966:
984:
1018:
1000:
950:
723:
694:
753:
782:
378:
416:
397:
838:
32:
1313:('hand') and /hɑnʲː/ ('he') are differentiated only by the palatalization of the final consonant. Palatalization is generally realised only on stressed syllables, but speakers of the Sør-Trøndelag dialects will generally palatalize the coda of a determined plural as well: e.g.
967:
426:, on the other hand, the palatalization is heard as both an onglide and an offglide. In some cases, the realization of palatalization may change without any corresponding phonemic change. For example, according to Thurneysen, palatalized consonants at the end of a syllable in
379:
985:
1019:
1001:
951:
337:
during the articulation of the consonant. Such consonants are phonetically palatalized. "Pure" palatalization is a modification to the articulation of a consonant, where the middle of the tongue is raised, and nothing else. It may produce a
417:
398:
1050:. In other languages, phonemes that were originally phonetically palatalized changed further: palatal secondary place of articulation developed into changes in manner of articulation or primary place of articulation.
724:
695:
754:
509:
361:
before or after the palatalized consonant (onglides or offglides). In such cases, the vowel (especially a non-front vowel) following a palatalized consonant typically has a palatal onglide. In
864:
590:
in others. In
English, consonants are palatalized when they occur before front vowels or the palatal approximant (and in a few other cases), but no words are distinguished by palatalization (
783:
1297:). The palatalized consonants are regarded as "light", and the velarized and rounded consonants are regarded as "heavy", with the rounded consonants being both velarized and labialized.
911:. Palatalized consonants appear at the end of the word, and mark the plural in nouns and adjectives, and the second person singular in verbs. On the surface, it would appear then that
1584:
1455:
and
Dunmore, S. (2016), Identity, accent aim, and motivation in second language users: New Scottish Gaelic speakers' use of phonetic variation. J Sociolinguistics, 20: 164–191.
862:
938:
feature. For example, although
Russian makes phonemic contrasts between palatalized and unpalatalized consonants, alternations across morpheme boundaries are normal:
863:
626:
words and often goes unnoticed by native speakers. Phonetic palatalization occurs in
American English. Stops are palatalized before the front vowel
482:
1621:
49:
96:
68:
818:
in both languages has a palatalized counterpart that is actually palatal rather than palatalized velar . These shifts in primary
1379:
1309:
have phonemic palatalized consonants. In many parts of
Northern Norway and many areas of Møre og Romsdal, for example, the words
75:
1492:
594:), whereas in some of the other languages, the difference between palatalized consonants and plain un-palatalized consonants
82:
802:
Some palatalized phonemes undergo change beyond phonetic palatalization. For instance, the unpalatalized sibilant (Irish
888:
or part of a morpheme. In some cases, a vowel caused a consonant to become palatalized, and then this vowel was lost by
516:⟩, apart from two palatalized fricatives which were written instead with curly-tailed variants, namely ⟨
1614:
1539:
1484:
115:
64:
2288:
1871:
1645:
478:
282:
1257:
1844:
53:
1839:
1281:. In Scottish Gaelic, the only velarized consonants are and ; is sometimes described as velarized as well.
1041:
823:
20:
1851:
1834:
1826:
1607:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
928:
908:
815:
807:
803:
785:
756:
736:
726:
707:
697:
627:
521:
517:
513:
501:
497:
351:
347:
137:
2283:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1058:
716:
622:
and unpalatalized allophones elsewhere. Because it is allophonic, palatalization of this type does not
591:
453:
that affects the pronunciation of an entire syllable, and it may cause certain vowels to be pronounced
1061:. In Russian, "soft" (palatalized) consonants are usually followed by vowels that are relatively more
89:
1778:
1723:
1290:
489:
469:), suprasegmental palatalization contrasts with segmental palatal articulation (palatal consonants).
1512:
Buckley, E. (2003), "The
Phonetic Origin and Phonological Extension of Gallo-Roman Palatalization",
1889:
1708:
1641:
1522:
1364:
935:
602:(where one of the two versions, palatalized or not, appears in the same environment as the other).
