489:, claiming that he represented progressive and democratic sectors. At the same time the party maintained its support to the ongoing armed struggle. After Méndez had been elected he continued the anti-communist path of his predecessors, leading to accusations within PGT that the party leadership had adopted an incorrect line ahead of the elections. Some analysts claim that the killings of leaders of the older and more moderate generation within PGT, like Gutiérrez and Castillo, effectively closed the openings towards a peaceful settlement of the emerging civil war and emboldened the younger generation to take the more radical path.
236:
126:
25:
365:, a move which was intended to facilitate legalization of the party. A 1945 legislation banned "international organizations" from working in Guatemala, a legislation used to maintain the illegality of any communist organization. By changing the name to PGT the party wanted to state that it was an independent and national party. At the same time, communists came to use the similar names abroad. One prominent example is the
533:, PGT general secretary, Mario Silva Jonama, Central Committee Secretary of PGT, Carlos René Valle y Valle, Carlos Alvarado Jerez, Hugo Barrios Klee and Miguel Angel Hernández, PGT Central Committee members, Fantina Rodríguez, party member, and the domestic worker Natividad Franco Santos, in a raid in Guatemala City. The following day the president
448:
In the underground, PGT was radicalized. The 3rd party congress proclaimed the importance of "all forms of struggle", meaning that armed struggle was justified against the regime. This marked a shift of policy, as the party until then had worked under the banner of "democratic restoration". In April
645:
In 1987 the URNG substituted PGT-NDN for PGT-CC in its leadership. By this time PGT-NDN had been severely marginalized. Since the 1983 capture of Carlos
Quinteros ('Miguel'), who had been a leading figure in both PGT-NDN and PGT-PC, these groups were almost wiped out as Quinteros provided the state
649:
Thus, following the entry of PGT-CC into URNG, the party worked closely with the other revolutionary movements within the framework of URNG during the final phases of the civil war. Also relations between PGT-CC and PGT-NDN improved, and the two parties were able to hold a joint celebration of the
584:
On 11 June the
Military Commission ('Comil') of PGT carried out a bomb attack in retaliation of the Panzós massacre against the Mobile Police in the northern region, in which 25 policemen were killed. However, the Political Commission of the Central Committee of the party denied PGT involvement in
512:
leftist groups, however, developed an understanding that the indigenous peoples suffered from forms of oppression that could not only be explained as issues of class. These differences would remain during years to come, and has resurfaced even after the consolidation of URNG as a unified political
503:
Whereas the main difference between the PGT leadership and the young radicals of FAR concern the line towards the armed struggle, there were also other issues of diverging views. A crucial issue was to consider the poverty of the majority of
Guatemalans only as an issue of class, or whether the
463:
Meanwhile, the relation of the party towards the armed struggle was not uncomplicated. In theory the armed forces of FAR stood under the political control of PGT. In practice, that was not always the case. FAR developed its own political leadership and started criticizing the PGT leadership for
558:
in PGT was Carlos González) was appointed interim general secretary. He was given the task to organize a 5th party congress. Moreover, the party reactivated the dormant
Military Commission of the Central Committee. The party gained political presence in the trade union movement through the
662:
and the URNG. When the URNG transformed from a coalition of different groups to a unified political party in 1998, the four constituents merged into it. EGP and FAR were the first to dissolve their organizations, then PGT-CC and ORPA. The
Provisional Leading Junta of URNG included
637:
At an expanded meeting of members of the
Central Committee, Political Commission and representatives from the Regional Committees and the military structures 5–7 January another mutiny against Rosales' leadership took place. The dissidents formed a parallel party called
397:
intelligence estimate in 1952 reported that the PGT had a membership of about five hundred and an undetermined number of sympathizers. Later estimates raised the membership total to 3,000, including a group of five hundred described as 'hard-core'. The PGT publication
380:
and direct action rather than electoral politics, though at one point there were four PGT members in the 58-seat parliament in the period of 1953-1954. The four PGT MPs were José Alberto
Cardoza, Victor Manuel Gutiérrez, Carlos Manuel Pellecer and Antonio Ardón.
