2364:
935:
C3: A sequence of three or more consonants between two vowels is hyphenated with the succeeding vowel, if a Greek word exists that begins with the sequence of the first two consonants. Otherwise it splits; the first consonant being hyphenated with the preceding
203:
is a pair of letters used to write one sound or a combination of sounds that does not correspond to the written letters in sequence. The orthography of Greek includes several digraphs, including various pairs of vowel letters that used to be pronounced as
1617:
The ηυ combination is infrequently referred to in grammar books (KEME 1983), possibly because it appears in only a small number of words. However, this combination is also considered, because such words are regularly used e.g.,
932:
C2: A sequence of two consonants between two vowels is hyphenated with the succeeding vowel, if a Greek word exists that begins with such a consonant sequence. Otherwise the sequence is split into two syllables.
212:
in pronunciation. Many of these are characteristic developments of modern Greek, but some were already present in
Classical Greek. None of them is regarded as a letter of the alphabet.
1580:
This book is the official grammar book of Modern Greek edited by a group of experts and it is a revised edition of
Triantafillidis (1941, reprint with corrections 1978).
1299:) typically serve to indicate direct speech. When quotations are nested, double apostrophes and turned commas are used for the embedded quotation or word:
1465: "hornlike projection") is placed to its upper right, a development of the short marks formerly used for single numbers and fractions. The modern
2407:
256:
248:
2303:
1188:. These served to show whether an ambiguous series of letters should be read as (respectively) a pair of words or as a single word. Later
969:
All of the above rules are negative in that they indicate impermissible hyphen points within particular substrings of consecutive vowels.
187:
Similarly, the orthography preserves ancient doubled consonants, though these are now pronounced the same as single consonants, except in
2135:
1638:
1557:
1503:(Unicode: U+0375, "Greek Lower Numeral Sign") is now standard for identifying thousands: 2015 is represented as ͵ΒΙΕʹ (2000 + 10 + 5).
2374:
1740:
2339:
1706:
1019:, used the polytonic system until 1982, when monotonic spelling was introduced. In some conservative contexts, such as the
3493:
2400:
1158:; its early forms looked like an apostrophe between the two elided words.) Over time, the main punctuation came to be a
3593:
3583:
17:
1138:, long marks which trailed between lines of text; these might also mark changes of speakers. Blank lines or various
2676:
2393:
2293:
2461:
1527:
111:
This affects not only lexical items but also inflectional affixes, so correct orthography requires mastery of
2451:
2431:
2298:
2203:
3477:
2446:
2032:
1733:
897:
173:
161:
144:
124:
104:
98:
88:
3286:
2625:
1962:
862:
556:
337:
2466:
2441:
848:
312:
54:) between the time Mycenaean stopped being written and the time when the Greek alphabet came into use.
3416:
3308:
2951:
2819:
2754:
2349:
2004:
1189:
1087:
860:
852:
842:
840:
832:
698:
696:
674:
646:
560:
512:
409:
335:
310:
282:
280:
2861:
2267:
2107:
854:
514:
2385:
1364:
exists is on the
Microsoft Windows Polytonic Greek keyboard (having the driver name KBDHEPT.DLL).
1349:
middot serves as the Greek semicolon, but is so uncommon that it has often been left off of Greek
724:
to in
Classical Attic Greek, but survives in some other contemporary dialects and in early Koine.
3588:
3578:
3534:
3377:
2824:
2663:
2483:
2471:
2456:
2329:
2277:
2208:
2127:
1726:
1532:
1512:
676:
648:
3539:
3482:
3441:
3116:
2939:
2726:
2688:
2583:
2238:
2146:
2055:
1884:
1552:
834:
411:
62:
3557:
3248:
3039:
2851:
2593:
2578:
2555:
2535:
2530:
2354:
2242:
2162:
2141:
2092:
1562:
1041:
1020:
1003:, although the ancient distinctions had disappeared, replaced by a simple stress accent. The
941:
200:
1400:
are also in use. The slash has the additional function of forming common abbreviations like
3549:
3449:
3106:
3021:
2911:
2829:
2811:
2698:
2344:
2324:
2272:
2172:
2131:
1801:
1646:
1488:
1193:
1182:
1026:
Monotonic orthography, adopted in 1982, replaces the ancient diacritics with just two: the
562:
58:
8:
3511:
3506:
3426:
3336:
3321:
3215:
3066:
3026:
2804:
2776:
2749:
2744:
2721:
2703:
2668:
2653:
2620:
2560:
2548:
2520:
2515:
2319:
2167:
1947:
1905:
1773:
1484:
1397:
1389:
1368:
1321:
1267:
1240:
1149:
1112:
3083:
3501:
3194:
3181:
3034:
2856:
2836:
2789:
2766:
2658:
2648:
2525:
2505:
2500:
2492:
2420:
2097:
1994:
1783:
1252:
1209:
1079:
181:
132:
43:
1118:
to mark the ends of sentences or changing speakers. Less often, arrangements of three
3459:
3454:
3369:
3056:
3046:
2994:
2989:
2886:
2873:
2771:
2693:
2640:
2630:
2615:
2598:
2510:
2188:
2050:
2026:
1416:
1350:
1141:
753:. Where ωυ was atticized, it was often split into two separate syllables , hence the
73:
in 403 BC, however, Greek orthography has been largely conservative and historical.
