Overfishing - Knowledge

257: 1215: 4001: 4326: 586: 682: 1425:. Estimates of the size of the illegal catch range from 11 to 26 million tonnes, which represents 14-33% of the world's reported catch. Illegal fishing can take many forms. In some developing countries, large numbers of poor people are dependent on fishing. It can prove difficult to regulate this kind of overfishing, especially for weak governments. Even in regulated environments, illegal fishing may occur. While industrial fishing is often effectively controlled, smaller scale and recreational fishermen can often break regulations such as 341: 7492: 223: 1509: 1490:. Scientists would survey the entire field, make lots of unsuccessful hauls, and conclude that it contains few fish. The fishermen would make a beeline to the goals, catch the fish around them, and say the scientists do not know what they are talking about. The subjective impression the fishermen get is always that there's lots of fish - because they only go to places that still have them... fisheries scientists survey and compare entire areas, not only the productive fishing spots. – 437: 48: 7504: 6003: 31: 4580: 840: 6015: 536:. The deep sea is almost completely dark, near freezing, and has little food. Deep sea fish grow slowly because of limited food, have slow metabolisms, low reproductive rates, and many do not reach breeding maturity for 30 to 40 years. A fillet of orange roughy at the store is probably at least 50 years old. Most deep sea fish are in international waters, where there are no legal protections. Most of these fish are caught by 1324:. Consumers concerned about overfishing and its consequences are increasingly able to choose seafood products that have been independently assessed against the MSC's environmental standard. This enables consumers to play a part in reversing the decline of fish stocks. As of February 2012, over 100 fisheries around the world have been independently assessed and certified as meeting the MSC standard. Their 4036: 642:: The global abundance of oceanic sharks and rays has declined by 71% since 1970, owing to an 18-fold increase in relative fishing pressure. As a consequence, three-quarters of the species comprising this group are now threatened with extinction. A stark example, caught almost entirely on video, was an incident in Hurghada, Egypt on 8 June 2023, in which Russian 377:) is depleted to a level where it no longer has the reproductive capacity to replenish itself—there are not enough adults to produce offspring. Increasing the spawning stock biomass to a target level is the approach taken by managers to restore an overfished population to sustainable levels. This is generally accomplished by placing moratoriums, 1258:. The various species of Pacific salmon and Atlantic salmon are relatively easy to raise in captivity and such aquacultural operations have existed for more than 150 years. Largescale releases of salmon raised in captivity to supplement wild salmon runs will usually increase fishing pressure on the much less abundant wild salmon runs. 805:(reduced rate of biomass growth), as indicated by the red area in the figure. (Fish are being taken out of the water so quickly that the replenishment of stock by breeding slows down. If the replenishment continues to diminish for long enough, replenishment will go into reverse and the population will decrease.) 1261:

Aquaculture played a minor role in the harvesting of marine organisms until the 1970s. Growth in aquaculture increased rapidly in the 1990s when the rate of wild capture plateaued. Aquaculture now provides approximately half of all harvested aquatic organisms. Aquaculture production rates continue to

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A model proposed in 2010 for predicting acceptable levels of fishing is the Harvest Control Rule (HCR), which is a set of tools and protocols with which management has some direct control of harvest rates and strategies in relation to predicting stock status, and long-term maximum sustainable yields.

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The fraction of fish stocks that are within biologically sustainable levels has exhibited a decreasing trend, from 90% in 1974 to 66.9% in 2015. In contrast, the percentage of stocks fished at biologically unsustainable levels increased from 10% in 1974 to 33.1% in 2015, with the largest increases in

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them. And to see this destruction happen, for nothing really – for no reason – that is a bit frustrating. Strangely enough, these effects are all reversible, all the animals that have disappeared would reappear, all the animals that were small would grow, all the relationships that you can't see any

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and seasonal closures. Fisherman can also easily fish illegally by doing things such as underreporting the amount of fish they caught or reporting that they caught one type of fish while actually catching another. There is also a large problem with the surveillance of illegal fishing activity. In

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of fishing areas are ineffective when not combined with individual fishing quotas. An inherent problem with quotas is that fish populations vary from year to year. A study has found that fish populations rise dramatically after stormy years due to more nutrients reaching the surface and therefore

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The fishing down the food web is something that occurs when overfishing arises. Once all larger fish are caught, the fisherman will start to fish the smaller individuals, which would lead to more fish needing to be caught to keep up with demand. This decreases fish populations, as well as genetic

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In 2015, maximally sustainably fished stocks (formerly termed fully fished stocks) accounted for 59.9% and underfished stocks for 7% of the total assessed stocks. While the proportion of underfished stocks decreased continuously from 1974 to 2015, the maximally sustainably fished stocks decreased

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fleets around the world. They found that US$ 152 million per year are paid to deep-sea fisheries. Without these subsidies, global deep-sea fisheries would operate at a loss of US$ 50 million a year. A great deal of the subsidies paid to deep-sea trawlers is to subsidize the large amount of fuel

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In order to meet the problems of overfishing, a precautionary approach and Harvest Control Rule (HCR) management principles have been introduced in the main fisheries around the world. The Traffic Light color convention introduces sets of rules based on predefined critical values, which can be

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populations threaten fish stocks, as they compete with fish for food, eat fish eggs, and poison or swarm fish, and can survive in oxygen depleted environments where fish cannot; they wreak massive havoc on commercial fisheries. Overfishing eliminates a major jellyfish competitor and predator,

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is an individual that makes it to maturity, or into the limits specified by a fishery, which are usually size or age. This makes the total yield less than it would be if the fish were allowed to grow to an appropriate size. It can be countered by reducing fishing mortality to lower levels and

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diversity of the species, making them more susceptible to disease, and less likely to adapt to their stressors and the environment. Additionally, catching smaller fish leads to breeding of smaller offspring, which can be problematic for fish. In many species, the smaller the female, the less

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of the fish, with fish being bred in captivity. Some fish prove difficult to breed in captivity and can be caught in the wild as juveniles and brought into captivity to increase their weight. With scientific progress, more species are being made to breed in captivity. This was the case with

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from allowing boats to dock that participated in illegal, unreported or unregulated fishing. It also gives details for port states on effective measures of inspecting and reporting illegal fishing. Some illegal fishing takes place on an industrial scale with financed commercial operations.

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Controlling consumer behavior and demand is critical in mitigating action. Worldwide, a number of initiatives emerged to provide consumers with information regarding the conservation status of the seafood available to them. The "Guide to Good Fish Guides" lists a number of these.

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in the 1980s. Until the middle of the 20th century, the walleye was a commercially valuable fish, with about a half million tonnes being landed in the period from about 1880 to the late 1950s, when the populations collapsed, apparently through a combination of overfishing,

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Fishing techniques may be altered to minimize bycatch and reduce impacts on marine habitats. These techniques include using varied gear types depending on target species and habitat type. For example, a net with larger holes will allow undersized fish to avoid capture. A

1175:"There is surely a better way for governments to spend money than by paying subsidies to a fleet that burns 1.1 billion litres of fuel annually to maintain paltry catches of old growth fish from highly vulnerable stocks, while destroying their habitat in the process" – 288:

58.8%. In contrast, the Eastern Central Pacific, Northeast Pacific (Area 67), Northwest Pacific (Area 61), Western Central Pacific and Southwest Pacific had the lowest proportion (13 to 17%) of fish stocks at biologically unsustainable levels.

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fishery, where the commons has been at least partly privatized, substantial ecological and economic benefits have resulted. There is less damage to fish stocks, the fishing is safer, and fewer resources are needed to achieve a given harvest."

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A study in 2003 found that, as compared with 1950 levels, only a remnant (in some instances, as little as 10%) of all large ocean-fish stocks are left in the seas. These large ocean fish are the species at the top of the food chains (e.g.,

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There is always disagreement between fishermen and government scientists... Imagine an overfished area of the sea in the shape of a hockey field with nets at either end. The few fish left therein would gather around the goals because fish

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An output-oriented fishing capacity is defined as the maximum catch a vessel (fleet) can produce if inputs are fully utilized given the biomass, the fixed inputs, the age structure of the fish stock, and the present stage of

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The Marine Stewardship Council has developed an environmental standard for sustainable and well-managed fisheries. Environmentally responsible fisheries management and practices are rewarded with the use of its blue product

658:, among others). This article was subsequently criticized as being fundamentally flawed, although much debate still exists and the majority of fisheries scientists now consider the results irrelevant with respect to large 2401:

Pacoureau, Nathan; Rigby, Cassandra L.; Kyne, Peter M.; Sherley, Richard B.; Winker, Henning; Carlson, John K.; Fordham, Sonja V.; Barreto, Rodrigo; Fernando, Daniel; Francis, Malcolm P.; Jabado, Rima W. (January 2021).