504:
indigenous populations were subjected to racist oppression. PGT maintained an orthodox marxist understanding, that the poverty of the indigenous peoples were an issue of class and that the solution to their problems was to be handled within the framework of
424:
initiatives implemented by the Arbenz government attracted more foreign attention to
Guatemala's political scene. About 100,000 landless peasants were to benefit from the expropriation of unused arable land from landed interests (such as the U.S.-based
600:). PGT-NDN was more militant and initiated coordination with FAR and EGP. The remaining group which was led by Ricardo Rosales, which was sometimes referred to as PGT-Central Committee, maintained its role as the official Guatemalan party in the
376:, the party had participated in political activities more or less openly; some avowed communists were employed in high-level positions in the civil service and educational bureaucracy. The PGT program tended to emphasize participation in the
547:
In spite of the harsh repression, PGT was able to consolidate its political strength. By the midst of the 1970s, it had reactivated its
Northern, Central, Western and Eastern Regional Committees. After Alvarado's death,
435:
on 29 June 1954; the government offered no significant resistance. The first decree issued by the new military régime banned the PGT. Following the ban a section of the party, including
Fortuny, went into exile in
622:
Soon another section of the party, constituted by a group who had recently joined PGT after leaving FAR and members of Comil from the Central Region and the Alamos Zonal Committee, broke away from PGT to form the
619:: Mario Sánchez), who had been a PGT Central Committee member up to the split. PGT-CC maintained its hold over the Central, Northern, Western Regional Committees and a section of the Southern Regional Committee.
449:
1961 the party had adopted a document titled "General Tactics, development and forms of struggle of the Guatemalan revolution", which mentioned armed struggle as one of different kind of struggle to be utilized.
561:
360:
On 2 February 1952 PROG was dissolved and its members returned to PCG. The 2nd congress of PCG, held the same year, elected Gutiérrez as a Central Committee member. The congress also decided to adopt the name
521:
PGT held its fourth congress on 20–22 December 1969. The congress, held in complete clandestinity, adopted the policy of 'Revolutionary People's War'. At this time its base of operations was concentrated to
392:
in 1944. Because of this, the governments and press in Western countries (especially the United States) attempted to gather support for an economic or military intervention to halt the 'Communist threat'. A
327:
544:, was found. He had been subjected to torture and killed. In total, during the period of 1972–1983, two PGT general secretaries and nineteen Central Committee members were 'disappeared' and killed.
639:
581:. Following the massacre massive protests erupted in Guatemala City. These happenings contributed to another wave of radicalization amongst the left-wing in Guatemala, which would divide PGT.
566:
671:
352:(PROG). PROG made its first public appearance on 1 July. The split had been provoked by differences of opinions concerning the social composition of the Central Committee of the party.
471:
leaders 'disappeared', including Víctor Manuel Gutiérrez and Leonardo Castillo Flores. CIA documents, declassified in 1998, confirmed that they had been executed by the state forces.
402:
had a circulation of about 3,000 in 1952. American intelligence briefings and post reports conceded that the PGT did not have sufficient popular backing or resources to foment a
526:
and the southern coast of the country. The party carried out some armed attacks. The party had a brief rapprochement with FAR, that broke down due to political differences.
593:
493:
612:
883:
500:, FAR II). FAR was able to win over a large section of the youths and students from PGT, resulting in a severe setback for the party amongst those sections.
735:
585:
the attack. The line of the party leadership was that actions like that were bound to produce a government response of increasing state repression.