599:
529:
446:
289:
in
English, but it is in Slavic languages such as Russian and Ukrainian, Finnic languages such as
2092:
2087:
1998:
505:
42:
2109:
1919:
1718:
1693:
1637:
1517:
1452:
1359:
1070:
450:
318:
1065:(that is, closer to or ), and vowels following "hard" (unpalatalized) consonants are further
1698:
1675:
1653:
1569:
819:
1253:
357:
Phonetically palatalized consonants may vary in their exact realization. Some languages add
2136:
2099:
1811:
1369:
1293:, each consonant has some type of secondary articulation (palatalization, velarization, or
847:
462:
302:
8:
2207:
2077:
2054:
1803:
1756:
1728:
687:
639:
623:
595:
493:
442:
1108:
has pairs of vowel letters that mark whether the consonant preceding them is hard/soft:
1053:
Phonetic palatalization of a consonant sometimes causes surrounding vowels to change by
2278:
2072:
1905:
1713:
1670:
1564:
1306:
1046:
In some languages, allophonic palatalization developed into phonemic palatalization by
273:
is a way of pronouncing a consonant in which part of the tongue is moved close to the
2194:
2151:
2028:
1993:
1816:
1783:
1751:
1685:
1535:
1488:
1480:
1099:
904:
893:
559:
548:
466:
339:
306:
290:
286:
2219:
2212:
2067:
2023:
2018:
1881:
1793:
1770:
1746:
1703:
1662:
1456:
1354:
1105:
1087:
674:
670:
666:
647:
563:
410:
391:
372:
362:
343:
255:
249:
196:
537:
294:
2184:
2082:
2062:
2003:
1971:
1788:
1388:
1266:
655:
2156:
1594:
1557:
Problems in the Theory of
Phonology, I: Russian phonology and Turkish phonology
1262:
1054:
1047:
897:
678:
651:
334:
298:
2272:
2242:
2202:
2179:
2146:
2119:
1294:
1229:
927:. The interpretation commonly taken, however, is that an underlying morpheme
423:
2252:
2171:
2161:
2141:
1374:
1102:, have numerous pairs of palatalized and unpalatalized consonant phonemes.
918:
811:
746:
662:
579:
533:
525:
435:
2257:
2247:
2237:
2124:
1981:
1595:
Frisian assibilation as a hypercorrect effect due to a substrate language
1062:
619:
454:
330:
274:
1325:. Norwegian dialects utilizing palatalization will generally palatalize
775:
365:, both plain and palatalized consonant phonemes are found in words like
285:
by affixing the letter ⟨ʲ⟩ to the base consonant. Palatalization is not
2040:
1460:
1066:
876:
611:
583:
458:
145:
19:
This article is about the phonetic feature. For the sound change, see
2229:
2035:
1986:
1946:
1941:
1928:
1384:
1278:
1232:
427:
358:
322:
186:
31:
1963:
1951:
1350:
885:
587:
618:
have palatalized allophones in certain contexts, typically before
1936:
889:
643:
615:
1394:
677:, palatalized consonants contrast with plain consonants, but in
1599:
1514:
Proceedings of the North
American Phonology Conferences 1 and 2
661:
Phonemic palatalization may be contrasted with either plain or
326:
1440:
Blas na Gàidhlig: The
Practical Guide to Gaelic Pronunciation.
536:, as do some Finnic languages using the Latin alphabet, as in
238:
1976:
232:
223:
217:
211:
1499:
Bhat, D.N.S. (1978), "A General Study of Palatalization",
1277:) consonant phonemes. In Irish, most broad consonants are
1221:
1209:
1197:
1185:
1173:
1161:
1149:
1137:
1125:
1113:
542:
438:(based on explicit testimony of grammarians of the time).
235:
814:, not phonetically palatalized , and the velar fricative
261:
205:
931:
palatalizes the consonant and is subsequently deleted.
1532:
The Phonology of Romanian: A Constraint-based Approach
512:, a subscript diacritic was used in the IPA: ⟨
229:
199:
1244:
also indicates that the previous consonant is soft.
258:
220:
214:
208:
202:
610:In some languages, like English, palatalization is
226:
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
810:) has a palatalized counterpart that is actually
434:in the spelling), which was no longer present in
317:In technical terms, palatalization refers to the
2270:
504:⟩ represents the palatalized form of the
481:(IPA), palatalized consonants are marked by the
277:. Consonants pronounced this way are said to be
1090:, palatal or palatalized consonants are called
884:In some languages, palatalization is used as a
922:
912:
457:and consonants to be slightly palatalized. In
1615:
1563:
1237:
1219:
1207:
1195:
1183:
1171:
1159:
1147:
1135:
1123:
1111:
1026:
1010:
992:
976:
958:
942:
404:
385:
366:
1534:, Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter,
1429::9–11, 12–13) for a fuller list of examples.
605:
1739:
1258:Scottish Gaelic phonology § Consonants
582:significance in different languages. It is
514:ᶀ ᶈ ᶆ ᶂ ᶌ ƫ ᶁ ᶇ ᶊ ᶎ ᶅ 𝼓 ᶉ 𝼖 𝼕 ᶄ ᶃ 𝼔 ᶍ ꞕ
1622:
1608:
1549:An Introduction to Historical Linguistics.
633:
430:had a corresponding onglide (reflected as
1591:(with a sound sample with palatalized t')
1521:
681:they contrast with velarized consonants.