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Aquaculture involves the farming of fish in captivity. This approach effectively privatizes fish stocks and creates incentives for farmers to conserve their stocks. It also reduces environmental impact. However, farming

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is reduced, resulting in the opposite outcome from the one desired for fisheries. Thus, a displacement of the fleet from one locality to another will generally have little effect if the same quota is taken. As a result,

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but also to the sustainability of fishing activity. Causes of the fishing problem can be found in the property rights regime of fishing resources. Overexploitation and rent dissipation of fishermen arise in open-access

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has a strong financial incentive to oppose some measures aimed at improving the sustainability of fish stocks. Recreational fisherman also have an interest in maintaining access to fish stocks. This leads to extensive

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Program, although not an official certifying body like the MSC, also provides guidance on the sustainability of certain fish species. Some seafood restaurants have begun to offer more sustainable seafood options. The

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from which it was acquired. In general, slow-growing fish that reproduce late in life, such as orange roughy, are vulnerable to overfishing. Seafood species that grow quickly and breed young, such as anchovies and

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are granted rights to a percentage of the total allowable catch that can be harvested each year. These quotas can be fished, bought, sold, or leased allowing for the least-cost vessels to be used. ITQs are used in

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exacerbating the jellyfish population explosion. Both climate change and a restructuring of the ecosystem have been found to be major roles in an increase in jellyfish population in the Irish Sea in the 1990s.

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As global citizens become more aware of overfishing and the ecological destruction of the oceans, movements have sprung up to encourage abstinence—not eating any seafood—or eating only "sustainable seafood".

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species that do not recover quickly, and that provide a habitat for commercial fisheries species. This destruction alters the functioning of the ecosystem and can permanently alter species' composition and

672:, over 50% of major fisheries species, such as the eastern gemfish, the southern rock lobster, southern bulkefin tuna, jack mackerel, or trumpeter, have declined over the past 75 years due to overfishing. 1094:

In 2008, a large-scale study of fisheries that used ITQs compared to ones that did not provide strong evidence that ITQs can help to prevent collapses and restore fisheries that appear to be in decline.

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estimated in a 2018 report that 33.1% of world fish stocks are subject to overfishing. Significant overfishing has been observed in pre-industrial times. In particular, the overfishing of the western

1418:'s exclusive economic zone. Fish are highly transitory. Many species will freely move through different jurisdictions. The conservation efforts of one country can then be exploited by another. 585: 3553: 202:

in 2020 stated that "in 2017, 34 percent of the fish stocks of the world's marine fisheries were classified as overfished". Mitigation options include: Government regulation, removal of

1211:(TED) allows sea turtles and other megafauna to escape from shrimp trawls. Avoiding fishing in spawning grounds may allow fish stocks to rebuild by giving adults a chance to reproduce. 2861: 613:

jointly issued their "Living Blue Planet Report" on 16 September 2015 which states that there was a dramatic fall of 74% in worldwide stocks of the important scombridae fish such as

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Article 62 provides that coastal states: "shall promote the objective of optimum utilization of the living resources in the exclusive economic zone without prejudice to Article 61"

1899:"Genetic implications of bottleneck effects of differing severities on genetic diversity in naturally recovering populations: An example from Hawaiian coot and Hawaiian gallinule" 143:, where other equilibrium energy flows involve species compositions different from those that had been present before the depletion of the original fish stock. For example, once 4916: 736: 3303: 1462:, the impossibility of excluding others provokes the fishermen who want to increase catch to do so effectively by taking someone else' share, intensifying competition. This 1131:

Because government provided financial subsidies can make it economically viable to fish beyond biologically sustainable levels, several scientists have called for an end to

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and Thailand, have improved the availability of family planning services. The resulting smaller populations have a decreased environmental footprint and reduced food needs.

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has contributed to occasional astronomical prices. In January 2019, a 278 kilogram (612 pound) tuna sold for 333.6 million yen, or over US$ 3 million, US$ 4,900 per pound.

1182:"Eliminating global subsidies would render these fleets economically unviable and would relieve tremendous pressure on over-fishing and vulnerable deep-sea ecosystems" – 3391: 2026: 1055: 815:

additionally considers the cost of fishing when determining acceptable catches. Under this framework, a fishery is considered to be overfished when catches exceed

4310: 929:. The same article addresses the maintenance or restoration of populations of species above levels at which their reproduction may become seriously threatened. 2309: 6944: 6283: 6240: 2522:

Edgar GJ, Samson CR, Barrett NS (2005). "Species Extinction in the Marine Environment: Tasmania as a Regional Example of Overlooked Losses in Biodiversity".

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page lists the currently available certified seafood. As of February 2012, over 13,000 MSC-labelled products are available in 74 countries around the world.

1847: 7578: 6209: 5981: 959:, cites research by Grafton, Squires and Fox to support the idea that privatization can solve the overfishing problem: According to recent research on the 625:

between 1970 and 2010, and the global overall "population sizes of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish fell by half on average in just 40 years."

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Outside of countries' exclusive economic zones, fishing is difficult to control. Large oceangoing fishing boats are free to exploit fish stocks at will.

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is at its maximum. Fish are being removed from the fishery so quickly that the profitability of the fishery is sub-optimal. A more dynamic definition of

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Vestergaard, N.; Squires, D.; Kirkley, J.E. (2003). "Measuring Capacity and Capacity Utilization in Fisheries. The Case of the Danish Gillnet Fleet".

1299:. Sustainable seafood is seafood from either fished or farmed sources that can maintain or increase production in the future without jeopardizing the 521:

and the expanding demand for fish has reached a point where demand for food threatens the stability of these fisheries, if not the species' survival.

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provokes a capitalization process that leads them to increase their costs until they are equal to their revenue, dissipating their rent completely.

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The Traffic Light colour convention, showing the concept of Harvest Control Rule (HCR), specifying when a rebuilding plan is mandatory in terms of

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The United Nations has included sustainable fishing and ending subsidies that contribute to overfishing as key targets for 2030 as part of their

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Article 65 provides generally for the rights of, inter alia, coastal states to prohibit, limit, or regulate the exploitation of marine mammals.

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A model of the interaction between fish and fishers showed that when an area is closed to fishers, but there are no catch regulations such as

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plunder the depths with state-of-the-art technology. In a few hours, massive nets weighing up to 15 tons, dragged along the bottom by

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in a fishery that is fully utilized at the maximum technical efficiency in a given time period, given resource and market conditions.

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Darker shades mean less overfishing, lighter shades mean more overfishing. EPI scores range from 1–7; 7=highest level of overfishing.

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after the 1950s, intensive fishing has spread from a few concentrated areas to encompass nearly all fisheries. The scraping of the

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Froese, Rainer; Branch, Trevor A; Proelß, Alexander; Quaas, Martin; Sainsbury, Keith; Zimmermann, Christopher (1 September 2011).

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and the variety of ecological conditions are suitable for the recovery. Dramatic changes in species composition can result in an

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There are three recognized types of biological overfishing: growth overfishing, recruit overfishing, and ecosystem overfishing.

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In waters that are the subject of territorial disputes, countries may actively encourage overfishing. A notable example is the

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Act defines sustainable practices through national standards. Although there is no official certifying body like the MSC, the

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According to a 2008 UN report, the world's fishing fleets are losing US$ 50 billion each year due to depleted stocks and poor

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have been allowed to run down to the point where it is no longer possible to catch the amount of fish that could be caught.

246: 3515: 2030: 7553: 6411: 4557: 4084: 316:, "Overfishing cannot continue, the depletion of fisheries poses a major threat to the food supply of millions of people." 901:

results from the comparison of the actual level of output (input) and the capacity output (input) of a vessel or a fleet.

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Tuna has been caught by the locals in the upper Adriatic for centuries. Increasing fishing prevented the large schools of

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Growth overfishing occurs when fish are harvested at an average size that is smaller than the size that would produce the

6966: 6406: 6305: 4732: 4609: 4062: 3758: 1580: 513:, and other locations have become overfished to the point of virtual collapse, according to the UK government's official 974:, restricting fishers to a specific quantity of fish. A more radical possibility is declaring certain areas of the sea " 7366: 6060: 5953: 5831: 5751: 5591: 5566: 4009: 3870: 256: 17: 3070: 1348:

is an organization whose members include chefs that serve sustainable seafood at their establishments. In the US, the

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greater primary production. To fish sustainably, quotas need to be changed each year to account for fish population.

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such as forestry and hunting, fisheries are susceptible to economic interaction between ownership or stewardship and

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Kirkley, J.E; Squires, D (1999), "Capacity and Capacity Utilization in Fishing Industries, Discussion paper 99-16",

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in Africa has been linked to declines of fish species that eat the snails carrying the disease-causing parasites.

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It is almost as though we use our military to fight the animals in the ocean. We are gradually winning this war to

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Technical efficiency of each vessel of the fleet is assumed necessary to attain this maximum catch. The degree of

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equilibria and take over in a way that makes it impossible for the trout to re-establish a breeding population.

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is altered by overfishing. With declines in the abundance of large predatory species, the abundance of small

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Sumaila, U. R.; Alder, J.; Keith, H. (1 November 2006). "Global scope and economics of illegal fishing".

414: 2960: 124:, where the fish population is no longer able to sustain itself. Some forms of overfishing, such as the 6939: 6791: 6766: 6176: 5586: 5207: 5086: 4856: 4745: 3285: 1309: 643: 606: 422: 132:. Types of overfishing include growth overfishing, recruitment overfishing, and ecosystem overfishing. 7409: 7342: 7185: 6917: 6912: 6786: 6616: 6458: 6245: 5786: 5581: 5419: 5071: 5010: 5005: 4982: 4891: 4722: 4697: 3377: 2918: 2665:(1 February 2011). "Have jellyfish in the Irish Sea benefited from climate change and overfishing?". 1560: 1364: 357: 51: 3262: 1332:

is an MSC project to teach schoolchildren about marine environmental issues, including overfishing.