54:
868:
858:
888:
878:
287:. It was one of the main forces of opposition to the various regimes that followed Arbenz's overthrow, and later became a constituent of the
452:
The party rallied survivors of the failed 13 November 1960 military insurrection and student radicals into forming a guerilla movement, the
848:
624:
592:, in which Central Committee and Comil members participated. Soon the party was split in two. The dissident faction broke away forming the
323:
had been the leader of VDG, and now became general secretary of PCG. At the time of the congress of the party, its membership stood at 43.
588:
Now some sections of PGT claimed that the party had an ambiguous relation to the ongoing armed struggle. The dissidents rallied around a
607:
PGT-NDN won over the South-East Regional Committee, a part of the Southern Regional Committee and a part of the Alamos Zonal Committee (
70:
821:
784:"A Brief History of the Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo: A Companion to an Exhibition of the Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo Papers"
843:
853:
631:
222:
185:
670:
In October 2005 a group, claiming to represent former members of PGT, PGT-NDN, EGP, FAR and JPT, founded a party with the name
349:
251:
486:
460:, FAR) in 1962. FAR initiated attacks against the government military, the beginning of a four decade long civil war.
770:
708:
94:
783:
482:
46:
485:
highlighted differences within the party. After much discussions the party decided to support the candidature of
873:
801:
467:
PGT suffered a setback in early March 1966, as raids were conducted against the party leadership. Thirty-three
312:
863:
59:
372:
However, Although communism had not been officially legalized until the inauguration of reformist president
664:
549:
345:
203:
138:
530:
534:
316:
175:
541:
601:
464:
indifference towards the armed struggle. Within the party Ricardo Ramírez led the radical section.
529:
The party suffered heavily from government repression. On 26 September 1972 state forces captured
703:(in Spanish). Guatemala Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, Univ. de San Carlos de Guatemala. 2003.
50:
385:
256:
752:
320:
148:
475:
440:
where they continued to operate politically. Inside Guatemala, PGT was largely marginalized.
366:
246:
337:, which was distributed amongst workers, peasants and intellectuals throughout the country.
818:
426:
292:
212:
630:
When the PGT-NDN and the leftist guerrillas (FAR, EGP, ORPA) joined forces and formed the
235:
125:
8:
431:
35:
429:). The plan was never fully executed, as the Arbenz government fell in a U.S.-sponsored
453:
195:
39:
578:
714:
704:
74:
537:
ordered their execution and that the bodies of the executed be dumped into the sea.
659:
63:
311:) held its constituent first congress on 28 September 1949. It was founded by the
825:
276:
523:
505:
283:. It existed from 1949 to 1998. It gained prominence during the government of
837:
718:
608:
554:
373:
284:
658:
On 29 December 1996 a peace agreement was signed between the government of
133:
509:
421:
389:
377:
341:
787:
765:
468:
280:
208:
805:
388:
and Arbenz after the overthrow of right-wing military dictator Gen.
634:
as a political and military coordination, PGT-CC stayed out of it.
577:
However, PGT failed to maintain its unity for long. On 29 May 1978
384:
The PGT was generally supportive of the reform efforts launched by
492:
In 1968 FAR broke its bond with PGT, reconstituting itself as the
437:
540:
On 21 December 1974 the body of the party general secretary,
291:
guerrilla coalition during the later phase of the country's
753:
http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB11/docs/02-01.htm
646:
forces with vast information on their leaders and members.
288:
478:
estimated the party membership to be approximately 1300.
394:
57:
and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as
819:
http://www.cedema.org/uploads/Venceremos1-2a%20Epoca.doc
653:
565:(FASGUA) and JPT was one of the forces working with the
333:
In June 1950 PCG started publishing a weekly newspaper,
315:, which had functioned as a fraction within the ruling
330:
had been founded in 1922, but was suppressed in 1932.
340:
In the summer of 1950 a section of the party, led by
590:
Núcleo de Dirección y Conducción de la lucha interna
650:38th anniversary of the foundation of the party.