3382:
3359:
3298:
3293:
3264:
3238:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3111:
3098:
3088:
3013:
2973:
2919:
2896:
2881:
2846:
2841:
2799:
2736:
2713:
2570:
2543:
2259:
2228:
2102:
1971:
1793:
1073:
978:
786:
148:
77:
929:
C1: A single consonant between two vowels is hyphenated with the succeeding vowel.
3526:
3469:
3431:
3405:
3401:
3281:
3269:
3256:
3228:
3223:
3204:
3199:
3141:
3121:
3071:
3061:
2929:
2891:
2784:
2608:
2588:
2369:
2359:
2065:
1900:
1814:
1778:
1768:
1537:
1413:
1000:
922:
828:
793:
738:
128:
51:
3276:
2759:
2077:
1130:
appeared. Such interline punctuation could be noted or replaced by a variety of
3354:
3316:
3233:
3189:
3166:
3146:
3076:
3051:
2901:
2681:
2603:
2218:
2213:
2198:
2082:
2070:
1853:
1749:
1691:
1542:
1432:
1287:
921:
According to KEME (1983), the splitting of a Modern Greek word into syllables (
754:
224:
216:
112:
39:
35:
940:
Loanword hyphenation is governed by the same grammar rules as the rest of the
3572:
3349:
3326:
3171:
2944:
2924:
2334:
2233:
2060:
2045:
2013:
1957:
1952:
1927:
1827:
1517:
1235:
1225:
1111:
marked a full stop at the end of a completed thought. Other writers employed
1105:
1067:
1014:
992:
220:
188:
177:
1712:
952:
The prohibitive hyphenation rules regarding vowel splitting are as follows:
3516:
3344:
2087:
2040:
2020:
1895:
1866:
1763:
1547:
1476:
1436:
1328:
1215:
1205:
1173:
1027:
1009:
3421:
2968:
2416:
1989:
1981:
1939:
1922:
1917:
1840:
1133:
1098:
1086:. Over time, a variety of symbols appeared. A system of dots credited to
1004:
879:
875:
868:
750:
746:
734:
721:
209:
84:, certain modern vowel phonemes have multiple orthographic realizations:
81:
70:
66:
42:
in the 9th century BC. Some time prior to that, one early form of Greek,
31:
569:
also pronounced and in some words (e.g. εγγενής, έγγραφο, συγγραφέας)
1359:
1344:
1317:
1091:
1083:
762:
742:
1670:
3393:
2249:
1420:
1331:
1271:
1263:
1163:
1159:
1104:
marked an occasion for a longer breath after a longer passage, and a
1040:), used to mark the stressed syllable in polysyllabic words, and the
996:
988:
890:
872:
717:
205:
1596:
2934:
2415:
2193:
1440:
1393:
1385:
984:
92:
47:
2963:
1718:
1522:
1480:
1338:
1284:
901:
806:
3411:
2956:
1381:
1155:
152:
1439:, a number of changes have been made. Instead of extending an
1097:
marked an occasion for a short breath after a short phrase, a
1221:
1167:
1049:
1035:
911:
883:
776:
772:
766:
394:
350:
295:
1054:), which indicates that the vowel is not part of a digraph.
959:
V2. The combinations αυ, ευ, ηυ, αύ, εύ and ηύ do not split.
