503:
475:
533:
421:
437:
549:
322:) by Period VI (A.D. 1000â1500), freestanding figural sculpture and new forms of ceremonial metate came into use. These new metate types might be rectangular with four legs like the jaguar effigy-head examples or might be round in shape with a pedestal base. These latter types often have carved human heads (or just suggestive notches) around the rim implying a relationship with ritual trophy-head taking. This particular form of metate seems to have been influenced by the stone sculptures of the Panamanian site of
287:
370:, bird, and jaguar creatures. Monkeys are also common. A unique feature of ceremonial metate is the lack of human figures. Disembodied heads are the sole exception. While human figures become the main subject of the free standing sculptures, which depict nude females or male warriors with trophy heads and bound male captives, these do not seem to have been depicted on metate. Flying-panel metates often have anthropomorphic figures, but these always have animal (often crocodile) heads.
27:
460:
39:
409:
359:
201:
295:
374:
Chibcha art is that of the
Crocodile god. Depicted as an anthropomorphic being with a crocodile head, he has been carved into fly-panel metates, sometimes shown standing on a double-headed saurian and other times on a jaguar. As a symbol, the double-headed Saurian has the longest use and distribution of any iconographic element in the Isthmo-Columbian area.
373:
In both the Nicoya and
Atlantic-Watershed regions, metates are often made with saurian (specifically crocodile, alligator, or caiman) imagery. It is thought that the saurian represents the surface of the earth, which relates to agricultural fertility. One of the oldest and most prominent themes in
127:
Metates can be categorized by the shape of the grinding surface. One categorization identifies four such shapes: flat, flat/concave, basin, and trough. Basin-shaped metates are used with a circular grinding stroke, while flat and trough-shaped metates are used with a back-and-forth reciprocal or
377:
Costa Rica flying-panel metates date to the 1st and 7th centuries. However, certain features of the
Crocodile god depicted on flying-panel metates show him with unnatural U-shaped elbows and long, narrow fingers, as seen on crocodile gods made in gold that date to the 10thâ16th centuries. These
123:
The specific angles of the metate body allow for a proficient method of turning grains into flour. Lesley TĂ©llez describes the grinding action of a metate as using "your wrists to kind of rotate the metlapil forward, while at the same time pressing downward, hard, with the palms of your hands."
502:
381:
Birds with long, curving beaks that seem to represent vultures, toucans or maybe hummingbirds are another popular theme. First found in Costa Rica on Pavas and El Bosque-phase pottery, these are a common element in flying-panel metates, sometimes depicted with or pecking at human heads.
474:
306:
in Costa Rica, including ceremonial metate, began in late Period IV (A.D. 1â500). Metate from the Nicoya/Guanacaste region have longitudinally curved and rimless plates. Those from the
Atlantic Watershed have a plate that is horizontally flat and rimmed. Both are associated with
345:
is ground into flour. This transformation of grain to flour has symbolic implications relating to life, death and rebirth. It is still not clear if maize was a main source of sustenance, and it is entirely possible that maize was reserved for making
378:
stylistic forms make sense for use in the small gold ornaments made with the lost-wax technique, but seem strange for use in carved stone. Perhaps these metates date much later than previously thought, and were inspired by the depictions in gold.
273:
and represents a high level of craftsmanship and complexity. Carved from a single piece of stone, these metates typically contain multiple figures, both underneath the plate and on the legs. Trophy heads, birds, jaguar, monkey and
105:
While varying in specific morphology, metates are typically made of a large stone with a smooth depression or bowl worn into the upper surface. Materials are ground on the metate using a smooth hand-held stone known as a
120:. The depth of the bowl varies, though they are typically not deeper than those of a mortar; deeper metate bowls indicate either a longer period of use or greater degree of activity (i.e., economic specialization).
350:(beer), for use in ritual feasting activities. Given their role as a burial good, it seems that metate held a strong meaning for human life, death and the hope for a rebirth or transformation of some kind.
238:, flat, or curved. They may or may not have rims and three or four legs. Some exhibits show signs of use-wear while others show no signs of wear and appear to have been made specifically for use as
532:
362:
Two items commonly used by indigenous
Mexicans. The mortar is called a Metate and the stone lying across it a Mano. It is held in both hands and used to grind corn, cacao and other basic foods.
677:
278:
figures are the most common themes. The âflying panelâ metate is believed to be the precursor to free standing sculptural figures more common later in the
Atlantic watershed region.
