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4854:
1576:) approach will not be sufficient to cope with the complexities of [[climate change]]" and "may rather give much false hope and excuses to do nothing really fundamental that can bring about a U-turn of global greenhouse gas emissions. Clive Spash, an ecological economist, has criticised the use of economic growth to address environmental losses, and argued that the Green Economy, as advocated by the UN, is not a new approach at all and is actually a diversion from the real drivers of environmental crisis. He has also criticised the UN's project on the economics of ecosystems and biodiversity (
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impact." While some investors still focus their funds to avoid only "the most egregious polluters," the emphasis for many investors has switched to changing "the way money is used", and using "it in a positive, transformative way to get us from where we are now ultimately to a truly sustainable society." Investment in companies that are damaging to the environment, and investment into the infrastructure that supports those companies detracts from environmentally sustainable investment.
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1085:, containing contributions from international experts consulted bi-yearly. The Roadmap represents a comprehensive and multidisciplinary effort to clarify and frame the concept of "green economy". It highlights the role of business in bringing solutions to global challenges. It sets out the following 10 conditions which relate to business/intra-industry and collaborative action for a transition towards a green economy:
51:
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870:
According to BĂĽscher, the increasing liberalisation of politics since the 1990s has meant that biodiversity must 'legitimise itself' in economic terms. Many non-governmental organisations, governments, banks, companies and so forth have started to claim the right to Define and defend biodiversity and
1528:
The shift to greener energy and the adoption of more climate regulations are expected to have a 30% positive impact on businesses, mostly through new business prospects, and a 30% negative impact, according to businesses that took part in a survey in 2022. A little over 40% of the same businesses do
1171:
As industries' environmental impacts become more apparent, green topics have not only taken center stage in pop-culture, but the financial world as well. In the 1990s, many investors "began to look for those companies that were better than their competitors in terms of managing their environmental
1524:
External variables, such as consumer pressure and energy taxes, are more relevant than firm-level features, such as size and age, in influencing the quality of green management practices. Firms with less financial limitations and stronger green management practices are more likely to invest in a
948:
The UNEP 2011 Green
Economy Report informs that "based on existing studies, the annual financing demand to green the global economy was estimated to be in the range US$ 1.05 to US$ 2.59 trillion. To place this demand in perspective, it is about one-tenth of total global investment per year, as
1372:
2010 - 2018 Global Green
Economy Index™ (GGEI), published by consultancy Dual Citizen LLC is in its 6th edition. It measures the green economic performance and perceptions of it in 130 countries along four main dimensions of leadership & climate change, efficiency sectors, markets &
1501:
that granted the nuclear industry around 10 million dollars to encourage research and development efforts. With the increasing threat of climate change, nuclear energy has been highlighted as an option to work to decarbonize the atmosphere and reverse climate change. Nuclear power forces
1062:
1557:, while well-intentioned "ignores the fact that the capacity of existing political systems to establish regulations and restrictions to the free operation of the markets – even when a large majority of the population call for them – is seriously limited by the political and
1520:
After the COVID-19 pandemic, Eastern
European and Central Asian businesses fall behind their Southern European counterparts in terms of the average quality of their green management practices, notably in terms of specified energy consumption and emissions objectives.
791:, these standards are special rules that guarantee the products bought do not hurt the environment and the people that make them. The number of these standards has grown recently and they can now help build a new, greener economy. They focus on economic sectors like
1477:, all provide such market incentives. However, other experts argue that green strategies can be highly profitable for corporations that understand the business case for sustainability and can market green products and services beyond the traditional green consumer.
1484:
was coming to an end by the mid-1990s. Until 2013, there had been no new nuclear power facilities built since 1977. One reason was due to the economic reliance on fossil fuel-based energy sources. Additionally, there was a public fear of nuclear energy due to the
1063:
1174:
The Global
Climate Prosperity Scoreboard – launched by Ethical Markets Media and The Climate Prosperity Alliance to monitor private investments in green companies – estimated that over $ 1.248 trillion has been invested in solar, wind,
1078:(ICC), representing global business, defines the green economy as "an economy in which economic growth and environmental responsibility work together in a mutually reinforcing fashion while supporting progress on social development".
2369:
3001:
Spash, C.L. 2007. Fallacies of economic growth in addressing environmental losses: Human induced climatic change. Newsletter of the
Australia New Zealand Society for Ecological Economics (ANZSEE), no. May,
2100:
731:
Green
Economy Report argues "that to be green, an economy must not only be efficient, but also fair. Fairness implies recognizing global and country level equity dimensions, particularly in assuring a
769:
regime in which costs externalized onto society via ecosystems are reliably traced back to, and accounted for as liabilities of, the entity that does the harm or neglects an asset.
1271:, are specifically dedicated to the issue. The term green growth has been used to describe national or international strategies, for example as part of economic recovery from the
835:). A holistic approach to the subject is typical, such that economic ideas are commingled with any number of other subjects, depending on the particular theorist. Proponents of
968:, while keeping socioeconomic effects in mind, along with policy engagement and plans for inclusion and gender equality, all aiming to deliver long-term economic transformation.
