Human height - Knowledge

40: 798:, due to "successive famines," found young adult males to be significantly shorter. In contrast South Koreans "feasting on an increasingly Western-influenced diet," without famine, were growing taller. The height difference is minimal for Koreans over forty years old, who grew up at a time when economic conditions in the North were roughly comparable to those in the South, while height disparities are most acute for Koreans who grew up in the mid-1990s a demographic in which South Koreans are about 12 cm (4.7 in) taller than their North Korean counterparts as this was a period during which the North was affected by a harsh famine where hundreds of thousands, if not millions, died of hunger. A study by South Korean anthropologists of North Korean children who had defected to China found that eighteen-year-old males were 12.7 cm (5 in) shorter than South Koreans their age due to malnutrition. 851: 613: 605: 139: 621: 466:

longevity, life expectancy, centenarians, male vs. female longevity differences, mortality advantages of shorter people, survival findings, smaller body size due to calorie restriction, and within-species body size differences. They all support the conclusion that smaller individuals live longer in healthy environments and with good nutrition. However, the difference in longevity is modest. Several human studies have found a loss of 0.5 years/centimeter of increased height (1.2 yr/inch). But these findings do not mean that all tall people die young. Many live to advanced ages and some become centenarians.

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bodies and short trunks, an adaptation to hot weather. However, male Dinka and Shilluk refugees measured in 1995 in Southwestern Ethiopia were on average only 176 cm (5 ft 9 in) and 172 cm (5 ft 8 in) tall, respectively. As the study points out, Nilotic people "may attain greater height if privileged with favourable environmental conditions during early childhood and adolescence, allowing full expression of the genetic material." Before fleeing, these refugees were subject to

440:, the tallest human known to verifiable history, developed difficulty in walking as his height increased throughout his life. In many of the pictures of the latter portion of his life, Wadlow can be seen gripping something for support. Late in his life, although he died at age 22, he had to wear braces on his legs and walk with a cane; and he died after developing an infection in his legs because he was unable to feel the irritation and cutting caused by his leg braces. 403: 395: 432:

differing environments. These evolutionary pressures result in height-related health implications. While tallness is an adaptive benefit in colder climates such as those found in Europe, shortness helps dissipate body heat in warmer climatic regions. Consequently, the relationships between health and height cannot be easily generalized since tallness and shortness can both provide health benefits in different environmental settings.

268:, therefore extremely tall or short parents will likely have correspondingly taller or shorter offspring, but their offspring will also likely be closer to average height than the parents themselves. Genetic potential and several hormones, minus illness, is a basic determinant for height. Other factors include the genetic response to external factors such as diet, exercise, environment, and life circumstances. 504:

whereas in many other sports taller people have a major advantage. In most occupational fields, body height is not relevant to how well people are able to perform; nonetheless several studies found that success was positively correlated with body height, although there may be other factors such as sex or socioeconomic status that are correlated with height which may account for the difference in success.

163:. For individuals, as indicators of health problems, growth trends are tracked for significant deviations, and growth is also monitored for significant deficiency from genetic expectations. Genetics is a major factor in determining the height of individuals, though it is far less influential regarding differences among populations. Average height is relevant to the measurement of the health and wellness 187:

by a steady decline to zero. The average female growth speed trails off to zero at about 15 or 16 years, whereas the average male curve continues for approximately 3 more years, going to zero at about 18−19, although there is limited research to suggest minor height growth after the age of 19 in males. These are also critical periods where stressors such as malnutrition (or even severe

968:(0.6 in) growth (the first visit underestimating and the second visit overestimating) in the same elapsed period between measurements. Note there is a discontinuity in the growth curves at age 2, which reflects the difference in recumbent length (with the child on his or her back), used in measuring infants and toddlers, and standing height typically measured from age 2 onwards. 95:. Studies show that there is a correlation between small stature and a longer life expectancy. Individuals of small stature are also more likely to have lower blood pressure and are less likely to acquire cancer. The University of Hawaii has found that the "longevity gene" FOXO3 that reduces the effects of aging is more commonly found in individuals of small body size. 295:, during which up to a million Guatemalans fled to the United States. He discovered that Maya refugees, who ranged from six to twelve years old, were significantly taller than their Guatemalan counterparts. By 2000, the American Maya were 10.24 centimetres (4.0 in) taller than the Guatemalan Maya of the same age, largely due to better nutrition and 964:

male and female growth curves illustrated above are aggregate values from thousands of individuals sampled at ages from birth to age 20. In reality, a single individual's growth curve shows large upward and downward spikes, partly due to actual differences in growth velocity, and partly due to small measurement errors.

420:. Certain studies have shown that height is a factor in overall health while some suggest tallness is associated with better cardiovascular health and shortness with longevity. Cancer risk has also been found to grow with height. Moreover, scientists have also observed a protective effect of height on risk for 213:

The age of the mother also has some influence on her child's height. Studies in modern times have observed a gradual increase in height with maternal age, though these early studies suggest that trend is due to various socio-economic situations that select certain demographics as being more likely to

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and Francesco Cinnirella. The estimated mean height of English, German, and Scottish soldiers was 163 cm (5 ft 4 in) − 165 cm (5 ft 5 in) for the period as a whole, while that of Irish was 167 cm (5 ft 6 in). The average height of male slaves and convicts

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biological mechanisms underlying how these 697 genetic variants affect overall height. These loci do not only determine height, but other features or characteristics. As an example, 4 of the 7 loci identified for intracranial volume had previously been discovered for human height. Height, like other

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a hundred years ago. A genome-wide association (GWA) study of more than 180,000 individuals has identified hundreds of genetic variants in at least 180 loci associated with adult human height. The number of individuals has since been expanded to 253,288 individuals and the number of genetic variants

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Height measurements are by nature subject to statistical sampling errors even for a single individual. In a clinical situation, height measurements are seldom taken more often than once per office visit, which may mean sampling taking place a week to several months apart. The smooth 50th percentile

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From 1830 to 1857, the average height of a Dutch person decreased, even while Dutch real GNP per capita was growing at an average rate of more than 0.5% per year. The worst decline was in urban areas that in 1847, the urban height penalty was 2.5 cm (1.0 in). Urban mortality was also much

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The people of Ancient Egypt stood around 167 cm (5 ft 6 in) for males and 157 cm (5 ft 2 in) for females. The Ancient Greeks averaged 166 cm (5 ft 5 in) for males and 154 cm (5 ft 1 in) for females. The Romans were slightly taller, with an

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tend to be shorter. Therefore, populations with high cattle per capita and high consumption of dairy live longer and are taller. Historically, this can be seen in the cases of the United States, Argentina, New Zealand and Australia in the beginning of the 19th century. Moreover, when the production

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growth spurt (with an average girl starting her puberty and pubertal growth spurt at 10 years and an average boy starting his puberty and pubertal growth spurt at 12 years), a rapid rise to a second maximum (at around 11−12 years for an average female, and 13−14 years for an average male), followed

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For example, a typical measurement error of plus or minus 0.5 cm (0.2 in) may completely nullify 0.5 cm of actual growth resulting in either a "negative" 0.5 cm growth (due to overestimation in the previous visit combined with underestimation in the latter), up to a 1.5 cm

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Some countries may have significant height gaps between different regions. For instance, one survey shows there is 10.8 centimetres (4.3 in) gap between the tallest state and the shortest state in Germany. Under such circumstances, the mean height may not represent the total population unless

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In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, people of European descent in North America were far taller than those in Europe and were one of the tallest in the world. The original indigenous population of Plains Native Americans was also among the tallest populations of the world at the time. Some

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Height measurement can vary over the course of a day, due to factors such as a decrease from exercise done directly before measurement (i.e. inversely correlated), or an increase since lying down for a significant period of time (i.e. positively correlated). For example, one study revealed a mean

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can show different mean height. According to a study in France, executives and professionals are 2.6 centimetres (1.0 in) taller, and university students are 2.55 centimetres (1.0 in) taller than the national average. As this case shows, data taken from a particular social group may not

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have a first birth early in the mother's life. These same studies show that children born to a young mother are more likely to have below-average educational and behavioural development, again suggesting an ultimate cause of resources and family status rather than a purely biological explanation.