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The notion of overfishing hinges on what is meant by an "acceptable level" of fishing. More precise

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Article 61 requires all coastal states to ensure that the maintenance of living resources in their

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increasing the average size of harvested fish to a size that will allow maximum yield per recruit.

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Andrea Di Matteo "Santa Croce, 1954: ultima grande pescata di tonni", Il Piccolo, 23. August 2014.

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While governments can create regulations to control people's behaviors this can be undermined by

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stocks were severely overfished in the 1970s and 1980s, leading to their abrupt collapse in 1992.

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was killed by a tiger shark in an attack which has been attributed to overfishing of the Red Sea.

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Gordon, H. S. (1953). "An Economic Approach to the optimum utilization of Fishery Resources".

2374: 517:. The United Kingdom has created elements in this plan to attempt to restore the fishery, but 280:

had the highest percentage (62.2%) of unsustainable stocks, closely followed by the Southeast

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Constant catch and constant fishing mortality are two types of simple harvest control rules.

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is overfishing. Other studies have shown that overfishing has reduced fish and marine mammal

483: 453:. The last major tuna catch was made in 1954 by the fishermen of Santa Croce, Contovello and 152: 3957: 2803:"Overfishing drives over one-third of all sharks and rays toward a global extinction crisis" 2507: 2490: 1487: 978:" and make fishing there strictly illegal, so the fish have time to recover and repopulate. 7294: 7091: 6993: 6858: 6820: 6570: 6374: 6268: 5889: 5859: 5811: 5806: 5729: 5634: 5530: 5353: 5212: 5197: 5172: 5157: 5114: 4654: 4634: 4594: 4564: 4511: 3885: 3803: 3537: 3200:"A Rising Tide: Scientists find proof that privatising fishing stocks can avert a disaster" 2933: 2876: 2816: 2757: 2674: 2531: 2415: 2224: 1962:

Beldade, R.; Holbrook, S. J.; Schmitt, R. J.; Planes, S.; Malone, D.; Bernardi, G. (2012).

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Many regulatory measures are available for controlling overfishing. These measures include

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In the United States approximately 27% of exploited fish stocks are considered overfished.

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increases causing a shift in the balance of the ecosystem towards smaller fish species.

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Gordon, H.S. (1954). "The Economic Theory of a Common-Property Resource: The Fishery".

2888: 2842: 2778: 2743: 2698: 2547: 2457: 2351: 1988: 1963: 1939: 1898: 1773: 1674: 1565: 1514: 1375:, a website designed to assist citizens of the globe in monitoring fishing activities. 592: 468: 211: 113: 3096: 3008: 2717: 1295:

is a movement that has gained momentum as more people become aware of overfishing and

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Biomass distributions for high trophic-level fishes in the North Atlantic, 1900–2000

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Illegal fishing targeted by crowdsourcing thanks to new Global Fishing Watch website

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The ability of a fishery to recover from overfishing depends on whether its overall

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known for pioneering work on the human impacts on global fisheries, has commented:

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Removal of a species of fish from water at a rate that the species cannot replenish

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capture, the mass of bycatch is five times larger than that of the shrimp caught.

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paid to deep-sea fisheries. In international waters beyond the 200 nautical mile

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Several countries are now effectively managing their fisheries. Examples include

1099: 848: 832: 720: 537: 510: 450: 349: 167: 140: 7491: 742:

Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

7327: 7267: 7252: 7205: 7101: 7047: 6907: 6565: 6542: 6515: 6433: 6423: 6325: 6320: 6186: 6137: 5659: 5576: 5510: 5505: 5224: 5202: 5137: 5060: 4957: 4886: 4800: 4449: 4429: 4409: 4384: 4334: 4265: 4255: 4215: 4155: 4118: 3980:

Trading Fish, Saving Fish: The Interaction between Regimes in International Law

3502: 2639: 2427: 1434:(FAO), passed the International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate 1308:, are much more resistant to overfishing. Several organizations, including the 1266: 1117:

has turned many of its fisheries around from being in a highly depleted state.

1020: 975: 944: 855: 794: 567: 545: 426: 418: 242: 235: 89: 41: 4506: 2829: 2802: 1819: 1404:

that can block or weaken government policies intended to prevent overfishing.

7547: 7470: 7354: 7311: 7257: 7245: 7230: 7220: 7143: 7057: 7033: 7028: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6808: 6396: 6337: 6300: 6252: 5964: 5689: 5674: 5669: 5654: 5475: 5429: 5187: 4977: 4972: 4876: 4639: 4537: 4507: 4394: 4379: 4364: 4240: 4013: 3204: 2694: 2445: 1964:"Larger female fish contribute disproportionately more to self-replenishment" 1930: 1796: 1548: 1508: 1340: 1148: 1140: 1114: 1088: 1016: 1008: 1002: 971: 948: 884: 839: 828: 820: 705: 575: 529: 525: 273: 69: 6052: 3901: 3815: 3364:"Global Trade Deal Needed Urgently to Ban Subsidies Threatening Fish Stocks" 939:

According to some observers, overfishing can be viewed as an example of the

436: 47: 7496: 7430: 7162: 7148: 7003: 6813: 6781: 6771: 6674: 6520: 6418: 6364: 6273: 6132: 5937: 5335: 5094: 4459: 4374: 4354: 4300: 4210: 4180: 4005: 3920: 3823: 3451:"Monterey Bay Aquarium: Seafood Watch Program - Frequently Asked Questions" 2838: 2787: 2769: 2647: 2453: 2263: 1997: 1979: 1948: 1815: 1538: 1493: 1458:

In open-access resources like fish stocks, in the absence of a system like

1167: 1159: 952: 685: 555: 446: 373:

Recruitment overfishing happens when the mature adult population (spawning

292: 222: 184: 3378:"Many government subsidies lead to overfishing. Here's a solution. - OECD" 2157: 1218:

World capture fisheries and aquaculture production by species group, from

92:

in that area. Overfishing can occur in water bodies of any sizes, such as

7475: 7018: 7013: 6850: 6835: 6686: 6315: 6235: 6142: 6127: 5520: 5515: 5480: 5343: 4624: 4474: 4454: 4439: 4424: 4419: 4369: 4150: 4069: 3484: 2662: 2661:

Lynam, C. P.; Lilley, M. K. S.; Bastian, T.; Doyle, T. K.; Beggs, S. E.;

2623: 1447: 1255: 1232: 1110: 1072: 802: 755: 713: 559: 502: 495: 398: 231: 207: 163: 85: 7157: 3255:"South China Sea fishing ban "indisputable": foreign ministry spokesman" 2436: 1446:

The fishing capacity problem is not only related to the conservation of

7425: 7240: 7210: 7195: 6983: 6971: 6731: 6593: 6219: 5679: 5664: 5490: 5470: 4936: 4644: 4434: 4414: 2198: 1439: 1012: 883:

An input-oriented fishing capacity is defined as the maximum available

745: 697: 549: 345: 304: 73: 4579: 1922: 1660: 464: 30: 7167: 6956: 6885: 6830: 6825: 6691: 6532: 6438: 6181: 5948: 5894: 5348: 4906: 4871: 4484: 4464: 4055:"We've removed 90% of all large fish from the oceans. Just 10% to go" 3584:"Lawless Ocean: The Link Between Human Rights Abuses and Overfishing" 3023:"Text of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: Part V" 1897:

Sonsthagen, Sarah A.; Wilson, Robert E.; Underwood, Jared G. (2017).

1759: 1652: 1426: 1300: 1171:

required to travel beyond the 200 mile limit and drag weighted nets.

1076: 917:

treaty deals with aspects of overfishing in articles 61, 62, and 65.

727: 533: 506: 394: 321: 277: 34: 4015:

In brief, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2018

3708: 3286:"BBC - Future - How the world's oceans could be running out of fish" 7460: 7445: 6976: 6961: 6863: 6701: 6149: 5741: 4756: 4290: 4280: 4230: 3735: 1749: 1694:"SOFIA 2018 - State of Fisheries and Aquaculture in the world 2018" 1411: 1401: 1368: 1325: 1321: 1305: 1251: 1247: 767: 762:

by 60% since the 1800s, and is currently driving over one-third of

669: 639: 614: 541: 308:

more would re-establish themselves, and the system would re-emerge.

285: 260:

Global trends in the state of the world's marine fish stocks, from

3423:"Stop eating fish. It's the only way to save the life in our seas" 3333:"The last wild hunt – Deep-sea fisheries scrape bottom of the sea" 2311:

Living Blue Planet Report: Species, habitats, and human well-being

2283:"Long-lived deep-sea fishes imperilled by technology, overfishing" 1360:

to help guide concerned consumers to sustainable seafood choices.

352:

are a significant food source for over a billion people worldwide.

230:

Overfishing has stripped many fisheries around the world of their

7440: 7289: 7126: 7116: 6924: 6736: 6448: 6443: 5714: 5029: 4952: 4921: 4851: 4751: 4285: 4100: 3648:"The Grekos: A Success Story in the Crackdown on Illegal Fishing" 1452: 1415: 1195: 1191: 1152: 1106: 1080: 1067: 1054:(ITQs) are fishery rationalization instruments defined under the 963: 851: 779: 659: 596: 454: 281: 188: 179: 175: 97: 81: 65: 3868: 3120: 7450: 7376: 5378: 2128:"EU must end overfishing to protect our oceans, say scientists" 2098: 1414:

where Britain used its navy to protect its trawlers fishing in

1243: 1084: 737:

Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

622: 487: 192: 3926:

Some simple methods for the assessment of tropical fish stocks

3790:

Costello, Christopher; Gaines, Steven D; Lynham, John (2008).