548:
311:, suggesting differential social status existed within these communities. The three main types of Costa Rican stone sculpture at this timeâtripod-metate, mace heads and
436:
797:
It is necessary to say that next to this traditional kitchen of the marriage of MarĂa JimĂ©nez and
Heliodoro MartĂnez there is a gas stove also in service
2223:
420:
175:
862:
669:
2620:
2361:
1957:
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2085:
755:
2742:
2408:
1859:
2732:
633:
786:
596:
230:. They come in many different forms, and morphological variation corresponds to different regions and time periods. They can be
185:. The first known metates were flat or basin-shaped; trough-shaped metates came into use in the Southwest around AD 450.
700:
855:
265:. The most complex type of ceremonial metate is the class referred to as âflying-panelâ metate. This style comes from the
242:. Some examples characterized as metate might have actually been a type of throne for sitting on â not a metate at all.
1986:
892:
318:
Stone sculpture was never popular again in the Nicoya/Guanacaste region, but in the
Atlantic Watershed (such as from
2193:
2080:
571:
2737:
2605:
1996:
1034:
848:
341:
than just the processing of foodstuffs. The metate's basic mechanical purpose is a platform on which (primarily)
116:. This action consists of a horizontal grinding motion that differs from the vertical crushing motion used in a
621:
171:
253:âs head at one end, with the metate itself making up the body of the creature. Animals typically depicted are
188:
Metates are still used in some areas today. For example, in parts of rural Mexico, women use metates to grind
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1008:
732:
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At the site of Las Huacas, fifteen metates were excavated from sixteen graves. None of these metates had
2717:
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20:
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8:
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1979:
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147:, that results in the smoothing of the stone's face and the creation of pocked dimples.
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554:
Stone mortar and pestle, AD 900-1300, Spurgeon Draw site, Catron County, New Mexico
509:
338:
143:
outcroppings. The upper face of the stone is used for grinding materials, such as
43:
2156:
2112:
2545:
2515:
2277:
2205:
2183:
2141:
2036:
2006:
1871:
1866:
1517:
1400:
971:
334:
303:
189:
83:
155:
The use of metates is estimated to have begun in the Upper
Cenolithic period in
2654:
2581:
2403:
2368:
2299:
2188:
2060:
1768:
1353:
1343:
1164:
1145:
395:
315:âaxe-godâ pendantsâpeaked and declined in use during Period V (A.D. 500â1000).
2711:
2540:
2525:
2471:
2449:
2346:
2334:
2250:
2119:
2001:
1962:
1950:
1938:
1650:
1561:
1490:
1231:
1174:
1152:
1061:
993:
988:
966:
576:
366:
The three most popular iconographic elements of ceremonial metate seem to be
220:
213:
132:
94:
1081:
622:
http://www.reference-wordsmith.com/cgi-bin/lookup.cgi?exact=1&terms=ding
2459:
2415:
2396:
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2151:
2075:
1832:
1827:
1783:
1410:
1292:
1256:
1236:
1088:
1066:
978:
330:
108:
67:
31:
2508:
2498:
2488:
2444:
2439:
2391:
2329:
2292:
2265:
2166:
2136:
2011:
1933:
1854:
1842:
1603:
1588:
1578:
1549:
1507:
1422:
1390:
1338:
1271:
1108:
983:
840:
308:
286:
239:
231:
97:
in Bihar and
Jharkhand, India as well as other grinding stones in China.
79:
2642:
2535:
2493:
2309:
2272:
2235:
2131:
1718:
1630:
1457:
1358:
1331:
1251:
1049:
1003:
914:
882:
670:"Lessons in back-breaking Mesoamerican cooking: How to season a metate"
337:), suggesting that the carved metate as a mortuary object had a deeper
227:
26:
2550:
2319:
2304:
1902:
1887:
1812:
1795:
1713:
1598:
1539:
1529:
1524:
1447:
1326:
1214:
1140:
907:
897:
586:
518:
290:
A native American grinder stone tool or 'metate' from Central Mexico.
