20:
42:
generally used to grind plant materials into usable size, though some slabs were used to shape other ground stone artifacts. Some grinding stones are portable; others are not and, in fact, may be part of a stone outcropping.
85:"Back to the Grindstone? The Archaeological Potential of Grinding-Stone Studies in Africa with Reference to Contemporary Grinding Practices in Marakwet, Northwest Kenya"
1503:
46:
Grinding slabs used for plant processing typically acted as a coarse surface against which plant materials were ground using a portable hand stone, or
62:, and have a ground-out bowl. Like all ground stone artifacts, grinding slabs are made of large-grained materials such as granite, basalt, or similar
142:
1900:
1641:
1237:
1856:
1365:
1688:
1139:
2007:
1997:
135:
1266:
172:
1473:
1360:
2017:
1885:
1276:
314:
128:
1498:
1028:
288:
356:
2012:
1493:
1033:
506:
182:
459:
1761:
1562:
1567:
1382:
1756:
848:
393:
920:
915:
1873:
1783:
955:
722:
541:
474:
206:
1961:
1835:
1441:
1332:
1320:
1016:
757:
596:
233:
167:
151:
39:
1700:
1636:
1510:
1203:
1129:
903:
898:
836:
775:
712:
660:
653:
199:
1085:
1966:
1917:
1912:
1895:
1890:
1868:
1658:
1372:
1225:
1117:
1021:
814:
499:
298:
241:
469:
8:
1956:
1621:
1426:
1259:
792:
665:
546:
521:
1907:
1810:
1712:
1525:
707:
437:
403:
1949:
1939:
1929:
1878:
1535:
1453:
747:
732:
717:
697:
588:
567:
378:
221:
106:
2002:
1944:
1851:
1594:
1377:
1177:
1097:
1053:
853:
675:
526:
486:
96:
51:
1436:
1392:
1825:
1795:
1557:
1485:
1463:
1421:
1316:
1286:
1151:
1146:
797:
680:
251:
1934:
1861:
1683:
1648:
1579:
1468:
1340:
1048:
633:
623:
444:
425:
101:
1991:
1820:
1805:
1751:
1729:
1626:
1614:
1530:
1399:
1281:
1242:
1230:
1218:
930:
841:
770:
511:
454:
432:
273:
268:
246:
110:
19:
361:
84:
1739:
1695:
1676:
1631:
1431:
1355:
1112:
1107:
1063:
690:
572:
536:
516:
368:
346:
258:
47:
36:
1788:
1778:
1768:
1724:
1719:
1671:
1609:
1572:
1545:
1446:
1416:
1291:
1213:
1134:
1122:
883:
868:
858:
829:
787:
702:
670:
618:
551:
388:
263:
120:
59:
28:
1922:
1815:
1773:
1589:
1552:
1515:
1411:
998:
910:
737:
638:
611:
531:
329:
283:
194:
162:
63:
83:
Shoemaker, Anna C.; Davies, Matthew I.J.; Moore, Henrietta L. (2017).
1830:
1599:
1584:
1182:
1167:
1092:
1075:
993:
878:
819:
809:
804:
727:
606:
494:
420:
187:
177:
1604:
1540:
1387:
1345:
1080:
988:
863:
685:
648:
628:
1666:
1458:
1404:
1350:
1172:
978:
888:
742:
643:
601:
464:
383:
336:
324:
1734:
1271:
1249:
1102:
1038:
983:
373:
351:
319:
293:
55:
1800:
1520:
1254:
1208:
1070:
925:
873:
449:
415:
1746:
1707:
1187:
1043:
973:
893:
765:
278:
23:
Stone slab in east-central
California used to grind acorns
1058:
824:
782:
82:
1989:
136:
54:). Variant grinding slabs are referred to as
150:
143:
129:
100:
18:
1990:
1314:
953:
219:
124:
1315:
13:
14:
2029:
1267:Megalithic architectural elements
2008:Indigenous tools of the Americas
954:
1886:Evolutionary origin of religion
76:
1:
1998:Archaeological artefact types
1499:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
1029:British megalith architecture
89:African Archaeological Review
69:
1494:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
1034:Nordic megalith architecture
7:
10:
2034:
1642:British Isles and Brittany
1563:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
1844:
1657:
1484:
1331:
1327:
1310:
1196:
1160:
1009:
966:
962:
949:
756:
587:
560:
485:
411:
402:
307:
232:
228:
220:
215:
158:
102:10.1007/s10437-017-9264-0
1874:Evolutionary musicology
1277:Oldest extant buildings
1204:Archaeological features
723:Prepared-core technique
2018:Mesoamerican artifacts
1836:Unchambered long cairn
1684:Mound Builders culture
1017:Neolithic architecture
152:Prehistoric technology
24:
16:Prehistoric stone tool
1511:List of Stone Age art
713:Microblade technology
661:Langdale axe industry
259:Ard / plough
22:
1918:Prehistoric medicine