1419:(ϗ) is sometimes used for the same function as the English
1208:, most Greek punctuation was gradually standardized with
1238:
in a handful of Greek words, principally distinguishing
50:, although there was a lapse of several centuries (the
1341:
decomposes its separate code point identically. The
1713:
The
Details of Modern Greek Phonetics and Phonology
1645:. University of California, Irvine. Archived from
588:word-initially and in some loanwords; otherwise,
878:and . It is discussed among scholars whether the
681:word-initially and in some loanwords; otherwise,
653:word-initially and in some loanwords; otherwise,
3570:
38:ultimately has its roots in the adoption of the
761:. Perhaps the clearest example of this is the
57:Early Greek writing in the Greek alphabet was
2401:
1734:
1162:marked by a single dot at varying heights, a
991:to represent aspects of the pronunciation of
2304:Institute for Language and Speech Processing
1327:, which developed a shape so similar to the
1090:was developed in the 3rd century BC: a
1665:
1663:
1498:
1492:
1466:
1456:
1449:
1407:
1401:
1372:
1357:
1342:
1304:
1291:
1275:
1257:
1245:
1229:
1213:
1171:
1147:
1139:
1131:
1071:
800:
781:, then adapted to early Christian Latin as
168:
156:
139:
119:
91:can be spelled η, ι, υ, ει, οι, or υι (see
2408:
2394:
1741:
1727:
1597:"A Rule-based Hyphenator for Modern Greek"
1558:Pronunciation of Ancient Greek in teaching
912:Hyphenation rules of Standard Modern Greek
194:
1431:There are special rules for how to write
1146:marked the ends of sections. (A separate
2375:Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries
1660:
1303:. The right-pointing double Guillemets (
896:) should be regarded as an allophone of
1636:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1594:
823:
821:
819:
14:
3571:
1220:was fully unified with the comma, the
1023:, polytonic spellings are still used.
965:V4. Excessive diphthongs do not split.
925:) is governed by the following rules:
916:
2389:
1722:
956:V1. Double-vowel blends do not split.
683:often reduced to in informal speech
655:often reduced to in informal speech
590:often reduced to in informal speech
1625:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1426:
1380:) is mostly used as in English. The
816:
1690:In informal writing, English-style
1639:"Greek Unicode Issues: Punctuation"
1062:
219:, it became customary to write the
24:
1748:
1320:. The principal difference is the
947:
25:
3605:
1700:
1583:
489:before vowel or voiced consonant;
468:before vowel or voiced consonant;
434:before vowel or voiced consonant;
799:, etc. The modern Greek form is
2294:Hellenic Foundation for Culture
1228:(and in this use is called the
733:The diphthong ωυ was found in
1694:have also become quite common.
1684:
1611:
1574:
1497:in modern Greek. A lower left
1483:character, encoded as U+0374.
1199:
1057:
727:
710:
101:can be spelled either ε or αι;
27:Writing system of Modern Greek
13:
1:
2299:Center for the Greek Language
1857:
1844:
1831:
1818:
1805:
1595:Noussia, Theodora I. (1997).
1568:
1234:) and it also functions as a
972:
107:can be spelled either ο or ω.
78:phonetic development of Greek
65:. Since the adoption of the
1443:over an entire number (like
1356:One of the few places where
999:letters, became standard in
962:V3. Diphthongs do not split.
891:
749:, and was gradually lost in
7:
3277:Ethiopian Semitic languages
1506:
1499:
1467:
1450:
1358:
1343:
1258:
1246:
1230:
1214:
1192:modified this system (see:
1172:
1166:marked by various forms of
1148:
1140:
1132:
805:, whereas the modern Latin
208:but have been shortened to
10:
3610:
2677:Phonology & ortography
1050:
1036:
976:
904:in its own right in Greek.
884:
777:
775:), which was atticized as
767:
745:, but it did not occur in
395:
351:
296:
3594:Ancient Greek punctuation
3584:Orthographies by language
3548:
3525:
3491:
3468:
3440:
3391:
3368:
3335:
3307:
3247:
3213:
3180:
3097:
3012:
2982:
2910:
2872:
2735:
2712:
2639:
2569:
2491:
2482:
2427:
2312:
2286:
2258:
2181:
2155:
2120:
2003:
1980:
1883:
1876:
1792:
1756:
1643:Thesaurus Linguae Graecae
1601:Computational Linguistics
1493:
1457:
1408:
1402:
1373:
1305:
1292:
1276:
1251:
1239:
1190:Aristarchus of Samothrace
1088:Aristophanes of Byzantium
801:
690:
552:ng / nj, g / j, ngh / njh
433:
430:
334:
331:
240:
235:
232:
169:
157:
140:
120:
995:. Polytonic, along with
867:respectively before the
567:and in informal speech;
2330:Greek language question
1533:Greek language question
1513:Ancient Greek phonology
1301:⟨«…“…”…»⟩
785:, from where it became
559:, but often reduced to
223:iota in digraphs as an
195:Digraphs and diphthongs
1637:Nicolas, Nick (2005).
