10194: 10192: 10191:on 15 June 2012 10172: 10151: 10121: 10100: 10081: 10048: 10047: 9997: 9995: 9994:on 26 June 2014 9958: 9934: 9932: 9912: 9891: 9843: 9791: 9789: 9782: 9762: 9761: 9754: 9752: 9748: 9720: 9719: 9712: 9710: 9706: 9678: 9677: 9670: 9668: 9664: 9636: 9635: 9628: 9626: 9622: 9594: 9593: 9586: 9584: 9580: 9552: 9551: 9544: 9542: 9538: 9510: 9509: 9502: 9500: 9496: 9468: 9467: 9460: 9458: 9454: 9426: 9425: 9418: 9416: 9412: 9384: 9383: 9376: 9374: 9370: 9342: 9341: 9334: 9332: 9328: 9306: 9304: 9300: 9289: 9278: 9257: 9235: 9224: 9210: 9208: 9195:on 22 May 2011. 9175: 9173: 9158: 9156: 9140: 9124:Centeno, Miguel 9098: 9079: 9038: 9037: 9030: 9028: 8998:¡Ecce Pericles! 8985: 8964: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8928: 8918: 8916: 8894: 8890: 8882: 8878: 8871: 8855: 8851: 8832: 8828: 8818: 8816: 8807: 8806: 8802: 8791: 8787: 8782: 8778: 8770: 8766: 8761: 8757: 8743: 8739: 8732: 8718: 8714: 8707: 8693: 8689: 8680: 8679: 8675: 8666: 8665: 8661: 8652: 8651: 8647: 8637: 8635: 8621: 8617: 8607: 8605: 8601: 8594: 8586: 8582: 8571: 8567: 8561:Wayback Machine 8552: 8548: 8540: 8536: 8528: 8524: 8516: 8512: 8506:Wayback Machine 8497: 8493: 8483: 8481: 8466: 8465: 8461: 8455:Wayback Machine 8446: 8439: 8433:Wayback Machine 8424: 8420: 8414:Wayback Machine 8405: 8401: 8395:Wayback Machine 8386: 8382: 8375: 8353: 8349: 8344: 8340: 8335: 8331: 8319: 8318: 8314: 8309: 8305: 8300: 8296: 8291: 8287: 8282: 8278: 8273: 8269: 8263:Wayback Machine 8254: 8250: 8235: 8231: 8224:Washington Post 8216: 8212: 8207: 8203: 8191: 8187: 8181:Wayback Machine 8172: 8168: 8158: 8156: 8147: 8146: 8142: 8134: 8130: 8124:McClintock 1985 8122: 8118: 8113: 8109: 8103:McClintock 1985 8101: 8097: 8089: 8085: 8080: 8076: 8069: 8053: 8049: 8043:Wayback Machine 8034: 8030: 8024:Wayback Machine 8015: 8011: 8002: 7998: 7983: 7979: 7969: 7967: 7958: 7957: 7953: 7941: 7937: 7936: 7932: 7920: 7916: 7915: 7911: 7901: 7899: 7886: 7885: 7881: 7871: 7869: 7854: 7853: 7846: 7799: 7795: 7788: 7768: 7764: 7751: 7750: 7746: 7727: 7723: 7713: 7711: 7706: 7705: 7698: 7692:Wayback Machine 7683: 7676: 7670:Wayback Machine 7661: 7657: 7651: 7647: 7641:Wayback Machine 7632: 7628: 7619: 7615: 7606: 7602: 7593: 7589: 7580: 7576: 7571: 7567: 7559: 7555: 7545: 7543: 7539: 7532: 7524: 7520: 7510: 7508: 7504: 7497: 7493: 7492: 7488: 7478: 7476: 7465: 7464: 7460: 7455: 7448: 7438: 7436: 7421: 7417: 7412: 7408: 7403: 7399: 7389: 7387: 7376: 7375: 7371: 7366: 7362: 7350: 7346: 7345: 7341: 7333: 7329: 7323:Ball et al. n.d 7321: 7317: 7308: 7304: 7299: 7292: 7284: 7280: 7272: 7268: 7260: 7251: 7243: 7239: 7231: 7227: 7219: 7215: 7207: 7203: 7195: 7191: 7181: 7179: 7170: 7169: 7165: 7157: 7153: 7148: 7144: 7136: 7132: 7124: 7120: 7110: 7108: 7101: 7085: 7081: 7071: 7069: 7055: 7051: 7043: 7039: 7031: 7027: 7019: 7015: 7007: 7003: 6995: 6991: 6980: 6973: 6965: 6958: 6950: 6946: 6938: 6934: 6921: 6920: 6916: 6908: 6904: 6894: 6892: 6877: 6873: 6868: 6864: 6859: 6855: 6850:. 25 June 1981. 6845: 6844: 6840: 6830: 6828: 6813: 6809: 6804: 6800: 6791: 6787: 6779: 6775: 6768: 6746: 6742: 6732: 6730: 6717: 6716: 6712: 6702: 6700: 6687: 6686: 6679: 6674: 6670: 6660: 6658: 6654: 6648: 6637: 6629: 6625: 6620: 6616: 6612:, p. 3-26. 6608: 6604: 6594: 6592: 6585: 6571:IEPALA (1980). 6569: 6562: 6552: 6550: 6537: 6536: 6532: 6527: 6523: 6515: 6511: 6500: 6496: 6487: 6483: 6477:McClintock 1985 6475: 6471: 6466: 6462: 6457: 6453: 6444: 6440: 6432: 6428: 6420: 6416: 6410:McClintock 1985 6408: 6404: 6394: 6392: 6377: 6364: 6354: 6352: 6339: 6338: 6334: 6326: 6322: 6314: 6310: 6302: 6298: 6290: 6286: 6278: 6274: 6263: 6259: 6245: 6241: 6233: 6229: 6219: 6217: 6202: 6195: 6187: 6183: 6178: 6174: 6166: 6162: 6154: 6150: 6144:McClintock 1985 6142: 6138: 6127: 6120: 6115: 6111: 6101: 6099: 6095: 6088: 6080: 6076: 6071: 6067: 6062: 6058: 6048: 6046: 6039: 6023: 6019: 6011: 6007: 6001:McClintock 1985 5999: 5995: 5990: 5986: 5981: 5977: 5972: 5968: 5958: 5956: 5943: 5942: 5938: 5929: 5925: 5919:McClintock 1985 5917: 5913: 5908: 5901: 5893: 5889: 5880: 5873: 5868: 5864: 5860:13-Guat-1/1/67. 5858: 5854: 5846: 5839: 5829: 5827: 5823: 5812: 5806: 5802: 5797: 5793: 5785: 5781: 5773: 5769: 5761: 5757: 5752: 5748: 5740: 5736: 5728: 5724: 5716: 5709: 5704: 5700: 5694:McClintock 1985 5692: 5685: 5680: 5676: 5668: 5664: 5656: 5649: 5643:McClintock 1985 5641: 5634: 5626: 5622: 5616:McClintock 1985 5614: 5610: 5602: 5598: 5590: 5586: 5578: 5574: 5564: 5562: 5543: 5539: 5526: 5525: 5521: 5515:McClintock 1985 5513: 5509: 5501: 5497: 5489: 5485: 5477: 5473: 5465: 5461: 5455:McClintock 1985 5453: 5449: 5441: 5437: 5426: 5417: 5409: 5400: 5394:McClintock 1985 5392: 5385: 5379:McClintock 1985 5377: 5373: 5365: 5361: 5353: 5349: 5330: 5321: 5313: 5309: 5301: 5297: 5289: 5285: 5277: 5273: 5265: 5261: 5253: 5249: 5241: 5237: 5229: 5225: 5217: 5213: 5206: 5183: 5179: 5171: 5167: 5159: 5155: 5145: 5143: 5136: 5120: 5116: 5106: 5104: 5097: 5081: 5077: 5069: 5065: 5057: 5053: 5045: 5038: 5030: 5023: 5019:, p. 9-10. 5015: 5008: 5000: 4993: 4985: 4974: 4966: 4962: 4958:, p. 9-24. 4954: 4950: 4942: 4935: 4927: 4920: 4912: 4899: 4891: 4884: 4876: 4869: 4861: 4857: 4849: 4845: 4837: 4833: 4822: 4813: 4803: 4801: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4773: 4771: 4756: 4752: 4737:Gender Violence 4733: 4729: 4719: 4717: 4708: 4707: 4703: 4695: 4691: 4681: 4679: 4664: 4647: 4639: 4632: 4622: 4620: 4603: 4599: 4591: 4587: 4577: 4575: 4560: 4553: 4543: 4541: 4526: 4519: 4512: 4498: 4494: 4487: 4473: 4466: 4459: 4445: 4438: 4428: 4426: 4411: 4400: 4390: 4388: 4384: 4373: 4367: 4363: 4340: 4333: 4322: 4295: 4291: 4283: 4279: 4272: 4255: 4251: 4235: 4234: 4226: 4222: 4212: 4210: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4180: 4179: 4168: 4164: 4151: 4149: 4140: 4139: 4135: 4119: 4118: 4107: 4105: 4101: 4094: 4088: 4084: 4079: 4075: 4070: 4066: 4052: 4050: 4039: 4035: 4020: 4016: 4011: 4007: 3966: 3964: 3957: 3941: 3934: 3929: 3860: 3855: 3853: 3846: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3807: 3759:Central America 3710: 3676:STOL aircraft, 3634: 3632:Israeli support 3590: 3556: 3527: 3486: 3464: 3419: 3410: 3379: 3374: 3338: 3332: 3324:Resolution 1094 3277: 3271: 3237: 3226: 3220: 3217: 3206: 3194: 3183: 3105: 3094: 3088: 3085: 3074: 3062: 3051: 3028: 3011: 2986: 2933:. Mejía became 2923: 2917: 2892: 2852: 2846: 2817: 2811: 2786: 2780: 2775: 2393: 2307: 2289: 2186: 2178: 2099:Spanish Embassy 2078: 2072: 2061: 2051: 1986: 1963: 1952: 1897:1973 oil crisis 1892: 1879: 1873: 1865: 1861: 1835:priests of the 1796: 1790: 1725: 1719: 1706: 1690: 1658: 1600: 1566: 1522: 1452: 1405:Chiquita Brands 1397: 1330: 1262:Guatemalan Army 1062: 1056: 1029:"Mozos colonos" 1000:Central America 981: 975: 919:colonial powers 915:Monroe Doctrine 891: 865: 711: 694: 692: 686: 666: 664: 647: 645: 632: 628:Ricardo Rosales 622: 620: 610: 608: 600: 590: 588: 580: 570: 568: 560: 550: 548: 538: 536: 530: 520: 518: 508: 506: 496: 494: 484: 