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1554:
1529:
1426:
1413:
297:, as well as in other languages such as
1511:
1380:Palatalization in the Romance languages
638:In some languages, palatalization is a
2271:
1603:
1551:3rd edition. Oxford University Press.
409:
390:
371:
1559:, Edmonton: Linguistic Research, inc
1498:
1479:. Cambridge University Press, 1977.
907:, consonants are palatalized before
822:are examples of the sound change of
630:and not palatalized in other cases.
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
1585:Erkki Savolainen, Internetix 1998.
1081:
934:Palatalization may also occur as a
532:marks palatalized consonants by an
13:
1587:Suomen murteet – Koprinan murretta
1391:grapheme indicating palatalization
1071:Russian phonology § Allophony
836:
547:. Others use an apostrophe, as in
14:
2300:
1578:
1254:Irish phonology § Consonants
829:
642:that distinguishes two consonant
598:es between words, appearing in a
1629:
1035:
875:Problems playing this file? See
860:
500:⟩. For instance, ⟨
472:
254:
195:
30:
1646:International Phonetic Alphabet
1469:
479:International Phonetic Alphabet
283:International Phonetic Alphabet
65:"Palatalization" phonetics
41:needs additional citations for
1573:. University of Chicago Press.
1567:; Ladusaw, William A. (1996).
1555:Lightner, Theodore M. (1972),
1445:
1432:
1419:
1407:
1284:
892:. Here, there appears to be a
441:In a few languages, including
1:
1400:
1042:Palatalization (sound change)
665:articulation. In many of the
21:Palatalization (sound change)
1501:Universals of Human Language
1300:
573:
7:
1344:
1321:('the dogs'), rather than *
1269:have pairs of palatalized (
1247:
1076:
900:shows it to be allophonic.
735:(he) carried" (palatalized
578:Palatalization has varying
281:and are transcribed in the
10:
2305:
1442:Glasgow: Akerbeltz, 2011.
1251:
1039:
592:complementary distribution
520:⟩ for and ⟨
342:articulation of otherwise
18:
2228:
2193:
2170:
2108:
2053:
2014:
1962:
1927:
1918:
1898:
1880:
1825:
1802:
1769:
1684:
1661:
1652:
1635:
1238:
1220:
1208:
1196:
1184:
1172:
1160:
1148:
1136:
1124:
1112:
1027:
1011:
993:
977:
959:
943:
715:
686:
646:. This feature occurs in
606:Allophonic palatalization
405:
386:
367:
325:by which the body of the
172:
159:
154:
144:
135:
130:
1530:Chițoran, Ioana (2001),
1365:List of phonetics topics
1094:, and others are called
600:contrastive distribution
530:Uralic Phonetic Alphabet
447:Central Chadic languages
312:
1547:Crowley, Terry. (1997)
1451:Nance, C., McLeod, W.,
1353:, a related process in
634:Phonemic palatalization
506:voiceless alveolar stop
2289:Secondary articulation
1638:Articulatory phonetics
1477:Historical Linguistics
1360:Manner of articulation
1073:for more information.
923:
913:
841:
774:
745:
706:"nose" (unpalatalized
492:of the symbol for the
451:suprasegmental feature
449:, palatalization is a
319:secondary articulation
1812:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
1570:Phonetic Symbol Guide
1273:) and unpalatalized (
1098:. Some of them, like
896:when analysis of the
840:
820:place of articulation
794:"alive" (palatalized
329:is raised toward the
2137:Labio-palatalization
1370:Labio-palatalization
1317:or, in other areas,
1291:Marshallese language
524:⟩ for . (See
50:improve this article
1827:Double articulation
1565:Pullum, Geoffrey K.
640:distinctive feature
494:palatal approximant
490:superscript version
461:and its relatives (
346:consonants such as
2284:Palatal consonants
1461:10.1111/josl.12173
1307:Norwegian dialects
842:
669:, and some of the
568:⟨sj⟩
552:⟨s'⟩
373:[bɐlʲˈʂoj]
2266:
2265:
2152:Pharyngealization
2049:
2048:
1914:
1913:
1872:Uvular–epiglottal
1765:
1764:
1493:978-0-521-29188-0
1475:Bynon, Theodora.
1295:labiovelarization
894:phonemic contrast
865:
765:"cow" (velarized
560:Savonian dialects
554:; or digraphs in
486:⟨ʲ⟩
432:⟨i⟩
183:
182:
126:
125:
118:
100:
2296:
2220:Voice onset time
1925:
1924:
1845:Labial–retroflex
1737:
1736:
1659:
1658:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1574:
1560:
1544:
1526:
1525:
1508:
1463:
1449:
1443:
1438:Bauer, Michael.
