312:(1467-1536) in his treatise "Dialogus de recta Latini Graecique sermonis pronuntiatione" (Dialogue on the correct pronunciation of the Latin and Greek language, 1528) in which he asserted that in ancient Greek the sound of η should have been /e/, not /i/ (which is why his theory came to be called "etacism"). In support of this thesis a verse from the Athenian playwright
289:. (In fact, Modern Greek had to develop a new second-person plural, εσείς, while the first-person plural's eta was opened to epsilon, εμείς, as a result of apparent attempts to prevent it sounding like the old second-person plural.) As an example of a relatively minor (almost insignificant) source of variant readings, some ancient
320:, is quoted that speaks of a fool in this way: "ὁ δ'ἠλίθιος ὥσπερ πρόβατον βῆ λέγων βαδίζει" ("the fool walks making the sound "bee bee" like a sheep"); hardly could the verse "bee" be read /vi/, according to the itacistic pronunciation.
244:
Iotacism caused some words with originally distinct pronunciations to be pronounced similarly, sometimes the cause of differences between manuscript readings in the
300:
English-speaking textual critics use the word "itacism" to refer to the phenomenon and extend it loosely for all inconsistencies of spelling involving vowels.
281:"we, our" (first person plural in respectively nominative, genitive) could be easily confused if a lector were reading to
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297:, which sometimes substitutes a plain iota for the epsilon-iota digraph and sometimes does the reverse.
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20:
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217:). As a result of eta and upsilon being affected by iotacism, so were the respective diphthongs.
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433:(in Latin) (1st ed.). Ex Officina Rob. Stephani typographi Regi. pp. 68–90.
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The first demonstration of the phenomenon was made by the Dutch humanist
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386:– manuscripts with an unusual number of itacistic errors
93:, with which these vowels came to merge. The alternative term
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spelled words the way they sounded, such as the 4th-century
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refers to the new pronunciation of the name of the letter
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Against the "Erasmian" theory came the German humanist
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431:De recta Latini Graecique sermonis pronuntiatione
121:Ancient Greek had a broader range of vowels (see
110:
441:
175:merged to the same pronunciation. Specifically,
417:Introduction to New Testament Textual Criticism
239:
189:in Classical Greek before it later raised to (
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81:. The term "iotacism" refers to the letter
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406:, Gorgias Press LLC, p. 74 ff, 93–94.
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65:converged towards the pronunciation
16:Greek shift of vowels to the sound
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404:Scribal Habits of Codex Sinaiticus
316:, one of the leading exponents of
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327:(1455-1522), in whose honor the
422:
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248:. For example, the upsilon of
136:open-mid front unrounded vowel
125:) than Modern Greek has. Eta (
111:Vowels and diphthongs involved
1:
429:Erasmus of Rotterdam (1528).
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331:pronunciation is also called
415:Greenlee, J. Harold (1964).
7:
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240:Issues in textual criticism
224:, the letters and digraphs
160:close front unrounded vowel
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230:(rare) are all pronounced
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171:) . In addition, certain
153:close front rounded vowel
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23:of certain consonants in
85:, the original sign for
402:Jongkind, Dirk (2007).
355:Ancient Greek phonology
211:) merged with upsilon (
123:Ancient Greek phonology
370:Modern Greek phonology
360:Koine Greek phonology
117:Koine Greek phonology
57:by which a number of
310:Erasmus of Rotterdam
205:) and upsilon-iota (
227:ι, η, υ, ει, οι, υι
185:) initially became
419:, Eerdmans, p. 64.
107:after the change.
53:is the process of
325:Johannes Reuchlin
272:) and the eta of
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295:Codex Sinaiticus
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264:in respectively
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25:Slavic languages
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450:Greek language
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365:Medieval Greek
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350:Greek alphabet
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345:Greek language
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318:ancient Comedy
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115:Main article:
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104:[ˈita]
75:post-classical
21:palatalization
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279:hēmeis, hēmōn
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259:second person
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255:hymeis, hymōn
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246:New Testament
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460:Vowel shifts
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257:"ye, your" (
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222:Modern Greek
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79:Modern Greek
50:
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455:Koine Greek
375:Vowel shift
333:Reuchlinian
291:manuscripts
287:scriptorium
275:ἡμεῖς, ἡμῶν
251:ὑμεῖς, ὑμῶν
233:[i]
55:vowel shift
444:Categories
391:References
266:nominative
173:diphthongs
77:Greek and
63:diphthongs
47:iotakismos
43:ἰωτακισμός
339:See also
314:Cratinus
283:copyists
270:genitive
151:) was a
131:) was a
35:Iotacism
29:iotation
19:For the
304:History
199:-iota (
197:omicron
179:-iota (
177:Epsilon
143:upsilon
95:itacism
51:itacism
262:plural
141:, and
59:vowels
27:, see
285:in a
91:]
87:[
71:]
67:[
49:) or
39:Greek
382:and
187:/eː/
163:iota
139:/ɛː/
133:long
83:iota
61:and
220:In
156:/y/
101:as
99:eta
73:in
446::
335:.
268:,
236:.
208:υι
202:οι
182:ει
45:,
41::
214:υ
192:ι
168:ι
165:(
148:υ
145:(
128:η
89:i
69:i
37:(
31:.
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