482: 472: 470: 460: 458: 448: 446: 436: 434: 424: 422: 412: 410: 406:Enrique Peralta 400: 398: 394:Miguel Ydígoras 388: 386: 362: 360: 359: 351: 349: 348: 339: 337: 336: 304: 302: 289: 287: 274: 272: 258: 256: 252: 240: 229: 227: 216: 214: 203: 201: 198: 197: 182: 180: 179: 170: 168: 167: 153: 151: 147: 143: 131: 129: 101: 87: 74: 57: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14709: 14699: 14698: 14693: 14688: 14683: 14678: 14673: 14668: 14663: 14646: 14645: 14642: 14641: 14639: 14638: 14630: 14622: 14614: 14606: 14598: 14590: 14582: 14574: 14565: 14562: 14561: 14549: 14548: 14546: 14545: 14537: 14529: 14521: 14520: 14519: 14511: 14503: 14487: 14479: 14471: 14463: 14455: 14446: 14443: 14442: 14430: 14429: 14427: 14426: 14418: 14410: 14402: 14394: 14386: 14378: 14374:Eichmann trial 14370: 14362: 14354: 14346: 14338: 14330: 14322: 14314: 14306: 14298: 14290: 14282: 14274: 14266: 14258: 14254:Chełmno trials 14250: 14242: 14234: 14226: 14217: 14214: 14213: 14199: 14195: 14194: 14192: 14191: 14184: 14177: 14170: 14163: 14156: 14149: 14142: 14141: 14140: 14133: 14126: 14111: 14109: 14105: 14104: 14102: 14101: 14094: 14087: 14080: 14073: 14066: 14059: 14052: 14051: 14050: 14047:Trivialization 14035: 14033: 14027: 14026: 14024: 14023: 14016: 14009: 14002: 13995: 13994: 13993: 13986: 13983:Killing Fields 13972: 13965: 13958: 13951: 13944: 13936: 13934: 13930: 13929: 13927: 13926: 13919: 13912: 13905: 13898: 13891: 13884: 13877: 13870: 13863: 13856: 13855: 13854: 13853: 13852: 13831: 13830: 13829: 13814: 13812: 13808: 13807: 13804: 13803: 13801: 13800: 13792: 13784: 13776: 13768: 13760: 13752: 13744: 13743: 13742: 13727: 13718: 13715: 13714: 13700: 13699: 13697: 13696: 13688: 13680: 13679: 13678: 13663: 13655: 13647: 13639: 13631: 13623: 13619:Kuwaiti Bedoon 13615: 13607: 13599: 13591: 13583: 13575: 13567: 13566: 13565: 13558: 13546: 13538: 13530: 13522: 13514: 13506: 13498: 13490: 13481: 13478: 13477: 13463: 13462: 13460: 13459: 13455:Crimean Tatars 13451: 13443: 13435: 13427: 13419: 13411: 13403: 13395: 13387: 13379: 13371: 13363: 13355: 13347: 13339: 13331: 13323: 13315: 13307: 13299: 13291: 13283: 13279:Kantō Massacre 13275: 13267: 13259: 13251: 13243: 13242: 13241: 13233: 13225: 13217: 13209: 13201: 13200: 13199: 13176: 13173: 13172: 13158: 13157: 13155: 13154: 13153: 13152: 13137: 13129: 13121: 13113: 13105: 13097: 13089: 13081: 13073: 13065: 13057: 13056: 13055: 13047: 13039: 13035:Trail of Tears 13031: 13027:Indian removal 13016: 13008: 13000: 12999: 12998: 12990: 12975: 12967: 12959: 12951: 12943: 12942: 12941: 12933: 12918: 12910: 12902: 12894: 12886: 12878: 12870: 12866:Kashmiri Shias 12862: 12854: 12846: 12837: 12834: 12833: 12819: 12818: 12816: 12815: 12807: 12799: 12791: 12783: 12775: 12767: 12759: 12751: 12750: 12749: 12734: 12726: 12717: 12714: 12713: 12700: 12688: 12687: 12680: 12679: 12672: 12665: 12657: 12648: 12647: 12645: 12644: 12638: 12636: 12635:Related topics 12632: 12631: 12629: 12628: 12623: 12618: 12613: 12607: 12605: 12601: 12600: 12598: 12597: 12591: 12589: 12585: 12584: 12582: 12581: 12576: 12570: 12568: 12564: 12563: 12561: 12560: 12555: 12550: 12544: 12541: 12540: 12531: 12530: 12523: 12516: 12508: 12499: 12498: 12496: 12495: 12490: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12440: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12420: 12415: 12410: 12405: 12400: 12395: 12390: 12385: 12380: 12375: 12370: 12365: 12360: 12355: 12350: 12344: 12342: 12338: 12337: 12335: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12299: 12294: 12289: 12284: 12279: 12274: 12269: 12264: 12259: 12254: 12249: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12219: 12214: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12194: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12174: 12169: 12164: 12159: 12154: 12149: 12144: 12139: 12134: 12129: 12124: 12119: 12114: 12109: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12081: 12076: 12073: 12068: 12065: 12060: 12057: 12052: 12049: 12043: 12041: 12037: 12036: 12034: 12033: 12030: 12024: 12022: 12018: 12017: 12015:(1821–present) 12001: 12000: 11993: 11986: 11978: 11969: 11968: 11966: 11965: 11960: 11953: 11952: 11945: 11938: 11930: 11929: 11926: 11925: 11922: 11921: 11919: 11918: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11877: 11875: 11869: 11868: 11866: 11865: 11860: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11844: 11843: 11833: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11813: 11807: 11801: 11795: 11794: 11791: 11790: 11788: 11787: 11782: 11777: 11772: 11767: 11762: 11756: 11750: 11744: 11743: 11740: 11739: 11737: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11690: 11684: 11678: 11677: 11674: 11673: 11671: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11643:National parks 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11600: 11594: 11588: 11582: 11581: 11573: 11567: 11565: 11563: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11511: 11509: 11503: 11502: 11491: 11490: 11483: 11476: 11468: 11462: 11461: 11451: 11450:8 January 2016 11447:Democracy Now! 11439: 11430: 11414: 11409: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11379: 11378:External links 11376: 11374: 11373: 11363: 11353:(3): 391–410. 11336: 11325: 11319: 11302: 11296: 11279: 11272: 11266: 11251: 11245: 11230: 11224: 11214:. Eugene, OR: 11202: 11196: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11170: 11164: 11151: 11137: 11131: 11116: 11100: 11086: 11075: 11066: 11048: 11020: 11014: 10999: 10986: 10974: 10952: 10946: 10929: 10923: 10910: 10881: 10875: 10860: 10854: 10839: 10830: 10801: 10795: 10780: 10755: 10749: 10732: 10708: 10688: 10663: 10657: 10644: 10634:NACLA (1987). 10631: 10618: 10603: 10592: 10586: 10571: 10565: 10550: 10544: 10527: 10518: 10512: 10497: 10486: 10474:Longan, John. 10471: 10465: 10450: 10432:(85): 94–104. 10421: 10402: 10378: 10362:Diario La Hora 10353: 10347: 10326: 10301: 10295: 10280: 10274: 10253: 10239:(in Spanish). 10228: 10222: 10201: 10176: 10170: 10155: 10149: 10134: 10125: 10119: 10104: 10098: 10085: 10079: 10061: 10034: 10017: 10015:. Grove Press. 10004: 9979: 9962: 9956: 9941: 9916: 9910: 9895: 9889: 9874: 9865: 9856: 9847: 9841: 9826: 9811: 9798: 9775: 9733: 9691: 9649: 9607: 9565: 9523: 9481: 9439: 9397: 9355: 9313: 9282: 9276: 9261: 9255: 9240: 9229:I.C.J. Reports 9217: 9197: 9182: 9165: 9144: 9138: 9120: 9111: 9102: 9096: 9083: 9077: 9062: 9051: 9012: 9003: 8989: 8983: 8968: 8962: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8935: 8926: 8888: 8886:, p. 312. 8876: 8869: 8849: 8826: 8800: 8797:. p. 152. 8785: 8776: 8774:, p. 311. 