258:
38:
2324:
2260:
2107:
2065:
1800:
1708:
1583:
1405:
1368:
1348:
805:
Graham, M.M. (1981). Traditions of Costa Rican Stone Sculpture. In
323:
93:). Similar artifacts have been found in other regions, such as the
90:
724:
358:
89:
and other organic materials during food preparation (e.g., making
2386:
2178:
2124:
2070:
1892:
1698:
1608:
1462:
1363:
1321:
1184:
1103:
1056:
1044:
451:
367:
319:
275:
270:
140:
136:
634:"Discussion on the Origins of Grinding Tools, Mortar and Pestle"
2454:
1991:
1969:
1822:
1758:
1703:
1071:
1039:
1013:
828:
Between Continents/Between Seas: Precolumbian Art of Costa Rica
807:
Between Continents/Between Seas: Precolumbian Art of Costa Rica
508:
Contemporary indigenous kitchen with metate in the foreground,
485:
347:
254:
250:
246:
235:
82:
cultures, metates are typically used by women who would grind
2520:
2240:
1974:
1928:
1790:
1645:
1593:
1169:
1135:
466:
342:
294:
200:
144:
86:
71:
219:
represent one of the most unusual and complex traditions of
2466:
2427:
1907:
1763:
1693:
1613:
1485:
998:
427:
262:
75:
1778:
1544:
1502:
826:
Snarskis, M.J. (1981). The Archaeology of Costa Rica. In
821:
Gold and Power in Ancient Costa Rica, Panama and Columbia
30:
Metate, mano and corn, all circa 12th century AD, from
394:. A collection of over 20 metates can be found in the
809:, pp. 113â134. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. New York.
195:
725:"It takes both: Identifying mano and metate types"
281:
204:A Costa Rican metate with bird iconography at the
837:. Peabody Museum Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
830:, pp. 15â84. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. New York.
42:Mano, metate and bowl of corn. Museum display of
2709:
816:. University Press of Colorado. Niwot, Colorado.
695:. University of California Press. p. 32.
856:
739:
663:
661:
659:
718:
716:
714:
712:
870:
863:
849:
745:
492:(metate in Mixtec) when making tortillas.
21:Pomona College § Campus organizations
656:
709:
357:
293:
285:
199:
37:
25:
680:from the original on November 27, 2011.
597:Household stone implements in Karnataka
2710:
690:
667:
2748:Science and technology in Mesoamerica
2034:
1673:
939:
844:
819:Quilter, J. & Hoopes, J. (2003).
722:
2035:
814:Paths to Central American Prehistory
758:from the original on August 8, 2020.
735:from the original on April 8, 2020.
488:) woman grinding corn dough in the
19:For Pomona's yearbook, Metate, see
16:Mesoamerican quern or milling-stone
13:
723:Adams, Jenny (November 16, 2017).
14:
2759:
2743:Mexican food preparation utensils
1987:Megalithic architectural elements
823:. Dumbarton Oaks. Washington D.C.
572:Category: Native American cuisine
390:The largest collection is in the
249:-headed metate, which feature an
100:
2733:Indigenous tools of the Americas
1674:
668:Telléz, Lesley (July 16, 2010).
547:
531:
501:
473:
458:
435:
419:
407:
196:Ceremonial metates of Costa Rica
131:Another type of metate called a
2606:Evolutionary origin of religion
791:
522:(stone mortar) and a clay pot.
282:Temporal and regional variation
835:Precolumbian Man in Costa Rica
780:
777:Quilter and Hoopes 2003:73-75.
771:
762:
684:
626:
615:
385:
353:
269:region, including the City of
1:
2219:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
1749:British megalith architecture
608:
538:Pre-Columbian Mixtec metate.
392:National Museum of Costa Rica
179:
160:
2214:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
1754:Nordic megalith architecture
7:
559:
302:The earliest traditions of
245:Some examples are known as
128:reciprocal-rocking stroke.
10:
2764:
2362:British Isles and Brittany
2283:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
746:HernĂĄndez DĂaz, VerĂłnica.
567:Agriculture in Mesoamerica
400:
150:
62:) is a type or variety of
18:
2564:
2377:
2204:
2051:
2047:
2030:
1916:
1880:
1729:
1686:
1682:
1669:
1476:
1307:
1280:
1205:
1131:
1122:
1027:
952:
948:
940:
935:
878:
787:British Museum collection
582:Maya diet and subsistence
70:tool used for processing
206:Birmingham Museum of Art
135:may also be found among
48:Mesa Verde National Park
2594:Evolutionary musicology
1997:Oldest extant buildings
1924:Archaeological features
1443:Prepared-core technique
729:Desert Archaeology, Inc
691:Laudan, Rachel (2013).
542:, Oaxaca, MĂ©xico. 2020.