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Nonetheless, modern westernized interpretations of the relationship between height and health fail to account for the observed height variations worldwide. Cavalli-Sforza and Cavalli-Sforza note that variations in height worldwide can be partly attributed to evolutionary pressures resulting from

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have been described as some of the tallest in the world. Dinka Ruweng males investigated by Roberts in 1953−1954 were on average 181 cm (5 ft 11 in) tall, and Shilluk males averaged 182 cm (6 ft 0 in). The Nilotic people are characterized as having long legs, narrow

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Until two years old, recumbent length is used to measure infants. Length measures the same dimension as height, but height is measured standing up while the length is measured lying down. In developed nations, the average total body length of a newborn is about 50 cm (20 in), although

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were of below-average height. These examples, however, were all before modern forms of multimedia, i.e. television, which may further height discrimination in modern society. Further, growing evidence suggests that height may be a proxy for confidence, which is likewise strongly correlated with

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In the end, being excessively tall can cause various medical problems, including cardiovascular problems, because of the increased load on the heart to supply the body with blood, and problems resulting from the increased time it takes the brain to communicate with the extremities. For example,

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that has assessed the relationship between several physical features (e.g. body height) and occupational success. The correlation between height and success was explored decades ago. Shorter people are considered to have an advantage in certain sports (e.g. gymnastics, race car driving, etc.),

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Studies show that there is a correlation between small stature and a longer life expectancy. Individuals of small stature are also more likely to have lower blood pressure and are less likely to acquire cancer. The University of Hawaii has found that the "longevity gene" FOXO3 that reduces the

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and adequate nutrition had been relatively equally distributed as of 2004. The uneven distribution of nutritional resources makes it more plausible for individuals with better access to resources to grow taller, while individuals with worse access to resources have a lessened chance of growing

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using sitting-height ratio, it reports that these 697 variants can be partitioned into 3 specific classes, (1) variants that primarily determine leg length, (2) variants that primarily determine spine and head length, or (3) variants that affect overall body size. This gives insights into the

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In general, there were no significant differences in regional height levels throughout the nineteenth century. The only exceptions of this rather uniform height distribution were people in the Anglo-Saxon settlement regions who were taller than the average and people from Southeast Asia with

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This study contributes to an update of average heights among European populations. Our investigation covering 2705 boys and 2842 girls aged 17 years, shows that, contrary to the general belief, adolescents of the Dinaric Alps are, on average, the tallest in Europe. With an average height of

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A large body of human and animal evidence indicates that shorter, smaller bodies age more slowly, and have fewer chronic diseases and greater longevity. For example, a study found eight areas of support for the "smaller lives longer" thesis. These areas of evidence include studies involving

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and Blum found that in the nineteenth century, important determinants of height were the local availability of cattle, meat and milk as well as the local disease environment.In the late twentieth century, however, technologies and trade became more important, decreasing the impact of local

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believed to be the tallest people in Africa. In a sample of 52 Dinka Agaar, Roberts and Bainbridge reported a mean height of 182 cm (6 ft 0 in). In 227 Dinka Ruweng, they reported 181 cm (5 ft 11 in). Both figures derived from 1953 to 1954. In Tibet, the

210:, though some problems affecting height during this period are resolved by catch-up growth assuming childhood conditions are good. Thus, there is a cumulative generation effect such that nutrition and health over generations influence the height of descendants to varying degrees. 743:

below-average heights. However, at the end of the nineteenth century and in the middle of the first globalization period, heights between rich and poor countries began to diverge. These differences did not disappear in the deglobalization period of the two World wars. In 2014,

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Depending on sex, genetic and environmental factors, shrinkage of stature may begin in middle age in some individuals but tends to be universal in the extremely aged. This decrease in height is due to such factors as decreased height of inter-vertebral discs because of

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higher than in rural regions. In 1829, the average urban and rural Dutchman was 164 cm (5 ft 5 in). By 1856, the average rural Dutchman was 162 cm (5 ft 4 in) and urban Dutchman was 158 cm (5 ft 2 in).

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Sources are in disagreement about the overall relationship between height and longevity. Samaras and Elrick, in the Western Journal of Medicine, demonstrate an inverse correlation between height and longevity in several mammals including humans.

424:, although this fact could be a result of the genetic overlap between height and intracraneal volume and there are also genetic variants influencing height that could affect biological mechanisms involved in Alzheimer's disease etiology, such as 106:

When populations share genetic backgrounds and environmental factors, average height is frequently characteristic within the group. Exceptional height variation (around 20% deviation from average) within such a population is sometimes due to

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In the first half of the eighteenth century, the average height of an English male was 165 cm (5 ft 5 in), and the average height of an Irish male was 168 cm (5 ft 6 in), according to a study by economist

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has decreased: As of 2019, the average five-year-old boy measured 112.5 cm (3 ft 8.3 in) and the average girl 111.7 cm (3 ft 8.0 in). They were shorter and more obese than many of their European peers.

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decrease of 1.54 centimetres (0.6 in) in the heights of 100 children from getting out of bed in the morning to between 4 and 5 p.m. that same day. Such factors may not have been controlled in all of the following studies.

338:(nutrition) and a general rise in quality of health care and standard of living are the cited factors in Asian populations. Malnutrition including chronic undernutrition and acute malnutrition is known to have caused 2618:

Magnusson PK, Gunnell D, Tynelius P, Davey Smith G, Rasmussen F (2005). "Strong inverse association between height and suicide in a large cohort of Swedish men: evidence of early life origins of suicidal behavior?".

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A demonstration of the height-success association can be found in the realm of politics. In the United States presidential elections, the taller candidate won 22 out of 25 times in the 20th century. Nevertheless,

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Berger, Mette M.; Cayeux, Marie-Christine; Schaller, Marie-Denise; Soguel, Ludivine; Piazza, Guido; Chioléro, René L. (2008). "Stature estimation using the knee height determination in critically ill patients".

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In 1988 it was observed that first-born males were shorter than later-born males. However, in 2013 the reverse observation was made. The study authors suggest that the cause may be socio-economic in nature.

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Habicht, Michael E.; Henneberg, Maciej; Öhrström, Lena M.; Staub, Kaspar & Rühli, Frank J. (27 April 2015). "Body height of mummified pharaohs supports historical suggestions of sibling marriages".

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The development of human height can serve as an indicator of two key welfare components, namely nutritional quality and health. In regions of poverty or warfare, environmental factors like chronic

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values. Generally speaking, self-reported height tends to be taller than measured height, although the overestimation of height depends on the reporting subject's height, age, gender and region.

299:. Bogin also noted that American Maya children had relatively longer legs, averaging 7.02 centimetres (2.8 in) longer than the Guatemalan Maya (a significantly lower sitting height ratio). 198:, has a role. A healthier child and adult develops a body that is better able to provide optimal prenatal conditions. The pregnant mother's health is essential for herself but also the fetus as 1004:

Surrogate height measurements are used when standing height and recumbent length are impractical. For sample Chumlea equation use knee height as indicator of stature. Other techniques include:

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was respectively 167 cm (5 ft 6 in) and 156 cm (5 ft 1 in). The average height of 19-year-old Dutch orphans in 1865 was 160 cm (5 ft 3 in).

584:) who measure 229 cm (7 ft 6 in) and 190 cm (6 ft 3 in) respectively, giving a combined height of 419 cm (13 ft 9 in). They married in 4187:

Grasgruber, Pavel; Popović, Stevo; Bokuvka, Dominik; Davidović, Ivan; Hřebíčková, Sylva; Ingrová, Pavlína; Potpara, Predrag; Prce, Stipan; Stračárová, Nikola (1 April 2017).

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Adams, Hieab H H; Hibar, Derrek P; Chouraki, Vincent; Stein, Jason L; Nyquist, Paul A; Rentería, Miguel E; Trompet, Stella; Arias-Vasquez, Alejandro; Seshadri, Sudha (2016).

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In the early phase of anthropometric research history, questions about height measuring techniques for measuring nutritional status often concerned genetic differences.

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Table 1. Association of 'biological' and demographic variables and height. Figures are coefficients (95% confidence intervals) adjusted for each of the variables shown

727:, possibly due to rapid population growth and broad decreases in economic status. This has become known as the early-industrial growth puzzle (in the U.S. context the 291:

men averaged 157 cm (5 ft 2 in) in height and the women averaged 142 cm (4 ft 8 in). Bogin took another series of measurements after the

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during childhood or adolescence may result in delayed growth and/or marked reductions in adult stature even without the presence of any of these medical conditions.