8764: 8755: 8737: 8730: 8712: 8705: 8687: 8682:SIPRI Yearbook 8673: 8668:SIPRI Yearbook 8659: 8654:SIPRI Yearbook 8645: 8615: 8580: 8565: 8546: 8534: 8522: 8510: 8491: 8459: 8437: 8418: 8399: 8380: 8373: 8347: 8338: 8329: 8312: 8303: 8294: 8285: 8276: 8267: 8248: 8229: 8210: 8201: 8185: 8166: 8140: 8128: 8116: 8107: 8095: 8083: 8074: 8067: 8047: 8028: 8009: 7996: 7977: 7951: 7930: 7909: 7879: 7844: 7793: 7786: 7762: 7744: 7721: 7696: 7674: 7655: 7645: 7626: 7620:6 April 1985, 7613: 7607:4 April 1985, 7600: 7594:4 April 1985, 7587: 7581:4 April 1985, 7574: 7565: 7553: 7518: 7486: 7458: 7446: 7415: 7406: 7397: 7369: 7360: 7339: 7327: 7315: 7302: 7290: 7278: 7266: 7262:Velásquez 1997 7249: 7237: 7225: 7223:, p. 255. 7213: 7201: 7189: 7163: 7151: 7142: 7130: 7128:, p. 270. 7118: 7099: 7079: 7049: 7037: 7035:, p. 337. 7033:Ramcharan 1985 7025: 7013: 7001: 6999:, p. 161. 6989: 6971: 6956: 6944: 6932: 6914: 6902: 6871: 6862: 6853: 6838: 6807: 6798: 6785: 6773: 6766: 6740: 6710: 6677: 6668: 6646: 6623: 6614: 6602: 6583: 6560: 6530: 6521: 6509: 6494: 6481: 6479:, p. 133. 6469: 6460: 6451: 6438: 6436:, p. 105. 6426: 6414: 6412:, p. 125. 6402: 6362: 6332: 6320: 6308: 6296: 6284: 6272: 6257: 6239: 6227: 6193: 6181: 6172: 6160: 6148: 6136: 6118: 6109: 6074: 6065: 6056: 6037: 6017: 6015:, p. 425. 6013:Dunkerley 1988 6005: 5993: 5984: 5975: 5966: 5936: 5923: 5911: 5899: 5887: 5871: 5862: 5852: 5837: 5800: 5791: 5779: 5767: 5765:, p. 253. 5755: 5746: 5734: 5732:, p. 248. 5722: 5720:, p. 118. 5707: 5698: 5683: 5674: 5662: 5647: 5632: 5630:, p. 158. 5620: 5608: 5606:, 16 July 1966 5596: 5584: 5572: 5537: 5519: 5507: 5495: 5483: 5471: 5459: 5447: 5443:Dunkerley 1988 5435: 5415: 5398: 5383: 5371: 5359: 5357:, p. 124. 5355:Wilkinson 2002 5347: 5319: 5307: 5295: 5283: 5271: 5259: 5247: 5235: 5223: 5211: 5204: 5177: 5165: 5153: 5134: 5114: 5095: 5075: 5063: 5051: 5036: 5021: 5017:Cullather 2006 5006: 4991: 4972: 4970:, p. 842. 4960: 4948: 4946:, p. 156. 4933: 4931:, p. 155. 4918: 4916:, p. 154. 4897: 4895:, p. 153. 4882: 4880:, p. 152. 4867: 4855: 4843: 4841:, p. 426. 4831: 4811: 4781: 4770:on 8 July 2013 4750: 4727: 4701: 4689: 4645: 4630: 4597: 4585: 4551: 4517: 4510: 4492: 4485: 4464: 4457: 4436: 4398: 4361: 4331: 4320: 4298:Peter Kornbluh 4289: 4287:, p. 172. 4277: 4270: 4249: 4220: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4177: 4162: 4148:on 5 July 2008 4133: 4115:participating. 4082: 4073: 4064: 4045:(in Spanish). 4033: 4014: 4005: 3955: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3924: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3911:Stanley Rother 3904: 3899: 3894: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3862:History portal 3851: 3835: 3832: 3806: 3803: 3782:Battalion 3–16 3709: 3706: 3702:Héctor Gramajo 3654:New York Times 3633: 3630: 3614:Roman Catholic 3612:, an American 3589: 3586: 3555: 3552: 3547:Elliott Abrams 3526: 3523: 3485: 3482: 3463: 3460: 3418: 3415: 3409: 3406: 3402:Castillo Armas 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3334:Main article: 3331: 3328: 3273:Main article: 3270: 3267: 3239: 3238: 3197: 3195: 3188: 3182: 3179: 3112:Vinicio Cerezo 3107: 3106: 3065: 3063: 3056: 3050: 3047: 3027: 3024: 3010: 3007: 2985: 2982: 2977:Vinicio Cerezo 2919:Main article: 2916: 2913: 2891: 2888: 2883: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2845: 2842: 2813:Main article: 2810: 2807: 2779: 2776: 2772: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2757: 2753: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2738: 2734: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2719: 2715: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2700: 2696: 2695: 2693: 2692:September 1982 2690: 2687: 2681: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2673:September 1981 2671: 2668: 2667:Patzité (town) 2665: 2661: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2643: 2639: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2623: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2606:(settlement), 2601: 2597: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2586: 2577: 2573: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2555: 2551: 2550: 2546: 2543: 2538: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2510: 2506: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2488: 2484: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2469: 2465: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2453: 2450: 2446: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2434: 2428: 2424: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2402: 2392: 2389: 2349:Guatemala City 2306: 2303: 2286: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2272: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2258: 2254: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2240: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2226: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2202: 2170: 2162:Guatemala City 2071: 2068: 2050: 2047: 2012:Guatemala City 1985: 1982: 1961: 1945: 1929:Guatemala City 1891: 1888: 1875:Main article: 1872: 1869: 1841: 1792:Main article: 1789: 1786: 1770:Eye for an Eye 1721:Main article: 1718: 1715: 1699: 1689: 1686: 1677:Miami, Florida 1657: 1654: 1599: 1598:State of Siege 1596: 1565: 1562: 1558:Guatemala City 1521: 1518: 1451: 1448: 1396: 1393: 1346:Castillo Armas 1329: 1326: 1300:, such as the 1119:general strike 1075:anti-communist 1058:Main article: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1040: 1037:tenant farmers 1022: 1021: 1013: 1003: 977:Main article: 974: 971: 908:Rafael Carrera 869:Rafael Carrera 864: 861: 841:on charges of 723: 722: 718: 717: 713: 712: 710: 709: 706: 703: 689: 687: 685: 684: 681: 680:500,000 (1985) 678: 677:300,000 (1982) 675: 662: 659: 656: 642: 639: 638: 634: 633: 631: 630: 618: 606: 586: 566: 546: 533: 531: 529: 528: 516: 514:Ramiro de León 504: 492: 490:Vinicio Cerezo 480: 468: 456: 444: 442:Kjell Laugerud 432: 420: 408: 396: 383: 380: 379: 375: 374: 332: 331: 323: 315: 300: 285: 253: 251: 250: 238: 225: 212: 195: 194: 193: 162: 161: 125: 124: 120: 119: 116: 115: 114: 113: 103: 97: 96: 93: 89: 88: 83: 81: 77: 76: 71: 63: 62: 49: 48: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14708: 14697: 14694: 14692: 14689: 14687: 14684: 14682: 14679: 14677: 14674: 14672: 14669: 14667: 14664: 14662: 14659: 14658: 14656: 14635: 14631: 14627: 14623: 14619: 14615: 14611: 14607: 14603: 14599: 14595: 14591: 14587: 14583: 14579: 14575: 14571: 14567: 14566: 14563: 14554: 14542: 14538: 14534: 14530: 14526: 14522: 14516: 14512: 14508: 14504: 14500: 14496: 14495: 14492: 14488: 14484: 14480: 14476: 14472: 14468: 14464: 14460: 14456: 14452: 14448: 14447: 14444: 14435: 14423: 14419: 14415: 14411: 14407: 14406:Sobibor trial 14403: 14399: 14395: 14391: 14387: 14383: 14379: 14375: 14371: 14367: 14363: 14359: 14355: 14351: 14347: 14343: 14339: 14335: 14331: 14327: 14323: 14319: 14315: 14311: 14307: 14303: 14299: 14295: 14291: 14287: 14283: 14279: 14275: 14271: 14270:Belsen trials 14267: 14263: 14262:Dachau trials 14259: 14255: 14251: 14247: 14243: 14239: 14235: 14231: 14230:Kharkov trial 14227: 14223: 14219: 14218: 14215: 14209: 14203: 14200: 14196: 14189: 14185: 14182: 14178: 14175: 14174:Justification 14171: 14168: 14164: 14161: 14157: 14154: 14150: 14147: 14143: 14138: 14134: 