835:
348:, broke away and formed a separate party, the
884:Paramilitary organizations based in Guatemala
701:Hacia dónde vamos? : guía electoral 2003
625:Guatemalan Party of Labour - Communist Party
38:, which are uninformative and vulnerable to
53:and maintains a consistent citation style.
562:Federación Autónoma Sindical de Guatemala
95:Learn how and when to remove this message
869:Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity
773:, Vol. 62, No. 1. (Mar. 1968), pp. 122.
730:
728:
223:Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity
186:Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity
859:Defunct political parties in Guatemala
836:
763:Benjamin, Roger W.; Kautsky, John H..
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
640:Guatemalan Party of Labour - 6 January
350:Guatemalan Revolutionary Workers Party
889:Political parties established in 1949
654:Peace accord and merger into the URNG
879:Guerrilla movements in Latin America
725:
598:Nucleo de Dirección Nacional del PGT
18:
849:1998 disestablishments in Guatemala
684:
174:Democratic Vanguard faction of the
45:Please consider converting them to
16:Former political party in Guatemala
13:
766:Communism and Economic Development
567:Association of University Students
516:
355:
14:
900:
771:American Political Science Review
594:National Directing Nucleus of PGT
443:
298:
844:1949 establishments in Guatemala
572:
273:Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo
234:
124:
117:Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo
23:
498:Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias
303:The party, then under the name
854:Communist parties in Guatemala
812:
794:
776:
757:
746:
313:Guatemalan Democratic Vanguard
309:Partido Comunista de Guatemala
49:to ensure the article remains
1:
736:"4. Guatemala (1903-present)"
677:
579:a massacre occurred in Panzós
804:(in Spanish). Archived from
328:Communist Party of Guatemala
305:Communist Party of Guatemala
7:
802:"La izquierda en Guatemala"
667:from PGT as its secretary.
483:1966 presidential elections
10:
905:
494:Revolutionary Armed Forces
317:Revolutionary Action Party
176:Revolutionary Action Party
542:Huberto Alvarado Arellano
242:
233:
228:
218:
202:
191:
181:
170:
162:
154:
144:
132:
123:
111:
602:world communist movement
458:Fuerzas Armadas Rebeldes
346:Víctor Manuel Gutiérrez
269:Guatemalan Labour Party
114:Guatemalan Labour Party
277:Marxist-Leninist party
874:Guatemalan Revolution
476:U.S. State Department
474:In the mid 1960s the
367:Swiss Party of Labour
247:Politics of Guatemala
864:Guatemalan Civil War
613:José Alberto Cardoza
427:United Fruit Company
417:as the party organ.
219:National affiliation
824:20 May 2019 at the
413:was substituted by
321:José Manuel Fortuny
149:José Manuel Fortuny
642:(PGT-6 de Enero).
611:). Its leader was
487:Julio César Méndez
454:Rebel Armed Forces
196:Rebel Armed Forces
531:Bernardo Alvarado
409:On 2 August 1953
386:Juan José Arévalo
265:
264:
252:Political parties
182:Succeeded by
105:
104:
97:
55:Several templates
896:
828:
816:
810:
809:
808:on 6 March 2007.
798:
792:
791:
790:on 12 June 2003.
786:. Archived from
780:
774:
761:
755:
750:
744:
743:
732:
723:
722:
697:
238:
213:Marxism–Leninism
171:Preceded by
128:
109:
108:
100:
93:
89:
86:
80:
78:
67:
27:
26:
19:
904:
903:
899:
898:
897:
895:
894:
893:
834:
833:
832:
831:
826:Wayback Machine
817:
813:
800:
799:
795:
782:
781:
777:
762:
758:
751:
747:
734:
733:
726:
711:
699:
698:
685:
680:
665:Ricardo Rosales
656:
575:
550:Ricardo Rosales
519:
517:Fourth Congress
508:. The emerging
446:
415:Tribuna Popular
406:or revolution.
358:
356:Second Congress
319:for two years.