1329: 835:

to maximise the flow of resource rent over all future catches.

7121: 6880: 3045:"Fisheries are Classic Example of the Tragedy of the Commons" 2853: 2593:"Overfishing Is Emptying World's Rivers, Lakes, Experts Warn" 2404:"Half a century of global decline in oceanic sharks and rays" 957:

Fisheries are Classic Example of the 'Tragedy of the Commons'

763: 748:

in the world's oceans. A 2021 study published in the journal

635: 171: 144: 109: 101: 38: 2983:

Department of Economics, University of California, San Diego

2718:"UN report: Humans accelerating extinction of other species" 1961: 1798:

In brief, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2018

1438:(IPOA-IUU). This is an agreement with the intention to stop 1357: 708:

could be scrapped with no change in catch. In addition, the

471:

from its waters. Anchovies were a major natural resource in

7465: 2859: 2801:

Dulvy, Nicholas K.; Pacoureau, Nathan; et al. (2021).

651: 618: 548:

allows the trawlers to work for days at a time, and modern

498:, is a dramatic example of the consequences of overfishing. 472: 461:

The Peruvian coastal anchovy fisheries crashed in the 1970s

148: 105: 93: 61: 2621: 2029:. The Scottish Government. 8 December 2009. Archived from 1139:

of coastal countries, many fisheries are unregulated, and

1034:, fish catches are temporarily increased but overall fish 879:

can also be defined using an input or output orientation.

599:, has gone extinct due to overfishing and dam construction 72:

at a rate greater than that the species can replenish its

3940: 2994: 2400: 2203:

Federal Research Division of the U.S. Library of Congress

1896: 1848:"Johannesburg Summit | Realidad social y desarrollo" 1058:

as limited access permits to harvest quantities of fish.

655: 4113: 3228:"New study offers solution to global fisheries collapse" 2744:"The global ocean size spectrum from bacteria to whales" 1056:

Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act

404: 269:

from 1974 to 1989, and then increased to 59.9% in 2015.

5919:

UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)

3304:"Once Decimated U.S. Fish Stocks Enjoy Big Bounce Back" 2742:

Hatton, Ian A.; Heneghan, Ryan F.; et al. (2021).

2660: 2183:"Foreign Assistance Legislation for Fiscal Year 1982". 2094:"Pollution, overfishing destroy East China Sea fishery" 1968:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

1723:

The Mortal Sea: Fishing the Atlantic in the Age of Sail

970:

Another possible solution, at least for some areas, is

3869:

Moustakas, A; Silvert, W; Dimitromanolakis, A (2006).

2919:"Generic harvest control rules for European fisheries" 1751:

World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2020

1613:"Shark Declines Threaten Shellfish Stocks, Study Says" 6284:

Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal

3175:"Guaranteed fish quotas halt commercial free-for-all" 3071:"What do fishing and family planning have in common?" 981:

In order to maximise resources some countries, e.g.,

393:

Ecosystem overfishing occurs when the balance of the

6210:

Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments

3789: 3161: 2158:"Peruvian Anchovy Case: Anchovy Depletion and Trade" 1504: 3852:

Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World

1390: 409:Examples of overfishing exist in areas such as the 272:In 2015, among the 16 major statistical areas, the 2521: 88:), resulting in the species becoming increasingly 3697:Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 3618: 3477:"Seafood Choices - Promoting Sustainable Seafood" 2476:Changes in the Biomass of Large Pelagic Predators 1644:The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020 7545: 7338:List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction 943:; appropriate solutions would therefore promote 871: 4927:International Seafood Sustainability Foundation 4553:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1363:In September 2016, a partnership of Google and 1354:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 915:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 312:According to the Secretary General of the 2002 7236:List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events 5943:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 3792:"Can Catch Shares Prevent Fisheries Collapse?" 3121:Moustakas, Silvert & Dimitromanolakis 2006 2980: 2958: 2800: 2741: 1716: 1714: 1274:, which were first bred in captivity in 2009. 628:Limited supply due to past overfishing of the 480:collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery 6241:Existential risk from artificial intelligence 6082: 6068: 5045: 4085: 2050: 2048: 1043:such as temporary closures or establishing a 4004: This article incorporates text from a 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 2860:Pauly, D.; G. Silvestre; I.R. Smith (1989). 2488: 2396: 2394: 1469: 1316:, certify seafood fisheries as sustainable. 1201: 7579:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing 6289:Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal 4703:List of commercially important fish species 4548:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing 3602:"Illegal fishing « World Ocean Review" 3252: 1711: 1556:List of harvested aquatic animals by weight 1436:Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing 1297:environmentally destructive fishing methods 754:asserted that the "primary cause" of ocean 6392:Climate change and civilizational collapse 6075: 6061: 6014: 5052: 5038: 4099: 4092: 4078: 3588:Yale University, School of The Environment 2715: 2495:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 2045: 2011:How does overfishing threaten coral reefs? 786:terms define acceptable level as follows: 744:, overfishing is a primary driver of mass 368: 120:levels. Sustained overfishing can lead to 116:, reduced biological growth rates and low 5954:Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) 3845: 3318: 3277: 2959:Coad, Brian W; McAllister, Don E (2008). 2828: 2777: 2506: 2482: 2435: 2391: 2372: 2251: 1987: 1938: 7395:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk 7333:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction 5982:UN Conference on Sustainable Development 4675:Regional fishery management organisation 4052: 4008:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO ( 3134:"Why storms are good news for fishermen" 3042: 1262:grow while wild harvest remains steady. 1213: 992: 910:adjusted as more information is gained. 838: 680: 435: 388: 339: 255: 221: 46: 29: 3955: 3420: 3131: 2622:Richardson, Anthony J.; Bakun, Andrew; 2508:10.1146/annurev.energy.31.020105.100235 2375:"Pacific Bluefin Tuna | NOAA Fisheries" 2152: 2150: 1720: 1120: 904: 862: 314:World Summit on Sustainable Development 14: 7546: 5552:Corporate environmental responsibility 3721: 3694: 3645: 3581: 3283: 2344: 2222: 2091: 1744: 1742: 1610: 696:. The report, produced jointly by the 324:it is, impacting the fish population. 6056: 5033: 4505: 4112: 4073: 3976: 3919: 3756: 3172: 2564: 2280: 2125: 2054: 1277: 704:(FAO), asserts that half the world's 519:the expanding global human population 405:Examples and evidence for overfishing 335: 247:European colonisation of the Americas 6412:Tipping points in the climate system 5925:Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983) 4558:United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement 4053:Williams, Robyn (13 February 2021). 3498:Google Launches Global Fishing Watch 2479:– Pelagic Fisheries Research Program 2147: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1265:Fish farming can enclose the entire 797:has reached a level where the stock 773: 6407:Extinction risk from climate change 6306:New World Order (conspiracy theory) 4733:Future of Marine Animal Populations 4610:Fishery Resources Monitoring System 4600:Monitoring control and surveillance 4063:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 3516:Oceana Unveils Global Fishing Watch 2910: 2491:"Global Marine Biodiversity Trends" 2126:Frost, Rosie (September 10, 2020). 1873:"Fishing Down through the Food Web" 1739: 1691: 1581:The United Nations Ocean Conference 1062:decide the optimal amount of fish ( 24: 7367:List of fictional doomsday devices 5567:Environmental full-cost accounting 5059: 3162:Costello, Gaines & Lynham 2008 2889:10.1111/j.1939-7445.1989.tb00084.x 1019:, size limits and the creation of 544:, where they congregate for food. 348:species and damage coral habitat. 25: 7590: 6387:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis 5501:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity 4932:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society 4665:National Marine Fisheries Service 4660:European Fisheries Control Agency 4021: 3398:. 8 December 2009. Archived from 2628:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 2565:Black, Richard (8 October 2008). 1814: 1784: 1635: 1432:Food and Agriculture Organization 702:Food and Agriculture Organization 239:Food and Agriculture Organization 128:, has led to the upset of entire 7503: 7502: 7490: 6648:Decline in amphibian populations 6013: 6002: 6001: 5971:UN Millennium Declaration (2000) 4578: 4324: 4141:Population dynamics of fisheries 4034: 3999: 3959:The Unnatural History of the Sea 3759:"An interview with Daniel Pauly" 3582:Urbina, Ian (19 November 2020). 3253:Zhang Xiang, ed. (9 June 2009). 3132:Pearson, Aria (6 January 2009). 2946:10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00387.x 2687:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02352.x 2590: 2567:"Fisheries waste costs billions" 2544:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00159.x 2345:Specia, Megan (5 January 2019). 1571:Population dynamics of fisheries 1507: 1391:Barriers to effective management 1190:Over 30 billion euros in public 1166:have examined subsidies paid to 831:of the fishery using a relevant 584: 7564:Environmental impact of fishing 6999:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse 6496:Land surface effects on climate 6469:Human impact on the environment 6100:Future of an expanding universe 5557:Corporate social responsibility 5486:Ocean thermal energy conversion 5425:Community-supported agriculture 5110:Human impact on the environment 4862:Aquaculture Stewardship Council 4718:Environmental impact of fishing 3898:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.07.007 3750: 3715: 3688: 3658: 3639: 3612: 3594: 3575: 3546: 3527: 3509: 3491: 3469: 3443: 3414: 3384: 3370: 3356: 3310:. 26 March 2013. Archived from 3296: 3246: 3220: 3192: 3166: 3155: 3125: 3114: 3089: 3063: 3036: 3015: 2988: 2974: 2952: 2794: 2735: 2716:Borenstein, Seth (6 May 2019). 2709: 2654: 2615: 2584: 2558: 2515: 2468: 2366: 2338: 2302: 2274: 2256: 2245: 2216: 2191: 2176: 2138: 2119: 2085: 2059: 2019: 2004: 1955: 1890: 1828:from the original on 2021-12-12 1611:Scales, Helen (29 March 2007). 1534:Environmental impact of fishing 1385:Sustainable Development Goal 14 1378: 847:and limit reference points for 676: 60:is the removal of a species of 5797:Socially responsible marketing 4836:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 4196:Otolith microchemical analysis 3983:. Cambridge University Press. 3757:Boyes, Margaret (March 2008). 3646:Urbina, Ian (March 24, 2017). 3421:Monbiot, George (9 May 2019). 2373:Fisheries, NOAA (2024-02-21). 2162:Trade and Environment Database 2092:Lu Hui, ed. (16 August 2006). 1865: 1840: 1808: 1685: 1604: 1460:individual transferable quotas 1226: 1052:Individual transferable quotas 1032:individual transferable quotas 13: 1: 6945:Interpretations of Revelation 6747:Cosmological phase transition 6653:Decline in insect populations 6105:Ultimate fate of the universe 5988:Sustainable Development Goals 5792:Socially responsible business 4831:European Environmental Agency 4821:Grey nurse shark conservation 4728:Destructive fishing practices 4226:Pop-up satellite archival tag 3943:Fisheries technical paper 234 3009:10.1016/S0165-7836(02)00141-8 2317:. World Wildlife Fund. 2015. 1597: 872:Input and output orientations 385:limits on a fish population. 206:, minimizing fishing impact, 7400:Future of Humanity Institute 6797:Potentially hazardous object 6697:Interplanetary contamination 4811:Marine conservation activism 4261:Climate change and fisheries 4010:license statement/permission 3724:Journal of Political Economy 3633:10.1016/j.marpol.2005.11.001 2185:Committee on Foreign Affairs 2014:NOAA: National Ocean Service 1721:Bolster, W. Jeffery (2012). 1222:'s Statistical Yearbook 2020 611:Zoological Society of London 467:season largely depleted the 344:Overfishing can deplete key 264:'s Statistical Yearbook 2020 151:might exploit the change in 7: 7554:Environmental controversies 7280:Nemesis (hypothetical star) 6429:Global terrestrial stilling 5817:Sustainability organization 5602:Standards and certification 5193:Social return on investment 3956:Roberts, Callum M. (2007). 3097:"Guide to Good Fish Guides" 3043:Benjamin, Daniel K (2001). 2961:"Dictionary of Ichthyology" 2489:Sala E, Knowlton N (2006). 2016:. Updated: 4 February 2020. 1500: 1387:called "Life Below Water". 486:, and the 1992 decision by 415:Grand Banks of Newfoundland 253:the late-1970s and 1980s. 158:Since the growth of global 10: 7595: 6792:Asteroid impact prediction 6767:Heat death of the universe 6177:Mutual assured destruction 5242:Systemic change resistance 4857:Marine Stewardship Council 4650:EU Common Fisheries Policy 3782: 2640:10.1016/j.tree.2009.01.010 2428:10.1038/s41586-020-03173-9 2268:Costa Rica Fishing Experts 1877:American Fisheries Society 1473: 1310:Marine Stewardship Council 1281: 1230: 1124: 1098:China bans fishing in the 996: 607:World Wide Fund for Nature 552:target the fish with ease. 440:Overfished US stocks, 2015 249:has been well documented. 245:from the earliest days of 7484: 7418: 7410:Nuclear Threat Initiative 7387: 7343:List of apocalyptic films 7320: 7186:2011 end times prediction 7178: 6918:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks 6913:Abomination of desolation 6849: 6787:Asteroid impact avoidance 6724: 6635: 6617:List of extinction events 6592: 6585: 6551: 6459:Environmental degradation 6355: 6346: 6261: 6246:Technological singularity 6115: 6090: 6084:Global catastrophic risks 5997: 5908: 5845: 5617: 5544: 5453: 5420:Climate-smart agriculture 5405: 5377: 5334: 5288: 5255: 5128: 5085: 5067: 5011:Glossary of fishery terms 5006:Index of fishing articles 4996: 4945: 4844: 4788: 4723:Fishing down the food web 4698:Maximum sustainable yield 4685: 4587: 4576: 4530: 4526: 4501: 4333: 4322: 4256:Match/mismatch hypothesis 4129: 4125: 4108: 4033: 4028: 2869:Natural Resource Modeling 2830:10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.062 1561:Maximum sustainable yield 1470:Resistance from fishermen 1202:Minimizing fishing impact 955:. Daniel K. Benjamin, in 463:after overfishing and an 429:, otherwise known as the 178:and other slower-growing 52:Fishing down the food web 7405:Future of Life Institute 7307:Resurrection of the dead 7300:Post-tribulation rapture 6682:Colony collapse disorder 5562:Environmental accounting 5311:Sustainable architecture 5301:Environmental technology 4897:Save Our Seas Foundation 4630:Individual fishing quota 4605:Vessel monitoring system 4251:Hydrographic containment 3977:Young, Margaret (2011). 3846:Kurlansky, Mark (1997). 