14131: 14127: 14124: 14120: 14119: 14117: 14113: 14112: 14110: 14106: 14099: 14095: 14092: 14088: 14085: 14081: 14078: 14074: 14071: 14067: 14064: 14060: 14057: 14053: 14048: 14044: 14043: 14041: 14040:The Holocaust 14037: 14036: 14034: 14032: 14028: 14021: 14017: 14014: 14010: 14007: 14003: 14000: 13999:Death marches 13996: 13991: 13987: 13984: 13980: 13979: 13977: 13973: 13970: 13966: 13963: 13959: 13956: 13952: 13949: 13945: 13942: 13938: 13937: 13935: 13931: 13924: 13920: 13917: 13913: 13910: 13906: 13903: 13899: 13896: 13892: 13889: 13885: 13882: 13878: 13875: 13871: 13868: 13864: 13861: 13857: 13850: 13846: 13845: 13843: 13839: 13838: 13836: 13832: 13827: 13823: 13822: 13820: 13816: 13815: 13813: 13809: 13797: 13793: 13789: 13785: 13781: 13777: 13773: 13769: 13765: 13761: 13757: 13756:Iraqi Turkmen 13753: 13749: 13745: 13740: 13736: 13735: 13732: 13728: 13724: 13720: 13719: 13716: 13711: 13705: 13693: 13689: 13685: 13681: 13676: 13672: 13671: 13668: 13664: 13660: 13656: 13652: 13648: 13644: 13640: 13636: 13632: 13628: 13624: 13620: 13616: 13612: 13608: 13604: 13600: 13596: 13592: 13588: 13584: 13580: 13576: 13572: 13568: 13563: 13559: 13556: 13552: 13551: 13547: 13543: 13539: 13535: 13531: 13527: 13523: 13519: 13515: 13511: 13507: 13503: 13499: 13495: 13491: 13487: 13483: 13482: 13479: 13474: 13468: 13456: 13452: 13448: 13444: 13440: 13436: 13432: 13428: 13424: 13420: 13416: 13412: 13408: 13404: 13400: 13396: 13392: 13391:The Holocaust 13388: 13384: 13380: 13376: 13372: 13368: 13364: 13360: 13356: 13352: 13348: 13344: 13340: 13336: 13332: 13328: 13324: 13320: 13316: 13312: 13308: 13304: 13300: 13296: 13292: 13288: 13284: 13280: 13276: 13273:(1920s–1930s) 13272: 13271:Ingrian Finns 13268: 13264: 13260: 13256: 13252: 13248: 13244: 13238: 13234: 13230: 13226: 13222: 13218: 13214: 13210: 13206: 13202: 13197: 13196:Pontic Greeks 13193: 13192: 13189: 13185: 13184: 13182: 13178: 13177: 13174: 13169: 13163: 13149: 13145: 13144: 13142: 13138: 13134: 13130: 13126: 13122: 13118: 13114: 13111:(1890s–1900s) 13110: 13106: 13102: 13098: 13094: 13090: 13086: 13082: 13078: 13074: 13070: 13066: 13062: 13058: 13052: 13048: 13044: 13040: 13036: 13032: 13028: 13024: 13023: 13021: 13017: 13013: 13009: 13005: 13001: 12995: 12991: 12987: 12983: 12982: 12980: 12976: 12972: 12968: 12964: 12960: 12956: 12952: 12948: 12944: 12938: 12934: 12931:(1700s–1800s) 12930: 12926: 12925: 12923: 12919: 12915: 12911: 12907: 12903: 12899: 12895: 12891: 12887: 12883: 12879: 12875: 12871: 12867: 12863: 12859: 12855: 12851: 12847: 12843: 12839: 12838: 12835: 12830: 12824: 12812: 12808: 12804: 12800: 12796: 12792: 12788: 12784: 12781:(1200s–1360s) 12780: 12776: 12772: 12768: 12764: 12760: 12756: 12752: 12747: 12743: 12742: 12739: 12735: 12731: 12727: 12723: 12719: 12718: 12715: 12710: 12704: 12701: 12698: 12693: 12689: 12685: 12678: 12673: 12671: 12666: 12664: 12659: 12658: 12655: 12643: 12642:War on Terror 12640: 12639: 12637: 12633: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12608: 12606: 12604:South America 12602: 12596: 12593: 12592: 12590: 12586: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12571: 12569: 12567:North America 12565: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12545: 12542: 12537: 12529: 12524: 12522: 12517: 12515: 12510: 12509: 12506: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12379: 12376: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12345: 12343: 12339: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12303: 12300: 12298: 12295: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12285: 12283: 12280: 12278: 12275: 12273: 12270: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12250: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12170: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12138: 12135: 12133: 12130: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12044: 12042: 12038: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12025: 12023: 12019: 12014: 11999: 11994: 11992: 11987: 11985: 11980: 11979: 11976: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11955: 11950: 11946: 11943: 11939: 11936: 11932: 11931: 11927: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11878: 11876: 11874: 11870: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11842: 11839: 11838: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11808: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11796: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11757: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11745: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11691: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11679: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11595: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11583: 11577: 11571: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11512: 11510: 11508: 11504: 11500: 11496: 11489: 11484: 11482: 11477: 11475: 11470: 11469: 11466: 11459: 11455: 11452: 11449: 11448: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11425: 11421: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11391: 11386: 11382: 11381: 11369: 11364: 11360: 11356: 11352: 11348: 11347: 11342: 11337: 11333: 11332: 11326: 11322: 11316: 11311: 11310: 11303: 11299: 11293: 11288: 11287: 11280: 11277: 11273: 11269: 11263: 11259: 11258: 11252: 11248: 11242: 11238: 11237: 11231: 11227: 11221: 11217: 11210: 11209: 11203: 11199: 11193: 11190:. Dodd Mead. 11188: 11187: 11180: 11179: 11167: 11161: 11157: 11152: 11148: 11147: 11142: 11138: 11134: 11128: 11124: 11123: 11117: 11114:(in Spanish). 11113: 11106: 11101: 11094: 11093: 11087: 11083: 11082: 11076: 11072: 11067: 11063: 11056: 11055: 11049: 11037: 11033: 11029: 11025: 11021: 11017: 11011: 11007: 11006: 11000: 10996: 10992: 10987: 10983: 10982: 10975: 10960: 10959: 10953: 10949: 10943: 10938: 10937: 10930: 10926: 10920: 10916: 10911: 10896: 10889: 10888: 10882: 10878: 10872: 10868: 10867: 10861: 10857: 10851: 10847: 10846: 10840: 10836: 10831: 10827: 10823: 10819: 10815: 10811: 10807: 10802: 10798: 10792: 10788: 10787: 10781: 10769: 10765: 10761: 10756: 10752: 10746: 10741: 10740: 10733: 10721: 10714: 10709: 10698: 10694: 10689: 10677: 10673: 10669: 10664: 10660: 10654: 10650: 10645: 10641: 10637: 10632: 10621: 10615: 10611: 10610: 10604: 10600: 10599: 10593: 10589: 10583: 10579: 10578: 10572: 10568: 10562: 10558: 10557: 10551: 10547: 10541: 10537: 10533: 10528: 10524: 10519: 10515: 10509: 10505: 10504: 10498: 10494: 10493: 10487: 10483: 10479: 10478: 10472: 10468: 10462: 10458: 10457: 10451: 10447: 10443: 10439: 10435: 10431: 10427: 10422: 10410: 10409: 10403: 10391: 10387: 10383: 10379: 10367: 10363: 10359: 10354: 10350: 10344: 10340: 10335: 10334: 10327: 10315: 10311: 10307: 10302: 10298: 10292: 10288: 10287: 10281: 10277: 10271: 10267: 10262: 10261: 10254: 10242: 10238: 10234: 10229: 10225: 10219: 10215: 10210: 10209: 10202: 10190: 10186: 10182: 10177: 10173: 10167: 10163: 10162: 10156: 10152: 10146: 10142: 10141: 10135: 10131: 10126: 10122: 10116: 10112: 10111: 10105: 10101: 10095: 10091: 10086: 10082: 10076: 10072: 10071: 10066: 10062: 10058: 10052: 10045: 10041: 10035: 10031: 10027: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10012: 10005: 9993: 9989: 9985: 9980: 9976: 9971: 9970: 9963: 9959: 9953: 9950:. Routledge. 