744:
4104:
4542:
Feminine nouns include female animates, three types of fish, some plants, the sun and other heavenly objects, some body parts and skin diseases, the soul, and some religious items. Words for part of a whole, as well as most other nouns that do not fall into any of the aforementioned classes, are neuter. The gender assignment of non-sex-differentiable things is complex. In general, those of no importance to the Kets are feminine, whereas objects of importance (e.g. fish, wood) are masculine. Mythology is again a significant factor.
3273:
3301:
3313:
5140:(bucket) and so forth. Many of the words where it is possible to choose gender are inanimate objects that one might suspect would be conjugated with the neuter gender. Nouns conjugated with the neuter gender cannot normally be conjugated as feminine or masculine in Norwegian. There is also a slight tendency towards using the masculine indefinite article even when choosing the feminine conjugation of a noun in many eastern Norwegian dialects. For instance, the word for "girl" is declined:
2694:
51:
915:) is masculine. Hence, if a neuter relative pronoun is used, the relative clause refers to "flowerbed", and if a masculine pronoun is used, the relative clause refers to "garden". Because of this, languages with gender distinction can often use pronouns where in English a noun would have to be repeated in order to avoid confusion. It does not, however, help in cases where the words are of the same grammatical gender.
5294:
1267:
by women, natural, round, or light" and male gender to objects "used by men, artificial, angular, or heavy." Apparent failures to reproduce the effect for German speakers has also led to a proposal that the effect is restricted to languages with a two-gender system, possibly because such languages are inclined towards a greater correspondence between grammatical and natural gender.
1397:
be used for long thin objects, another for flat objects, another for people, another for abstracts, etc.), although sometimes a noun is associated with a particular classifier more by convention than for any obvious reason. However it is also possible for a given noun to be usable with any of several classifiers; for example, the
4158:: Brunhild, Kriemhild and Hroswith became Brunhilde, Kriemhilde and Hroswitha. Slavic feminine given names: Olga (Russian), Małgorzata (Polish), Tetiana (Ukrainian), Oksana (Belarusian), Eliška (Czech), Bronislava (Slovak), Milica (Serbian), Darina (Bulgarian), Lucja (Croatian), Lamija (Bosnian) and Zala (Slovenian).
1192:. This makes some obviously feminine noun phrases like "a cute girl", "the well milking cow" or "the pregnant mares" sound strange to most Norwegian ears when spoken by Danes and people from Bergen since they are inflected in a way that sounds like the masculine declensions in South-Eastern Norwegian dialects.
1396:
Classifiers can be considered similar to genders or noun classes, in that a language which uses classifiers normally has a number of different ones, used with different sets of nouns. These sets depend largely on properties of the things that the nouns denote (for example, a particular classifier may
1262:
It has been shown that grammatical gender causes a number of cognitive effects. For example, when native speakers of gendered languages are asked to imagine an inanimate object speaking, whether its voice is male or female tends to correspond to the grammatical gender of the object in their language.
1020:
This is similar to systems with a masculine–feminine contrast, except that there is a third available gender, so nouns with sexless or unspecified-sex referents may be either masculine, feminine, or neuter. There are also certain exceptional nouns whose gender does not follow the denoted sex, such as
6641:
Polish might be said to distinguish five genders: personal masculine (referring to male humans), animate non-personal masculine, inanimate masculine, feminine, and neuter. The animate–inanimate opposition for the masculine gender applies in the singular, and the personal–impersonal opposition, which
4955:
It is possible for a noun to have more than one gender. Such gender shifts are sometimes correlated with meaning shifts, and sometimes yield doublets with no difference in meaning. Moreover, gender shifts sometimes crosscuts number contrasts, such that the singular form of a noun has one gender, and
987:
Nouns that denote specifically male persons (or animals) are normally of masculine gender; those that denote specifically female persons (or animals) are normally of feminine gender; and nouns that denote something that does not have any sex, or do not specify the sex of their referent, have come to
6625:
In
Russian, the different treatment of animate nouns involves their accusative case (and that of adjectives qualifying them) being formed identically to the genitive rather than to the nominative. In the singular that applies to masculine nouns only, but in the plural it applies in all genders. See
5365:
Related languages need not assign the same gender to a noun: this shows that gender can vary across related languages. Conversely, unrelated languages that are in contact can impact how a borrowed noun is assigned gender, with either the borrowing or the donor language determining the gender of the
1708:
match those of related words. Gender is one of the categories which frequently require agreement. In this case, nouns may be considered the "triggers" of the process, because they have an inherent gender, whereas related words that change their form to match the gender of the noun can be considered
1266:
Caveats of this research include the possibility of subjects' "using grammatical gender as a strategy for performing the task", and the fact that even for inanimate objects the gender of nouns is not always random. For example, in
Spanish, female gender is often attributed to objects that are "used
3374:
In many languages, nouns are assigned to gender largely without any semantic basis—that is, not based on any feature (such as animacy or sex) of the person or thing that a noun represents. In such languages there may be a correlation, to a greater or lesser degree, between gender and the form of a
802:
division is only partially valid, and many nouns may belong to a gender category that contrasts with their meaning, e.g. the word for "manliness" could be of feminine gender, as it is in French with "la masculinité" and "la virilité". In such a case, the gender assignment can also be influenced by
778:
In a few languages, the assignment of any particular noun (i.e., nominal lexeme, that set of noun forms inflectable from a common lemma) to one grammatical gender is solely determined by that noun's meaning, or attributes, like biological sex, humanness, or animacy. However, the existence of words
6646:
In the singular, masculine animates (in the standard declension) have an accusative form identical to the genitive, and masculine inanimates have accusative identical to the nominative. The same applies to adjectives qualifying these nouns, the same as in
Russian and Czech. Also, Polish masculine
6633:
A similar system applies in Czech, but the situation is somewhat different in the plural: Only masculine nouns are affected, and the distinctive feature is a distinct inflective ending for masculine animate nouns in the nominative plural and for adjectives and verbs agreeing with those nouns. See
6411:
However, these are relatively insignificant features compared with a typical language with full grammatical gender. English nouns are not generally considered to belong to gender classes in the way that French, German or
Russian nouns are. There is no gender agreement in English between nouns and
4541:
has three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter), and most gender assignment is based on semantics, but there are many inanimate nouns outside the neuter class. Masculine nouns include male animates, most fish, trees, the moon, large wooden objects, most living beings and some religious items.
4534:
has four genders: male human, female human, animal, and inanimate. However, there are about 80 nouns representing inanimate entities which are nonetheless animate in gender: heavenly objects (moon, rainbow), metal objects (hammer, ring), edible plants (sweet potato, pea), and non-metallic objects
3256:("animal, one head of cattle") are neuter, but most species names are masculine or feminine. When the sex of an animal is known, it will normally be referred to using gendered pronouns consistent with its sex; otherwise the pronouns will correspond to the gender of the noun denoting its species.
2969:
When a noun with conflicting natural and grammatical gender is the antecedent of a pronoun, it may not be clear which gender of pronoun to choose. There is a certain tendency to keep the grammatical gender when a close back-reference is made, but to switch to natural gender when the reference is
5374:
Nouns which have the same meanings in different languages need not have the same gender. This is particularly so in the case of things with no natural gender, such as sexless objects. For example, there is, by all appearances, nothing about a table that should cause it to be associated with any
4086:
Although gender inflection may be used to construct nouns and names for people of different sexes in languages that have grammatical gender, this alone does not constitute grammatical gender. Distinct words and names for men and women are also common in languages which do not have a grammatical
5093:
In
Norwegian, many nouns can be either feminine or masculine according to the dialect, level of formality or whim of the speaker/writer. Even the two written forms of the language have many nouns whose gender is optional. Choosing the masculine gender will often seem more formal than using the
4907:) that they are no longer recognizable. Many German nouns, for example, do not indicate their gender through either meaning or form. In such cases a noun's gender must simply be memorized, and gender can be regarded as an integral part of each noun when considered as an entry in the speaker's
1093:
things (humans and animals) generally belong to one gender, and those that denote inanimate things to another (although there may be some deviation from that principle). Examples include earlier forms of Proto-Indo-European and the earliest family known to have split off from it, the extinct
4526:
In some languages, the gender of nouns can mostly be determined by physical (semantic) attributes, although there remain some nouns whose gender is not assigned in this way (Corbett calls this "semantic residue"). The world view (e.g. mythology) of the speakers may influence the division of
4548:
has two genders, masculine and feminine. However, the masculine also includes things which are tall or long and slender, or narrow (e.g. fish, snakes, arrows and slender trees), whereas the feminine gender has things which are short, squat or wide (e.g. turtles, houses, shields and squat
3224:
As regards the pronouns used to refer to animals, these generally agree in gender with the nouns denoting those animals, rather than the animals' sex (natural gender). In a language like
English, which does not assign grammatical gender to nouns, the pronoun used for referring to objects
1207:
and most spoken dialects retain masculine, feminine and neuter even if their
Scandinavian neighbors have lost one of the genders. As shown, the merger of masculine and feminine in these languages and dialects can be considered a reversal of the original split in Proto-Indo-European (see
1763:, a language with two gender categories: "natural" vs "grammatical". "Natural" gender can be masculine or feminine, while "grammatical" gender can be masculine, feminine, or neuter. This third, or "neuter" gender is reserved for abstract concepts derived from adjectives: such as
6733:). Such endings also appear on adjectives and past tense verbs. The two features are analogous to features of Russian and Czech respectively, except that those languages make an animate/inanimate distinction rather than personal/impersonal) . Examples of the Polish system:
1320:, such as sex, animacy, shape, although in some instances a noun can be placed in a particular class based purely on its grammatical behavior. Some authors use the term "grammatical gender" as a synonym of "noun class", but others use different definitions for each.
2550:
When a language has gendered pronouns, the use of a particular word as a dummy pronoun may involve the selection of a particular gender, even though there is no noun to agree with. In languages with a neuter gender, a neuter pronoun is usually used, as in German
6428:, a spelling convention borrowed from French). Gender agreement applies in effect only to pronouns, with the choice of pronoun determined through semantics and/or pragmatics rather than on any conventional assignment of particular nouns to particular genders.
5102:
in the late 19th century, Norwegians wrote in Danish, which has lost the feminine gender, thus usage of the masculine gender (corresponding exactly to Danish common gender in conjugation in
Norwegian Bokmål) is more formal sounding to modern Norwegians.
5693:
Ibrahim identifies several processes by which a language assigns a gender to a newly borrowed word; these processes follow patterns by which even children, through their subconscious recognition of patterns, can often correctly predict a noun's gender.
782:
In other languages, the division into genders usually correlates to some degree, at least for a certain set of nouns, such as those denoting humans, with some property or properties of the things that particular nouns denote. Such properties include
1775:("that which is good/bad"). Natural gender refers to the biological sex of most animals and people, while grammatical gender refers to certain phonetic characteristics (the sounds at the end, or beginning) of a noun. Among other lexical items, the
6142:. According to the theory, the animate gender, which (unlike the inanimate) had independent vocative and accusative forms, later split into masculine and feminine, thus originating the three-way classification into masculine, feminine and neuter.
4776:
That the masculine is seen in
Icelandic as the most generic or 'unmarked' of the three genders can also be seen in the fact that the nouns for most professions are masculine. Even feminine job descriptions historically filled by women, like
5757:
argues that the cross-lingual retention of grammatical gender can change not only the lexis of the target language but also its morphology. For example, gender can indirectly influence the productivity of noun-patterns in what he calls the
4623:, the neuter is often used for indeterminate gender reference, particularly when the things referred to are not people. In some cases this may even apply when referring to people, particularly children. For example, in English, one may use
2324:
are used depending on whether the referent is male, female, or inanimate or non-human; this is in spite of the fact that
English does not generally have grammatical gender). A parallel example is provided by the object suffixes of verbs in
697:
system, where nouns are assigned to gender categories that are often not related to the real-world qualities of the entities denoted by those nouns. In languages with grammatical gender, most or all nouns inherently carry one value of the
3044:(deprecative "creature") is feminine but can be used to refer to both man (masculine gender), woman (feminine gender), child (neuter gender) or even animate nouns (e.g. a dog being masculine). Similarly with other deprecatory nouns as
3088:
In the case of languages which have masculine and feminine genders, the relation between biological sex and grammatical gender tends to be less exact in the case of animals than in the case of people. In Spanish, for instance, a
2606:, where the referent is generally unknown. In this case the question is usually not which pronoun to use, but which gender to assign a given pronoun to (for such purposes as adjective agreement). For example, the French pronouns
4890:
is an example of such a language, with a division (in the plural) between masculine animate, masculine inanimate, feminine, and neuter. The rules for gender and number of coordinated phrases in that language are summarized at
872:. Gender class may be marked on the noun itself, but will also always be marked on other constituents in a noun phrase or sentence. If the noun is explicitly marked, both trigger and target may feature similar alternations.
4695:
However, when referring to previously unmentioned groups of people or when referring to people in a generic way, especially when using an indefinite pronoun like 'some' or 'all', the masculine plural is used. For example:
894:
In literature, gender can be used to "animate and personify inanimate nouns". Languages with gender distinction generally have fewer cases of ambiguity concerning, for example, pronominal reference. In the English phrase
1274:
asks people to describe a noun, and attempts to measure whether it takes on gender-specific connotations depending on the speaker's native language. For example, one study found that German speakers describing a bridge
4573:
In languages with masculine and feminine gender, the masculine is usually employed by default to refer to persons of unknown gender and to groups of people of mixed gender. Thus, in French the feminine plural pronoun
6642:
classes animals along with inanimate objects, applies in the plural. (A few nouns denoting inanimate things are treated grammatically as animate and vice versa.) The manifestations of the differences are as follows:
1756:. Gender class may be marked on the noun itself, but can also be marked on other constituents in a noun phrase or sentence. If the noun is explicitly marked, both trigger and target may feature similar alternations.
713:
Whereas some authors use the term "grammatical gender" as a synonym of "noun class", others use different definitions for each. Many authors prefer "noun classes" when none of the inflections in a language relate to
2655:
of a noun, pronoun or noun phrase is a gender to which it would be expected to belong based on relevant attributes of its referent. Although grammatical gender can coincide with natural gender, it does not need to.
6818:, nouns are classified primarily on the basis of their semantic properties. The highest-level classification of nouns is often described as being between "rational" and "nonrational". Nouns representing humans and
4970:
in Spanish, which may be either masculine or feminine, depending on whether it refers to a male or a female. It may also correspond to some other difference in the meaning of the word. For example, the German word
5944:
Grammatical gender is a common phenomenon in the world's languages. A typological survey of 174 languages revealed that over one fourth of them had grammatical gender. Gender systems rarely overlap with numerical
3308:, countries can have masculine (blue), feminine (red) or neuter (yellow) names. Countries with plural non-masculine names are green. There are no country names in Polish with plural masculine personal gender.
2522:
The two sentences above mean literally "much obliged"; the adjective agrees with the natural gender of the speaker, that is, with the gender of the first person pronoun which does not appear explicitly here.
4552:
In French, the distinction between the gender of a noun and the gender of the object it refers to is clear when nouns of different genders can be used for the same object, for example vélo (m.) = bicyclette
903:) refers to the whole garden or just the flowerbed. In German, in cases where the objects in question have different grammatical gender, gender distinction prevents such ambiguity. The word for "flowerbed" (
4471:
In some languages, the gender of a noun is directly determined by its physical attributes (sex, animacy, etc.), and there are few or no exceptions to this rule. There are relatively few such languages. The
4135:"water") and this was reflected in feminine names originating in that period, like Emilia. Romance languages preserved this characteristic. For example, in Spanish, approximately 89% of nouns that end in
1429:
Grammatical gender can be realized as inflection and can be conditioned by other types of inflection, especially number inflection, where the singular-plural contrast can interact with gender inflection.