2597:National Geographic News 2223:Kunzig, R (April 1995). 1617:National Geographic News 1488:like structured habitats 1455:as was shown in Gordon. 1423:illegal fishing activity 1346:Seafood Choices Alliance 1137:exclusive economic zones 1102:for a period each year. 923:exclusive economic zones 515:Biodiversity Action Plan 490:to impose an indefinite 449:from migrating into the 327: 217: 6231:Artificial intelligence 5435:Sustainable agriculture 4543:Exclusive economic zone 4221:GIS and aquatic science 4176:Standard weight in fish 3816:10.1126/science.1159478 3151:(subscription required) 947:through, for instance, 813:bioeconomic overfishing 719:Increased incidence of 369:Recruitment overfishing 7360:List of disaster films 7201:Apocalyptic literature 6301:Malthusian catastrophe 6227:Synthetic intelligence 5978:(Rio+10, Johannesburg) 5847:Sustainable management 5832:Urban drainage systems 5572:Environmental planning 5536:Water recycling shower 5526:Tidal stream generator 5321:Sustainable industries 5280:Sustainable population 5265:Demographic transition 5247:Tragedy of the commons 4772:Turtle excluder device 4445:Shoaling and schooling 2770:10.1126/sciadv.abh3732 1980:10.1098/rspb.2011.2433 1821:Fisheries on the brink 1586:Tragedy of the commons 1498: 1464:tragedy of the commons 1223: 1209:turtle excluder device 1188: 1025:marine protected areas 941:tragedy of the commons 859: 817:maximum economic yield 791:Biological overfishing 734:According to the 2019 689: 558:became extinct in the 441: 431:tragedy of the commons 353: 310: 265: 227: 147:have been overfished, 54: 44: 6742:Coronal mass ejection 6204:Electromagnetic pulse 6165:Kinetic energy weapon 5870:Humanistic capitalism 5685:Environmental finance 5326:Sustainable packaging 4796:Marine protected area 4670:Regional fishery body 4296:Census of Marine Life 4191:Catch per unit effort 4042:Flash animation from 2667:Global Change Biology 2225:"Twilight of the Cod" 1903:Ecology and Evolution 1483: 1350:Sustainable Fisheries 1337:Monterey Bay Aquarium 1272:southern bluefin tuna 1217: 1173: 1125:Further information: 1064:total allowable catch 1045:marine protected area 993:Government regulation 925:is not endangered by 842: 684: 595:, once common to the 528:are at risk, such as 439: 423:extractive industries 389:Ecosystem overfishing 343: 301: 259: 225: 126:overfishing of sharks 50: 33: 7144:War of Gog and Magog 6821:Near-Earth supernova 6571:Human overpopulation 6375:Mass mortality event 6269:Anthropogenic hazard 5837:Urban infrastructure 5531:Water heat recycling 5354:Conservation biology 5198:Steady-state economy 5173:Micro-sustainability 5158:Ecological footprint 5115:Planetary boundaries 4635:Minimum landing size 4595:Fisheries management 4570:Magnuson–Stevens Act 4565:Fisheries Convention 4316:Fisheries scientists 3878:Ecological Modelling 3854:. New York: Walker. 3606:worldoceanreview.com 3402:on December 13, 2009 3308:National Ggeographic 3059:on 19 February 2005. 2524:Conservation Biology 2281:Floyd, Mark (2007). 2264:"Fishing Costa Rica" 2067:"Growth overfishing" 1544:Pacific bluefin tuna 1492:Fisheries scientist 1480:Fisheries management 1373:Global Fishing Watch 1254:extracted from wild 1164:Ussif Rashid Sumaila 1158:Fisheries scientist 1121:Removal of subsidies 1060:Fisheries scientists 999:Fisheries management 905:Reducing overfishing 899:capacity utilization 863:Harvest control rule 825:economic overfishing 793:occurs when fishing 694:fisheries management 630:Pacific bluefin tuna 284:61.5% and Southwest 122:critical depensation 112:, and can result in 76:naturally (i.e. the 7574:Illegal occupations 7559:Environmental crime 7216:Blood moon prophecy 7009:Number of the Beast 6607:Holocene extinction 6553:Earth Overshoot Day 6501:Ocean acidification 6464:Habitat destruction 6454:Ecological collapse 6160:Kinetic bombardment 6095:Future of the Earth 5938:Earth Summit (1992) 5592:Metrics and indices 5445:Sustainable fishery 5364:Holocene extinction 5183:Product stewardship 5153:Earth Overshoot Day 4912:Defying Ocean's End 4816:Salmon conservation 4806:Marine conservation 4746:The End of the Line 4739:The Sunken Billions 4708:Sustainable seafood 4693:Sustainable fishery 4306:Fisheries databases 4236:Age class structure 4206:Fisheries acoustics 4012:). Text taken from 3890:2006EcMod.192..245M 3808:2008Sci...321.1678C 3802:(5896): 1678–1681. 3543:(15 September 2016) 3524:(15 September 2016) 3506:(16 September 2016) 3457:on 15 February 2009 3234:. 18 September 2008 3208:. 18 September 2008 3173:MacKenzie, Debora. 3055:(1). Archived from 2938:2011AqFF...12..340F 2881:1989NRM.....3..307P 2821:2021CBio...31E4773D 2762:2021SciA....7.3732H 2679:2011GCBio..17..767L 2536:2005ConBi..19.1294E 2420:2021Natur.589..567P 2107:on 24 February 2012 1974:(1736): 2116–2121. 1915:2017EcoEv...7.9925S 1754:. Rome: FAO. 2020. 1623:on November 6, 2007 1576:Sustainable fishing 1476:Sustainable fishery 1293:Sustainable seafood 1284:Sustainable seafood 1145:deep-water trawlers 1041:management measures 827:also considers the 469:Peruvian anchovetas 297:fisheries scientist 160:fishing enterprises 7531:Doomsday scenarios 7097:Beast of the Earth 6989:Book of Revelation 6777:Virtual black hole 6757:False vacuum decay 6707:Pollinator decline 6670:Biological warfare 6660:Biotechnology risk 6511:Resource depletion 5397:Sustainable energy 5359:Endangered species 5316:Sustainable design 5230:Consumer behaviour 5001:Outline of fishing 4620:Fisheries observer 4271:Aquatic ecosystems 3676:on 1 February 2019 3481:seafoodchoices.com 3314:on March 28, 2013. 3265:on 4 November 2012 3077:. 20 December 2016 2997:Fisheries Research 2926:Fish and Fisheries 2352:The New York Times 2027:"Fish recruitment" 1566:Perverse subsidies 1515:Environment portal 1278:Consumer awareness 1224: 860: 726:Massive growth of 690: 593:Chinese paddlefish 442: 354: 336:Growth overfishing 266: 228: 212:consumer awareness 170:is devastating to 114:resource depletion 55: 45: 18:Growth overfishing 7541: 7540: 7372:Zombie apocalypse 7273:Postmillennialism 7068:Great Tribulation 6841:Stellar collision 6802:Near-Earth object 6752:Geomagnetic storm 6720: 6719: 6643:Biodiversity loss 6627:Genetic pollution 6581: 6580: 6370:Biodiversity loss 6333:Societal collapse 6311:Nuclear holocaust 6296:Economic collapse 6279:Doomsday argument 6197:Antimatter weapon 6050: 6049: 5976:Earth Summit 2002 5959:Lisbon Principles 5931:Our Common Future 5609:Sustainable yield 5415:Civic agriculture 5168:Green consumption 5105:Global governance 5027: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5019: 5018: 4983:Threatened sharks 4882:Ocean Conservancy 4867:Friend of the Sea 4497: 4496: 4493: 4492: 4405:Lobster fisheries 4350:Diversity of fish 4146:Shifting baseline 4115:Fisheries science 4049: 4048: 4044:The Sea Around Us 3969:978-1-59726-102-9 3936:978-92-5-101333-5 3861:978-0-8027-1326-1 3652:The Safina Center 3554:"Goal 14 targets" 3487:on 23 March 2006. 2815:(21): 4773–4787. 2603:on March 16, 2006 2414:(7843): 567–571. 2324:978-2-940529-24-7 1923:10.1002/ece3.3530 1909:(23): 9925–9934. 1824:(YouTube video). 1769:978-92-5-133394-5 1732:978-0-674-04765-5 1725:. Belknap Press. 1670:978-92-5-132692-3 1529:Catch and release 1524:Biodiversity loss 1314:Friend of the Sea 1133:fishery subsidies 927:over-exploitation 774:Acceptable levels 740:published by the 505:fisheries in the 137:carrying capacity 130:marine ecosystems 16:(Redirected from 7586: 7506: 7505: 7497:World portal 7495: 7494: 7456:Financial crisis 7285:Nibiru cataclysm 7263:Premillennialism 7107:Dhul-Suwayqatayn 7075:Son of perdition 7063:Olivet Discourse 7039:Whore of Babylon 6665:Biological agent 6612:Human extinction 6602:Extinction event 6590: 6589: 6561:Overexploitation 6491:Land consumption 6486:Land degradation 6353: 6352: 6215:Micro black hole 6123:Chemical warfare 6077: 6070: 6063: 6054: 6053: 6017: 6016: 6005: 6004: 5949:Agenda 21 (1992) 5920: 5885:Natural resource 5772:Organic movement 5747:Impact investing 5466:Hydroelectricity 5440:Sustainable diet 5392:Renewable energy 5387:Carbon footprint 5369:Invasive species 5306:Natural building 5257:World population 5218:Marketing myopia 5178:Over-consumption 5148:Circular economy 5143:Anti-consumerism 5100:Environmentalism 5054: 5047: 5040: 5031: 5030: 4963:Marine pollution 4767:Cetacean bycatch 4762:Incidental catch 4582: 4528: 4527: 4503: 4502: 4470:Humboldt current 4328: 4246:Trophic cascades 4186:Data storage tag 4171:Fish measurement 4166:Stock assessment 4127: 4126: 4110: 4109: 4094: 4087: 4080: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4059:The Science Show 4038: 4037: 4026: 4025: 4003: 3994: 3973: 3962:. Island Press. 3952: 3950: 3948: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3906: 3900:. Archived from 3884:(1–2): 245–258. 3875: 3865: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3776: 3775: 3773: 3772: 3763: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3672:. Archived from 3662: 3656: 3655: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3569: 3560:. Archived from 3550: 3544: 3531: 3525: 3513: 3507: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3483:. Archived from 3473: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3453:. Archived from 3447: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3427: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3337: 3329: 3316: 3315: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3261:. Archived from 3250: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3170: 3164: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3129: 3123: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3019: 3013: 3012: 2992: 2986: 2985: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2923: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2898:on 6 August 2012 2897: 2891:. Archived from 2866: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2832: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2781: 2756:(46): eabh3732. 2749:Science Advances 2739: 2733: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2599:. Archived from 2588: 2582: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2530:(4): 1294–1300. 2519: 2513: 2512: 2510: 2486: 2480: 2472: 2466: 2465: 2439: 2398: 2389: 2388: 2386: 2385: 2370: 2364: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2342: 2336: 2335: 2333: 2327:. Archived from 2316: 2306: 2300: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2260: 2254: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2199:"Peru - Fishing" 2195: 2189: 2188: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2154: 2145: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2123: 2117: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2103:. Archived from 2089: 2083: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2073:on 25 April 2012 2069:. Archived from 2063: 2057: 2052: 2043: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2023: 2017: 2008: 2002: 2001: 1991: 1959: 1953: 1952: 1942: 1894: 1888: 1887: 1885: 1884: 1869: 1863: 1862: 1860: 1859: 1850:. Archived from 1844: 1838: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1812: 1806: 1805: 1803: 1793: 1782: 1781: 1760:10.4060/cb1329en 1746: 1737: 1736: 1718: 1709: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1689: 1683: 1682: 1653:10.4060/ca9229en 1639: 1633: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1619:. Archived from 1608: 1517: 1512: 1511: 1397:fishing industry 1240:carnivorous fish 1194:are directed to 961:British Columbia 877:Fishing capacity 662:(the open seas). 