9949: 9948: 9942: 9930: 9926: 9922: 9917: 9913: 9907: 9903: 9902: 9896: 9892: 9886: 9882: 9881: 9875: 9871: 9866: 9863:(in Spanish). 9862: 9857: 9853: 9848: 9844: 9838: 9834: 9833: 9827: 9823: 9819: 9818: 9812: 9808: 9804: 9799: 9788: 9781: 9776: 9772: 9766: 9751:on 6 May 2013 9747: 9743: 9739: 9734: 9730: 9724: 9709:on 6 May 2013 9705: 9701: 9697: 9692: 9688: 9682: 9667:on 6 May 2013 9663: 9659: 9655: 9650: 9646: 9640: 9625:on 6 May 2013 9621: 9617: 9613: 9608: 9604: 9598: 9583:on 6 May 2013 9579: 9575: 9571: 9566: 9562: 9556: 9541:on 6 May 2013 9537: 9533: 9529: 9524: 9520: 9514: 9499:on 6 May 2013 9495: 9491: 9487: 9482: 9478: 9472: 9457:on 6 May 2013 9453: 9449: 9445: 9440: 9436: 9430: 9415:on 6 May 2013 9411: 9407: 9403: 9398: 9394: 9388: 9373:on 6 May 2013 9369: 9365: 9361: 9356: 9352: 9346: 9331:on 6 May 2013 9327: 9323: 9319: 9314: 9299: 9295: 9288: 9283: 9279: 9273: 9269: 9268: 9262: 9258: 9252: 9248: 9247: 9241: 9234: 9230: 9223: 9218: 9207: 9203: 9198: 9194: 9190: 9189: 9183: 9171: 9166: 9155:on 6 May 2013 9154: 9150: 9147:CIDH (1999). 9145: 9141: 9135: 9131: 9130: 9125: 9121: 9117: 9112: 9108: 9103: 9099: 9093: 9089: 9084: 9080: 9074: 9070: 9069: 9063: 9059: 9058: 9052: 9048: 9042: 9027:on 5 May 2013 9026: 9022: 9018: 9013: 9009: 9004: 9000: 8999: 8994: 8990: 8986: 8980: 8976: 8975: 8969: 8965: 8959: 8955: 8954: 8949: 8945: 8944: 8930: 8915: 8911: 8907: 8903: 8899: 8892: 8885: 8884:Schirmer 1998 8880: 8872: 8866: 8862: 8861: 8853: 8845: 8840: 8839: 8830: 8814: 8810: 8804: 8796: 8789: 8780: 8773: 8772:Schirmer 1988 8768: 8759: 8752: 8748: 8741: 8733: 8727: 8724:. Routledge. 8723: 8716: 8708: 8702: 8698: 8691: 8683: 8677: 8669: 8663: 8655: 8649: 8633: 8629: 8626: 8619: 8600: 8593: 8592: 8584: 8576: 8569: 8562: 8558: 8555: 8550: 8543: 8538: 8531: 8526: 8520:, p. 72. 8519: 8514: 8507: 8503: 8500: 8495: 8479: 8475: 8474: 8469: 8463: 8456: 8452: 8449: 8444: 8442: 8434: 8430: 8427: 8422: 8415: 8411: 8408: 8403: 8396: 8392: 8389: 8384: 8376: 8370: 8366: 8361: 8360: 8351: 8342: 8333: 8325: 8321: 8316: 8307: 8298: 8289: 8280: 8271: 8264: 8260: 8257: 8252: 8244: 8240: 8233: 8225: 8221: 8214: 8205: 8197: 8189: 8182: 8178: 8175: 8170: 8154: 8150: 8144: 8137: 8132: 8125: 8120: 8111: 8105:, p. 74. 8104: 8099: 8093:, p. 70. 8092: 8087: 8078: 8070: 8064: 8060: 8059: 8051: 8044: 8040: 8037: 8032: 8025: 8021: 8018: 8013: 8006: 8000: 7992: 7988: 7981: 7965: 7961: 7955: 7947: 7940: 7934: 7926: 7919: 7913: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7883: 7867: 7863: 7862: 7857: 7851: 7849: 7840: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7809: 7804: 7797: 7789: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7774: 7766: 7758: 7754: 7748: 7742: 7738: 7735:, pp. 323–24 7734: 7730: 7725: 7709: 7703: 7701: 7693: 7689: 7686: 7681: 7679: 7671: 7667: 7664: 7659: 7649: 7642: 7638: 7635: 7630: 7623: 7617: 7610: 7604: 7597: 7591: 7584: 7578: 7569: 7562: 7557: 7538: 7531: 7530: 7522: 7503: 7496: 7490: 7474: 7470: 7469: 7462: 7453: 7451: 7435:on 6 May 2013 7434: 7430: 7426: 7419: 7410: 7401: 7385: 7381: 7380: 7373: 7364: 7356: 7349: 7343: 7337:, p. 47. 7336: 7335:McCleary 1999 7331: 7324: 7319: 7312: 7306: 7297: 7295: 7288:, p. 45. 7287: 7286:Schirmer 1988 7282: 7275: 7270: 7264:, p. 17. 7263: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7246: 7241: 7234: 7229: 7222: 7217: 7210: 7205: 7199:, p. 86. 7198: 7193: 7177: 7173: 7167: 7160: 7155: 7146: 7139: 7134: 7127: 7122: 7106: 7102: 7096: 7092: 7091: 7083: 7067: 7063: 7062: 7053: 7046: 7041: 7034: 7029: 7022: 7017: 7010: 7005: 6998: 6997:Schirmer 1988 6993: 6985: 6978: 6976: 6968: 6963: 6961: 6953: 6948: 6941: 6936: 6928: 6924: 6918: 6911: 6906: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6875: 6866: 6857: 6849: 6842: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6811: 6802: 6795: 6789: 6782: 6777: 6769: 6763: 6759: 6754: 6753: 6744: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6714: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6684: 6682: 6672: 6653: 6649: 6643: 6636: 6635: 6627: 6618: 6611: 6606: 6590: 6586: 6580: 6576: 6575: 6567: 6565: 6548: 6545:. June 2001. 6544: 6540: 6534: 6525: 6518: 6513: 6506:. p. 20. 6505: 6498: 6491: 6485: 6478: 6473: 6464: 6455: 6448: 6445:Roger Plant, 6442: 6435: 6430: 6424:, p. 85. 6423: 6418: 6411: 6406: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6336: 6330:, p. 15. 6329: 6324: 6318:, p. 13. 6317: 6312: 6306:, p. 12. 6305: 6300: 6294:, p. 10. 6293: 6288: 6282:, p. 46. 6281: 6276: 6268: 6261: 6253: 6249: 6243: 6236: 6231: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6200: 6198: 6190: 6185: 6176: 6169: 6164: 6157: 6152: 6146:, p. 99. 6145: 6140: 6133:. p. ii. 6132: 6125: 6123: 6113: 6094: 6087: 6086: 6078: 6069: 6060: 6044: 6040: 6034: 6030: 6029: 6021: 6014: 6009: 6003:, p. 97. 6002: 5997: 5991:Melville, p.8 5988: 5979: 5970: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5940: 5933: 5927: 5921:, p. 95. 5920: 5915: 5906: 5904: 5896: 5891: 5884: 5878: 5876: 5866: 5856: 5849: 5844: 5842: 5822: 5818: 5811: 5804: 5795: 5789:, p. 26. 5788: 5787:Anderson 1988 5783: 5777:, p. 19. 5776: 5771: 5764: 5759: 5750: 5743: 5738: 5731: 5726: 5719: 5714: 5712: 5702: 5696:, p. 85. 5695: 5690: 5688: 5678: 5671: 5666: 5659: 5654: 5652: 5645:, p. 84. 5644: 5639: 5637: 5629: 5628:Schirmer 1988 5624: 5617: 5612: 5605: 5600: 5593: 5588: 5581: 5580:Schirmer 1988 5576: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5541: 5533: 5529: 5523: 5516: 5511: 5504: 5499: 5492: 5487: 5481:, p. 16. 5480: 5479:Schirmer 1988 5475: 5469:, p. 35. 5468: 5463: 5457:, p. 76. 5456: 5451: 5444: 5439: 5431: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5412: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5396:, p. 50. 5395: 5390: 5388: 5380: 5375: 5368: 5363: 5356: 5351: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5317:, p. 48. 5316: 5315:Immerman 1983 5311: 5304: 5303:Streeter 2000 5299: 5293:, p. 14. 5292: 5291:Streeter 2000 5287: 5281:, p. 13. 5280: 5279:Streeter 2000 5275: 5268: 5267:Immerman 1983 5263: 5257:, p. 22. 5256: 5251: 5244: 5243:Immerman 1983 5239: 5232: 5227: 5220: 5215: 5207: 5201: 5197: 5192: 5191: 5181: 5175:, p. 32. 5174: 5173:Immerman 1983 5169: 5162: 5157: 5141: 5137: 5131: 5127: 5126: 5118: 5102: 5098: 5092: 5088: 5087: 5079: 5072: 5067: 5060: 5055: 5048: 5047:McCreery 1994 5043: 5041: 5034:, p. 43. 