5729:
Rarely, the word retains the gender it had in the donor language. This tends to happen more frequently in more formal language such as scientific terms, where some knowledge of the donor language can be
6379:(neuter gender, mainly for objects, abstractions and animals). (There are also distinct personal and non-personal forms but no differentiation by natural gender in the case of certain interrogative and
1476:
affected by gender agreement, the circumstances in which it occurs, and the way words are marked for gender vary between languages. Gender inflection may interact with other grammatical categories like
6580:
mostly continue the Proto-Indo-European system of three genders, masculine, feminine and neuter. Gender correlates largely with noun endings (masculine nouns typically end in a consonant, feminines in
3340:: masculine/feminine/neuter. Standard Dutch has a three-gender structure, which fell in disuse in the North of the Netherlands but remains very much alive in Flanders and the South of the Netherlands.
4634:(which preserves a masculine–feminine–neuter distinction in both singular and plural), the neuter plural can be used for groups of people of mixed gender, when specific people are meant. For example:
2297:). Sometimes, however, there is no antecedent—the referent of the pronoun is deduced indirectly from the context: this is found with personal pronouns, as well as with indefinite and dummy pronouns.
923:
to merge, thereby making etymologically distinct words sound alike. In languages with gender distinction, however, these word pairs may still be distinguishable by their gender. For example, French
6822:
are considered rational, and other nouns (those representing animals and objects) are treated as nonrational. Within the rational class there are further subdivisions into masculine, feminine and
4114:
Given names are proper nouns and they follow the same gender grammatical rules as common nouns. In most Indo-European languages female grammatical gender is created using an "a" or an "e" ending.
3449:
such as Italian and French, generally follow the gender of the Latin words from which they are derived. When nouns deviate from the rules for gender, there is usually an etymological explanation:
4166:
In some languages, nouns with human references have two forms, a male and a female one. This includes not only proper names, but also names for occupations and nationalities. Examples include:
6721:
In the plural, masculine personal nouns (but not other animate nouns) take accusatives that are identical to the genitives; they also typically take different endings in the nominative (e.g.
4506:, has three genders: one for all male humans, one for all female humans, and a third for all the remaining nouns. Gender is only marked in personal pronouns. Standard English pronouns (see
1557:, where the first consonant of a word changes into another in certain conditions. Gender is one of the factors that can cause one form of mutation (soft mutation). For instance, the word
3017:), it is common in speech. With one or more intervening sentences, the second form becomes even more likely. However, a switch to the natural gender is never possible with articles and
1165:), though not in pronouns that can operate under natural gender. Thus nouns denoting people are usually of common gender, whereas other nouns may be of either gender. Examples include
1297:), used 'big', 'dangerous', 'strong', and 'sturdy' more often. However, studies of this kind have been criticized on various grounds and yield an unclear pattern of results overall.
1161:
Here a masculine–feminine–neuter system previously existed, but the distinction between masculine and feminine genders has been lost in nouns (they have merged into what is called
5420:
nouns in closely related languages are likely to have the same gender, because they tend to inherit the gender of the original word in the parent language. For instance, in the
5705:, morphemic adaptations of English words into American Italian or British Italian are abundant with such cases. For example, the feminine gender of the British Italian word
4597:
does not have gendered forms. In the singular, however, the issue frequently arises when a person of unspecified or unknown gender is being referred to. In this case it the
1791:(feminine). Thus, in "natural gender", nouns referring to sexed beings who are male beings carry the masculine article, and female beings the feminine article (agreement).
4518:) are used for domestic animals if the sex of the animal is known, and sometimes for certain objects such as ships, e.g. "What happened to the Titanic? She (or it) sank."
1438:
The grammatical gender of a noun manifests itself in two principal ways: in the modifications that the noun itself undergoes, and in modifications of other related words (
775:
Depending on the language and the word, this assignment might bear some relationship with the meaning of the noun (e.g. "woman" is usually feminine), or may be arbitrary.
2571:
neuter gender.) In languages with only masculine and feminine genders, the dummy pronoun may be the masculine third person singular, as in the French for "it's raining":
2459:
In some cases the gender of a pronoun is not marked in the form of the pronoun itself, but is marked on other words by way of agreement. Thus the French word for "I" is
1188:
also uses common gender and neuter exclusively. The common gender in Bergen and in Danish is inflected with the same articles and suffixes as the masculine gender in
1516:
has a number of different declension patterns, and which pattern a particular noun follows may be highly correlated with its gender. For some instances of this, see
4593:
In English, the problem of gender determination does not arise in the plural, because gender in that language is reflected only in pronouns, and the plural pronoun
4586:
may refer to a group of males or masculine nouns, to a mixed group, or to a group of people of unknown genders. In such cases, one says that the feminine gender is
8466:
Di Garbo F, Olsson B, Wälchli B (eds.). 2019. Grammatical gender and linguistic complexity I: General issues and specific studies. Berlin: Language Science Press.
2465:, regardless of who is speaking; but this word becomes feminine or masculine depending on the sex of the speaker, as may be reflected through adjective agreement:
5497:
Some more examples of the above phenomena are given below. (These come mostly from the Slavic languages, where gender largely correlates with the noun ending.)
8488:
Di Garbo F, Olsson B, Wälchli B (eds.). 2019. Grammatical gender and linguistic complexity II: World-wide comparative studies. Berlin: Language Science Press.
6888:
2766:
6138:, the earliest attested Indo-European language. The classification of nouns based on animacy and inanimacy and the lack of gender are today characteristic of
2738:
2445:. Issues may arise in languages with gender-specific pronouns in cases when the gender of the referent is unknown or not specified; this is discussed under
6545:
above). In the past and to some degree still in the present, the masculine has been used as the "default" gender in English. The use of the plural pronoun
5172:("organ" as musical instrument), all of which are masculine in the singular but feminine in the plural. These anomalies may have a historical explanation (
4725:
An example contrasting the two ways to refer to groups is the following, taken from advertisements of Christian congregations announcing their meetings:
3229:) is often used for animals also. However, if the sex of the animal is known, and particularly in the case of companion animals, the gendered pronouns (
2745:
4562:
There are certain situations where the assignment of gender to a noun, pronoun or noun phrase may not be straightforward. This includes in particular:
2970:
further away. For example, in German, the sentences "The girl has come home from school. She is now doing her homework" can be translated in two ways:
1232:, for example, within the masculine and sometimes feminine and neuter genders, there is a further division between animate and inanimate nouns—and in
5340:
2141:, these languages neutralize the gender opposition in the plural, itself a marked category. So adjectives and pronouns have three forms in singular (
5939:
2378:
Not all languages have gendered pronouns. In languages that never had grammatical gender, there is normally just one word for "he" and "she", like
960:
759:
change their form depending on the noun to which they refer. Spanish nouns have two genders: masculine and feminine, represented here by the nouns
672:
4463:
In some languages, gender is determined by strictly semantic criteria, but in other languages, semantic criteria only partially determine gender.
3366:
In most languages that have grammatical gender, a combination of these three types of criteria is found, although one type may be more prevalent.
2752:
7058:
suggests a neuter noun, but there is no way to cross-check it and there are indeed a few masculine nouns using the same ending in their plural (
6490:
comes down to whether the pronoun is intended to designate a woman, a man, or someone or something else. There are certain exceptions, however:
2259:, allow doubly marked forms both for number and gender. In these languages, each noun has a definite gender no matter the number. For example,
1381:, where it is common for all nouns to require a classifier when being quantified—for example, the equivalent of "three people" is often "three
1369:
to be applied to the noun. They are not regularly used in English or other European languages, although they parallel the use of words such as
988:
belong to one or other of the genders, in a way that may appear arbitrary. Examples of languages with such a system include most of the modern
6467:(of French provenance), but this is seldom used today, surviving mostly in either historical contexts or with disparaging or humorous intent.
6470:
The gender of an English pronoun typically coincides with the natural gender of its referent, rather than with the grammatical gender of its
5258:
of their final consonant can change gender in their plural form, as a palatalized final consonant is often a marker of a feminine noun, e.g.
2734:
7324:
1287:) more often used the words 'beautiful', 'elegant', 'pretty', and 'slender', while Spanish speakers, whose word for bridge is masculine (
6334:, Modern English has a much less pervasive gender system, primarily based on natural gender and reflected essentially in pronouns only.
4882:
In languages which preserve a three-way gender division in the plural, the rules for determining the gender (and sometimes number) of a
5396:. (Even within a given language, nouns that denote the same concept may differ in gender—for example, of three German words for "car",
6553:
may be used for a baby but not normally for an older child or adult. (Other genderless pronouns exist, such as the impersonal pronoun
5789:(each ⌂ represents a slot where a radical is inserted) because of the feminine gender of the matched words for "brush" such as Arabic
5720:
If the borrowed word happens to have a suffix that the borrowing language uses as a gender marker, the suffix tends to dictate gender.
4580:
always designates an all-female group of people (or stands for a group of nouns all of feminine gender), but the masculine equivalent
2543:, such as English (because in pro-drop languages the position of the argument can be left empty). Examples in English are the uses of
6883:
4491:; the masculine encompasses all other nouns (e.g. man, boy, pot, broom...). In this language, feminine nouns are always marked with
8350:
Noun classes and categorization: Proceedings of a symposium on categorization and noun classification, Eugene, Oregon, October 1983
3080:("mute") can be used deprecatively as described previously, and then can be used for verbs marked for the male and female genders.
4377:
To complicate matters, Greek often offers additional informal versions of these. The corresponding for English are the following:
1689:) of the noun, and sometimes a noun can be modified to produce (for example) masculine and feminine words of similar meaning. See
1140:
means 'apple wood'). So if one wants to refer to a certain table that is made of wood from an apple tree, one cannot use the word
1027:, meaning "girl", which is neuter. This is because it is actually a diminutive of "Magd" and all diminutive forms with the suffix
919:
Moreover, grammatical gender may serve to distinguish homophones. It is a quite common phenomenon in language development for two
115:
6622:
and inanimate nouns: Polish in the plural, and Russian in the accusative case, differentiate between human and non-human nouns.
6111:
makes use of gender in pronouns, which are generally marked for natural gender, but lacks a system of gender concord within the
4044:
are frequently constructed with affixes that identify the sex of the bearer. Common feminine suffixes used in English names are
2491:
expressions in other languages), such agreement may take place even though the pronoun does not in fact appear. For example, in
8444:
Iturrioz, J. L. (1986) "Structure, meaning and function: a functional analysis of gender and other classificatory techniques".
7985:
Grönberg, Anna Gunnarsdotter (2002). "Masculine generics in current Icelandic". In Hellinger, Marlis; Bußmann, Hamumod (eds.).
3398:
are mostly feminine, regardless of their meaning. Nouns that end in some other vowel are assigned a gender either according to
87:
5375:
particular gender, and different languages' words for "table" are found to have various genders: feminine, as with the French
2759:
8530:
8493:
8471:
8393:
8261:
7644:
7574:
7106:
is the regular ending for masculine and feminine nouns, both are in fact used to form plurals of nouns of all three genders (
6184:
However, many languages reduced the number of genders to two. Some lost the neuter, leaving masculine and feminine like most
2885:
5222:, which have the endings of the feminine singular, but have feminine plural agreement. (This is related to the forms of the
779:
that denote male and female, such as the difference between "aunt" and "uncle" is not enough to constitute a gender system.
4487:, which has two asymmetrical genders. The feminine includes all living beings of female sex (e.g. woman, girl, cow...) and
3989:
nouns; for example, to produce nouns with a similar meaning but referring to someone of a different sex. Thus, in Spanish,
665:
6873:
94:
8451:
Mercier, Adele (2002) "L'homme et la factrice: sur la logique du genre en français". "Dialogue", Volume 41, Issue 3, 2002
4892:
2715:
1492:
The gender of a noun may affect the modifications that the noun itself undergoes, particularly the way in which the noun
68:
8077:
7878:
6177:(two Romance language exceptions). In them, there is a high but not absolute correlation between grammatical gender and
3276:
In the French language, countries can have masculine (green) or feminine (purple) names. Except for certain islands and
2624:("something") are all treated as masculine—this is in spite of the fact that the last two correspond to feminine nouns (
2539:) is nonexistent, but when a reference to the argument is nevertheless syntactically required. They occur mostly in non-
8339:
7378:
7241:, 8. edition, p. 152f.) for example states that all German pluralia tantum have a gender, but it can not be determined.
6893:
2583:
means "he", or "it" when referring to masculine nouns); although some languages use the feminine, as in the equivalent
8539:
4977:
meaning "lake" is masculine, whereas the identical word meaning "sea" is feminine. The meanings of the Norwegian noun
2680:("man") is masculine; these attributions occur solely due to the semantically inherent gender character of each noun.
8412:
8286:
8154:
8091:
7994:
7786:
7471:
4824:(which has an overall common–neuter gender system), masculinity may be argued to be a marked feature, because in the
2785:
817:
Gender is considered an inherent quality of nouns, and it affects the forms of other related words, a process called
134:
5662:
can be masculine or feminine, depending on the dialect. All these words mean "sea" and are descended from the Latin
2723:
821:. Nouns may be considered the "triggers" of the process, whereas other words will be the "target" of these changes.
101:
7852:
5042:) which are etymologically unrelated. One is masculine and means "finger"; the other is feminine and means "soil".
3402:, by analogy, or by some other convention. These rules may override semantics in some cases: for example, the noun
730:
Languages with grammatical gender usually have two to four different genders, but some are attested with up to 20.
30:
This article is about grammatical rules of agreement with nouns. For uses of language associated with gender, see
8015:
7682:
6051:
658:
6541:
Problems arise when selecting a personal pronoun to refer to someone of unspecified or unknown gender (see also
2149:
2137:
In some languages the gender is distinguished only in singular number but not in plural. In terms of linguistic
884:
In a language with explicit inflections for gender, it is easy to express gender distinctions in animate beings.
8583:
7815:
5965:, these characteristics correlate positively with the presence of grammatical gender in the world's languages:
4627:
to refer to a child, particularly when speaking generically rather than about a particular child of known sex.
2719:
83:
72:
8562:
7594:
7560:
7450:
Janhunen, Juha (1999). "Grammatical gender from east to west". In Unterbeck, Barbara; Rissanen, Matti (eds.).
4875:, where a gender-like distinction is made in the plural between "masculine personal" and all other cases (see
4797:), have been replaced with masculine ones as men have started becoming more represented in these professions:
2416:
to differentiate between people and inanimate objects, but even this distinction is often absent. (In written
2309:
of the referent. Indeed, in most European languages, personal pronouns are gendered; for example English (the
743:
6047:
1323:
Many authors prefer "noun classes" when none of the inflections in a language relate to sex, such as when an
722:. According to one definition: "Genders are classes of nouns reflected in the behavior of associated words."
17:
5900:, also feminine. The result of this neologism might have been, more generally, the strengthening of Israeli
814:
Usually each noun is assigned to one of the genders, and few or no nouns can occur in more than one gender.
7687:
6233:, have nearly completely lost grammatical gender (retaining only some traces, such as the English pronouns
6222:
6131:
5656:
is generally masculine (except in some poetic contexts and among sea workers), whereas the Catalan cognate
3455:("problem") is masculine in Spanish because it was derived from a Greek noun of the neuter gender, whereas
3264:
There are multiple theoretical approaches to the position and structure of gender in syntactic structures.
1174:
1034:
799:
4850:
would normally be the default for a person of unknown gender, although in practice the indefinite pronoun
1704:, or concord, is a grammatical process in which certain words change their form so that values of certain
936:
8578:
8277:
7487:
6530:
3723:
634:
7709:
3791:, which might be confused for a feminine singular noun. Gender may also be predictable from the type of
1554:
1199:
common gender, as the declensions follow a different pattern from both the Norwegian written languages.
8421:
Greenberg, J. H. (1978) "How does a language acquire gender markers?" In J. H. Greenberg et al. (eds.)