526:, Oaxaca, MĂ©xico, 2020.
496:, Oaxaca, MĂ©xico, 2020.
414:Use of a Mexican metate
2738:Mesoamerican artifacts
2556:Unchambered long cairn
2404:Mound Builders culture
1737:Neolithic architecture
872:Prehistoric technology
363:
299:
291:
209:
51:
35:
2231:List of Stone Age art
1433:Microblade technology
1381:Langdale axe industry
979:Ard / plough
426:Women at the Matate,
361:
297:
289:
203:
41:
29:
2638:Prehistoric medicine
2633:Prehistoric counting
2616:Prehistoric religion
2611:Paleolithic religion
2589:Behavioral modernity
1946:Causewayed enclosure
1838:Abri de la Madeleine
962:Neolithic Revolution
812:Lange, F.W. (1996).
602:Grain grinding wheel
192:corn for tortillas.
2723:Food grinding tools
2677:Prehistoric warfare
1423:Magdalenian culture
1386:Levallois technique
1317:Earliest toolmaking
674:The Mija Chronicles
465:Use of a metate in
159:, sometime between
2628:Origin of language
2621:Spiritual drug use
2531:Rectangular dolmen
2433:Dartmoor kistvaens
2246:Carved stone balls
1958:Circular enclosure
1917:Other architecture
1860:Alp pile dwellings
1448:Solutrean industry
1359:Gravettian culture
1009:Secondary products
833:Stone, D. (1977).
693:Cuisine and Empire
480:Isabel NicolĂĄs, a
364:
300:
292:
267:Atlantic watershed
217:ceremonial metates
210:
176:American Southwest
52:
36:
2718:Culture of Mexico
2705:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2650:Prehistoric music
2599:music archaeology
2256:Cup and ring mark
2081:Clothing/textiles
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1468:Yubetsu technique
1453:Striking platform
1418:Lithic technology
1303:
1302:
1288:Game drive system
1207:Projectile points
1099:Mortar and pestle
702:978-0-520-26645-2
592:Mortar and pestle
540:San Juan Achiutla
524:San Juan Achiutla
494:San Juan Achiutla
118:mortar and pestle
78:. In traditional
2755:
2665:Divje Babe flute
2572:Archaeoastronomy
2315:Petrosomatoglyph
2049:
2048:
2032:
2031:
1881:Water management
1684:
1683:
1671:
1670:
1574:Denticulate tool
1396:Lithic reduction
1129:
1128:
950:
949:
937:
936:
865:
858:
851:
842:
841:
798:
795:
789:
784:
778:
775:
769:
768:Graham 1981:119.
766:
760:
759:
743:
737:
736:
720:
707:
706:
688:
682:
681:
665:
654:
653:
651:
649:
640:. Archived from
630:
624:
619:
551:
535:
505:
477:
462:
442:Native American
439:
423:
411:
339:symbolic meaning
184:
181:
169:
165:
162:
44:Ancestral Pueblo
2763:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2693:
2560:
2546:Stone box grave
2516:Megalithic tomb
2421:Cotswold-Severn
2373:
2278:Guardian stones
2206:Prehistoric art
2200:
2043:
2018:
2007:Timber trackway
1912:
1876:
1872:Wattle and daub
1725:
1704:Standing stones
1678:
1657:
1472:
1299:
1276:
1201:
1118:
1028:Food processing
1023:
972:New World crops
944:
931:
874:
869:
802:
801:
796:
792:
785:
781:
776:
772:
767:
763:
744:
740:
721:
710:
703:
689:
685:
666:
657:
647:
645:
644:on 7 April 2005
632:
631:
627:
620:
616:
611:
606:
562:
555:
552:
543:
536:
527:
506:
497:
478:
469:
463:
454:
440:
431:
424:
415:
412:
403:
388:
356:
335:grinding stones
304:stone sculpture
298:Metate and mano
284:
198:
182:
167:
163:
153:
103:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2761:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2679:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2655:Alligator drum
2647:
2646:
2645:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2591:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2582:lunar calendar
2579:
2568:
2566:
2565:Other cultural
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2383:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2369:Venus figurine
2366:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2300:Megalithic art
2297:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2258:
2253:
2251:Cave paintings
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2053:Material goods
2045:
2044:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1878:
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1875:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1776:
1771:
1769:Cliff dwelling
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1701:
1696:
1690:
1688:
1680:
1679:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1488:
1482:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1354:Fire hardening
1351:
1346:
1344:Clovis culture
1341:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1313:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1267:Manis Mastodon
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1211:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1146:throwing stick
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1042:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
975:
974:
969:
958:
956:
946:
945:
933:
932:
930:
929:
924:
923:
922:
912:
911:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