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Baten, Joerg; Blum, Matthias (2012). "Growing tall but unequal: new findings and new background evidence on anthropometric welfare in 156 countries, 1810-1989".

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Samaras TT 2014, Evidence from eight studies showing smaller body size is related to greater longevity JSRR 3(16):2150-2160. 2014: article no. JSRR.2014.16.003

1919:"Genome-wide Analysis of Body Proportion Classifies Height-Associated Variants by Mechanism of Action and Implicates Genes Important for Skeletal Development" 2415: 670:

were among the tallest in the world, with an average height of 176 cm (5 ft 9 in) for males and 166 cm (5 ft 5 in) for females.

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Before the mid-nineteenth century, there were cycles in height, with periods of increase and decrease; however, apart from the decline associated with the

4063: 3799: 5103: 3276:"Life History Transitions at the Origins of Agriculture: A Model for Understanding How Niche Construction Impacts Human Growth, Demography and Health" 5137: 2808: 2677: 4025: 3771: 5108: 3999: 2085: 640:

Certain ancient human populations were quite tall, even surpassing the average height of the tallest of modern countries. For instance, certain

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Komlos, J.; Baur, M. (2004). "From the tallest to (one of) the fattest: The enigmatic fate of the American population in the 20th century".

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Schönbeck, Yvonne; Talma, Henk; Van Dommelen, Paula; Bakker, Boudewijn; Buitendijk, Simone E.; Hirasing, Remy A.; Van Buuren, Stef (2012).

5088: 850: 4253: 2709: 2326: 731:). In England during the early nineteenth century, the difference between the average height of English upper-class youth (students of 326:

Attributed as a significant reason for the trend of increasing height in parts of Europe are the egalitarian populations where proper

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Baten, Joerg; Moradi, Alexander (2005). "Inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa: New Data and New Insights from Anthropometric Estimates".

5079: 716:, moreover, the correlation was higher among the less developed countries. The difference in height between children from different 4782:

Krishan, K. & Sharma, J. C. (2002). "Intra-individual difference between recumbent length and stature among growing children".

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Jansen, I.E.; Savage, J.E.; Watanabe, K.; Bryois, J.; Williams, D.M.; Steinberg, S.; Sealock, J.; Karlsson, I.K.; Hägg, S. (2019).

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Standing height is used to measure children over two years old and adults who can stand without assistance. Measure is done with a

817:. This may be caused by genetic differences, childhood lifestyle differences (nutrition, sleep patterns, physical labor), or both. 4645: 4562: 2967: 512:, founder of the Jesuits, was 150 cm (4 ft 11 in) and several prominent world leaders of the 20th century, such as 462:

A study done in Sweden in 2005 has shown that there is a strong inverse correlation between height and suicide among Swedish men.

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Baten, Joerg; Matthias, Blum (2012). "Growing Tall: Anthropometric Welfare of World Regions and its Determinants, 1810-1989".

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in various populations. This has been seen in North Korea, parts of Africa, certain historical Europe, and other populations.

4982: 4860: 4720: 4697: 4673: 4592: 4414: 4387: 4279: 3463: 3258: 3031:"Skeletal Variation among Mesolithic People of the Ganga Plains: New Evidence of Habitual Activity and Adaptation to Climate" 1341: 1223: 1186: 1155: 557:, United States, who was 272 cm (8 ft 11 in) at the time of his death. The shortest adult human on record was 473:, this is a better indicator of growth than weight in the long term. For older people, excessive height loss is a symptom of 4770:

A collection of data on human height, referred to here as "karube" but originally collected from other sources, is archived

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and consumption of milk and beef is taken to consideration, it can be seen why the Germanic people who lived outside of the

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averaged heights of around 183 cm (6 ft 0 in) for males, and 172 cm (5 ft 8 in) for females.

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Komlos, John (1998). "Shrinking in a growing economy? The mystery of physical stature during the industrial revolution".

2339:. Guatemala City, Guatemala: Ministerio de Salud Pública y Asistencia Social. December 2010. p. 670. Archived from 182:, rapidly declining from a maximum at birth to roughly age 2, tapering to a slowly declining rate, and then, during the 4024:

Moody A (18 December 2013). "10: Adult anthropometric measures, overweight and obesity". In Craig R, Mindell J (eds.).

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Average human height in the Eastern Mediterranean from the Upper Paleolithic (before 16,000 BC) period, through to 1996

5093: 1380:"Accuracy of the estimated prevalence of obesity from self reported height and weight in an adult Scottish population" 3747: 3583: 3543:"Why are you tall while others are short? Agricultural production and other proximate determinants of global heights" 1365: 1211: 4280:"Les Alpes Dinariques : un peuple de sujets de grande taille Average height of adolescents in the Dinaric Alps" 280:

and coworkers of Guatemala Mayan children living in the United States. In the early 1970s, when Bogin first visited

5210: 4825: 4771: 3998:. Proceedings of Statistics Canada's Symposium 2008. Data Collection: Challenges, Achievements and New Directions. 3222: 732: 2049:

Bogin, B.; Rios, L. (2003). "Rapid morphological change in living humans: Implications for modern human origins".

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Hermanussen, M.; Hermanussen, B.; Burmeister, J. (1988). "The association between birth order and adult stature".

4550: 3911:"Self-reported and measured weight, height and body mass index (BMI) in Italy, the Netherlands and North America" 3184: 845: 674:

average height of 169 cm (5 ft 7 in) for males and 158 cm (5 ft 2 in) for females.

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effects of aging is more commonly found in individuals of a small body size. Short stature decreases the risk of

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Adult height between populations often differs significantly. For example, the average height of women from the

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HEALTH AND NUTRITION IN THE PREINDUSTRIAL ERA: INSIGHTS FROM A MILLENNIUM OF AVERAGE HEIGHTS IN NORTHERN EUROPE

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has increased by up to 10 cm (3.9 in). However, these increases appear to have largely levelled off.

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On English Pygmies and Giants: The physical stature of English youth in the late 18th and early 19th centuries

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Baten, Joerg; Koepke, Nikola (2008). "Agricultural Specialization and Height in Ancient and Medieval Europe".

2367:"An Anthropometric History of the World, 1810-1980: Did Migration and Globalization Influence Country Trends?" 836:

and average height. In Indonesia, human height has decreased coincidentally with natural or political shocks.

659:, likely due to significantly less protein consumption by agriculturalists as compared with hunter-gatherers. 4900: 3366:

Baten, Jörg (June 2000). "Heights and Real Wages in the 18th and 19th Centuries: An International Overview".

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In the late nineteenth century, the Netherlands was a land renowned for its short population, but as of 2012

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Baten, Joerg (2006). "Global Height Trends in Industrial and Developing Countries, 1810-1984: An Overview".

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Stefan, Stieger; Christoph, Burger (2010). "Body height and occupational success for actors and actresses".

2528:"Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies new loci and functional pathways influencing Alzheimer's disease risk" 2508: 832:

Working on data of Indonesia, the study by Baten, Stegl and van der Eng suggests a positive relationship of

3001: 1693:"Outcomes in Childhood and Adulthood by Mother's Age at Birth: evidence from the 1970 British Cohort Study" 987: 425: 417: 100: 17: 4778:(an English translation of this Japanese page would make it easier to evaluate the quality of the data...) 2839: 2684: 1114: 1076: 1034: 4923:"A comparative study of food habits and body shape perception of university students in Japan and Korea" 4874:

Ogden, Cynthia L.; Fryar, Cheryl D.; Carroll, Margaret D. & Flegal, Katherine M. (27 October 2004).

4038: 3952:"Validity and reliability of self-reported weight, height and body mass index from telephone interviews" 3713: 2809:"The Effect of Physical Height on Workplace Success and Income: Preliminary Test of a Theoretical Model" 1870:"Defining the role of common variation in the genomic and biological architecture of adult human height" 1427: 4689: 4069:. WWC Web World Center GmbH G.R.P. Institut für Rationelle Psychologie. 31 October 2007. Archived from 3642:"The world's tallest nation has stopped growing taller: The height of Dutch children from 1955 to 2009" 2366: 1793: 1452: 982:

from the top of the head (crown) to the bottom of the buttocks (rump). It is typically determined from

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are known for their great height. Mean height of male Khampas is 180 cm (5 ft 11 in).