588: 574:with introduced 78:overexploitation 21: 7594: 7593: 7589: 7588: 7587: 7585: 7584: 7583: 7544: 7543: 7542: 7537: 7516:Future problems 7489: 7480: 7414: 7383: 7350:Climate fiction 7316: 7191:2012 phenomenon 7174: 7080:Sheep and Goats 6967:2 Thessalonians 6845: 6762:Gamma-ray burst 6716: 6631: 6622:Genetic erosion 6577: 6547: 6538:Water pollution 6506:Ozone depletion 6402:Desertification 6342: 6257: 6192:Doomsday device 6172:Nuclear warfare 6111: 6086: 6081: 6051: 6046: 5993: 5918: 5910: 5909:Agreements and 5904: 5841: 5645:Climate finance 5613: 5540: 5496:Reclaimed water 5449: 5401: 5373: 5330: 5284: 5270:Family planning 5251: 5124: 5081: 5063: 5058: 5028: 5015: 4992: 4988:Threatened rays 4968:Mercury in fish 4941: 4840: 4826:Shark sanctuary 4784: 4681: 4615:Catch reporting 4583: 4574: 4522: 4489: 4395:Krill fisheries 4360:Coral reef fish 4345:Ocean fisheries 4336: 4329: 4320: 4161:Condition index 4132: 4121: 4104: 4098: 4035: 4024: 4018:, FAO, FAO. 3997: 3991: 3970: 3946: 3944: 3937: 3910: 3908: 3907:on 1 March 2012 3904: 3873: 3862: 3836: 3834: 3785: 3780: 3779: 3770: 3768: 3761: 3755: 3751: 3720: 3716: 3709:10.1139/f53-026 3693: 3689: 3679: 3677: 3664: 3663: 3659: 3644: 3640: 3617: 3613: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3580: 3576: 3567: 3565: 3552: 3551: 3547: 3532: 3528: 3521:Huffington Post 3514: 3510: 3496: 3492: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3460: 3458: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3434: 3432: 3425: 3419: 3415: 3405: 3403: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3347: 3345: 3335: 3331: 3330: 3319: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3282: 3278: 3268: 3266: 3251: 3247: 3237: 3235: 3226: 3225: 3221: 3211: 3209: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3183: 3181: 3171: 3167: 3160: 3156: 3150: 3143: 3141: 3130: 3126: 3119: 3115: 3105: 3103: 3095: 3094: 3090: 3080: 3078: 3069: 3068: 3064: 3041: 3037: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3020: 3016: 3003:(2–3): 357–68. 2993: 2989: 2979: 2975: 2965: 2963: 2957: 2953: 2921: 2915: 2911: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2864: 2858: 2854: 2808:Current Biology 2799: 2795: 2740: 2736: 2726: 2724: 2714: 2710: 2659: 2655: 2624:Hays, Graeme C. 2620: 2616: 2606: 2604: 2589: 2585: 2575: 2573: 2563: 2559: 2520: 2516: 2487: 2483: 2473: 2469: 2399: 2392: 2383: 2381: 2371: 2367: 2357: 2355: 2343: 2339: 2331: 2325: 2314: 2308: 2307: 2303: 2293: 2291: 2279: 2275: 2262: 2261: 2257: 2250: 2246: 2236: 2234: 2221: 2217: 2207: 2205: 2197: 2196: 2192: 2182: 2181: 2177: 2167: 2165: 2156: 2155: 2148: 2143: 2139: 2124: 2120: 2110: 2108: 2090: 2086: 2076: 2074: 2065: 2064: 2060: 2053: 2046: 2036: 2034: 2033:on 1 March 2014 2025: 2024: 2020: 2009: 2005: 1960: 1956: 1895: 1891: 1882: 1880: 1871: 1870: 1866: 1857: 1855: 1846: 1845: 1841: 1831: 1829: 1813: 1809: 1801: 1795: 1794: 1785: 1770: 1748: 1747: 1740: 1733: 1719: 1712: 1702: 1700: 1690: 1686: 1671: 1641: 1640: 1636: 1626: 1624: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1591:Overconsumption 1513: 1506: 1503: 1482: 1472: 1393: 1381: 1330:Fish & Kids 1286: 1280: 1235: 1229: 1204: 1129: 1127:Fishery subsidy 1123: 1100:South China Sea 1021:marine reserves 1005: 995: 945:property rights 907: 874: 865: 803:marginal growth 776: 770:to extinction. 721:schistosomiasis 679: 600: 589: 511:English Channel 451:Gulf of Trieste 407: 391: 371: 360:per recruit. A 350:Coral reef fish 338: 330: 220: 168:bottom dragging 141:ecosystem shift 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7592: 7582: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7539: 7538: 7536: 7535: 7534: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7511:Apocalypticism 7500: 7485: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7422: 7420: 7416: 7415: 7413: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7391: 7389: 7385: 7384: 7382: 7381: 7380: 7379: 7369: 7364: 7363: 7362: 7355:Disaster films 7352: 7347: 7346: 7345: 7340: 7330: 7328:Alien invasion 7324: 7322: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7303: 7302: 7297: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7276: 7275: 7270: 7268:Amillennialism 7265: 7255: 7253:Millenarianism 7250: 7249: 7248: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7206:Apocalypticism 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7182: 7180: 7176: 7175: 7173: 7172: 7171: 7170: 7160: 7155: 7154: 7153: 7152: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7131: 7130: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7102:Dhu al-Qarnayn 7099: 7094: 7084: 7083: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7071: 7070: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7048:Great Apostasy 7045: 7044: 7043: 7042: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6986: 6981: 6980: 6979: 6974: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6948: 6947: 6937: 6927: 6922: 6921: 6920: 6915: 6905: 6895: 6893:Last Judgement 6890: 6889: 6888: 6883: 6873: 6872: 6871: 6866: 6855: 6853: 6851:Eschatological 6847: 6846: 6844: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6817: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6805: 6804: 6794: 6789: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6728: 6726: 6722: 6721: 6718: 6717: 6715: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6678: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6657: 6656: 6655: 6650: 6639: 6637: 6633: 6632: 6630: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6598: 6596: 6587: 6583: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6575: 6574: 6573: 6566:Overpopulation 6563: 6557: 6555: 6549: 6548: 6546: 6545: 6543:Water scarcity 6540: 6535: 6530: 6529: 6528: 6518: 6516:Sea level rise 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6482: 6481: 6479:on marine life 6476: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6434:Global warming 6431: 6426: 6424:Global dimming 6421: 6416: 6415: 6414: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6382:Cascade effect 6379: 6378: 6377: 6367: 6361: 6359: 6357:Climate change 6350: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6329: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6292: 6291: 6286: 6276: 6271: 6265: 6263: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6255: 6250: 6249: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6224: 6223: 6222: 6217: 6207: 6201: 6200: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6187:Doomsday Clock 6184: 6179: 6169: 6168: 6167: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6146: 6145: 6140: 6138:Cyberterrorism 6135: 6125: 6119: 6117: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6109: 6108: 6107: 6097: 6091: 6088: 6087: 6080: 6079: 6072: 6065: 6057: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6044: 6037: 6030: 6023: 6011: 5998: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5985: 5984:(Rio+20, 2012) 5979: 5973: 5968: 5962: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5940: 5935: 5927: 5922: 5914: 5912: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5851: 5849: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5738: 5737: 5732: 5730:Infrastructure 5727: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5660:Eco-capitalism 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5621: 5619: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5611: 5606: 5605: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5577:Sustainability 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5548: 5546: 5545:Accountability 5542: 5541: 5539: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5457: 5455: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5411: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5383: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5340: 5338: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5292: 5290: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5261: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5222: 5221: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5203:Sustainability 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5138:Anthropization 5134: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5091: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5079: 5074: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5061:Sustainability 5057: 5056: 5049: 5042: 5034: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4997: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4958:Fish slaughter 4955: 4949: 4947: 4946:Related issues 4943: 4942: 4940: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4887:Ocean Outcomes 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4848: 4846: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4801:Marine reserve 4798: 4792: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4782: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4742: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4689: 4687: 4686:Sustainability 4683: 4682: 4680: 4679: 4678: 4677: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4591: 4589: 4585: 4584: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4561: 4560: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4534: 4532: 4524: 4523: 4516:sustainability 4499: 4498: 4495: 4494: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4450:Marine habitat 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4410:Shrimp fishery 4407: 4402: 4400:Kelp fisheries 4397: 4392: 4387: 4385:Crab fisheries 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4341: 4339: 4331: 4330: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4266:Marine biology 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4216:Coded wire tag 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4156:Fish mortality 4153: 4148: 4143: 4137: 4135: 4123: 4122: 4119:wild fisheries 4106: 4105: 4103:science topics 4097: 4096: 4089: 4082: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4047: 4046: 4031: 4030: 4029:External image 4023: 4022:External links 4020: 3996: 3995: 3989: 3974: 3968: 3953: 3935: 3917: 3866: 3860: 3843: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3777: 3766:Fisherman Life 3749: 3736:10.1086/257497 3714: 3687: 3657: 3638: 3627:(6): 696–703. 3611: 3593: 3574: 3545: 3526: 3508: 3503:Digital Trends 3490: 3468: 3442: 3413: 3383: 3369: 3355: 3317: 3295: 3276: 3245: 3219: 3191: 3165: 3154: 3124: 3113: 3088: 3075:Deutsche Welle 3062: 3035: 3014: 2987: 2973: 2951: 2932:(3): 340–351. 2909: 2875:(3): 307–329. 2852: 2793: 2734: 2708: 2673:(2): 767–782. 2653: 2634:(6): 312–322. 2614: 2583: 2557: 2514: 2481: 2467: 2390: 2365: 2337: 2334:on 2015-09-26. 2323: 2301: 2273: 2255: 2252:Kurlansky 1997 2244: 2215: 2190: 2175: 2146: 2137: 2118: 2084: 2058: 2044: 2018: 2003: 1954: 1889: 1864: 1839: 1807: 1783: 1768: 1738: 1731: 1710: 1684: 1669: 1634: 1602: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1552: 1551: 1546: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1520: 1519: 1518: 1502: 1499: 1471: 1468: 1392: 1389: 1380: 1377: 1282:Main article: 1279: 1276: 1267:breeding cycle 1231:Main article: 1228: 1225: 1203: 1200: 1162:and economist 1141:fishing fleets 1122: 1119: 1017:closed seasons 1009:fishing quotas 994: 991: 937: 936: 933: 930: 906: 903: 895: 894: 889: 888: 873: 870: 864: 861: 856:mortality rate 837: 836: 806: 775: 772: 678: 675: 674: 673: 666: 663: 647: 644:Vladimir Popov 633: 626: 602: 601: 590: 583: 580: 579: 568:eutrophication 553: 546:Flash freezing 522: 499: 476: 458: 427:sustainability 419:East China Sea 406: 403: 390: 387: 370: 367: 337: 334: 329: 326: 243:Atlantic Ocean 236:United Nations 219: 216: 90:underpopulated 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7591: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7569:Fisheries law 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7551: 7549: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7526:Risk analysis 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7508: 7501: 7499: 7498: 7493: 7487: 7486: 7483: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7471:Social crisis 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7423: 7421: 7417: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7392: 7390: 7388:Organizations 7386: 7378: 7375: 7374: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7361: 7358: 7357: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7335: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7325: 7323: 7319: 7313: 7312:World to come 7310: 7308: 7305: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7292: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7260: 7259: 7258:Millennialism 7256: 7254: 7251: 7247: 7246:Messianic Age 7244: 7243: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7231:Gog and Magog 