8361:
7836:
6456:
5255:
4883:
3715:
715:
6431:
Only a relatively small number of English nouns have distinct male and female forms; many of them are
887:
Grammatical gender "can be a valuable tool of disambiguation", rendering clarity about antecedents or
6898:
6357:
6102:
6063:
5983:
5154:
Sometimes a noun's gender can change between its plural and singular forms, as with the French words
3721:
3713:
2310:
419:
369:
306:
286:
6181:
class. Many linguists believe that to be true of the middle and late stages of Proto-Indo-European.
6066:
also have extensive systems of noun classes, which can be grouped into several grammatical genders.
1685:
Additionally, in many languages, gender is often closely correlated with the basic unmodified form (
1377:
in phrases like "three pieces of paper" or "thirty head of cattle". They are a prominent feature of
6380:
6342:
5319:
4964:
Gender shift may be associated with a difference in the sex of the referent, as with nouns such as
4929:, in conjunction with each noun—for example, a learner of French may learn the word for "chair" as
3982:
3792:
3349:
2921:
2704:
1725:
837:
804:
502:
445:
440:
258:
206:
7488:"Male Animate Gender in Polish- definition (Męskożywotny – definicja, synonimy, przykłady użycia)"
6115:
which is one of the central elements of grammatical gender in most other Indo-European languages.
3708:
706:. The values present in a given language, of which there are usually two or three, are called the
8083:
7566:
7523:
6908:
6878:
6558:
6226:
6189:
6124:
5991:
4922:
4904:
4825:
4609:
3834:
tend to be feminine, whereas others tend to be masculine, but there are many exceptions to this (
2708:
2446:
2290:
1701:
1439:
1178:
818:
612:
497:
450:
339:
61:
39:
35:
8516:
7288:
7230:, 6. edition, 2008, p. 121) for example states that German pluralia tantum do not have a gender.
5517:", also meaning "month") is masculine. In Polish, another Slavic language, the word for moon is
4535:(whistle, ball). Many have a round shape or can be explained by the role they play in mythology.
1920:
are marked with "feminine" articles, while all others use the "generic" or "masculine" articles.
747:
The grammatical gender of a noun affects the form of other words related to it. For example, in
108:
6094:
6090:
6059:
5954:
5336:
4103:
2326:
1146:
with a feminine gender, and if one wants to refer to an apple tree in a garden, one cannot use
1134:
means 'apple tree'), but if it is masculine, it means that it is dead, no longer living (e.g.,
617:
589:
550:
530:
485:
480:
349:
8556:
7778:
7630:
6375:(common gender, used for people or animals of unknown, irrelevant, or non-binary gender), and
2837:, and this suffix always makes the noun grammatically neuter. Hence the grammatical gender of
8459:
8073:
7969:
7602:
6557:, but they are not generally substitutable for a personal pronoun.) For more information see
6027:
5754:
5723:
If the borrowed word rhymes with one or more native words, the latter tend to dictate gender.
5702:
3986:
3468:
3427:
2620:
2484:
1721:
1365:
used in some languages together with a noun, principally to enable numbers and certain other
1271:
1257:
1009:
833:
490:
253:
7989:. Vol. 2. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 163–186.
5734:
Sometimes the gender of a word switches with time. For example, the Russian modern loanword
4001:
means "girl". This paradigm can be exploited for making new words: from the masculine nouns
3169:
for the male and the female of a species are more frequent for common pets or farm animals,
8211:
7297:
6471:
6460:
6209:. Others merged feminine and masculine into a common gender but retained the neuter, as in
5250:.) In other cases, the anomaly can be explained by the form of the noun, as is the case in
4604:
has been traditional. Since the 18th century it has been prescribed to use the masculine (
2843:
is neuter, although its natural gender is feminine (because it refers to a female person).
2664:
This usually means masculine or feminine, depending on the referent's sex. For example, in
2608:
2442:
2294:
1705:
1386:
1378:
1103:
1078:
1001:
699:
424:
414:
150:
8079:
Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond
5562:("thousand") is masculine, whereas the cognate in Russian, тысяча, is feminine, while the
3439:"communist" is masculine when it refers or could refer to a man, even though it ends with
2563:
is the neuter third person singular pronoun. (English behaves similarly, because the word
8:
8120:
6903:
6839:
6815:
6202:
6043:
4473:
3379:
2910:
2492:
2389:
1327:–inanimate distinction is made. Note, however, that the word "gender" derives from Latin
1241:
1122:), the same word can have two genders according to the context. For example, if the word
1095:
1066:
582:
510:
174:
31:
7668:
Sera et al. (2002) and Vigliocco et al. (2005), cited in Pavlidou & Alvanoudi (2013)
6788:
A few nouns have both personal and impersonal forms, depending on meaning (for example,
6598:) but there are many exceptions, particularly in the case of nouns whose stems end in a
5701:
The borrowed word tends to take the gender of the native word it replaces. According to
5119:
5099:
5050:
In other cases, a word may be usable in multiple genders indifferently. For example, in
4087:
gender system for nouns in general. English, for example, has feminine suffixes such as
3046:
1204:
1189:
6913:
6846:
words used when addressing a relative often specify the speaker's gender. For example,
6795:
6627:
6166:
6086:
6070:
5973:
5958:
5563:
5449:
5388:
5345:
5051:
4631:
4620:
3903:
preceded by double consonants. Certain suffixes are quite reliable indicators, such as
3796:
3362:
according to arbitrary convention (lexical, possibly rooted in the language's history).
2603:
2488:
2413:
2399:
2330:
2145:
1686:
1497:
1478:
1401:
1046:
905:
374:
354:
299:
275:
4903:
In some languages, any gender markers have been so eroded over time (possibly through
4844:, "my little brother"). In spite of this, the third-person singular masculine pronoun
2860:
2808:
2802:
of a noun does not always coincide with its natural gender. An example of this is the
2639:
For other situations in which such a "default" gender assignment may be required, see
8489:
8467:
8408:
8389:
8335:
8282:
8230:
8160:
8150:
8087:
7990:
7811:
7782:
7771:
7640:
7570:
7467:
7455:
6799:
6436:
6413:
6325:
6290:
6274:
6185:
6174:
6139:
6078:
6074:
6039:
6031:
6019:
5950:
5421:
5095:
4879:), a group is treated as masculine personal if it contains at least one male person.
4545:
4053:
3446:
2829:
2602:
A similar, apparently arbitrary gender assignment may need to be made in the case of
2540:
2536:
2267:
2201:
nouns (lacking a singular form) cannot be assigned a gender. Example with Bulgarian:
1200:
1062:
1058:
1054:
989:
853:
577:
570:
560:
525:
515:
455:
389:
329:
311:
199:
8524:
6798:
in the computing sense). For more information on the above inflection patterns, see
5853:), matches the feminine gender of the parallel pre-existent European words: Yiddish
5746:) "whisky" was originally feminine, then masculine, and today it has become neuter.
5178:
used to be feminine in the singular too) or result from slightly different notions (
4095:), and also distinguishes male and female personal names, as in the above examples.
3344:
There are three main ways by which natural languages categorize nouns into genders:
3058:
1779:
changes its form according to this categorization. In the singular, the article is:
8496:
8475:
8220:
8207:"Gender assignment and gender agreement: Evidence from pronominal gender languages"
7861:
7636:
7459:
6635:
6603:
6577:
6534:
6529:), particularly countries and ships, and sometimes other vehicles or machines. See
6498:
is usually used, but when the sex of the animal is known, it may be referred to as
6309:
6282:
6278:
6210:
6206:
6193:
6170:
6146:
6135:
6098:
6082:
6055:
6035:
6023:
6015:
6011:
6003:
5995:
5430:, whereas the words for "moon" are feminine, being derived from the Latin feminine
5223:
4926:
4821:
4616:
3568:(meaning "little, young") are always neuter, even if they refer to people, as with
3505:
3383:
3070:
3040:
2932:
2665:
2614:
2409:
1776:
1760:
1568:
1517:
1513:
1501:
1482:
1398:
1339:) which originally meant "kind", so it does not necessarily have a sexual meaning.
1229:
1196:
1170:
1115:
1070:
1050:
997:
993:
748:
520:
384:
169:
8258:
5912:) as a productive feminine locative suffix (combined with the influence of Polish
3064:
2875:(neuter), meaning "woman" (the word is now pejorative and generally replaced with
1263:
This has been observed for speakers of Spanish, French, and German, among others.
8383:
8265:
7678:
7100:
do not make any such indications because they are ambiguous themselves: although
6823:
6615:
6611:
6506:(particularly when expressing an emotional connection with the animal, as with a
6298:
6214:
6162:
6007:
5999:
5962:
5946:
5424:, the words for "sun" are masculine, being derived from the Latin masculine noun
5251:
4872:
4503:
4072:
3825:
3703:
3549:
3305:
3241:
3076:
2943:
2867:
2819:
2803:
2417:
2197:
1509:
1473:
1348:
1276:
1236:, also sometimes between nouns denoting humans and non-humans. (For details, see
1166:
1128:(meaning 'wood' or 'tree') is feminine, it means that it is a living tree (e.g.,
1107:
718:. According to one estimate, gender is used in approximately half of the world's
565:
434:
396:
236:
218:
194:
189:
7524:"What Are the 4 Genders? 7 Other Types, Gender Identity & 7 Sexuality Types"
6263:
3426:("person") is always feminine, even when it refers to a boy or a man, a kind of
2676:
2329:, which correspond to object pronouns, and which also inflect for gender in the
8374:
7220:
6607:
6599:
6537:; it is also in decline, and advised against by most journalistic style guides.
6455:, for instance, derive directly or indirectly from Latin). English has no live
6286:
6218:
6158:
6108:
5270:("small boys"), with the adjective showing agreement for both feminine gender (
4887:
4531:
4049:
3666:
3312:
2954:
2893:
2584:
2422:
2385:
2256:
1749:
1550:
1240:.) A human–non-human (or "rational–non-rational") distinction is also found in
1233:
1090:
1074:
911:
865:
629:
460:
379:
263:
184:
8369:
Corbett, Greville G. (1994). "Gender and gender systems". In Asher, R. (ed.).
8225:
8206:
7463:
7452:
Trends in Linguistics, Studies and Monographs: Gender in Grammar and Cognition
3414:("member") is always masculine, even when it refers to a girl or a woman, and
3300:
3272:
2854:
2670:
2305:
With personal pronouns, the gender of the pronoun is likely to agree with the
8572:
8454:
8234:
6843:
6827:
6562:
6369:
6294:
5759:
5309:
5210:("arm"). These are masculine in the singular, but form the irregular plurals
4598:
4484:
4143:
are classified as feminine; the same is true for 98% of given names with the
4041:
3760:
3524:(friend) can be masculine or feminine according to the person they refer to.
3052:
2632:
2532:
2450:
2394:
2380:
2167:
1577:"son" remains unchanged. Adjectives are affected by gender in a similar way.
1489:
pattern followed by the noun itself will be different for different genders.
1390:
1316:
A noun may belong to a given class because of characteristic features of its
344:
8504:
8483:
8164:
7022:"the eagle"). This does not happen if the noun is preceded by an adjective (
6330:
Although grammatical gender was a fully productive inflectional category in
6269:
4510:) are very similar in this respect, although the English gendered pronouns (
2412:. These languages might only have different pronouns and inflections in the
1559:
1526:, which has two possible genders: when it is masculine (meaning "lake") its
1033:
are neuter. Examples of languages with such a system include later forms of
8546:
8500:
8479:
5698:
If the noun is animate, natural gender tends to dictate grammatical gender.
5329:
5195:
5185:
5106:
The word for "sun" can be another example. One might decline it masculine:
4538:
3756:
2871:
2814:
1421:
is frequently used as an alternative to various more specific classifiers.
1354:
1311:
931:
594:
429:
243:
211:
179:
8405:
Fossilized Second Language Grammars: The Acquisition of Grammatical Gender
6257:
6251:
5149:
8107:
7807:
6802:. For certain rules concerning the treatment of mixed-gender groups, see
6331:
6302:
6112:
5514:
4150:
In the Germanic languages the female names have been Latinized by adding
3732:) are of feminine gender, the only significant exceptions being the word
3038:
This phenomenon is quite popular in Slavic languages: for example Polish
2850:
2568:
1522:
925:
686:
8247:
6511:
6145:
Many Indo-European languages retained the three genders, including most
3035:("this little girl" – with female demonstrative pronoun and adjective).
2428:
1787:
1781:
1573:
7865:
6507:
6417:
6178:
4912:
4772:
is more specific and emphasises the individuality of the group members.
4587:
4488:
3591:
3553:
3166:
2579:
2559:
2535:
is a type of pronoun used when a particular verb argument (such as the
2461:
2138:
1753:
1737:
1729:
1713:
1493:
1486:
1451:
1366:
1225:
869:
849:
841:
825:
752:
694:
644:
639:
624:
555:
364:
270:
226:
3375:
noun (such as the vowel or consonant or syllable with which it ends).
3083:
2595:
2404:
1450:
Grammatical gender manifests itself when words related to a noun like
8010:
6932:
The word for "manliness" has feminine grammatical gender in Spanish (
6421:
6230:
4935:(meaning "the chair"); this carries the information that the noun is
3399:
3356:
3114:
1733:
1459:
888:
845:
808:
334:
231:
7850:
Kramer, R. (2016). "The location of gender features in the syntax".
6312:
can be argued to have added new genders to the classical three (see
5030:
with one gender each. For example, Bulgarian has a pair of homonyms
3642:"coward"), always produces masculine nouns. And the German suffixes
3153:. To specify the sex of an animal, an adjective may be added, as in
2693:
736:
include masculine and feminine; masculine, feminine, and neuter; or
50:
8259:
The Original Nominal System of Proto-Indoeuropean – Case and Gender
6432:
6154:
5841:
Similarly, argues Zuckermann, the Israeli neologism for "library",
5726:
The default assignment is the borrowing language's unmarked gender.
5271:
5023:
4916:
3509:
2683:
1527:
1433:
1362:
1317:
1215:
1119:
1042:
719:
359:
7659:
Boroditsky et al. (2003), cited in Pavlidou & Alvanoudi (2013)
5933:
5452:.) However, there are exceptions to this principle. For instance,
4117:
Classical Latin typically made a grammatical feminine gender with
4019:"doctor", it was straightforward to make the feminine equivalents
2293:
in gender with the noun or noun phrase to which they refer (their
6619:
5417:
5027:
5022:
It is a matter of analysis how to draw the line between a single
4908:
3090:
3014:
2284:
1745:
1717:
1464:
1455:
1324:
920:
861:
829:
784:
756:
737:
164:
8382:
Foley, William A.; Van Valin, Robert D. Jr (13 September 1984).
6618:, also make certain additional grammatical distinctions between
5672:
4569:
references to people or things of unknown or unspecified gender.
4161:
3355:
according to logical or symbolic similarities in their meaning (
2599:, which means "she", or "it" when referring to feminine nouns).
7879:
Namepedia Blog – Why Most European Names Ending in A Are Female
7256:
6864:
means female's father's sister or female's brother's daughter.
6345:
forms depending on the natural gender of the referent, such as
4296:
Greek nationality names have five possibilities for 'English'.
3744:
3545:
3392:
or a consonant are mostly masculine, whereas those that end in
3013:
Though the second sentence may appear grammatically incorrect (
1251:
1185:
291:
8013:[Agreement of the predicate with a multiple subject].
6201:
and Italian nouns with so-called "mobile gender"), as well as
5547:("tram") is masculine, whereas the cognate loanword in Czech,
5482:
is neuter. Likewise, the word for "boat" is neuter in German (
2951:(masculine), meaning "unpleasant (usually old and ugly) woman"
2659:
1416:
8176:
8174:
8126:
8032:
7433:
7431:
7429:
7427:
7234:
6819:
6368:(feminine gender, for women, girls, and female animals), the
6150:
5711:"bag" was induced by the feminine gender of the Italian word
5614:
is masculine. The Spanish form contrasts with the Portuguese
4893:
Czech declension § Gender and number of compound phrases
3729:
3109:(feminine), regardless of their biological sex. In Russian a
3100:
1696:
1553:, gender marking is mostly lost on nouns; however, Welsh has
1505:
1330:
1005:
788:
7414:
7412:
7410:
7408:
7406:
7404:
6517:
Certain nonhuman things can be referred to with the pronoun
6337:
There are a few traces of gender marking in Modern English:
5949:
systems. Gender and noun class systems are usually found in
5888:, as well as of the pre-existent Arabic word for "library":
5090:) without any change in meaning and no preference in usage.