1465:
sources and green products. The green economy may need government subsidies as market incentives to motivate firms to invest and produce green products and services. The
2920:
2655:
2772:"2021-2022 EIB Climate Survey, part 1 of 3: Europeans sceptical about successfully reducing carbon emissions by 2050, American and Chinese respondents more confident"
2138:
1667:
Loiseau, Eleonore; Saikku, Laura; Antikainen, Riina; Droste, Nils; Hansjürgens, Bernd; Pitkänen, Kati; Leskinen, Pekka; Kuikman, Peter; Thomsen, Marianne (2016).
1236:
of economic growth from resource use and adverse environmental impacts is required. As such, green growth is closely related to the concepts of green economy and
2610:
2111:
871:
in a distinctly neoliberal manner that subjects the concept's social, political, and ecological dimensions to their value as determined by capitalist markets.
1281:
Critics of green growth highlight how green growth approaches do not fully account for the underlying economic systems change needed in order to address the
2277:
882:
and has some attributes in common with labor and physical capital (since natural capital assets like rivers directly substitute for human-made ones such as
4068:
2218:
1771:
1509:
According to a
European climate survey, 63% of EU residents, 59% of Britons, 50% of Americans and 60% of Chinese respondents are in favor of switching to
4004:
1537:
A number of organisations and individuals have criticised aspects of the 'Green
Economy', particularly the mainstream conceptions of it based on using
921:
under the banner 'green economy' could blur distinctions between the schools and redefine them all as variations of "green economics". As of 2010 the
2155:
694:
3042:
1825:
1506:. The controversial nature of nuclear power has the potential to split the green economy movement into two branches— anti-nuclear and pro-nuclear.
991:
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systems. Advocates of green growth policies argue that well-implemented green policies can create opportunities for employment in sectors such as
4029:
1474:
3328:
3080:
Spash, C.L. 2008. How much is that ecosystem in the window? The one with the bio-diverse trail. Environmental Values, vol. 17, no. 2, 259-284
1622: – Green accounting is a type of accounting that attempts to include factor environmental costs into the financial results of operations
953:
2050:
1321:
trash, and 32% in new, less polluting industries and technologies. Roughly 40% of businesses made investments in energy efficiency in 2021.
2196:
1538:
757:
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Business resilience in the pandemic and beyond: Adaptation, innovation, financing and climate action from
Eastern Europe to Central Asia
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788:
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that are environmentally sustainable. It is based on the understanding that as long as economic growth remains a predominant goal, a
906:
for developing vs. developed nations is held steady at a ratio reflecting a balance of power and that of non-human life is very low.
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2025:
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announced a set of just transition common principles agreed upon with multilateral development banks, which also align with the
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874:
Some economists view green economics as a branch or subfield of more established schools. For instance, it can be regarded as
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2868:
2811:
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2440:
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1985:
1904:
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UNEP, 2011, Towards a Green
Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication, www.unep.org/greeneconomy
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987:
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bigger variety of green initiatives. Energy efficiency investments are good to both the bottom line and the environment.
1470:
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2016 - 2022 Green Score City Index is an ongoing study measuring the anthropogenic impact human activity has on nature.
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680:
34:
1442:, may eliminate the use of fossil fuels for electricity by 2035 and replace fossil fuel usage altogether by 2050.
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17:
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1705:"The global green economy: a review of concepts, definitions, measurement methodologies and their interactions"
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measurements are a way to gauge anthropogenic impact and are another standard used by municipal governments.
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462:
385:
161:
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1494:
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783:. Many industries are starting to adopt these standards as a way to promote their greening practices in a
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as a source of energy. For Britons and EU citizens nuclear energy is a more popular energy alternative.
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4808:
4309:
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4292:
4282:
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http://www.fcm.ca/Documents/reports/Ecological_Footprints_of_Canadian_Municipalities_and_Regions_EN.pdf
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environmentalists and citizens around the world to weigh the pro and cons of using nuclear power as a
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U.Hoffmann (2011), "Some reflections on climate change, green growth illusions and development space"
1498:
1377:
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is "any structured financial activity that’s been created to ensure a better environmental outcome."
1007:
720:
507:
400:
138:
2906:
1649: – Financial regulations, standards, norms and products that pursue an environmental objective.
1643: – Rules that have been consciously designed to change the behaviour of various economic actors
4393:
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1450:
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4510:
4388:
4147:
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3868:
3711:
3521:
3493:
3216:
3206:
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1975:
1613:
1267:, World Bank, and United Nations, have developed strategies on green growth; others, such as the
1241:
1233:
780:
761:
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105:
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2188:
2051:"Collective Climate Ambition — A Joint Statement at COP26 by the Multilateral Development Banks"
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3407:
3382:
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3351:
3333:
2965:
2886:"The impact of climate change on activity and prices – insights from a survey of leading firms"
2278:"New Global Climate Prosperity Scoreboard Finds Over $ 1 Trillion Invested in Green Since 2007"
1402:
975:
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by which an economy is considered to be component of the ecosystem in which it resides (after
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4011:
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Runnals, D. (2011) “Environment and economy: joined at the hip or just strange bedfellows?”.
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practices have emerged as consumer facing indicators of friendliness to the environment and
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2743:"Which Technology Will Most Impact The Future Of Energy? 18 Experts Share Their Insights"
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1668:
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1604: – Discipline that includes topics related to supply and use of energy in societies
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Green Growth That Works: Natural Capital Policy and Finance Mechanisms Around the World
1819:
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1406:
1338:
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807:, among others; concentrate on environmental factors like protecting water sources and
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that aims at reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities, and that aims for
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1981:
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that support the transition from carbon dependence to more sustainable alternatives.