1913:Prehistoric counting
1896:Prehistoric religion
1891:Paleolithic religion
1869:Behavioral modernity
1226:Causewayed enclosure
1118:Abri de la Madeleine
242:Neolithic Revolution
2013:Food grinding tools
1957:Prehistoric warfare
703:Magdalenian culture
666:Levallois technique
597:Earliest toolmaking
1908:Origin of language
1901:Spiritual drug use
1811:Rectangular dolmen
1713:Dartmoor kistvaens
1526:Carved stone balls
1238:Circular enclosure
1197:Other architecture
1140:Alp pile dwellings
728:Solutrean industry
639:Gravettian culture
289:Secondary products
25:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1930:Prehistoric music
1879:music archaeology
1536:Cup and ring mark
1361:Clothing/textiles
1306:
1305:
1302:
1301:
945:
944:
941:
940:
748:Yubetsu technique
733:Striking platform
698:Lithic technology
583:
582:
568:Game drive system
487:Projectile points
379:Mortar and pestle
2025:
1945:Divje Babe flute
1852:Archaeoastronomy
1595:Petrosomatoglyph
1329:
1328:
1312:
1311:
1161:Water management
964:
963:
951:
950:
854:Denticulate tool
676:Lithic reduction
409:
408:
230:
229:
217:
216:
145:
138:
131:
122:
121:
115:
114:
104:
80:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2022:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1973:
1840:
1826:Stone box grave
1796:Megalithic tomb
1701:Cotswold-Severn
1653:
1558:Guardian stones
1486:Prehistoric art
1480:
1323:
1298:
1287:Timber trackway
1192:
1156:
1152:Wattle and daub
1005:
984:Standing stones
958:
937:
752:
579:
556:
481:
398:
308:Food processing
303:
252:New World crops
224:
211:
154:
149:
119:
118:
81:
77:
72:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2031:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1959:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1935:Alligator drum
1927:
1926:
1925:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1871:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1862:lunar calendar
1859:
1848:
1846:
1845:Other cultural
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1663:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1649:Venus figurine
1646:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1580:Megalithic art
1577:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1538:
1533:
1531:Cave paintings
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1496:
1490:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1337:
1335:
1333:Material goods
1325:
1324:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1056:
1051:
1049:Cliff dwelling
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1003:
1002:
1001:
996:
991:
981:
976:
970:
968:
960:
959:
947:
946:
943:
942:
939:
938:
936:
935:
934:
933:
923:
918:
913:
908:
907:
906:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
845:
844:
834:
833:
832:
827:
817:
812:
807:
802:
801:
800:
790:
785:
780:
779:
778:
768:
762:
760:
754:
753:
751:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
694:
693:
688:
683:
673:
668:
663:
658:
657:
656:
646:
641:
636:
634:Fire hardening
631:
626:
624:Clovis culture
621:
616:
615:
614:
609:
604:
593:
591:
585:
584:
581:
580:
578:
577:
576:
575:
564:
562:
558:
557:
555:
554:
549:
547:Manis Mastodon
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
503:
502:
491:
489:
483:
482:
480:
479:
478:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
447:
442:
441:
440:
430:
429:
428:
426:throwing stick
418:
412:
406:
400:
399:
397:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
365:
364:
359:
349:
344:
339:
334:
333:
332:
322:
317:
311:
309:
305:
304:
302:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
255:
254:
249:
238:
236:
226:
225:
213:
212:
210:
209:
204:
203:
202:
192:
191:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
159:
156:
155:
148:
147:
140:
133:
125:
117:
116:
95:(3): 415–435.