1553:Modern Greek phonology
1124:⟨⁞ or ⁘⟩
1072:
1007:of modern Greek, both
741:transcriptions in the
2760:Classical orthography
2594:Standard Written Form
1563:Romanization of Greek
1479:(´), but has its own
942:Standard Modern Greek
2830:Montenegrin alphabet
2340:Morphemes in English
2325:Eteocypriot language
1757:Origin and genealogy
1715:, by Harry Foundalis
1707:Greek Unicode Issues
1489:Philip II of Macedon
1194:Aristarchian symbols
1183:papyrological hyphen
80:, especially in the
61:, different in each
2345:Terms of endearment
2320:Eteocretan language
2287:Promotion and study
1774:Pre-Greek substrate
1671:"The Look of Greek"
1485:Alexander the Great
1322:Greek question mark
1268:thousands separator
1250:, "whatever") from
1186:⟨ ͜ ⟩
1113:two dot punctuation
917:Consonant splitting
2365:Greek Language Day
1995:Jewish Koine Greek
1784:Hellenic languages
1206:advent of printing
987:uses a variety of
82:Hellenistic period
3566:
3565:
3008:
3007:
2857:Cyrillic alphabet
2820:Cyrillic alphabet
2750:Cyrillic alphabet
2599:Kernowek Standard
2421:world's languages
2383:
2382:
2189:Cypriot syllabary
2116:
2115:
1990:Hellenistic Koine
1491:is thus known as
1475:) similar to the
1464:
1427:In Greek numerals
1335:⟨;⟩
1325:⟨;⟩
1314:⟨»⟩
1179:⟨⸒⟩
1154:was used to mark
1128:⟨⁙⟩
1120:⟨⁝⟩
1116:⟨⁚⟩
1109:⟨˙⟩
1102:⟨·⟩
1095:⟨.⟩
706:
705:
46:, was written in
18:Greek punctuation
16:(Redirected from
3601:
2489:
2488:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2108:Greco-Australian
1881:
1880:
1862:
1859:
1849:
1846:
1836:
1833:
1823:
1820:
1810:
1807:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1720:
1719:
1709:by Nick Nicholas
1695:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1667:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1634:
1623:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1592:
1581:
1578:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1470:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1453:
1446:
1412:'brothers'. The
1411:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1376:
1375:
1369:exclamation mark
1363:
1348:
1336:
1326:
1315:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1295:
1294:
1288:quotation dashes
1279:
1278:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1233:
1219:
1187:
1180:
1177:
1153:
1145:
1137:
1129:
1126:, and five dots
1125:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1096:
1077:
1074:scripta continua
1063:In Ancient Greek
1053:
1052:
1039:
1038:
979:Greek diacritics
905:
899:
894:
887:
886:
866:
858:
846:
838:
825:
814:
804:
803:
780:
779:
770:
769:
731:
725:
714:
702:
680:
662:
652:
634:
615:
597:
585:g / y, ng / ny
576:
566:
543:
525:
518:
498:
477:
456:
443:
422:
415:
398:
397:
392:
379:
366:
354:
353:
348:
341:
323:
316:
299:
298:
293:
286:
268:
230:
229:
217:Byzantine period
175:
172:
171:
163:
160:
159:
147:'the good ones (
146:
143:
142:
126:
123:
122:
106:
100:
90:
21:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3544:
3521:
3494:Native American
3487:
3464:
3436:
3387:
3364:
3331:
3303:
3243:
3209:
3176:
3093:
3004:
2978:
2906:
2868:
2816:Serbo-Croatian
2731:
2708:
2635:
2626:Scottish Gaelic
2609:Unified Cornish
2589:Kernewek Kemmyn
2565:
2478:
2423:
2414:
2384:
2379:
2370:Trojan language
2360:Minoan language
2308:
2282:
2254:
2182:Writing systems
2177:
2173:Standard Modern
2151:
2147:Standard Modern
2112:
2066:Greco/Calabrian
1999:
1976:
1872:
1860:
1847:
1834:
1821:
1815:Mycenaean Greek
1808:
1788:
1779:Graeco-Phrygian
1769:Graeco-Armenian
1752:
1747:
1703:
1698:
1692:quotation marks
1689:
1685:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1661:
1652:
1650:
1635:
1626:
1616:
1612:
1593:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1538:Greek ligatures
1509:
1474:
1444:
1429:
1334:
1324:
1313:
1300:
1262:, "that"). The
1202:
1185:
1178:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1070:was written as
1065:
1060:
1001:Byzantine Greek
981:
975:
950:
948:Vowel splitting
923:syllabification
919:
914:
909:
908:
826:
817:
737:and in certain
732:
728:
722:monophthongized
715:
711:
682:
660:
654:
632:
613:
595:
589:
574:
568:
555:and in formal
541:
523:
505:
496:
490:
475:
469:
454:
441:
435:
420:
390:
377:
364:
346:
321:
291:
266:
242:
237:
197:
127:'the good one (
52:Greek Dark Ages
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3607:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3589:Greek alphabet