891:
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100:
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1736:
Telukdarie, Arnesh; Katsumbe, Tatenda; Mahure, Hlobisile; Murulane, Khuliso (2024).
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A feature distinguishing it from prior economic regimes is the direct valuation of
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133:
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not anticipate the transition to greener alternatives to alter their operations.
1229:
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732:
529:
328:
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2708:, Power Systems, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 1–13,
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1293:. Critics point instead to alternative frameworks for economic change such as a
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and other green sectors since 2007. This number represents investments from
4652:
4484:
4479:
4213:
4024:
3422:
3181:
2642:
2611:"How Renewables Could Kill Off Fossil Fuel Electricity By 2035: New Report"
2309:
1573:
1569:
1462:
1435:
1423:
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is a concept in economic theory and policymaking used to describe paths of
1225:
1210:
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816:
808:
603:
318:
196:
110:
2633:(Reinhardt, 1999; King and Lenox, 2002; Wagner, 203; Wagner, et al., 2005)
2513:
2335:"Literature Review: The Green Economy, Clean Energy Policy and Employment"
1158:
products and practices. These companies encourage (and often profit from)
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4589:
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4321:
4235:
3607:
3602:
3567:
3430:
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1953:
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1313:
Approximately 57% of businesses responding to a survey are investing in
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1541:, arguing that this will extend corporate control into new areas from
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4515:
4432:
4427:
4240:
4035:
3981:
3435:
3000:
2370:"Creative Learning and Policy Ideas: The Global Rise of Green Growth"
1738:"Exploring the green economy – A systems thinking modelling approach"
1362:
1318:
863:
have used the term to describe very different ideas, all external to
828:
534:
323:
1721:
1704:
1580:), and the basis for valuing ecosystems services in monetary terms.
4540:
4535:
4410:
3828:
2860:
2575:
Aswathanarayana, U.; Harikrishnan, T.; Kadher-Mohien, T.S. (2010).
2030:
African Development Bank - Building today, a better Africa tomorrow
1595:
1542:
1461:
and high initial costs for research, development, and marketing of
1302:
1022:
Karl Burkart defined a green economy as based on six main sectors:
836:
792:
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181:
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Measuring economic output and progress is done through the use of
964:. The principles refer to focusing financing on the transition to
4817:
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4405:
4139:
3801:
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Wind turbine with workers - Boryspil, Ukraine
804:
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50:
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European Investment Bank.; Ipsos Public Affairs. (2022-11-08).
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Several countries and international organizations, such as the
1196:
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2009 - 2012 Green City Index A global study commissioned by
1265:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
1192:
1188:
883:
2884:
Kuik, Friderike; Morris, Richard; Sun, Yiqiao (2022-06-22).
1703:
Georgeson, Lucien; Maslin, Mark; Poessinouw, Martyn (2017).
4611:
2656:
Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial Revolution
1577:
1550:
1333:
indicators. Green indices emerged from the need to measure
1264:
1244:. A main driver for green growth is the transition towards
1592: – Production model to minimise wastage and emissions
913:(and national governments such as the UK) to the ideas of
2080:
Sociology Group: Sociology and Other Social Sciences Blog
1702:
933:(via its "Green Fund" initiative) responsible for global
819:; and home in on specific parts of production processes.
4006:
UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)
3043:"Editorial: Terrible Economics, Ecosystems and Banking"
1928:"World Bank to lead economic push on nature protection"
2921:"Green business opportunities and net zero | McKinsey"
2677:"Nuclear Power in the USA - World Nuclear Association"
2219:"The Green Advisor: SRI & Green Investing Grow Up"
1899:. Interventions. Taylor & Francis. p. 17-19.
1610: – How a government or business deals with energy
1572:" in particular, "based on an evolutionary (and often
4806:
2512:. Dual Citizen LLC. 19 September 2016. Archived from
727:, but has a more politically applied focus. The 2011
2416:"Green Growth vs Degrowth: Are We Missing the Point"
2076:"What is Green Economy? Here's a Simple Explanation"
1624:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
827:
Green economics is loosely defined as any theory of
27:
Economy based on a knowledge of ecological economics
2249:"Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change"
894:, an exploited base of non-human workers providing
2280:. Green Money Journal. Spring 2010. Archived from
2147:
1954:"World Bank Group and International Monetary Fund"
1802:Communicating Sustainability for the Green Economy
2966:"The Green Economy: the Wolf in Sheep's clothing"
2136:UNDESA, (2012). A guidebook to the Green Economy.
1669:"Green economy and related concepts: An overview"
822:
4890:
2702:"The Development of Nuclear Energy in the World"
2241:
2189:"What is green finance and why is it important?"
1380:project scored 5 cities in 5 separate countries.
992:European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
1886:
1598: – Political, economic and social movement
1568:also says that the focus on Green Economy and "
1513:. As of 2021, 18% of Americans are in favor of
1060:
739:, resource efficient, and socially inclusive."
4030:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
2578:Green Energy: Technology, Economics and Policy
2368:Allan, Bentley B.; Meckling, Jonas O. (2021).