4449:) "England", while the less formal are derived from Italian
3259:
3021:
pronouns or adjectives. Thus it can never be correct to say
7379:"Glossary of Linguistic Terms: What is grammatical gender?"
6127:, but not English, provide examples of grammatical gender.
5369:
3936:
is part of the root of the word, it can be feminine, as in
1741:
1536:, but when it is feminine (meaning "sea"), the genitive is
1358:
857:
811:
of the noun, or in some cases can be apparently arbitrary.
34:. For methods of minimizing the use of gendered forms, see
8171:
7424:
6549:
with singular reference is common in practice. The neuter
6512:§ Gender contrasts on human versus sentient referents
6364:(masculine gender, used for men, boys, and male animals),
6192:. A few traces of the neuter remain, such as the distinct
6069:
Conversely, grammatical gender is usually absent from the
5969:
location in an area with languages featuring noun classes;
5688:
5436:. (This contrasts with the genders found in German, where
4107:
Statistical data on the Spanish nouns and names ending in
3606:"piece of dough"), or personal nouns from abstract nouns (
2132:
1424:
7720:
7401:
3292:, the gender depends on whether the country name ends in
3110:
792:
8540:"The morphology of gender in Hebrew and Arabic numerals"
7939:
7937:
7924:
7922:
7740:
7738:
7628:
7593:
Pavlidou, Theodossia-Soula; Alvanoudi, Angeliki (2013).
7540:
7504:
7389:
6593:
6587:
6581:
4947:
is the feminine singular form of the definite article).
3966:
are almost all feminine, with a few exceptions, such as
1445:
880:
Three possible functions of grammatical gender include:
8292:
6803:
6542:
5677:
Borrowed words are assigned gender in one of two ways:
5150:
Some gender shifts are associated with number contrasts
5094:
feminine. This might be because before the creation of
5085:
5073:
5066:, "wilderness") may be either masculine (definite form
5061:
4925:
are often encouraged to memorize a modifier, usually a
4750:'All welcome' is understood to be more general whereas
4269:) "doctor" for both, but with informal female variants
3897:
are feminine), note the many masculine nouns ending in
3267:
2735:"grammatical gender" different from natural gender
2640:
2244:
2232:
2220:
2208:
1712:
These related words can be, depending on the language:
824:
These related words can be, depending on the language:
7768:
These examples are based on an example in French from
6889:
Gender neutrality in languages with grammatical gender
5749:
4721:'Some people have the habit of talking to themselves.'
3930:"cleaning") indicates a masculine noun; however, when
1690:
1410:
1404:
899:", only context tells us whether the relative clause (
8049:
7949:
7934:
7919:
7907:
7895:
7883:
7750:
7735:
6969:
6794:
may behave as an impersonal noun when it refers to a
5925:
5865:
5802:
5275:
5265:
5259:
5045:
4557:
3216:
3202:
3130:
3118:
2924:
1015:
8186:
5907:
5895:
5848:
5790:
5769:
4959:
4098:
3816:
3805:
3786:
3774:
3738:
3369:
2359:
2339:
2272:
2260:
1520:. A concrete example is provided by the German word
8248:
How did genders and cases develop in Indo-European?
7304:
6984:
5957:languages, whereas classifiers are more typical of
4608:), but other solutions are now often preferred—see
4444:
4432:
4420:
4408:
4396:
4384:
4366:
4351:
4336:
4321:
4306:
4288:
4276:
4264:
4252:
4237:
4225:
3467:("broadcast signal") are feminine because they are
3445:. Nouns in Spanish and Portuguese, as in the other
3433:In other cases, meaning takes precedence: the noun
3084:
Gender contrasts on human versus sentient referents
75:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
8407:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 299.
7770:
6998:Exception: Feminine nouns beginning with stressed
6463:. An example of such a marker might be the suffix
6360:(and their possessive forms) are gender specific:
5681:via criteria determined by the borrowing language;
5274:of initial consonant) and plural number (suffixed
4898:
4886:noun phrase ("... and ...") may be quite complex.
4458:
3981:Nouns can sometimes vary their form to enable the
3492:are feminine. They derive from Latin feminines in
3483:respectively, both grammatically feminine nouns.
2441:For more on these different types of pronoun, see
1542:, because feminine nouns do not take the genitive
875:
7592:
5581:("origin") is masculine, but its close relatives
5335:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
5194:usually refers to the collection of columns in a
2646:
1571:. This only occurs with feminine singular nouns:
1468:) according to the gender of noun they refer to (
8570:
8068:
8066:
8064:
8018:of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
6859:
6853:
6847:
6229:). Finally, some languages, such as English and
6134:had two genders (animate and inanimate), as did
5940:List of languages by type of grammatical genders
5621:
5615:
5582:
5465:
5458:("milk") is masculine in Italian (as are French
4956:plural form of the noun has a different gender.
4257:) "actor" for both male and female in Greek and
3415:
3403:
2966:Normally, such exceptions are a small minority.
2913:
2684:Grammatical gender need not match natural gender
2526:
2511:
2500:
1902:In "grammatical" gender, most words that end in
1581:Soft initial mutation caused by gender in Welsh
1549:Gender is sometimes reflected in other ways. In
1434:Grammatical gender can be realized as inflection
1216:Other types of division or subdivision of gender
961:List of languages by type of grammatical genders
8563:The Exceptions: European Male Names Ending in A
7683:"How does our language shape the way we think?"
7629:Chi-Yue Chiu; Ying-yi Hong (16 December 2013).
7624:
7622:
7620:
7194:
7188:
7182:
7173:
7164:
7155:
7149:
7143:
7137:
7128:
7119:
7110:
7101:
7095:
7089:
7083:
7077:
7068:
7059:
7050:
7044:
6130:Research indicates that the earliest stages of
5934:Distribution of gender in the world's languages
5567:
5391:
5141:
5135:
5129:
5123:
5122:. The same goes for a lot of common words like
5113:
5107:
5079:
5067:
5055:
5037:
5031:
5014:
5008:
5002:
4996:
4990:
4984:
4978:
4804:
4798:
4784:
4778:
4751:
4729:
4700:
4638:
3548:often carry a specific gender. For example, in
3028:("a girl" – with female indefinite article) or
2238:
2226:
2214:
2202:
2184:
2154:
8438:Grammatical gender: Its Origin and Development
8381:
8132:
7830:
5684:via criteria determined by the donor language.
5635:("ape") is feminine, whereas the Spanish word
5594:
5588:
5477:
4915:, which typically indicate the gender of noun
2285:Grammatical gender can be realized on pronouns
1300:
982:
8061:
7773:Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage
7552:
7325:"Masculine or Feminine? (And Why It Matters)"
7029:
7023:
7017:
7011:
7005:
6999:
6963:
6933:
6776:("good cheeses"; nominative and accusative);
6653:, whereas in the case of inanimates some use
6196:
5919:
5796:
5741:
5735:
5712:
5706:
5673:How languages assign gender to borrowed words
5657:
5651:
5636:
5630:
5609:
5608:("team") is feminine, while the Spanish word
5576:
5533:
5527:
5508:
5502:
5489:
5471:
5453:
5254:. Masculine nouns which form their plural by
5233:
5217:
5211:
5205:
5199:
4965:
4863:
4857:
4851:
4845:
4835:
4829:
4450:
4162:Differentiation of nouns with human referents
4032:
4026:
4020:
4014:
4008:
4002:
3996:
3990:
3536:
3528:
3519:
3513:
3487:
3478:
3472:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3440:
3434:
3421:
3409:
3393:
3387:
3209:
3195:
3188:
3182:
3160:
3154:
3141:) (feminine). In French, a giraffe is always
3136:
3124:
3104:
3094:
2935:
2438:is usually used for "he" and "she" as well.)
2433:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1770:
1764:
1288:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1084:
766:
760:
666:
8526:Gender in English pronouns: Myth and reality
8402:
8371:The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics
8180:
8011:"Shoda přísudku s podmětem několikanásobným"
7617:
7437:
7418:
6957:
6951:
6939:
6789:
6777:
6771:
6762:
6756:
6747:
6741:
6728:
6722:
6709:
6708:("good cheese"; nominative and accusative);
6703:
6694:
6688:
6679:
6673:
6660:
6654:
6648:
6602:. However, some of the languages, including
6531:Gender in English § Metaphorical gender
5913:
5901:
5889:
5883:
5877:
5871:
5842:
5833:
5827:
5821:
5808:
5763:
5645:
5603:
5557:
5542:
5518:
5483:
5459:
5443:
5437:
5409:
5403:
5397:
5382:
5376:
5189:
5179:
5173:
5167:
5161:
5155:
4972:
4942:
4936:
4930:
4675:) had met in the forest when the old woman (
4590:, whereas the masculine gender is unmarked.
4581:
4575:
3973:
3967:
3961:
3955:
3949:
3943:
3937:
3931:
3925:
3919:
3913:
3904:
3898:
3892:
3886:
3880:
3874:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3829:
3811:
3800:
3781:
3768:
3751:
3733:
3649:
3643:
3637:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3585:
3575:
3569:
3563:
3557:
3251:
3245:
3237:) may be used as they would be for a human.
3148:
3142:
3029:
3022:
2993:
2974:
2946:
2882:
2876:
2838:
2832:
2823:
2625:
2572:
2552:
2547:in "It's raining" and "It's nice to relax."
2475:
2466:
2369:
2349:
2190:
2178:
2172:
2160:
1537:
1531:
1385:people". A more general type of classifier (
1252:How gender contrasts can influence cognition
1028:
1022:
946:
940:
8522:
7801:
7588:
7586:
7251:
7249:
6978:
6945:
5663:
5548:
5431:
5425:
5245:
5239:
5227:
5226:Latin neuter nouns from which they derive:
4615:In languages with a neuter gender, such as
4521:
4466:
4438:
4426:
4414:
4402:
4390:
4378:
4360:
4345:
4330:
4315:
4300:
4282:
4270:
4258:
4246:
4231:
4219:
4130:
4124:
4118:
3694:
3688:
3687:are always masculine, whereas those ending
3682:
3676:
3670:
3499:
3493:
2957:
2902:
2896:
2722:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2660:Grammatical gender can match natural gender
2588:
1664:
1650:
1640:
1625:
1615:
1602:
1328:
965:Common systems of gender contrast include:
8072:
8037:(in Spanish). Real Academia Española. 2005
7677:
7028:"the beautiful eagle"), or in the plural (
6761:("good dogs"; nominative and accusative);
6533:. This usage is considered a metaphorical
5979:moderate to high morphological complexity;
5283:
5198:). Further examples are the Italian words
2881:, originally 'lady', feminine of obsolete
1697:Grammatical gender as agreement or concord
897:a flowerbed in the garden which I maintain
673:
659:
8517:An overview of the grammar of Old English
8505:http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/237
8484:http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/223
8224:
7558:
7282:
7280:
7278:
7276:
7257:"WALS Online - Chapter Number of Genders"
7219:There are different views whether or not
6884:Gender neutrality in genderless languages
6874:Gender agreement in binomial nomenclature
6804:§ Contextual determination of gender
6543:§ Contextual determination of gender
6190:Vulgar Latin § Loss of neuter gender
5526:Russian also has two words for "potato":
5448:"moon" is masculine, as well as in other
4995:is "an assembly". (The parliament is the
4648:) höfðu hist í skóginum þegar kerlingin (
3747:") and certain masculine personal names (
3260:Syntactic structure of grammatical gender
2786:Learn how and when to remove this message
2641:§ Contextual determination of gender
2432:for "it", but in the colloquial language
1925:Example of grammatical gender in Spanish
1220:Some gender contrasts are referred to as
1184:The dialect of the old Norwegian capital
1156:
972:masculine–feminine–neuter gender contrast
135:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:Grammatical system of noun classification
8149:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
7984:
7583:
7449:
7246:
6424:, with the occasional exception such as
5370:Gender can vary across related languages
5026:word with multiple genders and a set of
4810:
4740:
4732:
4711:
4703:
4684:
4657:
4102:
3759:). However, many masculine nouns have a
3504:. The opposite is correct with Northern
3311:
3299:
3271:
2002:
1956:
1820:
1691:§ Form-based morphological criteria
909:) is neuter, whereas that for "garden" (
742:
8435:
8385:Functional Syntax and Universal Grammar
8368:
8355:
8329:
8304:
8298:
8204:
8198:
8192:
8144:
8055:
7955:
7943:
7928:
7913:
7901:
7889:
7756:
7744:
7546:
7510:
7395:
7353:
7351:
7349:
7347:
7345:
7310:
7286:
6647:animates always form their genitive in
5689:Borrowing language can determine gender
4834:) for naturally masculine nouns (as in
4814:
4794:
4790:
4688:
4680:
4676:
4661:
4653:
4649:
4437:). The formal forms come from the name
2918:(masculine), meaning "voluptuous woman"
2133:Gender inflection and number inflection
2097:
2055:
2051:
1960:
1870:
1866:
1824:
1425:The manifestation of grammatical gender
14:
8571:
8147:Linguistic diversity in space and time
7849:
7273:
4507:
3706:, nouns whose singular form ends in a
8531:Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg
7777:. Merriam-Webster Inc. 1994. p.
7373:
7371:
7369:
7357:
6313:
5650:is feminine, but the Spanish cognate
4876:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4744:
4736:
4715:
4707:
4672:
4668:
4645:
4641:
3948:. On the other hand, nouns ending in
2474:("I am strong", spoken by a female);
2101:
2035:
2006:
1940:
1795:Example of natural gender in Spanish
1593:
1590:
1587:
1446:Grammatical gender as noun inflection
1237:
733:
8523:Wagner, Susanne (Winter 2002–2003).
7671:
7342:
6319:
5990:Grammatical gender is found in many
5287:
4710:) hafa þann sið að tala við sjálfa (
4683:) was a young girl and the emperor (
4057:
3662:in English) produce feminine nouns.
3268:Categorization of nouns into genders
2720:adding citations to reliable sources
2687:
2300:
2183:) but only one in plural (Bulgarian
73:adding citations to reliable sources
44:
8557:doi: Grammatical Features Inventory
8310:
8024:
7559:McWhorter, John H. (1 April 2014).
7322:
7107:
6858:means opposite-gender sibling, and
6571:
5902:
5890:
5854:
5843:
5814:
5775:
5764:
5750:Donor language can determine gender
4941:, and that it is feminine (because
3835:
3812:
3801:
3782:
3769:
3752:
3748:
3734:
3581:
3170:
2370:
2350:
2253:
2142:
1342:
954:
791:" or non-humanness, and biological
24:
8537:
7967:
7595:"Grammatical Gender and Cognition"
7366:
6894:Gender-neutral language in English
5762:" language: the Israeli neologism
5325:for transliterated languages, and
5305:of its non-English content, using
5046:Some gender shifts are meaningless
4558:Contextual determination of gender
3780:("male professor") has the plural
2999:(n.) ist aus der Schule gekommen.
2980:(n.) ist aus der Schule gekommen.
2557:("it rains, it's raining"), where
2499:" very grateful", said by a male:
1209:
1099:
1038:
1016:Masculine–feminine–neuter contrast
969:masculine–feminine gender contrast
25:
8595:
8510:
8034:Diccionario panhispánico de dudas
7802:López-Arias, Julio (1996). "10".
5488:), but common gender in Swedish (
4983:have diverged further: masculine
4960:Some gender shifts are meaningful
4099:Differentiation of personal names
3370:Form-based morphological criteria
1294:
1177:), and to some extent Dutch (see
975:animate–inanimate gender contrast
798:However, in most languages, this
8436:Ibrahim, Muhammad Hasan (1973).