5033: 5028: 5026: 5018: 5013: 5011: 5003: 5002:Immerman 1983 4998: 4996: 4988: 4987:Streeter 2000 4983: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4969: 4964: 4957: 4952: 4945: 4940: 4938: 4930: 4925: 4923: 4915: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4894: 4889: 4887: 4879: 4874: 4872: 4864: 4859: 4852: 4851:Streeter 2000 4847: 4840: 4835: 4827: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4785: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4754: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4731: 4715: 4711: 4705: 4698: 4693: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4666:CEUR (2009). 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4642: 4637: 4635: 4618: 4614: 4613: 4608: 4601: 4594: 4589: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4558: 4556: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4524: 4522: 4513: 4507: 4503: 4496: 4488: 4482: 4478: 4471: 4469: 4460: 4454: 4450: 4449:Centroamérica 4443: 4441: 4425:on 6 May 2013 4424: 4420: 4416: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4383: 4380:. p. 3. 4379: 4372: 4365: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4344:World Affairs 4338: 4336: 4329: 4323: 4321:1-56584-586-2 4317: 4313: 4309: 4308:The New Press 4305: 4304: 4299: 4293: 4286: 4285:Schirmer 1988 4281: 4273: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4245: 4239: 4231: 4224: 4208: 4204: 4203: 4198: 4191: 4187: 4174: 4173: 4166: 4159: 4147: 4143: 4137: 4129: 4123: 4116: 4100: 4093: 4086: 4077: 4068: 4061: 4048: 4044: 4037: 4030: 4025: 4018: 4009: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3962: 3958: 3952: 3948: 3947: 3939: 3937: 3932: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3867: 3863: 3852: 3849: 3838: 3831: 3829: 3824: 3818: 3816: 3812: 3802: 3798: 3796: 3792: 3786: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3766: 3764: 3763:Falklands War 3760: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3715: 3714:Southern Cone 3705: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3685: 3681: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3652:By 1983, the 3650: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3629: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3573: 3570: 3564: 3560: 3551: 3548: 3542: 3541:of Guatemala. 3537: 3535: 3531: 3522: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3504: 3500: 3494: 3490: 3481: 3477: 3474: 3470: 3459: 3457: 3453: 3452:South Vietnam 3449: 3445: 3440: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3414: 3405: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3386: 3369: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3348: 3344: 3337: 3327: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3308:Rolando Morán 3305: 3300: 3298: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3276: 3266: 3264: 3260: 3254: 3250: 3248: 3247: 3235: 3232: 3224: 3221:December 2022 3214: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3198:This section 3196: 3192: 3187: 3186: 3178: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3147: 3141: 3137: 3135: 3134:Supreme Court 3131: 3130: 3125: 3124:habeas corpus 3119: 3117: 3113: 3103: 3100: 3092: 3089:December 2022 3082: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3066:This section 3064: 3060: 3055: 3054: 3046: 3043: 3042:Susanne Jonas 3037: 3032: 3023: 3021: 3015: 3006: 3002: 3000: 2995: 2992: 2981: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2943: 2941: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2922: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2902: 2896: 2890:Urban Reforms 2887: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2873: 2872: 2870: 2865: 2862: 2858: 2851: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2829: 2826: 2822: 2816: 2806: 2804: 2798: 2794: 2792: 2785: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2755: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2736: 2735: 2732: 2730:February 1982 2729: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2717: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2698: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2679: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2624: 2621: 2619:December 1982 2618: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2566:Huehuetenango 2565: 2563: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2552: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2530: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2466: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2401: 2397: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2376: 2372: 2370: 2365: 2359: 2357: 2352: 2350: 2344: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2313: 2302: 2299: 2298:data analysis 2293: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2259: 2256: 2255: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2199: 2198:reactionaries 2193: 2191: 2185: 2182: 2175: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2157: 2154: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2084: 2077: 2067: 2065: 2060: 2056: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2013: 2008: 2002: 2000: 1995: 1992: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1956: 1950: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1924: 1921: 1916: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1868: 1864: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1851:Huehuetenango 1848: 1840: 1838: 1832: 1828: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1816:Lázaro Chacón 1813: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1785: 1781: 1778: 1775:According to 1773: 1771: 1766: 1760: 1757: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1724: 1714: 1710: 1704: 1698: 1695: 1685: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1653: 1651: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1625: 1622: 1617: 1611: 1607: 1605: 1604:habeas corpus 1595: 1592: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1571: 1561: 1559: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1547: 1541: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1526: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1456: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1427:intellectuals 1425: 1421: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1403:(present-day 1402: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1364:The CIA flew 1362: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1310:upper classes 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1211:working class 1208: 1204: 1199: 1197: 1196: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1182:Lázaro Chacón 1179: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1151:Jacobo Árbenz 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1125: 1120: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1067: 1061: 1048: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1033:sharecroppers 1030: 1027: 1026: 1025: 1019: 1014: 1011: 1007: 1004: 1001: 997: 994: 993: 992: 990: 986: 980: 968: 964: 959: 955: 953: 949: 945: 944:U.S. military 941: 937: 933: 928: 924: 923:Latin America 920: 916: 911: 909: 905: 901: 896: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 860: 857: 852: 