1480:In the United States, it seemed as though the
1475:American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
1154:are made in companies that support or provide
937:have stated a clear intention to move towards
4155:
3132:
2883:
2367:
1772:"United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)"
949:measured by global Gross Capital Formation."
878:where the traditional land is generalized to
688:
1824:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1006:that have vowed to uphold the principles of
941:valuation and a more official and universal
758:The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity
2706:Sustainable and Safe Nuclear Fission Energy
4162:
4148:
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3125:
2581:. A Balkema book. CRC Press. p. 1-2.
1837:
1835:
1324:
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681:
4041:Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)
2539:"Home - English - Siemens Global Website"
2352:
2161:. Eco Investor Guide, Inc. Archived from
1755:
1720:
1631: – Type of economic stimulus program
4069:UN Conference on Sustainable Development
3021:"EconPapers: Green Economy, Red Herring"
2852:EIB Investment Survey 2022 - EU overview
2800:Bank, European Investment (2022-05-18).
2432:EIB Investment Survey 2022 - EU overview
2429:Bank, European Investment (2022-11-08).
1974:Bank, European Investment (2022-07-06).
1216:
1199:, as well at other developing countries.
1129:
1056:
898:to the human economy, or as a branch of
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1969:
1967:
1832:
14:
4891:
3639:Corporate environmental responsibility
2945:"Green Economy - Green Economy Report"
2827:
2825:
2823:
2795:
2793:
2791:
1396:
4143:
3120:
3040:
2332:
2216:
1892:
1125:Integrated policy and decision-making
890:with nature represented as a form of
4012:Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)
2799:
2499:
2428:
2422:
2217:Keane, Robert F. (1 November 2009).
1977:EIB Group Sustainability Report 2021
1973:
1964:
1269:Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI)
988:Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
2842:
2820:
2788:
1471:member states of the European Union
1070:The three pillars of sustainability
24:
4718:Microfoundations of macroeconomics
4169:
3654:Environmental full-cost accounting
3146:
2608:
2110:. 2012. p. 10. Archived from
1539:price mechanisms to protect nature
984:Council of Europe Development Bank
609:Renewable energy commercialization
25:
4930:
3588:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity
3095:
2507:"2016 Global Green Economy Index"
2333:Ge, Yeyanran; Zhi, Qiang (2016).
2187:Fleming, Sean (9 November 2020).
2108:International Chamber of Commerce
1076:International Chamber of Commerce
815:; support social protections and
4876:
4864:
4852:
4840:
4828:
4816:
4791:
4790:
4779:
4100:
4089:
4088:
4058:UN Millennium Declaration (2000)
3059:10.3197/096327111X12997574391562
2833:"Pathways to Sustainable Energy"
2481:"City index scoreboard - Canada"
2026:"Multilateral Development Banks"
1637: – Climate-friendly economy
1564:Ulrich Hoffmann, in a paper for
1457:needs can be attributed to high
1209:This section is an excerpt from
1146:or green investing is a form of
1135:This section is an excerpt from
909:An increasing commitment by the
49:
3644:Corporate social responsibility
3573:Ocean thermal energy conversion
3512:Community-supported agriculture
3197:Human impact on the environment
3102:Green Growth Knowledge Platform
3073:
3034:
3013:
2994:
2983:
2958:
2937:
2913:
2877:
2764:
2735:
2693:
2669:
2636:
2627:
2602:
2557:
2531:
2473:
2449:
2408:
2361:
2326:
2296:
2270:
2259:from the original on 2022-08-02
2210:
2199:from the original on 2021-04-16
2180:
2129:
2093:
2068:
2043:
2018:
1994:
1946:
1920:
1896:Critical Environmental Politics
1545:to water. Venezuelan professor
1373:investment and the environment.
1203:
1081:In 2012, the ICC published the
1000:Inter-American Development Bank
3884:Socially responsible marketing
3041:Spash, Clive L. (2011-05-01).
2665:Guerrilla Marketing Goes Green
2663:and Shel Horowitz, authors of
1862:
1844:
1800:, Eda Gurel-Atay, Eds (2014).
1790:
1764:
1729:
1709:Geo: Geography and Environment
1696:
1660:
1616: – Sub-field of economics
1148:socially responsible investing
1004:multilateral development banks
823:Green economists and economics
13:
1:
4075:Sustainable Development Goals
3879:Socially responsible business
1757:10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.140611
1743:Journal of Cleaner Production
1690:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.08.024
1677:Journal of Cleaner Production
1653:
1469:, legislations of many other
1357:flows targeted to areas like
1017:
723:. It is closely related with
386:Socially responsible business
162:Bright green environmentalism
2855:. European Investment Bank.
2806:. European Investment Bank.
2749:. 2019-06-29. Archived from
2435:. European Investment Bank.
2354:10.1016/j.egypro.2016.06.159
2225:. AdvisorOne. Archived from
1980:. European Investment Bank.