8403:Franceschina, Florencia (2005).
7853:Language and Linguistics Compass
6935:hombría, virilidad, masculinidad
6746:("good customers"; nominative);
6118:
5292:
5143:En jente, jenta, jenter, jentene
4950:
3147:, whereas an elephant is always
2962:(neuter), meaning "a young girl"
2901:(masculine) meaning "girl", and
2692:
2449:, and in relation to English at
2357:"I love you", said to a female:
1284:
300:Singulative-Collective-Plurative
49:
8323:
8270:
8252:
8241:
8138:
8113:
8100:
8016:Institute of the Czech Language
8003:
7978:
7961:
7872:
7843:
7824:
7795:
7762:
7702:
7662:
7653:
7516:
7480:
7443:
7037:
7016:despite their feminine gender (
7010:"eagle", also take the article
6992:
6926:
6833:
6826:. For further information, see
6678:("good customer"; nominative);
6052:Australian Aboriginal languages
4899:Arbitrary conventional criteria
4868:usually make this unnecessary.
4809:'nursery school teacher' (both
4789:'nursery school teacher' (both
4656:) var ung stúlka og keisarinn (
4459:Meaning-based semantic criteria
2812:("girl"); this is derived from
2647:Grammatical vs. natural gender
2426:is used for "he" and "she" and
1709:the "target" of these changes.
1504:. For example, a language like
1305:
876:Functions of grammatical gender
693:system is a specific form of a
60:needs additional citations for
8430:A Course in Modern Linguistics
8388:. Cambridge University Press.
8281:, 15th edition, 2003, p. 356.
7804:Test Yourself: Spanish Grammar
7710:"Y Treigladau – The Mutations"
7316:
7290:A course in modern linguistics
7213:
7088:"horn"). However, the endings
6387:for persons, corresponding to
5507:("moon") is feminine, whereas
5341:multilingual support templates
4477:
3909:, which when added to a verb (
3316:Gender in European languages:
3244:, a few general words such as
2674:("woman") is feminine whereas
2337:"I love you", said to a male:
1245:
264:Suffixaufnahme (case stacking)
13:
1:
8463:, William Morrow and Company.
8356:Corbett, Greville G. (1991).
8332:Spanish: An Essential Grammar
8313:Wuvulu Grammar and Vocabulary
8205:Audring, Jenny (2008-10-01).
7206:
5626:, both of which are feminine.
5184:in the singular is usually a
5078:) or feminine (definite form
4989:is "a thing", whereas neuter
4476:use this system as described
2907:(feminine) meaning "stallion"
2527:Indefinite and dummy pronouns
2480:(the same spoken by a male).
978:common–neuter gender contrast
8423:Universals of Human Language
7831:L'Huillier, Monique (1999).
7632:Social Psychology of Culture
6809:
6223:Gender in Danish and Swedish
5381:; masculine, as with German
5109:En sol, solen, soler, solene
4828:there is a distinct ending (
2929:(masculine), meaning "woman"
2864:(masculine), meaning "woman"
2593:(where the dummy pronoun is
2510:the same, said by a female:
1417:
1175:Gender in Danish and Swedish
7:
8428:Hockett, Charles F. (1958)
8278:The Chicago Manual of Style
7362:. Lingua. pp. 105–111.
6985:
6970:
6867:
5926:
5908:
5896:
5866:
5849:
5803:
5791:
5770:
5742:
5599:from Galician are feminine.
5115:Ei sol, sola, soler, solene
5086:
5074:
5062:
4445:
4433:
4421:
4409:
4397:
4385:
4367:
4352:
4337:
4322:
4307:
4289:
4277:
4265:
4253:
4238:
4226:
4013:"member of parliament" and
3817:
3806:
3787:
3775:
3739:
3533:(His daughter is my friend)
3217:
3203:
3131:
3119:
2360:
2340:
2333:(though not in the first):
2245:
2233:
2221:
2209:
1759:As an example, we consider
1301:Related linguistic concepts
1195:The same does not apply to
1102:). Modern examples include
983:Masculine–feminine contrast
725:
380:Lexical aspect (Aktionsart)
10:
8600:
8559:at Surrey Morphology Group
8362:Cambridge University Press
8352:. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins.
8348:Craig, Colette G. (1986).
8133:Foley & Van Valin 1984
7971:The Morphosyntax of Gender
7837:Cambridge University Press
7043:The characteristic ending
6852:means 'sister of female',
6693:("good dog"; nominative);
6356:The third-person singular
6341:Some words take different
6323:
5937:
5238:, with nominative plurals
5019:are the regional courts.)
4826:weak adjectival declension
4502:Another African language,
3630:"convict") or adjectives (
1585:
1411:
1405:
1346:
1309:
1255:
1085:Animate–inanimate contrast
958:
939:, but disagree in gender:
29:
8425:, Vol. 4, pp. 47–82.
8226:10.1007/s11525-009-9124-y
8145:Nichols, Johanna (1992).
7464:10.1515/9783110802603.689
7287:Hockett, Charles (1958).
7195:
7189:
7183:
7174:
7165:
7156:
7150:
7144:
7138:
7129:
7120:
7111:
7102:
7096:
7090:
7084:
7078:
7076:are plurals of masculine
7069:
7060:
7051:
7045:
6979:
6964:
6899:Gender-specific job title
6752:(accusative and genitive)
6699:(accusative and genitive)
6684:(accusative and genitive)
5920:
5736:
5534:
5528:
5509:
5503:
5476:is feminine and Romanian
5080:
5068:
5056:
5032:
4439:
4427:
4415:
4403:
4391:
4379:
4361:
4346:
4331:
4316:
4301:
4283:
4271:
4259:
4247:
4232:
4220:
4194:English occupation names
3584:). Similarly, the suffix
3512:. For example, the words
3348:according to their form (
3210:
3196:
3159:("a female cheetah"), or
3137:
3125:
2239:
2227:
2215:
2203:
2185:
2161:
2155:
2148:
2084:
2038:
1989:
1943:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1853:
1807:
1802:
1799:
1636:
1598:
1224:; for some examples, see
7228:Grammatisches Kompendium
6919:
6308:On the other hand, some
5532:which is masculine, and
4923:Second-language learners
4911:. (This is reflected in
4862:or its possessive forms
4522:Mostly semantic criteria
4467:Strict semantic criteria
4213:for both male and female
4189:for both male and female
3985:of differently gendered
3924:; nettoyer "to clean" →
3910:
3821:) are always masculine.
3594:from uncountable nouns (
2940:(neuter), meaning "girl"
2846:Other examples include:
1485:. In some languages the
1152:with a masculine gender.
935:("skin") are homophones
503:Serial verb construction
8330:Bradley, Peter (2004).
8084:Oxford University Press
7987:Gender across languages
7833:Advanced French Grammar
7567:Oxford University Press
6953:Männlichkeit, Virilität
6909:Grammatical conjugation
6879:Gender-neutral language
6860:
6854:
6848:
6594:
6588:
6582:
6559:Gender-neutral language
6305:have lost it entirely.
6227:Gender in Dutch grammar
6125:Indo-European languages
5992:Indo-European languages
5541:In Polish the loanword
5442:"sun" is feminine, and
5284:Gender across languages
4610:Gender-neutral language
4566:groups of mixed gender;
4483:Another example is the
4245:Greek occupation names
2859:
2853:
2447:Gender-neutral language
2265:"children" is feminine
1844:the.MASC.SG grandfather
1591:After definite article
1179:Gender in Dutch grammar
1089:Here nouns that denote
734:Common gender divisions
441:Honorifics (politeness)
40:Gender (disambiguation)
36:Gender-neutral language
8501:10.5281/zenodo.3446230
8480:10.5281/zenodo.3446224
7358:Dixon, Robert (1968).
7223:always have a gender:
7030:
7024:
7018:
7012:
7006:
7000:
6958:
6952:
6946:
6940:
6934:
6790:
6778:
6772:
6763:
6757:
6748:
6742:
6729:
6723:
6710:
6704:
6695:
6689:
6680:
6674:
6661:
6655:
6649:
6268:
6262:
6256:
6250:
6217:(and, to some extent,
6197:
6038:, etc.), and in other
5914:
5884:
5878:
5872:
5834:
5828:
5822:
5809:
5797:
5713:
5707:
5664:
5658:
5652:
5646:
5637:
5631:
5622:
5616:
5610:
5604:
5595:
5589:
5583:
5577:
5568:
5558:
5549:
5543:
5519:
5490:
5484:
5478:
5472:
5466:
5460:
5454:
5444:
5438:
5432:
5426:
5410:
5404:
5398:
5392:
5383:
5377:
5276:
5266:
5260:
5246:
5240:
5234:
5228:
5218:
5212:
5206:
5200:
5190:
5180:
5174:
5168:
5162:
5156:
5142:
5136:
5130:
5124:
5114:
5108:
5038:
5015:
5009:
5003:
4997:
4991:
4985:
4979:
4973:
4966:
4943:
4937:
4931:
4864:
4858:
4852:
4846:
4836:
4830:
4805:
4799:
4785:
4779:
4752:
4730:
4701:
4639:
4582:
4576:
4451:
4170:English proper names:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4111:
4033:
4027:
4021:
4015:
4009:
4003:
3997:
3991:
3974:
3968:
3962:
3956:
3950:
3944:
3938:
3932:
3926:
3920:
3914:
3905:
3899:
3893:
3887:
3881:
3875:
3869:
3863:
3857:
3851:
3845:
3839:
3830:
3695:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3671:
3650:
3644:
3638:
3632:
3626:
3620:
3614:
3608:
3602:
3596:
3586:
3576:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3541:(His son is my friend)
3538:Kurrê wî hevalê min e.
3537:
3529:
3520:
3514:
3500:
3494:
3488:
3486:Most Spanish nouns in
3479:
3473:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3441:
3435:
3422:
3416:
3410:
3404:
3394:
3388:
3341:
3330:: masculine/feminine.
3309:
3297:
3252:
3246:
3189:
3183:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3105:
3095:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3031:
3024:
2994:
2975:
2958:
2947:
2936:
2925:
2914:
2903:
2897:
2883:
2877:
2870:
2839:
2833:
2824:
2813:
2807:
2675:
2669:
2631:
2630:meaning "person", and
2626:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2594:
2589:
2578:
2573:
2558:
2553:
2512:
2501:
2485:null-subject languages
2476:
2467:
2460:
2434:
2427:
2421:
2403:
2393:
2379:
2273:
2261:
2191:
2179:
2173:
2166:
2107:
2090:
2061:
2044:
2012:
1995:
1966:
1949:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1890:the.FEM.SG grandmother
1876:
1859:
1830:
1813:
1786:
1780:
1771:
1765:
1706:grammatical categories
1665:
1651:
1641:
1626:
1616:
1603:
1572:
1558:
1538:
1532:
1521:
1329:
1289:
1280:
1157:Common–neuter contrast
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1029:
1023:
947:
941:
930:
924:
910:
904:
772:
767:
761:
618:Polypersonal agreement
38:. For other uses, see
8584:Linguistic morphology
8460:The Language Instinct
8377:. pp. 1347–1353.
7603:James Cook University
6941:masculinité, virilité
6474:. The choice between
6157:, Ancient and Modern
6064:Niger–Congo languages
6050:, as well as several
6028:Afroasiatic languages
5961:. Thus, according to
5818: painting brush
5781:) is fitted into the
5523:, which is masculine.
5402:is masculine whereas
5387:; or neuter, as with
5188:, whereas the plural
4691:) was only a prince.'
4106:
3699:are always feminine.
3580:("young woman") (see
3530:Keça wî hevala min e.
3428:form-meaning mismatch
3335:: animate/inanimate.
3315:
3303:
3275:
3015:constructio ad sensum
2195:) . As a consequence
1387:classifier handshapes
1258:Linguistic relativity
1010:Afroasiatic languages
746:
254:Genitive construction
8106:In a translation of
7723:. 2002. pp. 1–2
7298:Macmillan Publishers
7226:Wilfried Kürschner (
7142:"factory", feminine
6838:In the Austronesian
6030:(which includes the
5976:-marking morphology;
5593:(from Asturian) and
5303:specify the language
5301:This section should
3795:: for instance, the
3761:"broken" plural form
3386:, nouns that end in
3320:: no gender system.
3032:diese kleine Mädchen
2716:improve this section
2443:Third-person pronoun
1930:"Grammatical" gender
1563:"girl" changes into
1379:East Asian languages
1104:Algonquian languages
1002:Indo-Aryan languages
700:grammatical category
507:Traditional grammar
475:Syntax relationships
151:Grammatical features
84:"Grammatical gender"
69:improve this article
8121:Alexander Vertinsky
8074:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad
7323:Jackson, Steven B.
7148:"woman" and neuter
6904:Generic antecedents
6840:Wuvulu-Aua language
6816:Dravidian languages
6395:, and the singular
6132:Proto-Indo-European
6105:language families.
6048:Northeast Caucasian
5959:isolating languages
5668:, which was neuter.
5587:(from Portuguese),
5470:), whereas Spanish
5264:("small boy"), but
4919:where applicable.)
4588:semantically marked
4474:Dravidian languages
4218:Greek proper names
2604:indefinite pronouns
1926:
1796:
1736:, past and passive
1599:Masculine singular
1582:
1462:change their form (
1242:Dravidian languages
1096:Anatolian languages
1035:Proto-Indo-European
848:, past and passive
425:Comparison (degree)
175:Dative construction
32:Language and gender
8579:Grammatical gender
8311:Hafford, James A.
8264:2013-10-30 at the
7866:10.1111/lnc3.12226
7193:"hand" and neuter
6914:Polarity of gender
6628:Russian declension
6437:Germanic languages
6373:they/them/their(s)
5755:Ghil'ad Zuckermann
5703:Ghil'ad Zuckermann
5538:which is feminine.
5450:Germanic languages
4856:and the reflexive
4800:hjúkrunarfræðingur
4664:) óbreyttur prins.
4621:Germanic languages
4112:
3828:, nouns ending in
3669:, nouns ending in
3556:with the suffixes
3342:
3310:
3298:
3165:("a male zebra").
3156:un guepardo hembra
3099:(masculine) and a
3007:(f.) Hausaufgaben.
2988:(n.) Hausaufgaben.
2800:grammatical gender
2636:meaning "thing").
2590:mae hi'n bwrw glaw
2541:pro-drop languages
2026:the.MASC.PL dishes
1924:
1794:
1637:Feminine singular
1580:
1402:Chinese classifier
1389:) can be found in
1335:(also the root of
1047:Germanic languages
773:
755:, adjectives, and
710:of that language.
691:grammatical gender
375:Grammatical aspect
8565:at NamepediA Blog
8494:978-3-96110-181-8
8472:978-3-96110-179-5
8395:978-0-521-26904-9
8181:Franceschina 2005
7646:978-1-317-71018-9
7576:978-0-19-936160-1
7562:The Language Hoax
7549:, pp. 20–21.
7513:, pp. 27–28.
7456:Mouton de Gruyter
7454:. Vol. 124.
7438:Franceschina 2005
7419:Franceschina 2005
7398:, p. 27, 52.
7187:"king", feminine
6800:Polish morphology
6447:in words such as
6412:their modifiers (
6403:corresponding to
6381:relative pronouns
6358:personal pronouns
6326:Gender in English
6320:Germanic: English
6186:Romance languages
6040:language families
5629:The Italian word
5575:The Spanish word
5501:The Russian word
5422:Romance languages
5363:
5362:
5343:may also be used.
5224:second declension
5096:Norwegian Nynorsk
4040:In the same way,
3995:means "boy", and
3867:are masculine as
3818:faʿʿala, yufaʿʿil
3799:of Stem II (e.g.
3712:(traditionally a
3654:(comparable with
3447:Romance languages
3325:: common/neuter.