3586:
3581:
3579:Greek language
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3535:Haitian Creole
3531:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3498:
3496:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3474:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3398:
3396:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3341:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3279:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3259:
3253:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3103:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2862:Latin alphabet
2859:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2825:Latin alphabet
2822:
2814:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2755:Latin alphabet
2752:
2741:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2671:
2666:
2664:Istro-Romanian
2661:
2656:
2651:
2645:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2604:Modern Cornish
2601:
2596:
2591:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2439:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2413:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2390:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2219:Greek numerals
2216:
2214:Attic numerals
2211:
2206:
2199:Greek alphabet
2196:
2191:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2058:
2056:Constantinople
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2024:
2017:
2009:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1986:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1942:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1920:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1898:
1889:
1887:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1864:
1854:Medieval Greek
1851:
1838:
1825:
1812:
1798:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1750:Greek language
1746:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1710:
1702:
1701:External links
1699:
1697:
1696:
1683:
1659:
1624:
1610:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1543:Iota subscript
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1508:
1505:
1472:
1433:Greek numerals
1428:
1425:
1266:serves as the
1224:serves as the
1204:Following the
1201:
1198:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
977:Main article:
974:
971:
967:
966:
963:
960:
957:
949:
946:
938:
937:
933:
930:
918:
915:
913:
910:
907:
906:
815:
763:Biblical Greek
757:transcription
726:
708:
707:
704:
703:
694:
691:
689:
685:
684:
672:
669:
667:
664:
657:
656:
644:
641:
639:
636:
629:
628:
625:
622:
620:
617:
610:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
592:
591:
586:
583:
581:
578:
571:
570:
553:
550:
548:
545:
538:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
520:
519:
510:
507:
503:
500:
493:
492:
487:
484:
482:
479:
472:
471:
466:
463:
461:
458:
451:
450:
448:
445:
438:
437:
432:
429:
427:
424:
417:
416:
407:
404:
402:
399:
387:
386:
384:
381:
374:
373:
371:
368:
361:
360:
358:
355:
343:
342:
333:
330:
328:
325:
318:
317:
308:
305:
303:
300:
288:
287:
278:
275:
273:
270:
263:
262:
261:Pronunciation
259:
254:
253:Pronunciation
251:
245:
244:
239:
234:
225:iota subscript
196:
193:
113:formal grammar
109:
108:
102:
96:
40:Greek alphabet
36:Greek language
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3606:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3390:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3182:Tungus—Manchu
3179:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2484:Indo-European
2481:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2437:Orthographies
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2417:Orthographies
2411:
2406:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2239:Cyrillization
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2209:Archaic forms
2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2071:Griko/Apulian
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1907:
1906:Arcadocypriot
1904:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1865:
1855:
1852:
1848: 300 BC
1842:
1839:
1829:
1828:Ancient Greek
1826:
1816:
1813:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1693:
1687:
1672:
1666:
1664:
1649:on 2014-10-10
1648:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1622:'I invented'.
1621:
1614:
1607:(3): 361–376.