1532:
972:The African Development Bank
637:Environmental pricing reform
7:
4899:Schools of economic thought
4663:Civil engineering economics
4648:Statistical decision theory
4288:Income elasticity of demand
3904:Sustainability organization
3689:Standards and certification
3280:Social return on investment
2714:10.1007/978-3-642-11990-3_1
1641:Market governance mechanism
1583:
1467:German Renewable Energy Act
931:International Monetary Fund
886:). Or, it can be viewed as
861:anti-globalization movement
391:Social return on investment
10:
4935:
4298:Price elasticity of supply
4293:Price elasticity of demand
4283:Cross elasticity of demand
3329:Systemic change resistance
1487:Three Mile Island accident
1400:
1337:, efficiency sectors like
1208:
1134:
1122:Governance and partnership
925:institutions (notably the
737:economy that is low-carbon
376:Pollution haven hypothesis
371:Natural resource economics
356:High-performance buildings
4774:
4741:
4620:
4177:
4084:
3995:
3932:
3704:
3631:
3540:
3507:Climate-smart agriculture
3492:
3464:
3421:
3375:
3342:
3215:
3172:
3154:
2386:10.1017/S1537592721000037
1804:. New York: M.E. Sharpe.
1378:Circles of Sustainability
1291:environmental degradation
1095:Metrics, accounting, and
1008:climate change mitigation
966:net zero carbon economies
721:degrading the environment
139:Climate change mitigation
4354:Income–consumption curve
3649:Environmental accounting
3398:Sustainable architecture
3388:Environmental technology
2700:Kessler, GĂĽnter (2012),
2374:Perspectives on Politics
1451:environmental protection
1411:Green economies require
1156:environmentally friendly
980:Islamic Development Bank
958:European Investment Bank
813:greenhouse gas emissions
789:sustainability standards
579:Environmental technology
222:Ecological modernization
177:Corporate sustainability
4688:Industrial organization
3522:Sustainable agriculture
3107:Green Economy Coalition
2970:Transnational Institute
2101:"Green Economy Roadmap"
1614:Environmental economics
1555:Towards a Green Economy
1504:renewable energy source
1335:human ecological impact
1325:Ecological measurements
1242:sustainable development
1092:and competitive markets
1010:and a Just Transition.
787:economy. Also known as
781:sustainable development
762:Bank of Natural Capital
717:sustainable development
652:Green industrial policy
366:Marginal abatement cost
289:Fiscal environmentalism
106:Personal carbon trading
76:Carbon fee and dividend
71:Carbon emission trading
43:Environmental economics
4883:Business and economics
4065:(Rio+10, Johannesburg)
3934:Sustainable management
3919:Urban drainage systems
3659:Environmental planning
3623:Water recycling shower
3613:Tidal stream generator
3408:Sustainable industries
3367:Sustainable population
3352:Demographic transition
3334:Tragedy of the commons
2901:Cite journal requires
2154:Henshaw, Mark (2010).
2055:Asian Development Bank
1561:of the corporations."
1403:Low-carbon electricity
1317:, 64% in reducing and
1222:
1101:Finance and investment
1071:
976:Asian Development Bank
900:neoclassical economics
845:environmental movement
589:Fossil fuel divestment
4658:Engineering economics
4253:Cost–benefit analysis
3957:Humanistic capitalism
3772:Environmental finance
3413:Sustainable packaging
2681:www.world-nuclear.org
1220:
1130:Finance and investing
1083:Green Economy Roadmap
1069:
1037:Sustainable transport
647:Free public transport
594:Fossil fuel phase-out
116:Social cost of carbon
4475:Price discrimination
4369:Intertemporal choice
3924:Urban infrastructure
3618:Water heat recycling
3441:Conservation biology
3285:Steady-state economy
3260:Micro-sustainability
3245:Ecological footprint
3202:Planetary boundaries
3112:UNEP – Green Economy
3047:Environmental Values
2193:World Economic Forum
2156:"Eco Investor Guide"
1432:efficient energy use
1418:generation based on
1391:Ecological footprint
1299:steady-state economy
1275:, often framed as a
1258:sustainable forestry
1119:Education and skills
1012:The World Bank Group
996:New Development Bank
943:biodiversity finance
919:full cost accounting
865:mainstream economics
767:full cost accounting
725:ecological economics
642:Environmental tariff
267:full-cost accounting
232:Efficient energy use
217:Ecological footprint
212:Ecological economics
4786:Business portal
4723:Operations research
4550:Substitution effect
4025:Earth Summit (1992)
3679:Metrics and indices
3532:Sustainable fishery
3451:Holocene extinction
3270:Product stewardship
3240:Earth Overshoot Day
2661:Jay Conrad Levinson
2545:on 26 November 2010
2461:European Commission
1647:Sustainable finance
1495:Bush administration
1434:. Renewables, like
1428:energy conservation
1397:Green energy issues
1287:biodiversity crisis
1111:Resource efficiency
1107:Life cycle approach
876:classical economics
748:ecological services
574:Carbon-neutral fuel
237:Energy conservation
4914:Resource economics
4904:Industrial ecology
4364:Indifference curve
4332:Goods and services
4273:Economies of scope
4268:Economies of scale
3484:Sustainable energy
3446:Endangered species
3403:Sustainable design
3317:Consumer behaviour
3085:2014-11-27 at the
3007:2013-11-03 at the
2947:. UNEP. 2011-11-16
2223:Investment Advisor
2141:2013-01-27 at the
2117:on 5 February 2021
1893:Death, C. (2013).
1635:Low-carbon economy
1491:Chernobyl disaster
1455:climate protection
1407:Sustainable energy
1307:doughnut economics
1273:COVID-19 recession
1246:sustainable energy
1223:
1072:
1014:also contributed.