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7221:Earth Changes 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7177: 7169: 7166: 7165: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7136: 7135: 7132: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7089: 7088: 7085: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7069: 7066: 7065: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7058:New Jerusalem 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7034:War in Heaven 7032: 7030: 7029:Two witnesses 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6946: 6943: 6942: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6932: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6910: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6899: 6898:Second Coming 6896: 6894: 6891: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6878: 6877: 6874: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6861: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6852: 6848: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6803: 6800: 6799: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6784: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6723: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6662: 6661: 6658: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6645: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6634: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6591: 6588: 6584: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6554: 6550: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6471: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6413: 6410: 6409: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6397:Deforestation 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6345: 6339: 6338:World War III 6336: 6334: 6331: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6313: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6281: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6260: 6254: 6253:Transhumanism 6251: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6233: 6232: 6228: 6225: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6212: 6211: 6208: 6205: 6202: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6173: 6170: 6166: 6163: 6162: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6116:Technological 6114: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6092: 6089: 6085: 6078: 6073: 6071: 6066: 6064: 6059: 6058: 6055: 6043: 6042: 6038: 6036: 6035: 6031: 6029: 6028: 6024: 6022: 6021: 6012: 6010: 6009: 6000: 5999: 5996: 5989: 5986: 5983: 5980: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5966: 5965:Earth Charter 5963: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5907: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5855:Environmental 5853: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5844: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5787:Refurbishment 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5777:Organizations 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5690:Green economy 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5675:Eco-socialism 5673: 5671: 5670:Eco-investing 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5655:Disinvestment 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5616: 5610: 5607: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5579: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5543: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5476:Marine energy 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5452: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5430:Cultured meat 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5404: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5376: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5333: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5287: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5254: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5227: 5226: 5223: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5188:Simple living 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5127: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5084: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5069: 5066: 5062: 5055: 5050: 5048: 5043: 5041: 5036: 5035: 5032: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4998: 4995: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4978:Shark finning 4976: 4974: 4973:Shark culling 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4944: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4902:Sea Around Us 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4877:Seafood Watch 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4843: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4787: 4781: 4779: 4778:Shrimp-Turtle 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4747: 4743: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4690: 4688: 4684: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4640:Pulse fishing 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4586: 4581: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4538:Fisheries law 4536: 4535: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4508:Fisheries law 4504: 4500: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4390:Eel fisheries 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4380:Cod fisheries 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4365:Demersal fish 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4332: 4327: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4241:Trophic level 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4111: 4107: 4102: 4095: 4090: 4088: 4083: 4081: 4076: 4075: 4072: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4032: 4027: 4019: 4017: 4016: 4011: 4007: 4002: 3992: 3990:9780521765725 3986: 3982: 3981: 3975: 3971: 3965: 3961: 3960: 3954: 3942: 3938: 3932: 3928: 3927: 3922: 3921:Pauly, Daniel 3918: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3872: 3867: 3863: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3787: 3767: 3760: 3753: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3730:(2): 124–42. 3729: 3725: 3718: 3710: 3706: 3703:(7): 442–57. 3702: 3698: 3691: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3661: 3653: 3649: 3642: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3621:Marine Policy 3615: 3607: 3603: 3597: 3589: 3585: 3578: 3564:on 2020-09-30 3563: 3559: 3555: 3549: 3542: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3523: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3505: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3472: 3456: 3452: 3446: 3431: 3424: 3417: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3387: 3379: 3373: 3365: 3359: 3343: 3342: 3334: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3299: 3291: 3287: 3280: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3233: 3229: 3223: 3207: 3206: 3205:The Economist 3201: 3195: 3180: 3179:New Scientist 3176: 3169: 3163: 3158: 3139: 3138:New Scientist 3135: 3128: 3122: 3117: 3102: 3098: 3092: 3076: 3072: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3039: 3024: 3018: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2991: 2984: 2977: 2962: 2955: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2920: 2913: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2863: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2809: 2804: 2797: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2750: 2745: 2738: 2723: 2719: 2712: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2657: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2618: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2591:Owen, James. 2587: 2572: 2568: 2561: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2518: 2509: 2504: 2501:(1): 93–122. 2500: 2496: 2492: 2485: 2478: 2477: 2471: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2397: 2395: 2380: 2376: 2369: 2354: 2353: 2348: 2341: 2330: 2326: 2320: 2313: 2312: 2305: 2290: 2289: 2284: 2277: 2269: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2248: 2232: 2231: 2226: 2219: 2204: 2200: 2194: 2186: 2179: 2163: 2159: 2153: 2151: 2141: 2133: 2129: 2122: 2106: 2102: 2100: 2095: 2088: 2072: 2068: 2062: 2056: 2051: 2049: 2032: 2028: 2022: 2015: 2012: 2007: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1958: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1893: 1878: 1874: 1868: 1854:on 2006-05-28 1853: 1849: 1843: 1827: 1823: 1822: 1817: 1816:Pauly, Daniel 1811: 1800: 1799: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1752: 1745: 1743: 1734: 1728: 1724: 1717: 1715: 1699: 1695: 1688: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1647:. FAO. 2020. 1646: 1645: 1638: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1607: 1603: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1550: 1549:Shark finning 1547: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1516: 1510: 1505: 1497: 1496: 1495: 1489: 1481: 1477: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1430:2001, the UN 1428: 1424: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1398: 1388: 1386: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1341:Seafood Watch 1338: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1275: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1234: 1221: 1216: 1212: 1210: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1187: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1172: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1149:orange roughy 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1128: 1118: 1116: 1115:United States 1112: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1096: 1092: 1090: 1089:United States 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1046: 1042: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1015:, licensing, 1014: 1010: 1004: 1003:Fisheries law 1000: 990: 986: 984: 979: 977: 973: 968: 965: 962: 958: 954: 950: 949:privatization 946: 942: 934: 931: 928: 924: 920: 919: 918: 916: 911: 902: 900: 891: 890: 886: 885:capital stock 882: 881: 880: 878: 869: 857: 853: 850: 846: 845:precautionary 841: 834: 833:discount rate 830: 829:present value 826: 822: 821:resource rent 818: 814: 810: 807: 804: 801:has negative 800: 796: 792: 789: 788: 787: 785: 781: 771: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 752: 747: 743: 739: 738: 732: 729: 724: 722: 717: 715: 711: 707: 706:fishing fleet 703: 699: 695: 687: 683: 671: 667: 664: 661: 657: 653: 648: 645: 641: 637: 634: 631: 627: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 603: 598: 597:Yangtze River 594: 587: 582: 581: 577: 576:rainbow smelt 573: 569: 566: 565:anthropogenic 561: 557: 554: 551: 547: 543: 539: 538:deep trawlers 535: 531: 530:orange roughy 527: 526:deep sea fish 523: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 474: 470: 466: 462: 459: 456: 452: 448: 444: 443: 438: 434: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 402: 400: 396: 386: 384: 380: 376: 366: 363: 359: 358:maximum yield 351: 347: 342: 333: 325: 323: 317: 315: 309: 306: 300: 298: 294: 290: 287: 283: 279: 275: 274:Mediterranean 270: 263: 258: 254: 250: 248: 244: 240: 237: 233: 224: 215: 213: 209: 205: 201: 196: 194: 190: 186: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 156: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 133: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 70:body of water 67: 63: 59: 53: 49: 43: 40: 36: 35:Jack mackerel 32: 19: 7488: 7431:Cyberwarfare 7149:Third Temple 7004:Lake of fire 6814:Rogue planet 6782:Impact event 6772:Proton decay 6725:Astronomical 6711: 6675:Bioterrorism 6521:Supervolcano 6419:Flood basalt 6365:Anoxic event 6274:Collapsology 6262:Sociological 6133:Cyberwarfare 6039: 6032: 6025: 6018: 6006: 5930: 5695:Construction 5618:Applications 5336:Biodiversity 5095:Anthropocene 4789:Conservation 4777: 4744: 4737: 4712: 4520:conservation 4475:Algal blooms 4460:Water column 4375:Pelagic fish 4355:Coastal fish 4301:OSTM/Jason-2 4276:Bioeconomics 4211:Acoustic tag 4181:Fish counter 4058: 4014: 4006:free content 3998: 3979: 3958: 3945:. 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