1606:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1577:
1573:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1528:Greek grammar
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1518:Greek braille
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1471:is a symbol (
1469:
1454:
1452:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1370:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1340:
1333:
1330:
1323:
1319:
1311:
1298:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1237:
1236:silent letter
1232:
1227:
1226:decimal point
1223:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1207:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1176:
1175:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1151:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1135:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1069:
1068:Ancient Greek
1055:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1005:orthographies
1002:
998:
994:
993:ancient Greek
990:
986:
980:
970:
964:
961:
958:
955:
954:
953:
945:
943:
934:
931:
928:
927:
926:
924:
903:
895:
893:
881:
877:
874:
870:
864:
856:
850:
844:
836:
830:
824:
822:
820:
812:
808:
798:
795:
791:
788:
784:
774:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
730:
723:
719:
713:
709:
700:
695:
692:
687:
686:
678:
673:
670:
668:
665:
659:
658:
650:
645:
642:
640:
637:
631:
630:
626:
623:
621:
618:
612:
611:
608:
605:
603:
600:
594:
593:
587:
584:
582:
579:
573:
572:
564:
558:
554:
551:
549:
546:
540:
539:
536:
533:
531:
528:
522:
521:
516:
511:
508:
504:
501:
495:
494:
488:
485:
483:
480:
474:
473:
467:
464:
462:
459:
453:
452:
449:
446:
440:
439:
428:
425:
419:
418:
413:
408:
405:
403:
400:
389:
388:
385:
382:
376:
375:
372:
369:
363:
362:
359:
356:
345:
344:
339:
329:
326:
320:
319:
314:
309:
306:
304:
301:
290:
289:
284:
279:
276:
274:
271:
265:
264:
260:
258:
257:Transcription
255:
252:
250:
249:Transcription
247:
246:
231:
228:
226:
222:
218:
213:
211:
207:
202:
192:
190:
189:Cypriot Greek
185:
183:
179:
167:
154:
150:
138:
134:
130:
118:
114:
103:
97:
94:
87:
86:
85:
83:
79:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3478:Massachusett
3442:Austronesian
2999:
2556:West Frisian
2462:Prepositions
2436:
2243:Romanization
2223:
2093:Romano-Greek
2083:Mariupolitan
2031:
2021:Katharevousa
2019:
2012:
1869:(since 1453)
1867:Modern Greek
1764:Graeco-Aryan
1686:
1674:. Retrieved
1651:. Retrieved
1647:the original
1642:
1619:
1613:
1604:
1600:
1576:
1548:Katharevousa
1477:acute accent
1448:
1437:modern Greek
1430:
1377:
1366:
1355:
1309:
1296:
1280:
1231:hypodiastole
1216:hypodiastole
1203:
1174:hypodiastole
1164:partial stop
1156:contractions
1066:
1045:
1031:
1028:acute accent
1025:
1015:
1010:katharevousa
1008:
982:
968:
951:
939:
920:
889:
876:front vowels
810:
796:
789:
782:
758:
729:
712:
214:
210:monophthongs
198:
186:
165:
136:
116:
110:
75:
69:variant for
56:
29:
3550:Constructed
3309:Niger–Congo
3249:Afroasiatic
3107:Azerbaijani
3040:orthography
2805:orthography
2790:orthography
2549:orthography
2452:Determiners
2432:Phonologies
2350:Place names
2224:Orthography
2033:Misthiotika
2027:Cappadocian
1841:Koine Greek
1822: 1600
1809: 2900
1802:Proto-Greek
1494:Φίλιππος Βʹ
1378:thavmastikó
1306:ομειωματικά
1200:In printing
1134:paragraphoi
1084:interpuncts
1058:Punctuation
880:velar nasal
849:palatalized
743:Greek Bible
215:During the
32:orthography
3573:Categories
3540:Papiamento
3427:Vietnamese
3394:East Asian
3031:Hungarian
2940:Hindustani
2912:Indo-Aryan
2777:Macedonian
2745:Belarusian
2727:Lithuanian
2689:Portuguese
2447:Adjectives
2260:Literature
2229:Diacritics
1972:Pamphylian
1963:Macedonian
1944:Northwest
1861: 330
1835: 800
1653:2014-10-07
1569:References
1487:'s father
1374:θαυμαστικό
1360:ano teleia
1345:ano teleia
1318:Ditto mark
1310:omiomatiká
1277:εισαγωγικά
1272:guillemets
1170:, and the
989:diacritics
983:Polytonic
973:Diacritics
944:language.