3074:("wuss, klutz");
3003:(f.) macht jetzt
2984:(n.) macht jetzt
2890:, meaning 'lord')
2830:diminutive suffix
2796:
2795:
2788:
2770:
2311:personal pronouns
2301:Personal pronouns
2277:"door" is neuter
2268:singularia tantum
2252:Other languages,
2237:, "spectacles"),
2130:
2129:
2121:the.FEM.PL guitar
2075:the.FEM.SG guitar
1899:
1898:
1893:"the grandmother"
1847:"the grandfather"
1785:(masculine), and
1683:
1682:
1530:singular form is
1353:A classifier, or
1228:. In some of the
1201:Norwegian Nynorsk
1055:Romance languages
990:Romance languages
683:
682:
578:Topic and Comment
561:Thematic relation
456:Reflexive pronoun
370:Tense–aspect–mood
330:Associated motion
312:Universal grinder
145:
144:
137:
119:
16:(Redirected from
8591:
8553:
8551:
8545:. Archived from
8544:
8534:
8441:
8418:
8399:
8378:
8365:
8345:
8317:
8316:
8308:
8302:
8301:, pp. 8–11.
8296:
8290:
8274:
8268:
8256:
8250:
8245:
8239:
8238:
8228:
8202:
8196:
8190:
8184:
8178:
8169:
8168:
8142:
8136:
8130:
8124:
8123:, 1920s or 1930s
8117:
8111:
8104:
8098:
8097:
8070:
8059:
8053:
8047:
8046:
8044:
8042:
8028:
8022:
8021:
8007:
8001:
8000:
7982:
7976:
7975:
7965:
7959:
7953:
7947:
7941:
7932:
7926:
7917:
7911:
7905:
7899:
7893:
7887:
7881:
7876:
7870:
7869:
7847:
7841:
7840:
7828:
7822:
7821:
7799:
7793:
7792:
7776:
7766:
7760:
7754:
7748:
7742:
7733:
7732:
7730:
7728:
7714:
7706:
7700:
7699:
7697:
7695:
7679:Boroditsky, Lera
7675:
7669:
7666:
7660:
7657:
7651:
7650:
7637:Psychology Press
7626:
7615:
7614:
7612:
7610:
7599:
7590:
7581:
7580:
7556:
7550:
7544:
7538:
7537:
7535:
7534:
7520:
7514:
7508:
7502:
7501:
7499:
7498:
7484:
7478:
7477:
7447:
7441:
7435:
7422:
7416:
7399:
7393:
7387:
7386:
7375:
7364:
7363:
7355:
7340:
7339:
7337:
7335:
7329:Psychology Today
7320:
7314:
7308:
7302:
7301:
7295:
7284:
7271:
7270:
7268:
7267:
7253:
7244:
7217:
7200:
7198:
7197:
7192:
7191:
7186:
7185:
7180:
7179:
7171:
7170:
7162:
7161:
7153:
7152:
7147:
7146:
7141:
7140:
7135:
7134:
7126:
7125:
7117:
7116:
7109:
7105:
7104:
7099:
7098:
7093:
7092:
7087:
7086:
7081:
7080:
7075:
7074:
7066:
7065:
7057:
7056:
7048:
7047:
7041:
7035:
7033:
7027:
7021:
7015:
7009:
7003:
6996:
6990:
6989:), among others.
6988:
6982:
6981:
6976:
6974:
6967:
6966:
6961:
6955:
6949:
6943:
6937:
6930:
6863:
6857:
6851:
6824:collective nouns
6793:
6781:
6775:
6766:
6760:
6751:
6749:dobrych klientów
6745:
6732:
6726:
6713:
6707:
6698:
6692:
6683:
6677:
6664:
6658:
6652:
6636:Czech declension
6597:
6591:
6585:
6578:Slavic languages
6572:Slavic languages
6535:figure of speech
6310:Slavic languages
6207:Celtic languages
6200:
6147:Slavic languages
6036:Berber languages
6026:, for example),
5929:
5923:
5922:
5917:
5911:
5905:
5904:
5899:
5893:
5892:
5887:
5881:
5875:
5869:
5863:
5862: biblioték
5859:
5856:
5852:
5846:
5845:
5838:, all feminine.
5837:
5831:
5825:
5819:
5816:
5812:
5806:
5800:
5794:
5780:
5777:
5773:
5767:
5766:
5745:
5739:
5738:
5716:
5710:
5667:
5661:
5655:
5649:
5644:The French word
5640:
5634:
5625:
5619:
5613:
5607:
5602:The French word
5598:
5592:
5586:
5580:
5571:
5561:
5556:The Polish word
5552:
5546:
5537:
5536:
5531:
5530:
5522:
5512:
5511:
5506:
5505:
5493:
5487:
5481:
5475:
5469:
5463:
5457:
5447:
5441:
5435:
5429:
5413:
5407:
5401:
5395:
5386:
5380:
5358:
5355:
5349:
5334:
5328:
5324:
5318:
5314:
5308:
5296:
5295:
5288:
5279:
5269:
5263:
5249:
5243:
5237:
5231:
5221:
5215:
5209:
5203:
5193:
5183:
5177:
5171:
5166:("delight") and
5165:
5159:
5145:
5139:
5133:
5127:
5120:Norwegian Bokmål
5117:
5111:
5100:Norwegian Bokmål
5089:
5083:
5082:
5077:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5059:
5058:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5018:
5012:
5006:
5000:
4994:
4988:
4982:
4976:
4969:
4946:
4940:
4934:
4927:definite article
4867:
4861:
4855:
4849:
4843:
4833:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4806:leikskólakennari
4802:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4782:
4771:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4749:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4720:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4585:
4579:
4454:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4134:
4128:
4122:
4059:
4036:
4030:
4024:
4018:
4012:
4006:
4000:
3994:
3977:
3971:
3965:
3959:
3953:
3947:
3941:
3935:
3929:
3923:
3917:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3896:
3890:
3884:
3878:
3872:
3866:
3860:
3854:
3848:
3842:
3837:
3833:
3820:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3803:
3790:
3785:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3742:
3737:
3736:
3727:
3719:
3698:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3674:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3599:
3589:
3579:
3573:
3567:
3561:
3540:
3532:
3523:
3517:
3506:Kurdish language
3503:
3497:
3491:
3482:
3476:
3466:
3460:
3454:
3444:
3438:
3425:
3419:
3413:
3407:
3397:
3391:
3378:For example, in
3255:
3249:
3220:
3213:
3212:
3206:
3199:
3198:
3193:"bull", Russian
3192:
3186:
3172:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3108:
3098:
3034:
3027:
3009:
2990:
2961:
2950:
2939:
2928:
2917:
2906:
2900:
2889:
2880:
2842:
2836:
2827:
2791:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2771:
2769:
2728:
2696:
2688:
2629:
2592:
2576:
2556:
2518:
2507:
2479:
2473:
2437:
2373:
2372:
2366:
2353:
2352:
2346:
2276:
2264:
2255:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2144:
2103:
2099:
2057:
2053:
2008:
2004:
1980:the.MASC.SG dish
1962:
1958:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1872:
1868:
1826:
1822:
1800:"Natural" gender
1797:
1793:
1777:definite article
1774:
1768:
1676:
1658:
1644:
1629:
1619:
1606:
1583:
1579:
1569:definite article
1555:initial mutation
1541:
1535:
1518:Latin declension
1420:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1343:Noun classifiers
1334:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1230:Slavic languages
1205:Norwegian Bokmål
1190:Norwegian Bokmål
1151:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1116:Kurdish language
1051:Slavic languages
1032:
1026:
998:Celtic languages
994:Baltic languages
955:Gender contrasts
950:
944:
938:
901:which I maintain
770:
764:
675:
668:
661:
409:General features
324:Related to verbs
159:Related to nouns
147:
146:
140:
133:
129:
126:
120:
118:
77:
53:
45:
21:
8599:
8598:
8594:
8593:
8592:
8590:
8589:
8588:
8569:
8568:
8549:
8542:
8513:
8503:. Open Access.
8482:. Open Access.
8415:
8396:
8342:
8326:
8321:
8320:
8309:
8305:
8297:
8293:
8275:
8271:
8266:Wayback Machine
8257:
8253:
8246:
8242:
8203:
8199:
8191:
8187:
8179:
8172:
8157:
8143:
8139:
8131:
8127:
8118:
8114:
8105:
8101:
8094:
8071:
8062:
8054:
8050:
8040:
8038:
8030:
8029:
8025:
8009:
8008:
8004:
7997:
7983:
7979:
7966:
7962:
7954:
7950:
7942:
7935:
7927:
7920:
7912:
7908:
7900:
7896:
7888:
7884:
7877:
7873:
7860:(11): 661–677.
7848:
7844:
7829:
7825:
7818:
7800:
7796:
7789:
7769:
7767:
7763:
7755:
7751:
7743:
7736:
7726:
7724:
7712:
7708:
7707:
7703:
7693:
7691:
7676:
7672:
7667:
7663:
7658:
7654:
7647:
7639:. p. 120.
7627:
7618:
7608:
7606:
7597:
7591:
7584:
7577:
7557:
7553:
7545:
7541:
7532:
7530:
7522:
7521:
7517:
7509:
7505:
7496:
7494:
7486:
7485:
7481:
7474:
7458:. p. 689.
7448:
7444:
7436:
7425:
7417:
7402:
7394:
7390:
7377:
7376:
7367:
7356:
7343:
7333:
7331:
7321:
7317:
7309:
7305:
7293:
7285:
7274:
7265:
7263:
7255:
7254:
7247:
7239:Duden Grammatik
7221:pluralia tantum
7218:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7203:
7181:from masculine
7136:from masculine
7042:
7038:
7025:la bella águila
6997:
6993:
6972:
6931:
6927:
6922:
6870:
6836:
6812:
6782:(genitive only)
6767:(genitive only)
6714:(genitive only)
6681:dobrego klienta
6586:and neuters in
6574:
6347:waiter/waitress
6328:
6322:
6194:Spanish pronoun
6121:
6103:Native American
5982:non-accusative
5972:preference for
5963:Johanna Nichols
5942:
5936:
5861:
5860: – transl.
5857:
5817:
5778:
5752:
5691:
5675:
5464:and Portuguese
5408:is neuter, and
5372:
5366:borrowed word.
5359:
5353:
5350:
5344:
5332:
5326:
5322:
5320:transliteration
5316:
5312:
5306:
5297:
5293:
5286:
5252:Scottish Gaelic
5152:
5112:, or feminine:
5048:
4962:
4953:
4901:
4560:
4524:
4469:
4461:
4164:
4101:
3618:"punishment" →
3592:countable nouns
3372:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3306:Polish language
3270:
3262:
3167:Different names
3162:una cebra macho
3086:
2922:Scottish Gaelic
2792:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2729:
2727:
2713:
2697:
2686:
2662:
2649:
2618:("no-one") and
2567:comes from the
2529:
2420:, for example,
2303:
2287:
2279:pluralia tantum
2198:pluralia tantum
2135:
2126:
2113:
2105:
2080:
2067:
2059:
2031:
2018:
2010:
1985:
1972:
1964:
1901:
1895:
1882:
1874:
1849:
1836:
1828:
1750:complementizers
1699:
1679:"the big girl"
1594:With adjective
1474:parts of speech
1448:
1436:
1427:
1351:
1349:Noun classifier
1345:
1314:
1308:
1303:
1260:
1254:
1218:
1159:
1087:
1018:
985:
963:
957:
878:
866:complementizers
787:or inanimacy, "
771:, respectively.
740:and inanimate.
728:
679:
650:
649:
608:
600:
599:
546:
538:
537:
476:
468:
467:
437:(verbal number)
435:Pluractionality
410:
402:
401:
325:
317:
316:
296:
237:Collective noun
219:Construct state
160:
141:
130:
124:
121:
78:
76:
66:
54:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8597:
8587:
8586:
8581:
8567:
8566:
8560:
8554:
8552:on 2008-04-14.
8535:
8529:(PhD thesis).
8520:
8519:at ucalgary.ca
8512:
8511:External links
8509:
8508:
8507:
8486:
8464:
8455:Pinker, Steven
8452:
8449:
8442:
8433:
8426:
8419:
8413:
8400:
8394:
8379:
8375:Pergamon Press
8366:
8353:
8346:
8341:978-0415286435
8340:
8334:(1 ed.).
8325:
8322:
8319:
8318:
8303:
8291:
8269:
8251:
8240:
8197:
8185:
8170:
8155:
8137:
8135:, p. 326.
8125:
8112:
8099:
8092:
8060:
8048:
8023:
8002:
7995:
7977:
7974:. p. 144.
7968:Kramer, Ruth.
7960:
7948:
7933:
7918:
7906:
7894:
7882:
7871:
7842:
7839:. p. 401.
7823:
7816:
7810:. p. 85.
7806:(1 ed.).
7794:
7787:
7761:
7749:
7734:
7701:
7681:(2009-06-11).
7670:
7661:
7652:
7645:
7616:
7582:
7575:
7551:
7539:
7515:
7503:
7479:
7472:
7442:
7423:
7400:
7388:
7365:
7341:
7315:
7303:
7300:. p. 231.
7272:
7245:
7243:
7242:
7231:
7211:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7202:
7201:
7036:
7034:"the eagles").
6991:
6971:muzhestvennost
6965:мужественность
6924:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6917:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6869:
6866:
6835:
6832:
6811:
6808:
6786:
6785:
6784:
6783:
6768:
6753:
6743:dobrzy klienci
6735:
6734:
6718:
6717:
6716:
6715:
6700:
6685:
6667:
6666:
6600:soft consonant
6573:
6570:
6539:
6538:
6515:
6494:With animals,
6439:(the suffixes
6409:
6408:
6354:
6324:Main article:
6321:
6318:
6120:
6117:
6109:Modern English
6060:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
5988:
5987:
5980:
5977:
5970:
5935:
5932:
5751:
5748:
5732:
5731:
5727:
5724:
5721:
5718:
5699:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5685:
5682:
5674:
5671:
5670:
5669:
5642:
5627:
5600:
5573:
5554:
5553:, is feminine.
5539:
5524:
5414:is feminine.)
5371:
5368:
5361:
5360:
5339:. Knowledge's
5300:
5298:
5291:
5285:
5282:
5267:balaich bheaga
5256:palatalization
5151:
5148:
5047:
5044:
4961:
4958:
4952:
4949:
4900:
4897:
4774:
4773:
4723:
4722:
4693:
4692:
4571:
4570:
4567:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4543:
4536:
4523:
4520:
4468:
4465:
4460:
4457:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4357:
4342:
4327:
4312:
4294:
4243:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4207:
4201:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4183:
4177:
4163:
4160:
4100:
4097:
4042:personal names
3767:; for example
3624:"apprentice",
3590:, which makes
3543:
3542:
3534:
3461:("photo") and
3371:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3353:
3269:
3266:
3261:
3258:
3250:("animal") or
3085:
3082:
3011:
3010:
2991:
2964:
2963:
2952:
2941:
2930:
2919:
2908:
2891:
2865:
2794:
2793:
2700:
2698:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2661:
2658:
2653:natural gender
2648:
2645:
2528:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2508:
2376:
2375:
2355:
2307:natural gender
2302:
2299:
2286:
2283:
2257:Serbo-Croatian
2213:, "pincers"),
2134:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2106:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2060:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2011:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1965:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1897:
1896:
1875:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1829:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1698:
1695:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1662:
1659:
1648:
1645:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1632:"the big son"
1630:
1623:
1620:
1610:
1607:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1447:
1444:
1435:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1391:sign languages
1347:Main article:
1344:
1341:
1310:Main article:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1253:
1250:
1217:
1214:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1086:
1083:
1017:
1014:
984:
981:
980:
979:
976:
973:
970:
956:
953:
917:
916:
892:
885:
877:
874:
727:
724:
681:
680:
678:
677:
670:
663:
655:
652:
651:
648:
647:
642:
637:
632:
630:Empty category
627:
622:
621:
620:
609:
606:
605:
602:
601:
598:
597:
592:
587:
586:
585:
575:
574:
573:
568:
558:
553:
547:
544:
543:
540:
539:
536:
535:
534:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
505:
500:
495:
494:
493:
488:
477:
474:
473:
470:
469:
466:
465:
464:
463:
461:Reflexive verb
458:
448:
443:
438:
432:
427:
422:
417:
411:
408:
407:
404:
403:
400:
399:
394:
393:
392:
387:
382:
377:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
326:
323:
322:
319:
318:
315:
314:
309:
304:
303:
302:
297:
295:
294:
289:
284:
280:
273:
268:
267:
266:
261:
251:
246:
241:
240:
239:
234:
229:
221:
216:
215:
214:
204:
203:
202:
197:
192:
187:
185:Quirky subject
182:
177:
167:
161:
158:
157:
154:
153:
143:
142:
57:
55:
48:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8596:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8577:
8576:
8574:
8564:
8561:
8558:
8555:
8548:
8541:
8538:Horesh, Uri.