74:
73:
71:
68:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2030:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1821:Simple dolmen
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1806:Passage grave
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1752:Gallery grave
1750:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1667:Burial mounds
1665:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1627:Statue menhir
1625:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1615:Stone carving
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1454:Sewing needle
1452:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1282:Timber circle
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1231:Tor enclosure
1229:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1219:fulacht fiadh
1217:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
986:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
952:
948:
932:
929:
928:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
905:
902:
901:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
843:
840:
839:
838:
835:
831:
828:
826:
823:
822:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
799:
796:
795:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
777:
774:
773:
772:
769:
767:
764:
763:
761:
759:
755:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
678:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
655:
652:
651:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
599:
598:
595:
594:
592:
590:
586:
574:
571:
570:
569:
566:
565:
563:
559:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
501:
498:
497:
496:
493:
492:
490:
488:
484:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
455:spear-thrower
453:
452:
451:
448:
446:
443:
439:
436:
435:
434:
433:Bow and arrow
431:
427:
424:
423:
422:
419:
417:
414:
413:
410:
407:
405:
401:
395:
392:
390:
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343:
342:Grinding slab
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274:Domestication
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269:Digging stick
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247:Founder crops
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189:
188:New Stone Age
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33:grinding slab
30:
21:
1762:wedge-shaped
1747:Funeral pyre
1740:Great dolmen
1696:Chamber tomb
1677:Round barrow
1632:Stone circle
1504:Blombos Cave
1432:Grooved ware
1356:Chalcolithic
1260:Thornborough
1178:Flush toilet
1113:Blombos Cave
1108:Rock shelter
1064:Quiggly hole
956:Architecture
931:illustration
573:Buffalo jump
394:Storage pits
357:Aşıklı Höyük
347:Ground stone
341:
183:Subdivisions
92:
88:
78:
45:
37:ground stone
32:
26:
1784:unchambered
1779:Long barrow
1769:Grave goods
1725:Court cairn
1720:Clava cairn
1672:Bowl barrow
1610:Rock cupule
1553:Golden hats
1546:Hill figure
1447:Unstan ware
1427:Cord-marked
1292:Sweet Track
1214:Burnt mound
1135:Stilt house
1123:Sibudu Cave
916:Tally stick
884:Quern-stone
869:Hammerstone
859:Fire plough
830:Pesse canoe
788:Bannerstone
758:Other tools
671:Lithic core
619:Aurignacian
507:Bare Island
389:Quern-stone
64:tool stones
50:("hand" in
29:archaeology
1992:Categories
1923:trepanning
1816:Ring cairn
1774:Jar burial
1757:transepted
1689:U.S. sites
1590:Petroglyph
1516:Bird stone
1474:wine press
1147:Stone roof
1130:Roundhouse
1022:long house
999:Stonehenge
967:Ceremonial
911:Stone tool
738:Tool stone
708:Metallurgy
612:Mousterian
589:Toolmaking
527:Cumberland
500:Transverse
470:Schöningen
362:Qesem cave
330:Earth oven
284:Irrigation
195:Technology
163:Prehistory
70:References
1967:symbolism
1831:Tor cairn
1789:Grønsalen
1730:Cremation
1622:Sculpture
1600:Pictogram
1585:Petroform
1405:amber use
1373:Cosmetics
1183:Reservoir
1168:Check dam
1098:Pueblitos
1093:Pit-house
1076:Longhouse
1010:Dwellings
879:Microlith
810:Bow drill
805:Bone tool
798:prismatic
607:Acheulean
522:Cresswell
495:Arrowhead
421:Boomerang
337:Granaries
299:Terracing
178:Stone Age
111:1572-9842
1605:Rock art
1568:painting
1541:Geoglyph
1366:timeline
1346:Beadwork
1086:Mehrgarh
1081:Mudbrick
989:megalith
864:Fire-saw
686:debitage
681:analysis
649:Hand axe
629:Cupstone
207:Glossary
168:Timeline
40:artifact
2003:Lithics
1962:Symbols
1573:pigment
1459:Weaving
1422:Cardium
1417:Pottery
1412:Mirrors
1400:Jewelry
1341:Baskets
1321:culture
1173:Cistern
979:Pyramid
921:Weapons
899:Scraper
889:Racloir
849:Cleaver
837:Chopper
743:Uniface
654:Grooves
644:Hafting
602:Oldowan
561:Systems
512:Cascade
475:woomera
465:harpoon
438:history
404:Hunting
384:Pottery
325:Cooking
234:Farming
200:history
173:Outline
56:metates
52:Spanish
1940:flutes
1735:Dolmen
1659:Burial
1469:winery
1442:Linear
1272:Midden
1250:Cursus
1243:Goseck
1103:Pueblo
1054:Dugout
1039:Burdei
718:Mining
542:Lamoka
537:Folsom
517:Clovis
374:Metate
352:Hearth
320:Basket
294:Sickle
109:
60:querns
1857:sites
1801:Mummy
1521:Cairn
1437:Jōmon
1388:shoes
1383:Hides
1255:Henge
1209:Broch
1071:Jacal
926:Wheel
874:Knife
820:Canoe
815:Burin
793:Blade
691:flake
552:Plano
460:baton
450:Spear
416:Arrow
369:Manos
222:Tools
35:is a
1950:gudi
1708:Cist
1637:list
1464:Wine
1393:Ötzi
1378:Glue
1351:Beds
1319:and
1317:Arts
1188:Well
1044:Cave
974:Kiva
904:side
894:Rope
842:tool
776:bone
766:Adze
532:Eden
445:Nets
315:Fire
279:Goad
264:Celt
107:ISSN
48:mano
31:, a
1059:Hut
994:row
825:Oar
783:Axe
771:Awl
97:doi
58:or
27:In
1994::
105:.
93:34
91:.
87:.
66:.
144:e
137:t
130:v
113:.
99::
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