667: 5051: 2219: 1968:"Novel genetic loci underlying human intracranial volume identified through genome-wide association" 5168: 3446: 1041: 894: 784: 320: 316: 5113: 3601:"Shrinking Dutchmen in a growing economy: the early industrial growth paradox in the Netherlands" 1280: 775:

were among the world's tallest, with young men averaging 183 cm (6 ft 0 in) tall.

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Moreover, the health of a mother throughout her life, especially during her critical period and

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The median (50th percentile) growth curves for males and females 0−20 years in the United States

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Height is also important because it is closely correlated with other health components, such as

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Piotr, Sorokowski (2010). "Politicians' estimated height as an indicator of their popularity".

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W. E., Hensley; R., Cooper (1987). "Height and occupational success: a review and critique".

2409: 1001:. In general, standing height is about 0.7 cm (0.3 in) less than recumbent length. 886: 620: 558: 227: 5070: 4913: 4189:"The mountains of giants: an anthropometric survey of male youths in Bosnia and Herzegovina" 2340: 1813:"Hundreds of variants clustered in genomic loci and biological pathways affect human height" 1653:

Miller, Jane E. (1993). "Birth Outcomes by Mother's Age At First Birth in the Philippines".

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A textile label showing the difference in average height around the world as shown on this

833: 696: 656: 343: 292: 261: 5076: 4856: 3600: 3339:"The Tallest in the World: Native Americans of the Great Plains in the Nineteenth Century" 756:

Data derived from burials show that before 1850, the mean stature of males and females in

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The effect of environment on height is illustrated by studies performed by anthropologist

8: 4712: 4089:"La taille des hommes: son incidence sur la vie en couple et la carrière professionnelle" 3993:"Methodological issues in anthropometry: self-reported versus measured height and weight" 1178: 629: 5018: 4572: 4520:"Growth charts of heights and weights of male children and adolescents of Isfahan, Iran" 4204: 3879: 1828: 596: 5035: 5000: 4949: 4922: 4807: 4759: 4653: 4628: 4603: 4542: 4229: 4188: 4164: 4137: 3860: 3646: 3504: 3469: 3418: 3383: 3334: 3310: 3275: 3119: 3069: 3061: 2922: 2880: 2789: 2560: 2527: 2485: 2460: 2397: 2240: 2175:

Chali D (1995). "Anthropometric measurements of the Nilotic tribes in a refugee camp".

1992: 1967: 1943: 1918: 1894: 1869: 1845: 1812: 1774: 1670: 1582: 1557: 1477: 1404: 1379: 1259: 736: 164: 3455: 2062: 1573: 5205: 5040: 4978: 4954: 4886: 4844: 4799: 4763: 4751: 4716: 4693: 4669: 4633: 4588: 4534: 4410: 4383: 4358: 4299: 4234: 4216: 4169: 3973: 3932: 3864: 3852: 3807: 3665: 3615: 3579: 3508: 3459: 3387: 3315: 3297: 3254: 3165: 3111: 3073: 2918: 2884: 2831: 2781: 2743: 2703: 2636: 2565: 2490: 2389: 2308: 2232: 2184: 2128: 2066: 1997: 1948: 1899: 1850: 1766: 1727: 1632: 1587: 1531: 1523: 1409: 1361: 1337: 1315: 1263: 1219: 1204: 1182: 1151: 1051: 1023: 971: 728: 724: 649: 478: 470: 456: 5089:

Tallest in the World: Native Americans of the Great Plains in the Nineteenth Century

4821:"Invited commentary: Height-cardiovascular disease relation: where to go from here?" 4811: 4546: 4321: 3968: 3951: 3473: 2926: 2857: 2600: 2401: 2244: 1778: 1692: 858:. What is a Medium size in the United States and Europe becomes Large size for Asia. 5141: 5123:- Visualizations of how human height around the world has changed historically (by 5030: 5022: 5005: 4944: 4934: 4909: 4834: 4791: 4743: 4623: 4615: 4482: 4350: 4291: 4224: 4208: 4159: 4149: 4103: 3963: 3922: 3844: 3655: 3554: 3496: 3451: 3422: 3410: 3375: 3346: 3305: 3287: 3196: 3157: 3123: 3103: 3053: 3045: 2949: 2914: 2872: 2823: 2793: 2773: 2735: 2628: 2555: 2547: 2539: 2480: 2472: 2438: 2381: 2298: 2271: 2267: 2224: 2120: 2058: 1987: 1979: 1938: 1930: 1889: 1881: 1840: 1832: 1758: 1747:"The association between height and birth order: evidence from 652,518 Swedish men" 1719: 1662: 1622: 1577: 1569: 1558:"Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries" 1515: 1399: 1391: 1251: 863: 517: 335: 5098: 4971:

6th Nationwide anthropological research of children and youth 2001, Czech Republic

2858:"The Effect of Adolescent Experience on Labor Market Outcomes: The Case of Height" 5173: 5120: 5083: 4404: 4379:

Politics of Culture: A Study of Three Kirata Communities in the Eastern Himalayas

4377: 4088: 3500: 2974: 1255: 1206:

Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing Assistants: A Humanistic Approach to Caregiving

1172: 1141: 882: 645: 641: 509: 482: 358: 248: 168: 92: 82: 5132:

What Has Happened to the Quality of Life in the Advanced Industrialized Nations?

5066:

CDC National Center for Health Statistics: Growth Charts of American Percentiles

4486: 2632: 723:

The average height of Americans and Europeans decreased during periods of rapid

538: 447:

Women whose height is under 150 cm (4 ft 11 in) may have a small

4567: 4295: 2900:"Up in the skies? The relationship between body height and earnings in Germany" 2827: 1934: 810: 783:

In the 150 years since the mid-nineteenth century, the average human height in

717: 695:, examinations of skeletons show no significant differences in height from the 513: 339: 307: 4921:

Sakamaki, R.; Amamoto, R.; Mochida, Y.; Shinfuku, N. & Toyama, K. (2005).

4775: 3414: 3379: 3030: 2777: 2543: 2442: 2303: 2286: 2228: 1723: 1519: 632:

are taller than their ancient counterparts, but this was not always the case.

351: 5189: 4875: 4220: 3856: 3811: 3800:"Children raised under UK austerity shorter than European peers, study finds" 3619: 3301: 3292: 1762: 1527: 1056: 1017: 550: 546: 525: 500: 285: 188: 96: 70: 4898:

Ruff, Christopher (October 2002). "Variation in human body size and shape".

4839: 4820: 4504: 4430: 4354: 4107: 3927: 3910: 3200: 3161: 3145: 3088: 2739: 2124: 1627: 1610: 870:

of the findings may be challenged. In this case, for the following reasons:

744: 739:

boys) reached 22 cm (8.7 in), the highest that has been observed.

5044: 4958: 4939: 4890: 4848: 4803: 4755: 4637: 4538: 4362: 4303: 4238: 3977: 3936: 3669: 3319: 3169: 3115: 2835: 2747: 2640: 2569: 2494: 2476: 2393: 2312: 2236: 2132: 2070: 2001: 1952: 1903: 1854: 1770: 1636: 1591: 1503: 1413: 939: 933: 901: 772: 474: 448: 383: 231: 160: 127: 4444: 4309:

185.6 cm, they are taller than Dutch adolescents (184 cm on average).

3558: 3049: 2785: 2188: 2016: 1731: 1535: 1395: 5104:

The Biological Standard of Living in Europe During the Last Two Millennia

5077:

The Height Gap, Article discussing differences in height around the world

4580: 4173: 4154: 3848: 1553: 998: 918: 875: 829:

of soft tissues, and postural changes secondary to degenerative disease.