614:Sustainable energy
599:Low-carbon economy
438:consumer behaviour
4909:Natural resources
4804:
4803:
4766:Political economy
4565:Supply and demand
4445:Pareto efficiency
4137:
4136:
4063:Earth Summit 2002
4046:Lisbon Principles
4018:Our Common Future
3696:Sustainable yield
3502:Civic agriculture
3255:Green consumption
3192:Global governance
2870:978-92-861-5397-6
2813:978-92-861-5086-9
2723:978-3-642-11989-7
2588:978-0-203-84146-4
2519:on 3 October 2016
2442:978-92-861-5397-6
1987:978-92-861-5237-5
1934:. 28 October 2010
1906:978-1-134-68406-9
1811:978-0-7656-3680-5
1353:, as well as the
1315:energy efficiency
1254:green agriculture
892:Lumpenproletariat
888:Marxist economics
705:
704:
569:Carbon neutrality
558:2000-watt society
552:Energy transition
463:development goals
381:Social accounting
101:Environmental tax
96:Emissions trading
16:(Redirected from
4926:
4919:Economy by field
4881:
4880:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4833:
4832:
4821:
4820:
4812:
4794:
4793:
4784:
4783:
4526:Returns to scale
4384:Market structure
4164:
4157:
4150:
4141:
4140:
4104:
4103:
4092:
4091:
4036:Agenda 21 (1992)
4007:
3972:Natural resource
3859:Organic movement
3834:Impact investing
3553:Hydroelectricity
3527:Sustainable diet
3479:Renewable energy
3474:Carbon footprint
3456:Invasive species
3393:Natural building
3344:World population
3305:Marketing myopia
3265:Over-consumption
3235:Circular economy
3230:Anti-consumerism
3187:Environmentalism
3141:
3134:
3127:
3118:
3117:
3089:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3017:
3011:
2998:
2992:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2925:www.mckinsey.com
2917:
2911:
2910:
2904:
2899:
2897:
2889:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2829:
2818:
2817:
2797:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2673:
2667:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2572:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2541:. Archived from
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2518:
2511:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2487:on 16 March 2022
2483:. Archived from
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2167:
2160:
2151:
2145:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2116:
2105:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1971:
1962:
1961:
1960:. 14 March 2019.
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1866:
1860:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1830:
1829:
1823:
1815:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1778:on 27 March 2016
1774:. Archived from
1768:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1673:
1664:
1625:
1620:Green accounting
1602:Energy economics
1590:Circular economy
1511:renewable energy
1499:2005 Energy Bill
1482:nuclear industry
1420:renewable energy
1359:renewable energy
1295:circular economy
1250:renewable energy
1160:new technologies
1059:
1047:Waste management
1042:Water management
1027:Renewable energy
697:
690:
683:
563:Alternative fuel
453:design standards
361:Impact investing
167:Circular economy
134:Carbon footprint
53:
30:
29:
21:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4875:
4871:Systems science
4865:
4863:
4853:
4851:
4841:
4839:
4827:
4815:
4807:
4805:
4800:
4778:
4770:
4737:
4616:
4258:Deadweight loss
4195:Consumer choice
4173:
4168:
4138:
4133:
4080:
4005:
3997:
3996:Agreements and
3991:
3928:
3732:Climate finance
3700:
3627:
3583:Reclaimed water
3536:
3488:
3460:
3417:
3371:
3357:Family planning
3338:
3211:
3168:
3150:
3145:
3098:
3093:
3092:
3087:Wayback Machine
3078:
3074:
3039:
3035:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3009:Wayback Machine
2999:
2995:
2988:
2984:
2974:
2972:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2950:
2948:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2929:
2927:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2902:
2900:
2891:
2890:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2847:
2843:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2821:
2814:
2798:
2789:
2780:
2778:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2756:
2754:
2747:Disruptor Daily
2741:
2740:
2736:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2698:
2694:
2685:
2683:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2619:
2617:
2609:Vetter, David.
2607:
2603:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2558:
2548:
2546:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2488:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2465:
2463:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2427:
2423:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2366:
2362:
2340:Energy Procedia
2331:
2327:
2320:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2285:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2262:
2260:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2230:
2229:on 22 July 2012
2215:
2211:
2202:
2200:
2185:
2181:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2152:
2148:
2143:Wayback Machine
2134:
2130:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2085:
2083:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2060:
2058:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2035:
2033:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2010:
2008:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1972:
1965:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1891:
1887:
1878:
1876:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1833:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1734:
1730:
1722:10.1002/geo2.36
1701:
1697:
1671:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1623:
1586:
1559:financial power
1535:
1413:a transition to
1409:
1399:
1327:
1311:
1310:
1230:economic growth
1214:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1140:
1132:
1068:
1057:
1052:Land management
1032:Green buildings
1020:
962:Paris Agreement
935:monetary policy
915:natural capital
880:natural capital
857:green anarchism
825:
817:workers’ rights
744:natural capital
733:Just Transition
701:
672:
671:
627:
619:
618:
553:
545:
544:
530:Thermoeconomics
284:Ethical banking
172:Climate finance
157:
149:
148:
129:
121:
120:
61:
28:
23:
22:
18:Green economics
15:
12:
11:
5:
4932:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4886:
4885:
4873:
4861:
4859:Earth sciences
4849:
4837:
4825:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4788:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4763:
4761:Macroeconomics
4758:
4757:
4756:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4609:
4608:
4607:
4602:
4592:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4576:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4460:Price controls
4452:
4447:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4408:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4396:
4381:
4379:Market failure
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4221:
4216:
4206:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4174:
4171:Microeconomics
4167:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4144:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4110:
4098:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4072:
4071:(Rio+20, 2012)
4066:
4060:
4055:
4049:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4027:
4022:
4014:
4009:
4001:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3938:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3817:Infrastructure
3814:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3747:Eco-capitalism
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
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3681:
3676:
3671:
3664:Sustainability
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3635:
3633:
3632:Accountability
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3302:
3297:
3290:Sustainability
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3225:Anthropization
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3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
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3184:
3178:
3176:
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3166:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3148:Sustainability
3144:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3097:
3096:External links
3094:
3091:
3090:
3072:
3053:(2): 141–145.