301:
261:
211:
139:Ricardo Rosales
119:
118:
115:
101:
90:
84:
81:
69:
58:
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
902:
892:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
830:
829:
811:
793:
775:
756:
745:
724:
709:
682:
681:
679:
676:
655:
652:
574:
571:
524:Guatemala City
518:
515:
506:class struggle
445:
444:Third Congress
442:
357:
354:
300:
299:First Congress
297:
263:
262:
260:
259:
254:
249:
243:
240:
239:
231:
230:
226:
225:
220:
216:
215:
206:
200:
199:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
172:
168:
167:
164:
160:
159:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
136:
130:
129:
121:
120:
116:
113:
112:
103:
102:
85:September 2022
47:full citations
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
901:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
841:
839:
827:
823:
820:
815:
807:
803:
797:
789:
785:
779:
772:
768:
767:
760:
754:
749:
741:
737:
731:
729:
720:
716:
712:
710:9789992221662
706:
702:
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
683:
675:
673:
668:
666:
661:
651:
647:
643:
641:
635:
633:
628:
626:
620:
618:
617:nom de guerre
614:
610:
609:Chimaltenango
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
586:
582:
580:
573:Fragmentation
570:
568:
564:
563:
557:
556:
555:nom de guerre
551:
545:
543:
538:
536:
532:
527:
525:
514:
511:
507:
501:
499:
495:
490:
488:
484:
479:
477:
472:
470:
465:
461:
459:
455:
450:
441:
439:
434:
433:
428:
423:
418:
416:
412:
407:
405:
401:
396:
391:
387:
382:
379:
375:
374:Jacobo Arbenz
370:
368:
364:
353:
351:
347:
343:
338:
336:
331:
329:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
296:
294:
290:
286:
285:Jacobo Arbenz
282:
278:
274:
270:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
241:
237:
232:
227:
224:
221:
217:
214:
210:
207:
205:
201:
197:
194:
192:Military wing
190:
187:
184:
180:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
150:
147:
143:
140:
137:
135:
131:
127:
122:
110:
107:
99:
96:
88:
76:
75:documentation
72:
65:
64:documentation
61:
56:
52:
48:
43:
41:
37:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
814:
806:the original
796:
788:the original
778:
764:
759:
748:
739:
700:
669:
657:
648:
644:
636:
629:
621:
616:
606:
597:
589:
587:
583:
576:
560:
553:
546:
539:
535:Carlos Arana
528:
520:
502:
497:
491:
480:
473:
466:
462:
457:
451:
447:
430:
419:
414:
410:
408:
403:
399:
383:
378:trade unions
371:
362:
359:
339:
334:
332:
325:
308:
304:
302:
272:
268:
266:
106:
91:
82:
71:Citation bot
33:
660:Álvaro Arzú
432:coup d'état
422:land reform
390:Jorge Ubico
342:trade union
326:An earlier
198:(1960–1968)
838:Categories
678:References
627:(PGT-PC).
229:Party flag
51:verifiable
769:, in The
719:835555861
510:guevarist
469:left-wing
293:Civil War
281:Guatemala
257:Elections
209:Communism
163:Dissolved
36:bare URLs
822:Archived
275:) was a
204:Ideology
40:link rot
740:uca.edu
569:(AEU).
552:(whose
513:party.
411:Octubre
400:Octubre
344:leader
335:Octubre
155:Founded
145:Founder
717:
707:
438:Mexico
134:Leader
60:reFill
34:uses
715:OCLC
705:ISBN
632:URNG
481:The
420:The
404:coup
289:URNG
267:The
166:1998
158:1949
68:and
672:PGT
395:CIA
363:PGT
279:in
840::
738:.
727:^
713:.
686:^
674:.
604:.
369:.
295:.
742:.
721:.
615:(
596:(
496:(
456:(
307:(
271:(
98:)
92:(
87:)
83:(
79:.
77:)
73:(
66:)
62:(
42:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)
.svg)