8536:
8532:
8528:
8527:
8521:
8518:
8515:
8514:
8506:
8502:
8498:
8495:
8491:
8487:
8485:
8481:
8477:
8473:
8469:
8465:
8462:
8461:
8456:
8453:
8450:
8447:
8443:
8439:
8434:
8431:
8427:
8424:
8420:
8416:
8414:90-272-5298-X
8410:
8406:
8401:
8397:
8391:
8387:
8386:
8380:
8376:
8372:
8367:
8363:
8359:
8354:
8351:
8347:
8343:
8337:
8333:
8328:
8327:
8315:. p. 63.
8314:
8307:
8300:
8295:
8288:
8287:0-226-10403-6
8284:
8280:
8279:
8273:
8267:
8263:
8260:
8255:
8249:
8244:
8236:
8232:
8227:
8222:
8219:(2): 93–116.
8218:
8214:
8213:
8208:
8201:
8194:
8189:
8183:, p. 77.
8182:
8177:
8175:
8166:
8162:
8158:
8156:0-226-58056-3
8152:
8148:
8141:
8134:
8129:
8122:
8119:In a song of
8116:
8110:stories, 1915
8109:
8103:
8095:
8093:9780199812790
8089:
8085:
8081:
8080:
8075:
8069:
8067:
8065:
8058:, p. 61.
8057:
8052:
8036:
8035:
8027:
8019:
8017:
8012:
8006:
7998:
7996:90-272-1842-0
7992:
7988:
7981:
7973:
7972:
7964:
7958:, p. 19.
7957:
7952:
7946:, p. 14.
7945:
7940:
7938:
7931:, p. 32.
7930:
7925:
7923:
7916:, p. 13.
7915:
7910:
7904:, p. 12.
7903:
7898:
7892:, p. 11.
7891:
7886:
7880:
7875:
7867:
7863:
7859:
7855:
7854:
7846:
7838:
7834:
7827:
7819:
7813:
7809:
7805:
7798:
7790:
7788:0-87779-132-5
7784:
7780:
7775:
7774:
7765:
7759:, p. 27.
7758:
7753:
7747:, p. 18.
7746:
7741:
7739:
7722:
7718:
7711:
7705:
7690:
7689:
7684:
7680:
7674:
7665:
7656:
7648:
7642:
7638:
7634:
7633:
7625:
7623:
7621:
7605:
7604:
7596:
7589:
7587:
7578:
7572:
7568:
7564:
7563:
7555:
7548:
7543:
7529:
7525:
7519:
7512:
7507:
7493:
7489:
7483:
7475:
7473:9783110802603
7469:
7465:
7461:
7457:
7453:
7446:
7440:, p. 78.
7439:
7434:
7432:
7430:
7428:
7421:, p. 72.
7420:
7415:
7413:
7411:
7409:
7407:
7405:
7397:
7392:
7384:
7380:
7374:
7372:
7370:
7361:
7354:
7352:
7350:
7348:
7346:
7330:
7326:
7319:
7312:
7307:
7299:
7292:
7291:
7283:
7281:
7279:
7277:
7262:
7258:
7252:
7250:
7240:
7236:
7232:
7229:
7225:
7224:
7222:
7216:
7212:
7178:
7169:
7160:
7133:
7124:
7115:
7073:
7064:
7055:
7040:
7032:
7026:
7020:
7014:
7008:
7002:
6995:
6987:
6977:) and Hindi (
6975:
6960:
6954:
6948:
6942:
6936:
6929:
6925:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6871:
6865:
6862:
6856:
6850:
6845:
6841:
6831:
6829:
6828:Tamil grammar
6825:
6821:
6817:
6807:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6792:
6780:
6779:dobrych serów
6774:
6769:
6765:
6759:
6754:
6750:
6744:
6739:
6738:
6737:
6736:
6731:
6725:
6720:
6719:
6712:
6706:
6701:
6697:
6691:
6686:
6682:
6676:
6671:
6670:
6669:
6668:
6663:
6657:
6651:
6645:
6644:
6643:
6639:
6637:
6631:
6629:
6623:
6621:
6617:
6613:
6609:
6605:
6601:
6596:
6590:
6584:
6579:
6569:
6567:
6566:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6492:
6491:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6468:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6429:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6352:
6351:widow/widower
6348:
6344:
6340:
6339:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6327:
6317:
6315:
6311:
6306:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6271:
6266:
6265:
6260:
6259:
6254:
6253:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6182:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6143:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6128:
6126:
6119:Indo-European
6116:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6067:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5985:
5981:
5978:
5975:
5971:
5968:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5955:agglutinating
5952:
5948:
5941:
5931:
5928:
5916:
5910:
5898:
5886:
5880:
5874:
5868:
5851:
5839:
5836:
5830:
5824:
5811:
5805:
5799:
5793:
5788:
5785:noun-pattern
5784:
5772:
5761:
5756:
5747:
5744:
5728:
5725:
5722:
5719:
5715:
5709:
5704:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5695:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5678:
5666:
5660:
5654:
5648:
5643:
5641:is masculine.
5639:
5633:
5628:
5624:
5618:
5612:
5606:
5601:
5597:
5596:origem/ orixe
5591:
5585:
5579:
5574:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5551:
5545:
5540:
5525:
5521:
5516:
5515:crescent moon
5500:
5499:
5498:
5495:
5492:
5486:
5480:
5474:
5468:
5462:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5440:
5434:
5428:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5412:
5406:
5400:
5394:
5390:
5385:
5379:
5367:
5357:
5347:
5342:
5338:
5331:
5321:
5311:
5304:
5299:
5290:
5289:
5281:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5262:
5257:
5253:
5248:
5242:
5236:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5214:
5208:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5176:
5170:
5164:
5158:
5147:
5144:
5138:
5132:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5110:
5104:
5101:
5097:
5091:
5088:
5076:
5064:
5053:
5043:
5040:
5029:
5025:
5020:
5017:
5011:
5007:"; the other
5005:
5001:, "the Great
4999:
4993:
4987:
4981:
4975:
4968:
4957:
4951:Gender shifts
4948:
4945:
4939:
4933:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4896:
4894:
4889:
4885:
4880:
4878:
4874:
4869:
4866:
4865:sin/sitt/sina
4860:
4854:
4848:
4842:
4840:
4832:
4827:
4823:
4818:
4807:
4801:
4787:
4781:
4780:hjúkrunarkona
4770:
4748:
4739:) velkomnir (
4728:
4727:
4726:
4719:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4665:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4602:
4596:
4591:
4589:
4584:
4578:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4551:
4547:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4485:Dizi language
4481:
4479:
4475:
4464:
4456:
4453:
4447:
4435:
4423:
4411:
4399:
4387:
4369:
4358:
4354:
4343:
4339:
4328:
4324:
4313:
4309:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4279:
4267:
4255:
4244:
4240:
4228:
4217:
4212:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4188:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4133:
4127:
4121:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4038:
4035:
4029:
4023:
4017:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3993:
3988:
3984:
3979:
3976:
3970:
3964:
3958:
3952:
3946:
3942:("beach") or
3940:
3934:
3928:
3922:
3916:
3907:
3901:
3895:
3889:
3883:
3877:
3871:
3865:
3859:
3853:
3847:
3841:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3819:
3808:
3798:
3794:
3789:
3779:
3777:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3746:
3741:
3731:
3725:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3697:
3691:
3685:
3679:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3652:
3646:
3640:
3636:"cowardly" →
3634:
3628:
3622:
3616:
3610:
3604:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3574:("girl") and
3572:
3566:
3560:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3518:(member) and
3516:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3498:, accusative
3496:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3480:radiodifusión
3475:
3470:
3465:
3459:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3429:
3424:
3418:
3412:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3390:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3367:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3350:morphological
3347:
3346:
3345:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3307:
3302:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3265:
3257:
3254:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3219:
3214:
3205:
3200:
3191:
3185:
3180:
3176:
3168:
3163:
3157:
3151:
3145:
3133:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3026:
3020:
3016:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2879:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2858:(neuter) and
2857:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2790:
2787:
2779:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2737: –
2736:
2732:
2731:Find sources:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2701:This section
2699:
2695:
2690:
2689:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2657:
2654:
2644:
2642:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2621:quelque chose
2617:
2616:
2612:("someone"),
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2555:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2533:dummy pronoun
2524:
2517:
2516:
2513:muito obrigad
2509:
2506:
2505:
2502:muito obrigad
2498:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2487:(and in some
2486:
2481:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2464:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2436:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2356:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:second person
2328:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2289:Pronouns may
2282:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2263:
2258:
2250:
2249:, "gills").
2247:
2235:
2223:
2211:
2200:
2199:
2193:
2181:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2125:
2124:"the guitars"
2122:
2119:
2117:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2094:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2048:
2047:
2041:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2017:
2014:
2009:
1999:
1998:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1953:
1952:
1946:
1939:
1928:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1881:
1878:
1873:
1863:
1862:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1827:
1817:
1816:
1810:
1806:
1798:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1584:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1540:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1441:
1431:
1422:
1419:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1340:
1338:
1333:
1332:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1313:
1298:
1291:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1163:common gender
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1025:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
977:
974:
971:
968:
967:
966:
962:
952:
949:
943:
934:
933:
928:
927:
922:
914:
913:
908:
907:
902:
898:
893:
890:
886:
883:
882:
881:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
822:
820:
815:
812:
810:
806:
801:
796:
794:
790:
786:
780:
776:
769:
763:
758:
754:
750:
745:
741:
739:
735:
731:
723:
721:
717:
716:sex or gender
711:
709:
705:
701:
696:
692:
688:
676:
671:
669:
664:
662:
657:
656:
654:
653:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
635:Incorporation
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
619:
616:
615:
614:
611:
610:
604:
603:
596:
593:
591:
588:
584:
581:
580:
579:
576:
572:
569:
567:
564:
563:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
548:
542:
541:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
508:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
492:
489:
487:
484:
483:
482:
479:
478:
472:
471:
462:
459:
457:
454:
453:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
412:
406:
405:
398:
395:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
372:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
345:Evidentiality
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
327:
321:
320:
313:
310:
308:
305:
301:
298:
293:
290:
288:
285:
282:
281:
279:
278:
277:
274:
272:
269:
265:
262:
260:
257:
256:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
224:
223:Countability
222:
220:
217:
213:
210:
209:
208:
205:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
172:
171:
168:
166:
163:
162:
156:
155:
152:
149:
148:
139:
136:
128:
117:
114:
110:
107:
103:
100:
96:
93:
89:
86: –
85:
81:
80:Find sources:
74:
70:
64:
63:
58:This article
56:
52:
47:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:Neuter gender
8547:the original
8525:
8458:
8445:
8437:
8432:, Macmillan.
8429:
8422:
8404:
8384:
8370:
8357:
8349:
8331:
8324:Bibliography
8312:
8306:
8299:Corbett 1991
8294:
8276:
8272:
8254:
8243:
8216:
8210:
8200:
8195:, p. 2.
8193:Corbett 1991
8188:
8146:
8140:
8128:
8115:
8102:
8082:. New York:
8078:
8056:Ibrahim 1973
8051:
8039:. Retrieved
8033:
8026:
8014:
8005:
7986:
7980:
7970:
7963:
7956:Corbett 1991
7951:
7944:Corbett 1991
7929:Corbett 1991
7914:Corbett 1991
7909:
7902:Corbett 1991
7897:
7890:Corbett 1991
7885:
7874:
7857:
7851:
7845:
7832:
7826:
7803:
7797:
7772:
7764:
7757:Bradley 2004
7752:
7745:Bradley 2004
7725:. Retrieved
7716:
7704:
7692:. Retrieved
7686:
7673:
7664:
7655:
7631:
7607:. Retrieved
7601:
7561:
7554:
7547:Corbett 1991
7542:
7531:. Retrieved
7527:
7518:
7511:Ibrahim 1973
7506:
7495:. Retrieved
7491:
7482:
7451:
7445:
7396:Bradley 2004
7391:
7382:
7360:Noun Classes
7359:
7332:. Retrieved
7328:
7318:
7313:, p. 4.
7311:Corbett 1991
7306:
7289:
7264:. Retrieved
7260:
7238:
7227:
7215:
7176:
7167:
7158:
7154:"insect" or
7131:
7122:
7113:
7071:
7062:
7053:
7039:
6994:
6962:), Russian (
6928:
6837:
6834:Austronesian
6813:
6787:
6770:impersonal:
6764:dobrych psów
6755:impersonal:
6727:rather than
6711:dobrego sera
6675:dobry klient
6640:
6632:
6624:
6575:
6564:
6554:
6550:
6546:
6540:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6510:). See also
6503:
6499:
6495:
6487:
6483:
6479:
6475:
6469:
6464:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6430:
6426:blond/blonde
6425:
6410:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6376:
6372:
6365:
6361:
6350:
6346:
6336:
6329:
6307:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6183:
6179:declensional
6144:
6129:
6122:
6107:
6095:Sino-Tibetan
6091:Austronesian
6068:
5989:
5943:
5918:and Russian
5885:bibliothèque
5840:
5786:
5782:
5779: brush
5753:
5733:
5692:
5676:
5496:
5416:
5373:
5364:
5351:
5337:ISO 639 code
5333:}}
5327:{{
5323:}}
5317:{{
5313:}}
5307:{{
5302:
5204:("egg") and
5196:church organ
5186:barrel organ
5153:
5105:
5092:
5049:
5021:
4963:
4954:
4921:
4913:dictionaries
4902:
4881:
4870:
4838:
4819:
4803:'nurse' and
4783:'nurse' and
4775:
4761:) velkomin (
4724:
4694:
4629:
4624:
4614:
4605:
4600:
4594:
4592:
4572:
4561:
4527:categories.
4525:
4515:
4511:
4501:
4496:
4492:
4482:
4470:
4462:
4376:
4227:Konstantinos
4221:Κωνσταντίνος
4210:
4204:
4198:
4186:
4180:
4174:
4165:
4155:
4151:
4149:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4116:
4113:
4108:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4080:
4076:
4075:origin (cf.