822: 795: 761: 709: 684: 327: 296: 277: 66: 44: 5145: 5127:). Charts for all countries, world maps, and links to more data sources. 5026: 4967:

6. Celostátní antropologický výzkum dětí a mládeže 2001, Česká republika

4876:"Mean Body Weight, Height, and Body Mass Index, United States 1960–2002" 4254:"The Tallest Men in the World Trace Back to Paleolithic Mammoth Hunters" 4212: 3660: 3641: 3065: 2461:"Height, body size, and longevity: is smaller better for the humanbody?" 2287:"Prevalence and trends of stunting among pre-school children, 1990–2020" 1836: 402: 4795: 4747: 4509: 3107: 3057: 2551: 2385: 1794:"How much of human height is genetic and how much is due to nutrition?" 1674: 922: 855: 663: 566: 452: 370: 253: 235: 62: 5160: 545:

at 251 cm (8 ft 3 in), and the tallest living woman is

495:

Heights of presidents and presidential candidates of the United States

394: 350:

have rates of stunting in children under 5 living as high as 82.2% in

5124: 3740:"Effects of famine: Short stature evident in North Korean generation" 2953: 713: 347: 281: 239: 199: 195: 120: 108: 74: 5065: 1983: 1885: 1666: 893:

sample subjects are appropriately taken from all regions with using

4665: 4619: 4475:

e-SPEN, the European e-Journal of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism

3883: 3834:"Long-Term Economic Growth and the Standard of Living in Indonesia" 2876: 2617: 1005: 867: 585: 573: 554: 257: 183: 148: 112: 58: 4518:

Aminorroaya, A.; Amini, M.; Naghdi, H. & Zadeh, A. H. (2003).

3351: 3338: 1611:"Social inequalities and children's height in Trinidad and Tobago" 1551: 5001:"Rare and low-frequency coding variants alter human adult height" 4186: 826: 378: 303: 179: 4977:: Státní zdravotní ústav (SZÚ; "State Health Institute"). 2005. 4604:"Stature and Status: Height, ability, and labor market outcomes" 3639: 3440:. Research in Economic History. Vol. 25. pp. 149–168. 1709: 499:

There is a large body of research in psychology, economics, and

230:

is complex and uncertain. Differences in human height is 60−80%

5099:

Spatial Convergence in Height in East-Central Europe, 1890–1910

4974: 4857:"Americans Slightly Taller, Much Heavier Than Four Decades Ago" 1084: 975: 947: 926: 814: 791: 757: 655:

Human height worldwide sharply declined with the advent of the

542: 203: 175: 156: 5073:, Body Weights and Heights by Countries (given in percentiles) 4920: 4339:

Roberts, D. F.; Bainbridge, D. R. (1963). "Nilotic physique".

2111:

Roberts, D. F.; Bainbridge, D. R. (1963). "Nilotic physique".

801:

The height of British children growing up during the years of

247:

identified is 697 in 423 genetic loci. In a separate study of

4730: 2856:

Nicola, Persico; Andrew, Postlewaite; Silverman, Dan (2004).

979: 943: 581: 577: 562: 377:

tend to be taller, while those that obtain more protein from

366: 311: 207: 4505:"Los españoles somos 3,5 cm más altos que hace 20 años" 4278:

Pineau, JC; Delamarche, P; Bozinovic, S (1 September 2005).

3089:"Variation in ancient Egyptian stature and body proportions" 572:

The tallest living married couple are ex-basketball players

565:

at 55 cm (1 ft 10 in). The shortest woman is

4517: 1609:

Rona RJ, Mahabir D, Rocke B, Chinn S, Gulliford MC (2003).

1170: 952: 666:, height varied significantly by region. The people of the 374: 362: 264:. A child's height based on parental heights is subject to 159:

of individuals, hence part of the reasoning for the use of

116: 5140:, NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RISC), 25 July 2016, 4471: 4328:. National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution. 3182: 2525: 4507:[Spaniards are 3.5 cm taller than 20 years ago]. 4326:

In and Out of Focus: Images from Central Africa 1885–1960

4277: 3832:

van der Eng, Pierre; Baten, Joerg; Stegl, Mojgan (2010).

3247:

Herrera, Rene J.; Garcia-Bertrand, Ralph (13 June 2018).

1334:

A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present

3598: 2806: 688:

in North America was 171 cm (5 ft 7 in).

61:

from the bottom of the feet to the top of the head in a

4873: 3189:

Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial-und Wirtschaftsgeschichte

1965: 616:

Annual change in average female height by year of birth

271: 4818: 3246: 2585:

Cavalli-Sforza, L.L., & Cavalli-Sforza, F., 1995,

2328:

Encuesta Nacional de Salud Materno Infantil, 2008-2009

3990: 3831: 2855: 2284: 1746: 1608: 624:

Annual change in average male height by year of birth

5150: 4819:

Miura, K.; Nakagawa, H. & Greenland, P. (2002).

4375: 155:

Growth has long been recognized as a measure of the

361:. Nations that consume more protein in the form of 4709:Fitting the Task to the Man: An Ergonomic Approach 3770: 2968:Lifelong confidence rewarded in bigger pay packets 1203: 115:, which are medical conditions caused by specific 4497: 4338: 2414:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 2110: 1552:Grantham-Mcgregor, S.; Cheung, Y. B.; Cueto, S.; 477:. Height is also used to compute indicators like 5187: 5094:European Heights in the Early eighteenth Century 4999:Marouli, Eirini; et al. (9 February 2017). 3711: 3575:Growth diagrams: fourth Dutch nation-wide survey 1501: 1358:Auxology – Studying Human Growth and Development 174:Humans grow fastest (other than in the womb) as 4998: 4402: 4086: 3002:"Tallest Woman Living | Guinness World Records" 2759: 2757: 2725: 1791: 1547: 1545: 942:are sometimes noted for their height, with the 905:represent a total population in some countries. 881:Test subjects may have been invited instead of 386:were taller than those who lived at its heart. 4129: 3908: 2721: 2719: 2333:Guatemala Reproductive Health Survey 2008‒2009 2285:De Onis, M.; Blössner, M.; Borghi, E. (2011). 1384:Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 1275: 1273: 357:Average height in a nation is correlated with 4883:Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics 4781: 4683: 3332: 3274:Wells, Jonathan C. K.; Stock, Jay T. (2020). 3223:"Why Are People Taller Today Than Yesterday?" 2988:"Tallest man living | Guinness World Records" 2458: 2200: 2198: 1241: 1077:"Stadiometers and Height Measurement Devices" 4527:Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition 3685: 3250:Ancestral DNA, Human Origins, and Migrations 3185:"European heights in the early 18th century" 2754: 2083: 2044: 2042: 1751:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 1542: 1377: 1237: 1235: 708:studies also suggest that there existed the 608:Average adult height by year of birth, World 3183:Komlos, John; Francesco Cinnirella (2007). 3143: 3018:. The Jim Pattison Group. 2013. p. 49. 2716: 2428: 2257: 1810: 1331: 1270: 1139: 839: 469:In medicine, height is measured to monitor 323:in their country from 1955 to the present. 4601: 3991:Shields M, Gorber SC, Tremblay MS (2009). 3949: 3909:Krul AJ, Daanen HA, Choi H (August 2011). 3772:"The unpalatable appetites of Kim Jong-il" 3599:Drukker, J. W.; Vincent Tassenaar (2000). 3273: 3220: 3086: 2897: 2581: 2579: 2454: 2452: 2204: 2195: 2145: 1655:International Family Planning Perspectives 974:is the measurement of the length of human 256:traits, is determined by a combination of 5138:A century of trends in adult human height 5034: 4948: 4938: 4868:Netherlands Central Bureau for Statistics 4838: 4735:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 4706: 4627: 4228: 4163: 4153: 4138:"Variations in height throughout the day" 4035:Health and Social Care Information Centre 3967: 3926: 3714:"Why are we getting taller as a species?" 3659: 3540: 3486: 3445: 3350: 3309: 3291: 3096:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 3028: 2977:. Afr.com. Retrieved on 2 September 2013. 2559: 2484: 2364: 2302: 2218: 2113:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2051:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 2048: 2039: 1991: 1942: 1893: 1844: 1626: 1581: 1403: 1232: 1020:, the measurement of the human individual 451:, resulting in such complications during 389: 133: 65:, standing erect. It is measured using a 4646:"Health Survey for England – trend data" 4080: 3791: 3571: 1744: 994:premature newborns may be much smaller. 849: 794:study on the effects of malnutrition in 720:was already observed by the age of two. 644:populations living in Europe during the 619: 611: 603: 595: 401: 393: 137: 38: 4914:10.1146/annurev.anthro.31.040402.085407 4135: 4064:"Körpermasse Bundesländer & Städte" 4056: 4017: 3880:"Dutch men revealed as world's tallest" 3681: 3679: 2763: 2601:"Risk factors present before pregnancy" 2576: 2449: 2174: 1690: 1686: 1684: 1648: 1646: 936:to be the tallest people in the world. 748:availability of agricultural products. 569:with 63 cm (2 ft 1 in). 488: 410: 14: 5188: 4684:Eveleth, P. B.; Tanner, J. M. (1990). 4560: 4251: 4117:from the original on 19 September 2018 3984: 3768: 3737: 3489:Economic History of Developing Regions 3435: 3400: 2708:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1652: 1615:European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1281:"Shorter men live longer, study shows" 1244:Economic History of Developing Regions 1201: 1171:Lapham, Robert; Agar, Heather (2009). 932:A 2005 study found teenagers from the 4861:National Center for Health Statistics 4579: 4023: 3541:Baten, Joerg; Blum, Matthias (2014). 3521: 3365: 3343:NBER Historical Working Paper No. 112 2942:European Journal of Social Psychology 2939: 2014: 1504:"The final phase of growth in height" 1292: 1290: 1107:"Using the BMI-for-Age Growth Charts" 4897: 4650:Department of Health and Social Care 3877: 3797: 3779:from the original on 12 January 2022 3738:Demick, Barbara (14 February 2004). 3676: 3029:Lukacs, John R.; Pal, J. N. (2003). 2966:Nickless, Rachel (28 November 2012) 2365:Baten, Jörg; Blum, Matthias (2012). 1916: 1867: 1792:Lai, Chao-Qiang (11 December 2006). 1681: 1643: 1008:, sitting height, ulna length, etc. 628:In general, modern humans living in 591: 272:Environmental and epigenetic effects 4686:Worldwide Variation in Human Growth 3578:. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum. 3547:European Review of Economic History 2807:Judge, T. A.; Cable, D. M. (2004). 2374:Journal of Anthropological Sciences 1811:Lango Allen H, et al. (2010). 1502:Hulanicka, B.; Kotlarz, K. (1983). 874:Some studies may allow subjects to 735:) and English working-class youth ( 635: 202:is itself a critical period for an 24: 4992: 4662:Eurostat Statistical Yearbook 2004 4602:Case, A. & Paxson, C. (2008). 4561:Bilger, Burkhard (29 March 2004). 3950:Lucca A, Moura EC (January 2010). 3871: 3769:Demick, Barbara (8 October 2011). 3688:"Will humans keep getting taller?" 3608:Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte 2621:The American Journal of Psychiatry 2509:"Cancer risk may grow with height" 1923:American Journal of Human Genetics 1556:; Richter, L.; Strupp, B. (2007). 1287: 1212:Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins 25: 5222: 5059: 4033:(Technical report). Vol. 1. 4005:from the original on 4 March 2016 3915:European Journal of Public Health 2598: 1478:"Is Your Child Growing Normally?" 1356:Hermanussen, Michael (ed) (2013) 1140:Price, Beth; et al. (2009). 929:have the tallest average height. 897:of the different regional groups. 813:is greater than that of men from 226:The precise relationship between 43:Human height measurement using a 5114:Our World In Data - Human Height 5050: 4826:American Journal of Epidemiology 4608:The Journal of Political Economy 4465: 4142:Archives of Disease in Childhood 4027:Health Survey for England – 2012 2919:10.1111/j.1467-9914.2005.00302.x 2431:Explorations in Economic History 778: 146:The study of height is known as 77:, or feet and inches when using 69:, in centimetres when using the 4727:(for heights in U.S. and Japan) 4462:p.19, World Health Organization 4451: 4437: 4423: 4406:Mustang: A Lost Tibetan Kingdom 4396: 4369: 4332: 4314: 4271: 4245: 4180: 3969:10.1590/s0102-311x2010000100012 3943: 3902: 3890:from the original on 9 May 2022 3825: 3762: 3731: 3705: 3633: 3592: 3565: 3534: 3515: 3480: 3429: 3394: 3359: 3326: 3267: 3253:. 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Cambridge University Press. 1314:, Lange Medical, pp. 392-397, 1304: 1195: 1164: 1143:MathsWorld Year 8 VELS Edition 1133: 1099: 1069: 958: 751: 406:Female Stature vs Age (US CDC) 13: 1: 4901:Annual Review of Anthropology 4376:Subba, Tanka Bahadur (1999). 4252:Viegas, Jen (11 April 2017). 4136:Buckler JM (September 1978). 3798:Hill, Amelia (21 June 2023). 3572:Fredriks, Anke Maria (2004). 3456:10.1016/S0363-3268(07)25003-7 2816:Journal of Applied Psychology 2459:Samaras TT, Elrick H (2002). 2207:Economics & Human Biology 2084:Krawitz, Jan (28 June 2006). 2063:10.1016/S1095-6433(02)00294-5 1868:Wood AR, et al. (2014). 1574:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60032-4 306:peoples of Sudan such as the 244:Mendelian-biometrician debate 79:United States customary units 4870:, 1996 (for average heights) 4784:Indian Journal of Pediatrics 4037:. p. 20. Archived from 3686:Adam Hadhazy (14 May 2015). 3501:10.1080/20780389.2012.657489 3146:"Stature of early Europeans" 3087:Zakrzewski, SR (July 2003). 2865:Journal of Political Economy 1917:Chan Y, et al. (2015). 1312:Review of Medical Physiology 1256:10.1080/20780389.2012.657489 1174:Drug Calculations for Nurses 1062: 986:and can be used to estimate 790:A 2004 report citing a 2003 426:insulin-like growth factor 1 398:Male Stature vs Age (US CDC) 191:) have the greatest effect. 7: 4707:Grandjean, Etienne (1987). 4587:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Liss. 4513:(in Spanish). 31 July 2006. 4487:10.1016/j.eclnm.2008.01.004 3403:Journal of Economic History 3016:Guinness World Records 2014 2664:"3. Growth and development" 2633:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.7.1373 1115:Centers for Disease Control 1035:Economics and Human Biology 1011: 712:between the height and the 588:, China, on 6 August 2007. 