3033:
3012:
2993:
2982:
2957:
2936:
2912:
2903:|journal=
2876:
2869:
2861:10.2867/488028
2841:
2819:
2812:
2787:
2763:
2734:
2722:
2692:
2668:
2635:
2626:
2601:
2587:
2567:
2556:
2530:
2498:
2472:
2457:"Press corner"
2448:
2441:
2421:
2407:
2380:(2): 443–461.
2360:
2325:
2318:
2295:
2284:on 28 May 2010
2269:
2240:
2209:
2179:
2168:on 25 May 2010
2146:
2128:
2092:
2067:
2042:
2017:
1993:
1986:
1963:
1945:
1919:
1905:
1885:
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1728:
1695:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1629:Green recovery
1626:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1585:
1582:
1549:says that the
1547:Edgardo Lander
1534:
1531:
1459:external costs
1449:to respond to
1447:market failure
1398:
1395:
1388:
1387:
1381:
1374:
1370:
1331:economic index
1326:
1323:
1283:climate crisis
1277:green recovery
1215:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1141:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1113:and decoupling
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1093:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1019:
1016:
1002:are among the
853:Green politics
849:peace movement
824:
821:
811:, or reducing
752:economic value
703:
702:
700:
699:
692:
685:
677:
674:
673:
670:
669:
667:Rail subsidies
664:
662:Green politics
659:
657:Green New Deal
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
632:Carbon leakage
628:
625:
624:
621:
620:
617:
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611:
606:
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586:
584:Feed-in tariff
581:
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543:
542:
540:Value of Earth
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81:Carbon finance
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55:
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46:
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39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
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2:
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4693:Institutional
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4638:Computational
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4593:
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4588:
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4583:Law of supply
4580:
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4575:
4574:Law of demand
4571:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4560:Social choice
4558:
4556:
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4545:Excess supply
4542:
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4531:Risk aversion
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4486:
4483:
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4478:
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4471:
4468:
4466:
4465:Price ceiling
4463:
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4458:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
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4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4422:
4421:Complementary
4419:
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4409:
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4226:
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4207:
4205:
4204:non-convexity
4201:
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4086:
4083:
4076:
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4053:
4052:Earth Charter
4050:
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3942:Environmental
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3874:Refurbishment
3872:
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3865:
3864:Organizations
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3798:
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3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3777:Green economy
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3762:Eco-socialism
3760:
3758:
3757:Eco-investing
3755:
3753:
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3748:
3745:
3743:
3742:Disinvestment
3740:
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3564:
3563:Marine energy
3561:
3559:
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3549:
3546:
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3543:
3539:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3517:Cultured meat
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3500:
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3497:
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3298:
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3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3275:Simple living
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3056:
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3022:
3016:
3010:
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2804:
2796:
2794:
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2777:
2773:
2767:
2753:on 2021-01-22
2752:
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2711:
2707:
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2682:
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2658:
2657:
2653:, authors of
2652:
2648:
2647:Hunter Lovins
2644:
2639:
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2007:
2003:
2002:"ENER - Item"
1997:
1989:
1983:
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1970:
1968:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1908:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1889:
1875:
1871:
1870:"About UNFSS"
1865:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:S.A.P.I.EN.S.
1847:
1838:
1836:
1827:
1821:
1813:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1798:Lynn R. Kahle
1793:
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1144:Eco-investing
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923:Bretton Woods
920:
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907:
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904:price of life
902:in which the
901:
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896:surplus value
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4511:Public goods
4485:Price system
4480:Price signal
4394:Monopolistic
4263:Distribution
4178:Major topics
4126:
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3782:Construction
3776:
3705:Applications
3423:Biodiversity
3182:Anthropocene
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2643:Amory Lovins
2638:
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2618:. Retrieved
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2543:the original
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2523:19 September
2521:. Retrieved
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2112:the original
2095:
2084:. Retrieved
2082:. 2020-06-30
2079:
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2059:. Retrieved
2057:. 2021-11-05
2054:
2045:
2034:. Retrieved
2032:. 2019-04-12
2029:
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2006:ec.europa.eu
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1776:the original
1766:
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1574:reductionist
1570:green growth
1563:
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1479:
1463:green energy
1444:
1436:solar energy
1424:fossil fuels
1422:to replace
1416:green energy
1410:
1389:
1376:2009 - 2013
1328:
1312:
1262:
1226:Green growth
1224:
1211:Green growth
1204:Green growth
1170:
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939:biodiversity
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809:biodiversity
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604:Net metering
478:food systems
406:organization
313:
197:Eco commerce
111:Pigovian tax
60:Carbon price
4835:Environment
4678:Game theory
4643:Development
4590:Uncertainty
4470:Price floor
4450:Preferences
4389:Competition
4359:Information
4322:Externality
4305:Equilibrium
4246:Transaction
4224:Opportunity
4185:Aggregation
3998:conferences
3869:Procurement
3812:Development
3712:Advertising
3674:Measurement
3608:Tidal power
3603:Small hydro
3568:Micro hydro
3431:Biosecurity
3383:Appropriate
3312:Sustainable
3295:Advertising
3217:Consumption
3207:Development
2651:Paul Hawken
2347:: 257–264.