848: 844: 840: 834: 832: 828: 824: 820: 815: 811: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 779: 777: 773: 769: 764: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 719: 714: 707: 704: 701: 691: 690: 688: 683:32,000 (1986) 682: 679: 676: 673: 663: 661:45,000 (1994) 660: 658:51,600 (1985) 657: 654: 644: 643: 641: 640: 635: 629: 619: 617: 607: 605: 603: 597: 587: 585: 583: 577: 567: 565: 563: 557: 547: 545: 544:Rolando Morán 535: 534: 532: 527: 517: 515: 505: 503: 502:Jorge Serrano 493: 491: 481: 479: 469: 467: 457: 455: 445: 443: 433: 431: 421: 419: 409: 407: 397: 395: 385: 384: 382: 381: 376: 370: 358: 347: 335: 334:Supported by: 327: 324: 319: 316: 311: 301: 296: 286: 281: 271: 270: 269: 265: 254: 249: 244: 239: 237: 226: 224: 213: 211: 200: 199: 192: 190: 189:United States 177: 166: 165:Supported by: 160: 150: 149: 148: 146: 142: 138: 127: 126: 121: 112: 109: 108: 107: 104: 99: 98: 94: 91: 90: 86: 82: 79: 78: 72: 69: 68: 64: 60: 55: 50: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 14558:21st century 14515:Ratko Mladić 14439:20th century 14382:Belzec trial 14146:Genocide law 14006:Death squads 13916:Mass killing 13826:Autogenocide 13710:21st century 13473:1946 to 1999 13345:(1935–1945) 13303:Libyan Arabs 13168:1913 to 1945 12829:1490 to 1913 12594: 12341:21st century 12040:20th century 12021:19th century 11949:Bibliography 11848:Prostitution 11841:Demographics 11760:Central bank 11704:Constitution 11648:Ramsar sites 11598:Biodiversity 11554: 11525:Mexican rule 11457: 11445: 11350: 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Retrieved 9786: 9765:cite journal 9755:20 September 9753:. Retrieved 9746:the original 9741: 9723:cite journal 9713:20 September 9711:. Retrieved 9704:the original 9699: 9681:cite journal 9671:20 September 9669:. Retrieved 9662:the original 9657: 9639:cite journal 9629:20 September 9627:. Retrieved 9620:the original 9615: 9597:cite journal 9587:20 September 9585:. Retrieved 9578:the original 9573: 9555:cite journal 9545:20 September 9543:. Retrieved 9536:the original 9531: 9513:cite journal 9503:20 September 9501:. Retrieved 9494:the original 9489: 9471:cite journal 9461:20 September 9459:. Retrieved 9452:the original 9447: 9429:cite journal 9419:20 September 9417:. Retrieved 9410:the original 9405: 9387:cite journal 9377:20 September 9375:. Retrieved 9368:the original 9363: 9345:cite journal 9335:20 September 9333:. Retrieved 9326:the original 9321: 9305:. Retrieved 9298:the original 9293: 9266: 9245: 9233:the original 9228: 9209:. Retrieved 9206:Shr.aaas.org 9205: 9193:the original 9187: 9174:. Retrieved 9157:. Retrieved 9153:the original 9128: 9115: 9106: 9087: 9067: 9056: 9029:. Retrieved 9025:the original 9020: 9007: 8997: 8973: 8952: 8940:Bibliography 8929: 8917:. Retrieved 8905: 8901: 8891: 8879: 8859: 8852: 8837: 8829: 8817:. Retrieved 8813:the original 8803: 8794: 8788: 8779: 8767: 8758: 8746: 8740: 8721: 8715: 8696: 8690: 8681: 8676: 8667: 8662: 8653: 8648: 8636:. Retrieved 8627: 8618: 8606:. Retrieved 8590: 8583: 8574: 8568: 8549: 8542:Harbury 2005 8537: 8530:Harbury 2005 8525: 8518:Harbury 2005 8513: 8494: 8482:. Retrieved 8471: 8462: 8421: 8402: 8383: 8358: 8350: 8341: 8332: 8323: 8320: 8315: 8306: 8297: 8288: 8279: 8270: 8251: 8242: 8232: 8223: 8213: 8204: 8198:. p. 7. 8194: 8188: 8169: 8157:. Retrieved 8143: 8135: 8131: 8119: 8110: 8098: 8086: 8077: 8057: 8050: 8031: 8012: 8004: 7999: 7990: 7987:The Americas 7986: 7980: 7968:. Retrieved 7954: 7933: 7912: 7900:. Retrieved 7891: 7882: 7870:. Retrieved 7859: 7812: 7806: 7796: 7772: 7765: 7757:the original 7747: 7732: 7724: 7712:. Retrieved 7658: 7648: 7629: 7621: 7616: 7608: 7603: 7595: 7590: 7582: 7577: 7568: 7556: 7544:. Retrieved 7528: 7521: 7509:. Retrieved 7489: 7477:. Retrieved 7467: 7461: 7439:20 September 7437:. Retrieved 7433:the original 7428: 7418: 7409: 7400: 7388:. Retrieved 7378: 7372: 7363: 7354: 7342: 7330: 7318: 7310: 7305: 7281: 7276:, p. 1. 7269: 7247:, p. 5. 7240: 7228: 7216: 7208: 7204: 7192: 7180:. Retrieved 7166: 7154: 7145: 7133: 7121: 7109:. Retrieved 7089: 7082: 7070:. Retrieved 7060: 7052: 7047:, p. 5. 7040: 7028: 7016: 7008: 7004: 6992: 6983: 6947: 6935: 6927:Prensa Libre 6926: 6917: 6905: 6893:. Retrieved 6889:the original 6884: 6874: 6865: 6856: 6847: 6841: 6829:. Retrieved 6820: 6810: 6801: 6793: 6788: 6776: 6751: 6743: 6731:. Retrieved 6722: 6713: 6701:. Retrieved 6697:the original 6692: 6671: 6659:. Retrieved 6633: 6626: 6617: 6605: 6593:. Retrieved 6573: 6551:. Retrieved 6533: 6524: 6512: 6503: 6497: 6489: 6484: 6472: 6463: 6454: 6446: 6441: 6429: 6417: 6405: 6395:20 September 6393:. Retrieved 6389:the original 6384: 6353:. Retrieved 6349:the original 6344: 6335: 6323: 6311: 6299: 6287: 6275: 6266: 6260: 6251: 6242: 6230: 6218:. Retrieved 6214:the original 6209: 6184: 6175: 6163: 6158:, p. 4. 6151: 6139: 6130: 6112: 6100:. Retrieved 6084: 6077: 6068: 6059: 6047:. Retrieved 6027: 6020: 6008: 5996: 5987: 5978: 5969: 5957:. Retrieved 5948: 5939: 5931: 5926: 5914: 5897:, p. 1. 5890: 5882: 5865: 5855: 5850:, p. 2. 5828:. Retrieved 5816: 5803: 5794: 5782: 5770: 5758: 5749: 5744:, p. 3. 5737: 5725: 5701: 5677: 5665: 5623: 5611: 5604:El Imparcial 5603: 5599: 5587: 5575: 5563:. Retrieved 5550: 5540: 5531: 5522: 5510: 5498: 5491:Centeno 2007 5486: 5474: 5462: 5450: 5438: 5429: 5374: 5362: 5350: 5342:the original 5337: 5310: 5298: 5286: 5274: 5262: 5250: 5238: 5226: 5214: 5189: 5180: 5168: 5156: 5144:. Retrieved 5124: 5117: 5105:. Retrieved 5085: 5078: 5071:Forster 2001 5066: 5059:LaFeber 1993 5054: 4963: 4951: 4858: 4846: 4834: 4825: 4802:. Retrieved 4793: 4784: 4772:. Retrieved 4768:the original 4763: 4753: 4745:j.ctv1sjwnnk 4736: 4730: 4718:. Retrieved 4704: 4692: 4680:. Retrieved 4676:the original 4671: 4621:. Retrieved 4610: 4600: 4588: 4576:. Retrieved 4567: 4542:. Retrieved 4534:The Guardian 4533: 4501: 4495: 4476: 4448: 4429:20 September 4427:. Retrieved 4423:the original 4418: 4389:. Retrieved 4364: 4347: 4343: 4306:. New York: 4302: 4292: 4280: 4261: 4252: 4229: 4223: 4211:. Retrieved 4200: 4190: 4170: 4165: 4157: 4150:. Retrieved 4146:the original 4136: 4113: 4106:. Retrieved 4085: 4076: 4067: 4058: 4051:. Retrieved 4036: 4017: 4008: 3972: 3965:. Retrieved 3945: 3819: 3811:South Africa 3808: 3799: 3795:Buenos Aires 3787: 3778:Klaus Barbie 3767: 3747: 3711: 3686: 3682: 3653: 3651: 3642:Oliver North 3635: 3626:Bill Clinton 3610:Dianna Ortiz 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3574: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3544: 3539: 3528: 3514:The Pentagon 3507: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3478: 3465: 3447: 3443: 3441: 3420: 3411: 3397: 3393: 3384: 3380: 3351: 3339: 3301: 3282: 3278: 3255: 3251: 3244: 3242: 3227: 3218: 3207:Please help 3202:verification 3199: 3168: 3150: 3142: 3138: 3127: 3120: 3110: 3095: 3086: 3075:Please help 3070:verification 3067: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3019: 3016: 3012: 3003: 2996: 