491:otherwise
470:otherwise
436:otherwise
206:diphthongs
76:Given the
3558:Esperanto
3507:Inuktitut
3417:Mongolian
3360:Malayalam
3337:Dravidian
3067:Mordvinic
2952:Maldivian
2852:Ukrainian
2767:Bulgarian
2649:Aromanian
2536:Norwegian
2531:Icelandic
2501:Afrikaans
2273:Byzantine
2250:Greeklish
2121:Phonology
2098:Tsakonian
2051:Himariote
1901:Mycenaean
1877:Varieties
1824:–1100 BC)
1811:–1600 BC)
1676:8 October
1421:ampersand
1351:keyboards
1332:semicolon
1316:serve as
1285:em-length
1281:isagoyika
1264:full stop
1160:full stop
1142:coronides
1046:dialytiká
1042:diaeresis
1016:dhimotiki
997:lowercase
718:diphthong
643:b, mb, mp
557:registers
164:'I call'
44:Mycenaean
3502:Cherokee
3455:Hawaiian
3450:Filipino
3383:Okinawan
3378:Japanese
3287:Biblical
3261:Aramaic
3239:Georgian
3216:European
3057:Livonian
3047:Karelian
3035:alphabet
3022:Estonian
2995:Armenian
2990:Albanian
2935:Gurmukhi
2930:Gujarati
2812:Silesian
2800:alphabet
2796:Russian
2785:alphabet
2699:Sicilian
2694:Romanian
2682:alphabet
2544:alphabet
2540:Swedish
2493:Germanic
2467:Pronouns
2442:Grammars
2355:Proverbs
2194:Linear B
2136:teaching
1892:Central
1850:–AD 330)
1837:–300 BC)
1507:See also
1441:overline
1414:ligature
1396:and the
1394:ellipsis
1386:brackets
1329:Latinate
1106:high dot
1078:without
985:spelling
809:form is
720:υι was
624:nkh / nç
506:earlier
233:Letters
145:/ikaˈli/
141:οι καλοί
125:/ikaˈli/
93:Iotacism
59:phonemic
48:Linear B
3512:Nahuatl
3402:Chinese
3370:Japonic
3355:Kannada
3294:Maltese
3265:Aramaic
3157:Turkmen
3152:Turkish
3117:Crimean
3112:Bashkir
3027:Finnish
2964:Marathi
2920:Bengali
2897:Persian
2887:Kurdish
2882:Avestan
2874:Iranian
2847:Sorbian
2842:Slovene
2781:Polish
2722:Latvian
2704:Spanish
2669:Italian
2654:Catalan
2641:Romance
2584:Cornish
2561:Yiddish
2521:Faroese
2516:English
2419:of the
2335:Exonyms
2268:Ancient
2234:Braille
2204:History
2163:Ancient
2156:Grammar
2128:Ancient
2103:Yevanic
2061:Italiot
2046:Cypriot
2014:Demotic
1958:Locrian
1953:Epirote
1948:Achaean
1928:Homeric
1885:Ancient
1794:Periods
1523:Obelism
1481:Unicode
1409:αδελφοί
1339:Unicode
1150:coronis
1122:, four
1092:low dot
1080:spacing
1048:, e.g.
1034:, e.g.
902:phoneme
851:to , ,
807:Vulgate
787:Spanish
236:Ancient
201:digraph
176:'good (
174:/kaˈlo/
162:/kaˈlo/
63:dialect
34:of the
3527:Creole
3492:other
3483:Ojibwe
3412:Korean
3406:Dungan
3392:other
3350:Telugu
3299:Somali
3282:Hebrew
3270:Syriac
3257:Arabic
3234:Dargwa
3229:Basque
3224:Abkhaz
3214:other
3200:Manchu
3195:Evenki
3162:Uyghur
3137:Kyrgyz
3132:Khakas
3127:Kazakh
3122:Gagauz
3099:Turkic
3089:Udmurt
3077:Erzyan
3072:Moksha
3014:Uralic
2974:Romani
2957:Thaana
2925:Chakma
2892:Pashto
2837:Slovak
2737:Slavic
2714:Baltic
2673:Latin
2659:French
2579:Breton
2571:Celtic
2526:German
2506:Danish
2278:Modern
2132:accent
2088:Pontic
2078:Maniot
2041:Cretan
2005:Modern
1896:Aeolic
1863:–1453)
1620:εφηύρα
1500:keraia
1468:keraia
1458:κεραία
1451:keraia
1392:, the
1388:, the
1384:, the
1382:hyphen
1283:) and
1270:, and
1212:: the
1210:French
1168:commas
1099:middot
1021:Church
936:vowel.