532: 221: 10: 5227: 4690:Cambridge University Press 4459:Measuring a child's growth 4296:10.1016/j.crvi.2005.07.004 4193:Royal Society Open Science 3280:Frontiers in Endocrinology 3221:Laura Blue (8 July 2008). 2828:10.1037/0021-9010.89.3.428 2607:. Merck Sharp & Dohme. 2146:Stock, Jay (Summer 2006). 1935:10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.02.018 1691:Pevalin, David J. (2003). 1310:Ganong, William F. (2001) 1202:Carter, Pamela J. (2008). 843: 733:Sandhurst Military Academy 537:The tallest living man is 492: 266:regression toward the mean 29: 5154: 3956:Cadernos de Saude Publica 3415:10.1017/S0022050700021161 3380:10.1524/jbwg.2000.41.1.61 3368:Economic History Yearbook 2778:10.2466/pr0.1987.60.3.843 2605:Merck Manual Home Edition 2587:The Great Human Diasporas 2544:10.1038/s41588-018-0311-9 2443:10.1016/j.eeh.2007.09.003 2304:10.1017/S1368980011001315 2229:10.1016/j.ehb.2003.12.006 2177:Ethiopian Medical Journal 1745:Myrskyla, M (July 2013). 1724:10.1080/03014468800009581 1520:10.1080/03014468300006621 1378:Bolton-Smith, C. (2000). 1266:– via Researchgate. 1047:Human physical appearance 699:through the early 1800s. 693:transition to agriculture 668:Indus Valley Civilization 4680:(for heights in Germany) 4403:Peissel, Michel (1967). 4284:Comptes Rendus Biologies 4087:Herpin, Nicolas (2003). 3293:10.3389/fendo.2020.00325 3144:Hermanussen, M. (2003). 1763:10.1136/jech-2012-202296 1428:"Early Puberty in Girls" 1042:History of anthropometry 840:Average around the world 785:industrialised countries 354:, and 49.8% nationwide. 321:succession of civil wars 319:as a consequence of the 238:and has been considered 228:genetics and environment 5211:Mathematics in medicine 5082:3 December 2015 at the 4355:10.1002/ajpa.1330210309 4108:10.3406/estat.2003.7355 4096:Économie et Statistique 3878:Amos J (26 July 2016). 3841:SSRN Electronic Journal 3201:10.25162/vswg-2007-0015 3162:10.14310/horm.2002.1199 2973:26 October 2014 at the 2740:10.2466/pr0.107.1.25-38 2291:Public Health Nutrition 2125:10.1002/ajpa.1330210309 1712:Annals of Human Biology 1628:10.1038/SJ.ejcn.1601508 1508:Annals of Human Biology 1453:"Early Puberty in Boys" 234:, according to several 32:Height (disambiguation) 4940:10.1186/1475-2891-4-31 4774:. A copy is available 4585:The Growth of Humanity 3712:Michael J. Dougherty. 2477:10.1136/ewjm.176.3.206 1029:List of tallest people 915:Bosnia and Herzegovina 859: 625: 617: 609: 601: 529:occupational success. 407: 399: 390:Role for an individual 143: 134:Determinants of growth 99:decreases the risk of 47: 27:Aspect of human growth 4840:10.1093/aje/155.8.688 4556:on 19 September 2018. 3928:10.1093/eurpub/ckp228 3050:10.1353/asi.2003.0042 2845:on 14 September 2012. 2766:Psychological Reports 2728:Psychological Reports 2088:. PBS. Archived from 2086:"P.O.V. - Big Enough" 2015:Bogin, Barry (1998). 1457:Nationwide Children's 1432:Nationwide Children's 1396:10.1136/jech.54.2.143 853: 648:and India during the 623: 615: 607: 599: 559:Chandra Bahadur Dangi 405: 397: 141: 42: 5119:9 April 2016 at the 4713:Taylor & Francis 4409:. Book Faith India. 4382:. Orient Blackswan. 4155:10.1136/adc.53.9.762 3849:10.2139/ssrn.1699972 2157:: 26. Archived from 1482:THE MAGIC FOUNDATION 1332:Baten, Jörg (2016). 1179:Taylor & Francis 834:economic development 697:Neolithic Revolution 657:Neolithic Revolution 489:Occupational success 418:venous insufficiency 411:Connection to health 344:Developing countries 293:Guatemalan Civil War 262:environmental factor 101:venous insufficiency 30:For other uses, see 5146:10.7554/eLife.13410 5027:10.1038/nature21039 5019:2017Natur.542..186M 4656:on 10 October 2004. 4431:"Infant Guidelines" 4342:Am J Phys Anthropol 4213:10.1098/rsos.161054 4205:2017RSOS....461054G 3718:Scientific American 3661:10.1038/pr.2012.189 3559:10.1093/ereh/heu003 3436:Komlos, J. (2007). 3335:Steckel, Richard H. 3333:Prince, Joseph M.; 2898:Heineck G. (2005). 2772:(3 Pt 1): 843–849. 2346:on 13 November 2011 1972:Nature Neuroscience 1837:10.1038/nature09410 1829:2010Natur.467..832L 1798:Scientific American 1697:ISER Working Papers 630:developed countries 422:Alzheimer's disease 284:, he observed that 4973:] (in Czech). 4863:. 27 October 2004. 4796:10.1007/BF02722678 4748:10.1002/ajpa.22728 4648:. United Kingdom: 4445:"Child Guidelines" 4076:on 16 August 2012. 3647:Pediatric Research 3108:10.1002/ajpa.10223 3038:Asian Perspectives 2386:10.4436/jass.90011 2164:on 10 August 2007. 1121:on 30 January 2014 1087:on 10 October 2018 1038:(academic journal) 984:ultrasound imagery 860: 626: 618: 610: 602: 553:(1918−1940), from 408: 400: 165:standard of living 144: 48: 5183: 5182: 5013:(7640): 186–190. 4984:978-8-07071-251-1 4927:Nutrition Journal 4722:978-0-85066-192-7 4699:978-0-521-35916-0 4675:978-92-79-38906-1 4594:978-0-471-35448-2 4416:978-81-7303-002-4 4389:978-81-250-1693-9 3465:978-0-7623-1370-9 3337:(December 1998). 3260:978-0-12-804128-4 2260:World Development 1978:(12): 1569–1582. 1880:(11): 1173–1186. 1823:(7317): 832–838. 1360:, Schweizerbart, 1343:978-1-107-50718-0 1225:978-0-7817-6685-2 1188:978-0-340-98733-9 1157:978-0-7329-9251-4 1052:Human variability 1024:Human body weight 972:Crown-rump length 729:Antebellum Puzzle 725:industrialization 650:Mesolithic Period 592:Pre-modern period 522:Nicolae Ceaușescu 479:body surface area 471:child development 457:shoulder dystocia 16:(Redirected from 5218: 5152: 5151: 5055: 5054: 5048: 5038: 4988: 4962: 4952: 4942: 4917: 4894: 4880: 4864: 4852: 4842: 4815: 4767: 4726: 4703: 4688:(2nd ed.). 4679: 4657: 4652:. Archived from 4641: 4631: 4598: 4576: 4575:on 2 April 2004. 4571:. Archived from 4563:"The Height Gap" 4557: 4555: 4549:. Archived from 4524: 4514: 4491: 4490: 4469: 4463: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4400: 4394: 4393: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4336: 4330: 4329: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4232: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4167: 4157: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4116: 4093: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4068: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4043: 4032: 4021: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4004: 3997: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3971: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3930: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3838: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3795: 3789: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3774: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3750:on 14 April 2013 3746:. Archived from 3735: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3683: 3674: 3673: 3663: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3605: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3449: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3313: 3295: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3093: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3035: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3012: 3006: 3005: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2984: 2978: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2954:10.1002/ejsp.710 2948:(7): 1302–1309. 2937: 2931: 2930: 2904: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2871:(5): 1019–1053. 2862: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2838:. Archived from 2813: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2761: 2752: 2751: 2723: 2714: 2713: 2707: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2690:on 1 August 2020 2689: 2683:. Archived from 2682: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2660: 2654: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2615: 2609: 2608: 2596: 2590: 2583: 2574: 2573: 2563: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2488: 2456: 2447: 2446: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2413: 2405: 2371: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2345: 2338: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2306: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2266:(8): 1233–1265. 2255: 2249: 2248: 2222: 2202: 2193: 2192: 2172: 2166: 2165: 2163: 2152: 2143: 2137: 2136: 2108: 2102: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2092:on 30 April 2009 2081: 2075: 2074: 2046: 2037: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2012: 2006: 2005: 1995: 1963: 1957: 1956: 1946: 1914: 1908: 1907: 1897: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1848: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1789: 1783: 1782: 1742: 1736: 1735: 1707: 1701: 1700: 1688: 1679: 1678: 1650: 1641: 1640: 1630: 1602: 1596: 1595: 1585: 1549: 1540: 1539: 1499: 1493: 1492: 1490: 1488: 1474: 1468: 1467: 1465: 1463: 1449: 1443: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1424: 1418: 1417: 1407: 1375: 1369: 1354: 1348: 1347: 1329: 1323: 1308: 1302: 1301: 1294: 1285: 1284: 1277: 1268: 1267: 1239: 1230: 1229: 1209: 1199: 1193: 1192: 1168: 1162: 1161: 1137: 1131: 1130: 1128: 1126: 1117:. Archived from 1103: 1097: 1096: 1094: 1092: 1083:. Archived from 1073: 895:weighted average 864:statistical data 636:Pre-modern times 518:Benito Mussolini 171:of populations. 