879:
876:
875:
868:
867:
860:
853:
845:
839:
838:
831:
824:
817:
810:
800:
799:
790:
779:
770:
761:
748:"Metate Ăpodo"
738:
708:
701:
683:
655:
625:
613:
612:
610:
607:
605:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
563:
561:
558:
557:
556:
553:
546:
544:
537:
530:
528:
507:
500:
498:
479:
472:
470:
464:
457:
455:
448:Huerfano Butte
444:bedrock metate
441:
434:
432:
425:
418:
416:
413:
406:
402:
399:
396:British Museum
387:
384:
355:
352:
309:mortuary goods
283:
280:
214:volcanic-stone
197:
194:
183: 3500 BC
174:period in the
172:Middle Archaic
168: 3000 BC
164: 5000 BC
152:
149:
102:
101:Design and use
99:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2760:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2541:Simple dolmen
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2526:Passage grave
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2472:Gallery grave
2470:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2387:Burial mounds
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2347:Statue menhir
2345:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2335:Stone carving
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2174:Sewing needle
2172:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2002:Timber circle
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1951:Tor enclosure
1949:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1939:fulacht fiadh
1937:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1175:spear-thrower
1173:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1153:Bow and arrow
1151:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1062:Grinding slab
1060:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
994:Domestication
992:
990:
989:Digging stick
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
973:
970:
968:
967:Founder crops
965:
964:
963:
960:
959:
957:
955:
951:
947:
943:
938:
934:
928:
925:
921:
918:
917:
916:
913:
909:
908:New Stone Age
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
884:
881:
880:
877:
873:
866:
861:
859:
854:
852:
847:
846:
843:
836:
832:
829:
825:
822:
818:
815:
811:
808:
804:
803:
794:
788:
783:
774:
765:
757:
753:
749:
742:
734:
730:
726:
719:
717:
715:
713:
704:
698:
694:
687:
679:
675:
671:
664:
662:
660:
643:
639:
635:
629:
623:
618:
614:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
564:
550:
545:
541:
534:
529:
525:
521:
520:
515:
511:
504:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
476:
471:
468:
461:
456:
453:
449:
445:
438:
433:
429:
422:
417:
410:
405:
404:
398:
397:
393:
383:
379:
375:
371:
369:
360:
351:
349:
344:
340:
336:
332:
327:
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
305:
296:
288:
279:
277:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
222:
221:pre-Columbian
218:
215:
207:
202:
193:
191:
186:
177:
173:
170:, and in the
158:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
133:grinding slab
129:
125:
121:
119:
115:
111:
110:
98:
96:
92:
88:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
60:mealing stone
57:
49:
46:artifacts at
45:
40:
33:
28:
22:
2482:wedge-shaped
2467:Funeral pyre
2460:Great dolmen
2416:Chamber tomb
2397:Round barrow
2352:Stone circle
2224:Blombos Cave
2152:Grooved ware
2076:Chalcolithic
1980:Thornborough
1898:Flush toilet
1833:Blombos Cave
1828:Rock shelter
1784:Quiggly hole
1676:Architecture
1651:illustration
1293:Buffalo jump
1114:Storage pits
1093:
1077:AĆıklı HöyĂŒk
1067:Ground stone
903:Subdivisions
834:
827:
820:
813:
806:
793:
782:
773:
764:
752:Museo Amparo
751:
741:
728:
692:
686:
673:
646:. Retrieved
642:the original
637:
628:
617:
517:
513:
489:
481:
428:Moki Pueblos
389:
380:
376:
372:
365:
328:
317:
301:
244:
240:burial goods
216:
211:
190:nixtamalized
187:
154:
130:
126:
122:
113:
107:
104:
84:nixtamalized
80:Mesoamerican
68:ground stone
59:
55:
53:
32:Chaco Canyon
2504:unchambered
2499:Long barrow
2489:Grave goods
2445:Court cairn
2440:Clava cairn
2392:Bowl barrow
2330:Rock cupule
2273:Golden hats
2266:Hill figure
2167:Unstan ware
2147:Cord-marked
2012:Sweet Track
1934:Burnt mound
1855:Stilt house
1843:Sibudu Cave
1636:Tally stick
1604:Quern-stone
1589:Hammerstone
1579:Fire plough
1550:Pesse canoe
1508:Bannerstone
1478:Other tools
1391:Lithic core
1339:Aurignacian
1227:Bare Island
1109:Quern-stone
638:carleton.ca
386:Collections
354:Iconography
232:rectangular
139:or exposed
2712:Categories
2643:trepanning
2536:Ring cairn
2494:Jar burial
2477:transepted
2409:U.S. sites
2310:Petroglyph
2236:Bird stone
2194:wine press
1867:Stone roof
1850:Roundhouse
1742:long house
1719:Stonehenge
1687:Ceremonial
1631:Stone tool
1458:Tool stone
1428:Metallurgy
1332:Mousterian
1309:Toolmaking
1247:Cumberland
1220:Transverse
1190:Schöningen
1082:Qesem cave
1050:Earth oven
1004:Irrigation
915:Technology
883:Prehistory
609:References
228:Costa Rica
166: â c.