839:, and
829:velars
802:Μωυσής
794:French
790:Moisés
783:Mōysēs
778:Μωϋσῆς
768:Μωυσῆς
739:Hebrew
688:ΤΖ, τζ
486:iv, if
465:ev, ef
431:av, af
243:Greek
241:Modern
238:Greek
221:silent
121:η καλή
3517:Osage
3470:Algic
3460:Malay
3432:Nivkh
3345:Tamil
3322:Sotho
3205:Udege
3172:Yakut
3167:Uzbek
3147:Tatar
3142:Nogai
3062:Mansi
3000:Greek
2983:other
2902:Tajik
2772:Czech
2631:Welsh
2616:Irish
2511:Dutch
2472:Verbs
2457:Nouns
2313:Other
2168:Koine
2142:Koine
1982:Koine
1940:Doric
1936:West
1923:Ionic
1918:Attic
1914:East
1447:), a
1435:. In
1403:α/φοί
1398:slash
1390:colon
1337:that
1297:pavla
1293:παύλα
1222:comma
1032:tónos
900:or a
869:close
865:]
861:[
857:]
853:[
845:]
841:[
837:]
833:[
811:Mōsēs
797:Moïse
773:Moses
765:name
755:Latin
751:Koine
747:Attic
735:Ionic
701:]
697:[
679:]
675:[
671:d, nd
651:]
647:[
627:and
565:]
561:[
517:]
513:[
414:]
410:[
340:]
336:[
315:]
311:[
285:]
281:[
184:.)'.
155:.)';
71:Attic
67:Ionic
3422:Thai
3317:Fula
3190:Even
3084:Sámi
3052:Komi
2969:Odia
2945:Urdu
2621:Manx
2241:and
1678:2014
1463:lit.
1406:for
1367:The
1247:ó,ti
1241:ό,τι
1181:and
1013:and
892:ágma
885:ἄγμα
871:and
859:and
847:are
831:, ,
827:The
716:The
663:, ντ
635:, μπ
616:, γχ
598:, γξ
577:, γκ
544:, γγ
526:, ωυ
499:, ου
478:, ηυ
457:, ευ
444:, ᾱυ
423:, αυ
380:, υι
367:, οι
324:, ει
269:, αι
182:sing
178:neut
170:καλό
158:καλώ
149:masc
135:.)'
133:sing
117:e.g.
30:The
3327:Vai
1445:χξϛ
1417:kai
1353:.
1259:óti
1253:ότι
1196:).
1082:or
898:/n/
873:mid
699:d͡z
619:ŋkh
166:vs.
137:vs.
129:fem
105:/o/
99:/e/
89:/i/
3575::
1858:c.
1845:c.
1832:c.
1819:c.
1806:c.
1662:^
1641:.
1627:^
1605:23
1603:.
1599:.
1585:^
1461:,
1423:.
1312:)
888:,
818:^
792:,
759:ōy
693:tz
666:nt
661:ντ
638:mp
633:μπ
614:γχ
606:nx
601:ŋx
596:γξ
580:ŋk
575:γκ
547:ŋg
542:γγ
534:oi
529:ōü
524:ωυ
502:ou
497:ου
481:ēu
476:ηυ
460:eu
455:ευ
447:āu
442:Ᾱυ
426:au
421:αυ
412:o̞
401:ōi
393:,
391:ωι
383:ui
378:υι
370:oi
365:οι
357:ēi
349:,
347:ηι
327:ei
322:ει
302:āi
294:,
292:αι
283:e̞
272:ai
267:αι
227:.
199:A
191:.
180:.
153:pl
151:.
131:.
115:,
95:);
3408:)
3404:(
2409:e
2402:t
2395:v
2138:)
2134:/
2130:(
1856:(
1843:(
1830:(
1817:(
1804:(
1742:e
1735:t
1728:v
1680:.
1656:.
1473:ʹ
1455:(
1371:(
1290:(
1274:(
1256:(
1244:(
1051:ϊ
1044:(
1037:ί
1030:(
882:(
863:ç
855:ʝ
843:x
835:ɣ
813:.
771:(
677:d
649:b
563:ɡ
515:u
509:u
406:o
396:ῳ
352:ῃ
338:i
332:i
313:a
307:a
297:ᾳ
277:e
20:)
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