1958:www.cbd.int
1684:: 361–371.
1553:'s report,
1515:natural gas
1497:passed the
1440:wind energy
1426:as well as
1309:and others.
1152:investments
785:globalizing
503:procurement
458:development
443:consumption
428:agriculture
423:advertising
418:Sustainable
309:development
4893:Categories
4708:Managerial
4628:Behavioral
4501:Production
4438:Oligopsony
4278:Elasticity
4190:Budget set
3889:Sanitation
3844:Livelihood
3767:Ecovillage
3752:Eco-cities
3669:Accounting
3578:Pico hydro
3558:Hydropower
3376:Technology
3174:Principles
2951:2013-11-09
2930:2022-11-28
2781:2022-04-04
2757:2021-01-29
2729:2021-01-29
2686:2021-01-29
2620:2021-11-08
2466:2022-11-28
2263:2022-04-04
2203:2020-12-28
2121:31 January
2086:2021-06-02
2061:2022-07-27
2036:2022-07-27
2011:2022-07-27
1879:2021-03-03
1750:: 140611.
1654:References
1401:See also:
1355:investment
1289:and other
1238:low-carbon
1234:decoupling
1177:geothermal
1116:Employment
1018:Definition
927:World Bank
750:as having
493:management
488:livelihood
483:industries
433:capitalism
401:accounting
299:accounting
257:enterprise
247:accounting
144:Food miles
91:Carbon tax
4749:Economics
4621:Subfields
4516:Rationing
4433:Oligopoly
4428:Monopsony
4416:Bilateral
4349:Household
4200:Convexity
3982:Recycling
3977:Planetary
3967:Materials
3962:Landscape
3947:Fisheries
3914:Transport
3839:Landscape
3822:Marketing
3797:Gardening
3737:Community
3684:Reporting
3548:Footprint
3436:Biosphere
3067:153885129
2402:234862347
2394:1537-5927
1820:cite book
1533:Criticism
1363:cleantech
1347:buildings
1339:transport
1319:recycling
1104:Awareness
1097:reporting
829:economics
535:Used good
523:transport
411:reporting
329:marketing
4796:Category
4742:See also
4633:Business
4605:Marginal
4600:Expected
4541:Shortage
4536:Scarcity
4411:Monopoly
4317:Exchange
4229:Implicit
4219:Marginal
4095:Category
3894:Sourcing
3829:Greening
3722:Business
3598:Security
3593:Scarcity
3083:Archived
3005:Archived
2312:. 2019.
2257:Archived
2197:Archived
2139:Archived
1932:BBC News
1596:Degrowth
1584:See also
1543:forestry
1489:and the
1473:and the
1303:degrowth
1179:, ocean/
837:feminism
793:forestry
777:ecolabel
765:) and a
719:without
626:Policies
513:sourcing
339:recovery
304:building
277:planning
182:Degrowth
156:Concepts
35:a series
33:Part of
4847:Ecology
4809:Portals
4754:Applied
4733:Welfare
4595:Utility
4555:Surplus
4494:Pricing
4406:Duopoly
4399:Perfect
4342:Service
4310:General
4214:Average
4128:Degrees
4121:Studies
4114:Science
3909:Tourism
3802:Geopark
3792:Finance
3787:Fashion
3362:Control
3250:Ethical
3159:Outline
2776:EIB.org
2288:11 June
2233:11 June
2172:11 June
1385:Siemens
1351:tourism
805:fishing
797:farming
713:economy
518:tourism
473:finance
349:vehicle
344:trading
334:paradox
314:economy
262:finance
4823:Energy
4579:Supply
4570:Demand
4506:Profit
4374:Market
4236:Social
4077:(2015)
4054:(2000)
4048:(1997)
4032:(1992)
4020:(1987)
3952:Forest
3854:Market
3849:Living
3466:Energy
3322:Market
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1493:. The
1343:energy
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1195:, and
1150:where
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801:mining
735:to an
711:is an
498:market
468:energy
448:design
319:growth
252:design
4698:Labor
4683:Green
4455:Price
4337:Goods
4327:Firms
4107:Lists
3987:Waste
3899:Space
3807:Green
3541:Water
3300:Brand
3164:Index
3063:S2CID
2836:(PDF)
2517:(PDF)
2510:(PDF)
2491:3 May
2398:S2CID
2166:(PDF)
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2115:(PDF)
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4521:Rent
4489:Free
4241:Sunk
4209:Cost
4202:and
3727:City
3494:Food
3028:2016
2977:2016
2907:help
2865:ISBN
2808:ISBN
2718:ISBN
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2123:2021
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