2687:symbolism
2551:Tor cairn
2509:GrĂžnsalen
2450:Cremation
2342:Sculpture
2320:Pictogram
2305:Petroform
2125:amber use
2093:Cosmetics
1903:Reservoir
1888:Check dam
1818:Pueblitos
1813:Pit-house
1796:Longhouse
1730:Dwellings
1599:Microlith
1530:Bow drill
1525:Bone tool
1518:prismatic
1327:Acheulean
1242:Cresswell
1215:Arrowhead
1141:Boomerang
1057:Granaries
1019:Terracing
898:Stone Age
587:Molcajete
519:molcajete
259:crocodile
224:artifacts
95:sil-batta
91:tortillas
2325:Rock art
2288:painting
2261:Geoglyph
2086:timeline
2066:Beadwork
1806:Mehrgarh
1801:Mudbrick
1709:megalith
1584:Fire-saw
1406:debitage
1401:analysis
1369:Hand axe
1349:Cupstone
927:Glossary
888:Timeline
756:Archived
733:Archived
678:Archived
648:23 March
560:See also
482:Ăuu Savi
430:, c.1900
324:Barriles
236:circular
212:Carved,
114:metlapil
2728:Lithics
2682:Symbols
2293:pigment
2179:Weaving
2142:Cardium
2137:Pottery
2132:Mirrors
2120:Jewelry
2061:Baskets
2041:culture
1893:Cistern
1699:Pyramid
1641:Weapons
1619:Scraper
1609:Racloir
1569:Cleaver
1557:Chopper
1463:Uniface
1374:Grooves
1364:Hafting
1322:Oldowan
1281:Systems
1232:Cascade
1195:woomera
1185:harpoon
1158:history
1124:Hunting
1104:Pottery
1045:Cooking
954:Farming
920:history
893:Outline
512:, palm
452:Arizona
401:Gallery
368:saurian
320:Guayabo
276:saurian
271:Guayabo
151:History
141:bedrock
137:boulder
2660:flutes
2455:Dolmen
2379:Burial
2189:winery
2162:Linear
1992:Midden
1970:Cursus
1963:Goseck
1823:Pueblo
1774:Dugout
1759:Burdei
1438:Mining
1262:Lamoka
1257:Folsom
1237:Clovis
1094:Metate
1072:Hearth
1040:Basket
1014:Sickle
699:
514:tenate
486:Mixtec
348:chicha
255:jaguar
251:animal
247:effigy
157:Mexico
145:acorns
56:metate
2577:sites
2521:Mummy
2241:Cairn
2157:JĆmon
2108:shoes
2103:Hides
1975:Henge
1929:Broch
1791:Jacal
1646:Wheel
1594:Knife
1540:Canoe
1535:Burin
1513:Blade
1411:flake
1272:Plano
1180:baton
1170:Spear
1136:Arrow
1089:Manos
942:Tools
577:Batan
510:comal
490:yooso
467:India
343:maize
331:manos
263:birds
226:from
87:maize
76:seeds
72:grain
64:quern
34:, USA
2670:gudi
2428:Cist
2357:list
2184:Wine
2113:Ătzi
2098:Glue
2071:Beds
2039:and
2037:Arts
1908:Well
1764:Cave
1694:Kiva
1624:side
1614:Rope
1562:tool
1496:bone
1486:Adze
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