21: 5226: 5225: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5216: 5215: 5186: 5185: 5184: 5179: 5178: 5163: 5121:Wayback Machine 5084:Wayback Machine 5062: 5049: 4995: 4993:Further reading 4985: 4965: 4878: 4855: 4723: 4700: 4676: 4660: 4644: 4595: 4553: 4522: 4503: 4500: 4495: 4494: 4470: 4466: 4456: 4452: 4443: 4442: 4438: 4429: 4428: 4424: 4417: 4401: 4397: 4390: 4374: 4370: 4337: 4333: 4320: 4319: 4315: 4276: 4272: 4262: 4260: 4250: 4246: 4185: 4181: 4134: 4130: 4120: 4118: 4114: 4091: 4085: 4081: 4073: 4066: 4062: 4061: 4057: 4047: 4045: 4041: 4030: 4022: 4018: 4008: 4006: 4002: 3995: 3989: 3985: 3948: 3944: 3907: 3903: 3893: 3891: 3876: 3872: 3843:. Elsevier BV. 3836: 3830: 3826: 3816: 3814: 3796: 3792: 3782: 3780: 3767: 3763: 3753: 3751: 3736: 3732: 3722: 3720: 3710: 3706: 3696: 3694: 3684: 3677: 3638: 3634: 3624: 3622: 3603: 3597: 3593: 3586: 3570: 3566: 3539: 3535: 3520: 3516: 3485: 3481: 3466: 3434: 3430: 3399: 3395: 3364: 3360: 3331: 3327: 3272: 3268: 3261: 3245: 3241: 3231: 3229: 3219: 3215: 3205: 3203: 3181: 3177: 3142: 3138: 3128: 3126: 3091: 3085: 3081: 3033: 3027: 3023: 3014: 3013: 3009: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2986: 2985: 2981: 2975:Wayback Machine 2965: 2961: 2938: 2934: 2902: 2896: 2892: 2860: 2854: 2850: 2842: 2811: 2805: 2801: 2762: 2755: 2724: 2717: 2701: 2700: 2693: 2691: 2687: 2680: 2678:"Archived copy" 2676: 2675: 2671: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2648: 2616: 2612: 2597: 2593: 2584: 2577: 2532:Nature Genetics 2524: 2520: 2515:. 21 July 2011. 2507: 2506: 2502: 2457: 2450: 2427: 2423: 2407: 2406: 2369: 2363: 2359: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2336: 2325: 2324: 2320: 2283: 2279: 2256: 2252: 2220:10.1.1.651.9270 2203: 2196: 2173: 2169: 2161: 2150: 2144: 2140: 2109: 2105: 2095: 2093: 2082: 2078: 2047: 2040: 2030: 2028: 2013: 2009: 1984:10.1038/nn.4398 1964: 1960: 1915: 1911: 1886:10.1038/ng.3097 1874:Nature Genetics 1866: 1862: 1809: 1805: 1790: 1786: 1743: 1739: 1708: 1704: 1689: 1682: 1667:10.2307/2133243 1651: 1644: 1603: 1599: 1568:(9555): 60–70. 1550: 1543: 1500: 1496: 1486: 1484: 1476: 1475: 1471: 1461: 1459: 1451: 1450: 1446: 1436: 1434: 1426: 1425: 1421: 1376: 1372: 1355: 1351: 1344: 1330: 1326: 1309: 1305: 1296: 1295: 1288: 1279: 1278: 1271: 1240: 1233: 1226: 1200: 1196: 1189: 1181:. p. 223. 1169: 1165: 1158: 1150:. p. 626. 1138: 1134: 1124: 1122: 1105: 1104: 1100: 1090: 1088: 1081:stadiometer.com 1075: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1014: 988:gestational age 961: 885:, resulting in 883:random sampling 848: 842: 781: 754: 705: 680: 646:Paleolithic Era 642:hunter-gatherer 638: 594: 535: 510:Ignatius Loyola 497: 491: 483:body mass index 413: 392: 359:protein quality 274: 249:body proportion 224: 169:quality of life 136: 123:abnormalities. 93:life expectancy 83:imperial system 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5224: 5214: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5181: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5164: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5155:Classification 5149: 5148: 5135: 5128: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5074: 5068: 5061: 5060:External links 5058: 5057: 5056: 4994: 4991: 4990: 4989: 4983: 4963: 4918: 4895: 4871: 4865: 4853: 4833:(8): 688–689. 4816: 4790:(7): 565–569. 4779: 4768: 4742:(3): 519–525. 4728: 4721: 4704: 4698: 4681: 4674: 4664:. Luxembourg: 4658: 4642: 4620:10.1086/589524 4614:(3): 499–532. 4599: 4593: 4577: 4568:The New Yorker 4558: 4533:(4): 341–346. 4515: 4499: 4496: 4493: 4492: 4481:(2): e84–e88. 4464: 4450: 4436: 4422: 4415: 4395: 4388: 4368: 4349:(3): 341–370. 4331: 4313: 4270: 4244: 4179: 4128: 4079: 4055: 4044:on 2 July 2016 4016: 3983: 3962:(1): 110–122. 3942: 3921:(4): 414–419. 3901: 3870: 3824: 3790: 3761: 3730: 3704: 3675: 3632: 3591: 3584: 3564: 3553:(2): 144–165. 3533: 3514: 3479: 3464: 3447:10.1.1.539.620 3428: 3409:(3): 779–802. 3393: 3358: 3325: 3266: 3259: 3239: 3213: 3195:(3): 271–284. 3175: 3156:(3): 175–178. 3136: 3079: 3044:(2): 329–351. 3021: 3007: 2993: 2979: 2959: 2932: 2913:(3): 469–489. 2890: 2877:10.1086/422566 2848: 2822:(3): 428–441. 2799: 2753: 2715: 2669: 2655: 2646: 2610: 2591: 2575: 2538:(3): 404–413. 2518: 2500: 2448: 2421: 2357: 2318: 2297:(1): 142–148. 2277: 2250: 2194: 2167: 2148:"Skeleton key" 2138: 2119:(3): 341–370. 2103: 2076: 2038: 2007: 1958: 1929:(5): 695–708. 1909: 1860: 1803: 1784: 1737: 1718:(2): 161–165. 1702: 1680: 1642: 1597: 1541: 1514:(5): 429–433. 1494: 1469: 1444: 1419: 1390:(2): 143–148. 1370: 1349: 1342: 1324: 1303: 1286: 1269: 1231: 1224: 1194: 1187: 1163: 1156: 1132: 1098: 1067: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1013: 1010: 960: 957: 911: 910: 906: 898: 890: 879: 844:Main article: 841: 838: 811:Czech Republic 780: 777: 753: 750: 737:Marine Society 718:social classes 704: 701: 679: 676: 637: 634: 593: 590: 534: 531: 514:Vladimir Lenin 490: 487: 412: 409: 391: 388: 340:stunted growth 273: 270: 223: 220: 135: 132: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5223: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5201:Anthropometry 5199: 5197: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5175: 5171: 5170: 5166: 5165: 5162: 5157: 5153: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5133: 5129: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5081: 5078: 5075: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5063: 5053: 5046: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4996: 4986: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4902: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4885:(347): 1–17. 4884: 4877: 4872: 4869: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4780: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4736: 4729: 4724: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4705: 4701: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4600: 4596: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4521: 4516: 4512: 4511: 4506: 4502: 4501: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4468: 4461: 4460: 4454: 4446: 4440: 4432: 4426: 4418: 4412: 4408: 4407: 4399: 4391: 4385: 4381: 4380: 4372: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4343: 4335: 4327: 4323: 4317: 4310: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4274: 4259: 4255: 4248: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4199:(4): 161054. 4198: 4194: 4190: 4183: 4175: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4132: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4090: 4083: 4072: 4065: 4059: 4040: 4036: 4029: 4028: 4020: 4001: 3994: 3987: 3979: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3946: 3938: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3905: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3874: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3835: 3828: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3794: 3778: 3773: 3765: 3749: 3745: 3744:Seattle Times 3741: 3734: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3693: 3689: 3682: 3680: 3671: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3648: 3643: 3636: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3595: 3587: 3585:9789031343478 3581: 3577: 3576: 3568: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3537: 3529: 3525: 3524:Recuperado el 3518: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3432: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3397: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3362: 3353: 3352:10.3386/h0112 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3329: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3270: 3262: 3256: 3252: 3251: 3243: 3228: 3224: 3217: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3179: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3140: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3102:(3): 219–29. 3101: 3097: 3090: 3083: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3032: 3025: 3017: 3011: 3003: 2997: 2989: 2983: 2976: 2972: 2969: 2963: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2901: 2894: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2859: 2852: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2810: 2803: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2760: 2758: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2722: 2720: 2711: 2705: 2686: 2679: 2673: 2665: 2659: 2650: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2627:(7): 1373–5. 2626: 2622: 2614: 2606: 2602: 2595: 2588: 2582: 2580: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2522: 2514: 2510: 2504: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2455: 2453: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2425: 2417: 2411: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2380:(90): 221–4. 2379: 2375: 2368: 2361: 2342: 2334: 2330: 2329: 2322: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2281: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2254: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2201: 2199: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2171: 2160: 2156: 2149: 2142: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2107: 2091: 2087: 2080: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2045: 2043: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2011: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1962: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1913: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1864: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1807: 1799: 1795: 1788: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1741: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1706: 1698: 1694: 1687: 1685: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1661:(3): 98–102. 1660: 1656: 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