2991:Fourth Corps 2990: 2987: 2965: 2954: 2948: 2944: 2934: 2924: 2909: 2905: 2897: 2893: 2884: 2868: 2866: 2861:paramilitary 2856: 2853: 2837: 2830: 2818: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2787: 2768:October 1982 2521:Alta Verapaz 2499:Alta Verapaz 2477:Alta Verapaz 2456:Alta Verapaz 2422:Description 2398: 2394: 2377: 2373: 2360: 2353: 2345: 2324: 2315: 2308: 2294: 2290: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2194: 2187: 2180: 2177: 2172: 2166:Commando Six 2165: 2158: 2153:Fourth Corps 2152: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2133: 2121:Commando Six 2120: 2088: 2083:Commando Six 2082: 2079: 2062: 2035: 2022: 2018: 2016: 2003: 1996: 1987: 1974:Jimmy Carter 1971: 1957: 1953: 1947: 1941: 1937: 1925: 1917: 1913: 1893: 1884: 1880: 1866: 1860: 1843: 1833: 1829: 1812:Alta Verapaz 1809: 1782: 1774: 1769: 1761: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1726: 1711: 1707: 1701: 1691: 1671: 1659: 1646: 1629: 1626: 1621:Fourth Corps 1620: 1612: 1608: 1601: 1587: 1567: 1555: 1550: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1527: 1523: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1499: 1495: 1491:Comando Seis 1490: 1479:Green Berets 1476: 1461: 1424:middle-class 1417: 1398: 1385:Fidel Castro 1374: 1363: 1333: 1331: 1285:coups d'état 1284: 1282: 1274:labor unions 1242:Allen Dulles 1235: 1200: 1193: 1171: 1158: 1147: 1115: 1087:debt slavery 1063: 1042: 1028: 1023: 988: 982: 912: 892: 850: 835: 816: 812: 780: 765: 743:and various 728: 726: 705:6,000 (1982) 699: 672:Paramilitary 671: 652: 601: 581: 561: 556:Luis Turcios 430:Carlos Arana 418:Julio Méndez 333: 283:(until 1998) 255: 248:South Africa 191:(1962–1996) 164: 163: 144: 128: 123:Belligerents 105: 40:Part of the 29: 14628:(2023–2024) 14596:(2020–2021) 14543:(1999–2015) 14535:(1997–2022) 14527:(1994–2015) 14517:(2011–2017) 14509:(2008–2016) 14501:(2002–2006) 14493:(1993–2017) 14485:(1993–2007) 14477:(1946–1948) 14461:(1946–1948) 14451:Budak trial 14422:Finta trial 14408:(1965–1966) 14400:(1964–1970) 14392:(1963–1989) 14384:(1963–1965) 14368:(1961–1962) 14344:(1946–1949) 14336:(1946–1948) 14328:(1946–1948) 14320:(1946–1953) 14312:(1946–1947) 14296:(1945–1946) 14294:Minsk trial 14288:(1945–1946) 14280:(1945–1949) 14272:(1945–1948) 14264:(1945–1947) 14256:(1945–2001) 14248:(1944–1989) 14240:(1944–1951) 14210:(1943–2022) 14116:Definitions 13766:(2014–2017) 13758:(2014–2017) 13750:(2011–2023) 13725:(2002–2003) 13694:(1996–1997) 13669:(1992–1995) 13661:(1991–2003) 13645:(1987–2002) 13637:(1987–1989) 13629:(1986–1989) 13613:(1983–1987) 13611:Gukurahundi 13605:(1983–2009) 13589:(1977–1997) 13581:(1975–1979) 13573:(1974–1999) 13536:(1970–2003) 13534:Feyli Kurds 13528:(1966–1970) 13504:(1962–1996) 13496:(1956–1989) 13457:(1944–1948) 13449:(1944–1948) 13441:(1943–1945) 13433:(1942–1945) 13417:(1941–1945) 13409:(1941–1945) 13401:(1941–1945) 13393:(1941–1945) 13385:(1940–1942) 13377:(1939–1945) 13369:(1937–1938) 13353:(1937–1938) 13329:(1932–1933) 13313:(1930–1933) 13305:(1929–1932) 13297:(1926–1973) 13265:(1919–1933) 13257:(1918–1931) 13249:(1916–1917) 13239:(1916–1934) 13223:(1915–1917) 13215:(1915–1919) 13190:(1913–1922) 13150:(1912–1913) 13135:(1905–1907) 13127:(1904–1907) 13119:(1894–1896) 13103:(1888–1893) 13095:(1879–1913) 13085:Circassians 13079:(1850–1864) 13045:(1846–1873) 13037:(1830–1850) 13029:(1830–1847) 12996:(1869–1977) 12988:(1825–1832) 12973:(1785–2017) 12939:(1874–1996) 12916:(1648–1657) 12908:(1640–1649) 12900:(1636–1638) 12868:(1548–1872) 12844:(1492–1514) 12813:(1402–1496) 12805:(1393–1394) 12789:(1209–1229) 12773:(1069–1070) 12709:Before 1490 11831:LGBT rights 11613:Earthquakes 10702:3 September 10693:"Guatemala" 10682:3 September 9925:elPeriódico 9792:3 September 9307:11 February 9031:12 February 7714:26 December 7072:12 February 6610:Solano 2012 6492:, July 1975 6328:Solano 2012 6316:Solano 2012 6304:Solano 2012 6292:Solano 2012 6235:Uekert 1995 5565:14 February 4956:Sabino 2007 4623:10 November 4544:17 December 4350:(1): 7–17. 4310:. pp. 4152:3 September 3995:El Salvador 3735:El Salvador 3636:During the 3584:' failed." 3417:US training 3398:coup d'état 3385:coup d'état 3356:-sponsored 3312:Álvaro Arzú 2869:Victoria 82 2857:Victoria 82 2825:coup d'état 2749:August 1982 2648:(village), 2635:August 1981 2610:(village), 2493:(village), 2416:Department 2328:Nobel Prize 2312:El Salvador 2213:Perpetrator 2108:Romeo Lucas 2031:El Salvador 1551:La Regional 1546:Mano Blanca 1534:La Regional 1510:La Regional 1506:La Regional 1244:, who were 1186:Jorge Ubico 1163:El Salvador 1066:Jorge Ubico 1060:Jorge Ubico 881:Jorge Ubico 526:Álvaro Arzú 478:Óscar Mejía 454:Romeo Lucas 372:(1979–1990) 329:(1979–1996) 321:(1971–1996) 313:(1960–1971) 298:(1960–1971) 267:(from 1982) 178:(1976–1983) 159:Mano Blanca 100:Territorial 59:Ixil people 14696:Proxy wars 14655:Categories 14302:Riga trial 14153:Prevention 14098:Indigenous 14013:Incitement 13881:Gendercide 13842:Classicide 13835:Politicide 13796:Gaza Strip 13571:East Timor 13542:Bangladesh 13502:Guatemalan 13423:Sook Ching 13319:La Matanza 13043:California 12755:Bar Kokhba 11896:Literature 11734:Presidents 11618:Ecoregions 10904:31 October 10726:26 October 10396:10 October 10320:10 October 10247:22 October 9998:25 October 9973:. p. 9159:12 October 8919:28 January 8908:(4): 4–6. 8842:. p. 8484:8 February 8091:Jonas 1991 7511:13 October 7221:Arias 1990 7182:10 October 7126:Fried 1983 6895:25 October 6703:11 October 6553:2 February 6355:30 October 6280:Lopes 1985 6220:3 February 5255:Jonas 1991 5161:Krehm 1999 4682:31 January 4536:. London. 4183:References 3343:Archbishop 3330:Casualties 3040:Historian 2929:, General 2848:See also: 2782:See also: 2711:March 1982 2534:Chacalté, 2524:March 1982 2491:Sanimtakaj 2400:EGP flag. 2381:indigenous 2264:" commando 2181:El Gráfico 2138:terrorists 2074:See also: 2053:See also: 1966:earthquake 1667:false flag 1359:Retalhuleu 1338:autocratic 1227:Decree 900 1153:and Major 1070:repressive 1039:in the US. 902:and later 867:See also: 863:Background 196:Logistics: 14091:Cambodian 14084:Holodomor 13976:Massacres 13860:Ethnocide 13849:Eliticide 13579:Cambodian 13327:Holodomor 13221:Armenians 13213:Assyrians 12986:Black War 12874:Huguenots 12757:(132–136) 12740:(50s BCE) 12724:(146 BCE) 12692:Genocides 12013:Guatemala 12011:Years in 11826:Languages 11816:Education 11785:Transport 11709:Elections 11658:Volcanism 11586:Geography 11495:Guatemala 11370:(Report). 11343:report". 10812:(3): 94. 10625:5 October 10446:143353418 10372:8 October 10051:cite book 9935:8 October 9211:18 August 9176:18 August 8159:18 August 7872:29 August 7729:Nohlen, D 7561:CIDH 1999 7479:6 October 7390:6 October 7159:CIDH 1981 6733:1 January 6595:1 January 6345:Wikiguate 6049:29 August 5503:AHPN 2013 5219:Benz 1996 5146:1 January 5107:1 January 5032:Rabe 1988 4578:3 October 4238:cite book 4213:18 August 3999:Nicaragua 3967:1 January 3909:Rev. 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