4068:
4064:
4060:
4045:
4039:
3980:
3918:"to park" →
3823:
3797:verbal nouns
3773:
3764:
3763:ending in a
3709:tāʾ marbūṭah
3707:
3701:
3664:
3659:
3655:
3612:"teaching",
3544:
3485:
3432:
3377:
3373:
3365:
3343:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3263:
3239:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3208:
3207:) "ram" and
3194:
3178:
3174:
3087:
3037:
3025:eine Mädchen
3018:
3012:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2968:
2965:
2845:
2818:("maiden"),
2799:
2797:
2782:
2773:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2730:
2714:Please help
2702:
2663:
2652:
2650:
2638:
2601:
2564:
2549:
2544:
2530:
2521:
2514:
2503:
2482:
2477:je suis fort
2469:
2468:je suis fort
2458:
2452:
2440:
2414:third person
2377:
2362:
2358:
2342:
2338:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2304:
2288:
2278:
2266:
2251:
2225:, "pants"),
2196:
2136:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2095:
2091:
2078:"the guitar"
2077:
2074:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2049:
2045:
2029:"the dishes"
2028:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2000:
1996:
1982:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1954:
1950:
1900:
1892:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1864:
1860:
1846:
1843:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1818:
1814:
1758:
1711:
1700:
1684:
1671:
1667:
1653:
1612:
1564:
1548:
1543:
1491:
1469:
1463:
1449:
1437:
1428:
1395:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1355:measure word
1352:
1336:
1322:
1315:
1312:Noun classes
1306:Noun classes
1272:kind of test
1269:
1265:
1261:
1221:
1219:
1194:
1183:
1162:
1160:
1114:In Northern
1088:
1019:
986:
964:
929:("pot") and
918:
900:
896:
879:
823:
816:
813:
797:
781:
777:
774:
732:
729:
712:
707:
703:
690:
684:
595:Veridicality
486:Transitivity
430:Egophoricity
248:
244:Definiteness
212:Measure word
200:Instrumental
180:Dative shift
131:
122:
112:
105:
98:
91:
79:
67:Please help
62:verification
59:
8108:Jack London
8020:(in Czech).
7808:McGraw-Hill
7717:Learn Welsh
7694:20 December
7609:20 December
7528:MedicineNet
7031:las aguilas
6956:), Polish (
6950:), German (
6938:), French (
6702:inanimate:
6696:dobrego psa
6418:determiners
6332:Old English
6249:—Afrikaans
6113:noun phrase
5994:(including
5882:and French
5832:and French
5261:balach beag
4884:coordinated
4489:diminutives
4329:masculine:
4239:Konstantina
4233:Κωνσταντίνα
3813:فعّل، يفعّل
3765:tāʾ marbūṭa
3720:, becoming
3554:diminutives
3150:un éléphant
3117:are always
3096:un guepardo
3019:attributive
2926:boireannach
2851:Old English
2569:Old English
1880:grandmother
1834:grandfather
1754:adpositions
1738:participles
1730:possessives
1726:quantifiers
1714:determiners
1452:determiners
1367:determiners
1021:the German
1008:), and the
870:adpositions
850:participles
842:possessives
838:quantifiers
826:determiners
819:"agreement"
753:determiners
687:linguistics
531:Predicative
451:Reciprocity
420:Boundedness
340:Conjugation
307:Specificity
125:August 2021
8573:Categories
8373:. Oxford:
8212:Morphology
7817:0844223743
7533:2024-03-26
7497:2016-01-24
7492:sjp.pwn.pl
7266:2022-08-01
7207:References
7082:"leg" and
6944:), Latin (
6773:dobre sery
6740:personal:
6690:dobry pies
6472:antecedent
6457:productive
6422:adjectives
6366:she/her(s)
6362:he/him/his
6203:Hindustani
5947:classifier
5938:See also:
5879:Bibliothek
5873:biblioteka
5867:bibliotéka
5864:, Russian
5801:, Russian
5795:, Yiddish
5572:is neuter.
5160:("love"),
5024:polysemous
5016:Borgarting
4410:englezikos
4404:εγγλέζικος
4344:feminine:
4129:"forest",
4007:"lawyer",
3983:derivation
3793:derivation
3600:"dough" →
3474:fotografía
3380:Portuguese
3318:Light blue
3282:Mozambique
3187:"cow" and
3181:, Spanish
3144:une girafe
3103:is always
3093:is always
2911:Portuguese
2746:newspapers
2587:sentence:
2493:Portuguese
2489:elliptical
2390:Indonesian
2295:antecedent
2165:or German
2139:markedness
1983:"the dish"
1941:Masculine
1808:Masculine
1734:adjectives
1661:"the girl"
1627:y mab mawr
1567:after the
1487:declension
1460:adjectives
1383:classifier
1256:See also:
1226:Noun class
1067:Neapolitan
959:See also:
906:Blumenbeet
889:homophones
846:adjectives
805:morphology
695:noun class
645:Markedness
640:Inflection
625:Declension
556:Mirativity
365:Mirativity
271:Noun class
259:Possession
227:Count noun
207:Classifier
195:Comitative
190:Nominative
95:newspapers
8440:. Mouton.
8235:1871-5621
7261:wals.info
7019:el águila
6986:mardânegi
6810:Dravidian
6758:dobre psy
6705:dobry ser
6687:animate:
6672:animate:
6659:and some
6563:Singular
6435:from non-
6433:loanwords
6231:Afrikaans
6167:Icelandic
6101:and most
6044:Dravidian
6010:—but not
5984:alignment
5876:, German
5870:, Polish
5858: yi
5826:, German
5807:, Polish
5771:mivréshet
5730:expected.
5564:Icelandic
5529:картофель
5389:Norwegian
5235:bracchium
5087:pustoshta
5081:пустошта̀
5054:the word
5052:Bulgarian
4967:comunista
4932:la chaise
4917:headwords
4905:deflexion
4632:Icelandic
4599:Singular
4434:engleziko
4428:εγγλέζικο
4422:engleziki
4416:εγγλέζικη
4290:giatraina
4284:γιάτραινα
3927:nettoyage
3807:al-tafʿīl
3627:Sträfling
3469:clippings
3436:comunista
3400:etymology
3338:Dark blue
3221:) "ewe".
3115:butterfly
3106:una cebra
2933:Slovenian
2828:with the
2776:June 2023
2703:does not
2609:quelqu'un
2554:es regnet
2451:Singular
2400:Hungarian
2371:أُحِبُّكِ
2351:أُحِبُّكَ
2189:, German
2146:Bulgarian
2118:guitarras
2108:guitarras
2039:Singular
2036:Feminine
1944:Singular
1854:Feminine
1702:Agreement
1693:, below.
1622:"the son"
1470:agreement
1440:agreement
1137:darê sêvê
1131:dara sêvê
809:phonology
789:humanness
720:languages
613:Agreement
607:Phenomena
545:Semantics
511:Predicate
498:Branching
335:Clusivity
232:Mass noun
8262:Archived
8165:24907586
8076:(2020).
7727:15 March
7199:"knee").
7151:насекомо
6980:मर्दानगी
6868:See also
6844:vocative
6453:waitress
6449:aviatrix
6416:, other
6414:articles
6385:who/whom
6370:singular
6275:Armenian
6205:and the
6175:Asturian
6171:Romanian
6155:Sanskrit
6140:Armenian
6087:Mongolic
6079:Tungusic
6071:Koreanic
6054:such as
6042:such as
6020:Armenian
5951:fusional
5823:szczotka
5804:shchëtka
5792:mábrasha
5787:mi⌂⌂é⌂et
5783:feminine
5566:cognate
5535:картошка
5485:das Boot
5354:May 2022
5272:lenition
5247:bracchia
5134:(doll),
5128:(book),
5075:pustoshə
5069:пу̀стоша
5028:homonyms
4998:Storting
4837:min lill
4546:Alamblak
4386:englezos
4380:εγγλέζος
4359:neuter:
4338:anglikos
4332:αγγλικός
4314:female:
4278:giatrina
4272:γιατρίνα
4254:ithopios
4248:ηθοποιός
4209:common:
4205:waitress
4203:female:
4185:common:
4179:female:
4147:ending.
4093:waitress
4056:origin (
4028:diputada
4010:diputado
3788:asātidha
3740:khalīfah
3690:-óg/-eog
3639:Feigling
3621:Lehrling
3603:Teigling
3577:Fräulein
3546:Suffixes
3510:Kurmanci
3452:problema
3357:semantic
3290:Zimbabwe
3286:Cambodge
3173:English
3132:babochka
3071:niezdara
3047:pierdoła
3041:kreatura
2948:babsztyl
2915:mulherão
2878:die Frau
2820:umlauted
2627:personne
2615:personne
2574:il pleut
2072:guitarra
2062:guitarra
1766:lo bueno
1722:numerals
1718:pronouns
1588:Default
1528:genitive
1494:inflects
1456:pronouns
1399:Mandarin
1371:piece(s)
1363:morpheme
1318:referent
1270:Another
1120:Kurmanji
1106:such as
1063:Asturian
1059:Romanian
1053:, a few
1043:Sanskrit
921:phonemes
854:articles
834:numerals
830:pronouns
800:semantic
757:pronouns
726:Overview
590:Volition
551:Contrast
481:Argument
446:Polarity
360:Telicity
350:Modality
283:Singular
8457:(1994)
8448:1. 1–3.
8446:Función
8031:"mar".
7130:насеком
7004:, like
6959:męskość
6820:deities
6814:In the
6806:above.
6620:animate
6604:Russian
6461:markers
6459:gender
6343:derived
6303:Kalasha
6291:Ossetic
6283:Persian
6279:Bengali
6211:Swedish
6136:Hittite
6075:Japonic
6062:. Most
6056:Dyirbal
6032:Semitic
6024:Persian
6016:Bengali
6012:English
6004:Russian
5996:Spanish
5897:máktaba
5855:transl.
5815:transl.
5776:transl.
5760:Israeli
5632:scimmia
5550:tramvaj
5544:tramwaj
5520:księżyc
5418:Cognate
5346:See why
5219:braccia
5207:braccio
5063:pustosh
5057:пу̀стош
5013:s like
4992:et ting
4986:en ting
4909:lexicon
4822:Swedish
4731:Allir (
4702:Sumir (
4667:'They (
4549:trees).
4452:inglese
4398:Engleza
4392:Εγγλέζα
4368:angliko
4362:αγγλικό
4353:angliki
4347:αγγλική
4323:Anglida
4317:Αγγλίδα
4266:giatros
4260:γιατρός
4091:(as in
4081:Justine
4067:); and
4065:Roberta
4054:Romance
4034:doctora
4022:abogada
4004:abogado
3987:cognate
3975:bastion
3876:chanson
3810:, from
3802:التفعيل
3757:ʾUsāmah
3571:Mädchen
3423:persona
3411:miembro
3384:Spanish
3304:In the
3278:Mexique
3247:zwierzę
3138:бабочка
3091:cheetah
3077:niemowa
2997:Mädchen
2978:Mädchen
2861:wīfmann
2840:Mädchen
2809:Mädchen
2760:scholar
2724:removed
2709:sources
2666:Spanish
2643:below.
2577:(where
2537:subject
2418:Finnish
2410:Turkish
2361:uḥibbuk
2341:uḥibbuk
2262:d(j)eca
2210:kleshti
2186:червени
2162:червено
2156:червена
2085:Plural
1990:Plural
1936:Phrase
1803:Phrase
1772:lo malo
1761:Spanish
1746:adverbs
1514:Russian
1472:). The
1465:inflect
1357:, is a
1325:animate
1244:. (See
1222:classes
1197:Swedish
1171:Swedish
1091:animate
1071:Marathi
1049:, most
1045:, some
1024:Mädchen
1004:(e.g.,
1000:, some
948:la peau
862:adverbs
785:animacy
749:Spanish
738:animate
708:genders
702:called
571:Patient
526:Adjunct
516:Subject
491:Valency
165:Animacy
109:scholar
8492:
8470:
8411:
8392:
8358:Gender
8338:
8285:
8233:
8163:
8153:
8090:
8041:25 May
7993:
7814:
7785:
7643:
7573:
7470:
7334:2 July
7196:коляно
7007:águila
6947:virtūs
6796:client
6791:klient
6616:Polish
6612:Slovak
6514:above.
6486:, and
6399:; and
6377:it/its
6301:, and
6299:Khowar
6287:Sorani
6267:, and
6245:, and
6221:; see
6215:Danish
6163:German
6099:Uralic
6083:Turkic
6058:, and
6008:German
6006:, and
6000:French
5850:sifriá
5835:brosse
5829:Bürste
5820:) and
5798:barsht
5717:"bag".
5623:equipe
5617:equipa
5611:equipo
5605:équipe
5584:origem
5578:origen
5569:þúsund
5559:tysiąc
5491:en båt
5191:orgues
5163:délice
4938:chaise
4873:Polish
4786:fóstra
4718:) sig.
4617:Slavic
4504:Defaka
4446:Anglia
4440:Αγγλία
4308:Anglos
4302:Άγγλος
4299:male:
4281:) and
4230:) and
4211:doctor
4199:waiter
4197:male:
4181:Andrea
4175:Andrew
4173:male:
4077:Justin
4073:French
4061:Robert
4031:, and
4016:doctor
3969:cation
3963:-aison
3921:garage
3858:meuble
3826:French
3783:أساتذة
3776:ustādh
3745:caliph
3704:Arabic
3615:Strafe
3550:German
3501:-iōnem
3417:pessoa
3405:membro
3323:Yellow
3242:Polish
3129:) and
3113:and a
3059:łamaga
2944:Polish
2898:cailín
2868:German
2804:German
2762:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2733:
2677:hombre
2327:Arabic
2234:ochila
2222:gashti
2150:червен
2111:guitar
2065:guitar
2023:platos
2016:dishes
2013:platos
1933:Number
1887:abuela
1877:abuela
1841:abuelo
1831:abuelo
1752:, and
1647:"girl"
1510:German
1498:number
1479:number
1290:puente
1281:Brücke
1277:German
1234:Polish
1186:Bergen
1167:Danish
1108:Ojibwe
1077:, and
996:, the
992:, the
942:le pot
912:Garten
868:, and
704:gender
521:Object
415:Affect
355:Person
292:Plural
276:Number
249:Gender
111:
104:
97:
90:
82:
8550:(PDF)
8543:(PDF)
7713:(PDF)
7598:(PDF)
7294:(PDF)
7235:Duden
7175:колен
7139:завод
7112:завод
6973:'
6920:Notes
6608:Czech
6465:-ette
6445:-ress
6420:, or
6401:which
6314:below
6264:hulle
6219:Dutch
6188:(see
6159:Greek
6151:Latin
6123:Many
5891:مكتبة
5844:ספריה
5765:מברשת
5743:viski
5737:виски
5714:borsa
5708:bagga
5638:simio
5590:orixe
5510:месяц
5479:lapte
5473:leche
5467:leite
5455:latte
5439:Sonne
5411:Karre
5399:Wagen
5384:Tisch
5378:table
5181:orgue
5175:amour
5169:orgue
5157:amour
5137:bøtte
5131:dukke
5118:, in
5039:prəst
5033:пръст
4888:Czech
4877:below
4753:Öll (
4640:þau (
4577:elles
4553:(f.).
4532:Zande
4508:below
4478:below
4187:Chris
4126:silva
4071:, of
4050:Latin
4048:, of
3957:-sion
3951:-tion
3945:image
3939:plage
3915:garer
3870:façon
3864:nuage
3852:signe
3846:arbre
3840:cadre
3770:أستاذ
3753:أسامة
3735:خليفة
3730:pausa
3726:]
3722:[
3718:]
3714:[
3696:-lann
3678:-eoir
3667:Irish
3660:-ness
3656:-hood
3651:-keit
3645:-heit
3633:feige
3609:Lehre
3587:-ling
3582:below
3565:-lein
3559:-chen
3521:heval
3515:endam
3464:radio
3333:Green
3253:bydlę
3218:ovtsa
3204:baran
3197:баран
3126:крыса
3120:krysa
3101:zebra
3065:łajza
3053:ciapa
3030:*
3023:*
2986:seine
2959:děvče
2955:Czech
2937:dekle
2904:stail
2894:Irish
2834:-chen
2806:word
2767:JSTOR
2753:books
2671:mujer
2633:chose
2585:Welsh
2386:Malay
2291:agree
2274:vrata
2246:hrile
2240:хриле
2228:очила
2204:клещи
2180:rotes
2168:roter
1977:plato
1967:plato
1742:verbs
1687:lemma
1670:erch
1642:merch
1609:"son"
1565:ferch
1560:merch
1551:Welsh
1506:Latin
1337:genre
1331:genus
1246:below
1238:below
1210:below
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