1436:
1430:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1355:Slavic languages
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1228:. The otherwise
1227:
1225:
1224:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1106:Russian Cyrillic
1088:Slavic languages
1082:Slavic languages
1031:('hungry' masc.)
1030:
1029:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1013:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1003:
996:
995:
990:
989:
988:
987:
980:
979:
972:
971:
970:
969:
962:
961:
956:
955:
954:
953:
946:
945:
930:
926:
916:
910:
867:
866:
839:
817:
809:
805:
793:
792:
791:
790:
788:
787:
764:
763:
762:
761:
759:
758:
738:
734:
733:
732:
731:
729:
728:
719:
709:
705:
704:
703:
702:
700:
699:
690:
675:Finnic languages
667:Slavic languages
658:, among others.
629:
586:in English, but
569:
553:
546:
523:
519:
515:
503:
499:
487:
445:and many of the
433:
421:
420:
419:
413:
411:[ˈkatʲə]
408:
407:
402:
401:
400:
394:
389:
388:
383:
382:
381:
375:
370:
369:
353:
349:
268:
267:
264:
263:
260:
253:
245:
244:
241:
240:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
176:
168:
163:
140:
139:
128:
127:
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
16:Phonetic feature
2304:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2224:
2189:
2166:
2111:
2104:
2045:
2010:
1958:
1910:
1894:
1876:
1840:Labial–alveolar
1821:
1798:
1779:Alveolo-palatal
1761:
1735:
1724:Palato-alveolar
1680:
1648:
1642:Co-articulation
1631:
1628:
1581:
1542:
1472:
1467:
1466:
1450:
1446:
1437:
1433:
1424:
1420:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1347:
1303:
1287:
1267:Scottish Gaelic
1260:
1252:Main articles:
1250:
1235:
1217:
1205:
1193:
1181:
1169:
1157:
1145:
1133:
1121:
1109:
1084:
1079:
1044:
1038:
1025:('hunger') vs.
1017:
1016:
1015:
999:
998:
997:
991:(' carry') vs.
983:
982:
981:
965:
964:
963:
957:('answer') vs.
949:
948:
947:
917:"coin" forms a
882:
881:
873:
871:
870:
869:
868:
861:
858:
856:("coin, coins")
843:
837:
832:
784:
781:
780:
779:
755:
752:
751:
750:
725:
722:
721:
720:
696:
693:
692:
691:
656:Scottish Gaelic
636:
608:
576:
567:
551:
540:
485:
483:modifier letter
475:
431:
415:
414:
396:
395:
392:[tsarʲ]
377:
376:
315:
257:
248:
247:
198:
194:
174:
166:
161:
136:
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2302:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2199:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2157:Glottalization
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2132:Palatalization
2129:
2128:
2127:
2116:
2114:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2059:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1931:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1890:Velopharyngeal
1886:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1852:Labial–palatal
1849:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1835:Labial–coronal
1831:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1808:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1716:
1711:
1709:Denti-alveolar
1706:
1701:
1696:
1690:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1667:
1665:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1619:
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1040:Main article:
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898:deep structure
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1036:Sound changes
1020:
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973:('to answer')
968:
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936:morphological
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510:Prior to 1989
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473:Transcription
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67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
2172:Tongue shape
2162:Nasalization
2142:Velarization
2131:
2112:articulation
1882:Pathological
1857:Labial–velar
1740:Active place
1719:Postalveolar
1694:Linguolabial
1630:Articulation
1586:
1568:
1556:
1548:
1531:
1513:
1504:
1500:
1495:(paperback).
1476:
1470:Bibliography
1453:O'Rourke, B.
1447:
1439:
1434:
1421:
1409:
1375:Palatal hook
1304:
1288:
1274:
1270:
1261:
1104:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1059:assimilation
1052:
1045:
933:
919:minimal pair
902:
883:
874:
853:
849:
812:postalveolar
801:
795:
766:
660:
637:
620:front vowels
609:
580:phonological
577:
558:, as in the
555:
534:acute accent
526:palatal hook
476:
440:
436:Middle Irish
356:
316:
278:
271:palatization
270:
190:
184:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
1982:Approximant
1699:Interdental
1676:Labiodental
1315:/hunʲː.ɑnʲ/
1285:Marshallese
1007:('carries')
806:, Scottish
624:distinguish
596:distinguish
463:Kildin Sami
331:hard palate
303:Marshallese
279:palatalized
275:hard palate
131:Palatalized
2273:Categories
2110:Secondary
2100:Percussive
2068:Ingressive
2041:Continuant
1401:References
1323:/hunʲː.ɑn/
1319:/hʉnʲː.ɑn/
877:media help
612:allophonic
584:allophonic
459:Skolt Sami
455:more front
443:Skolt Sami
359:semivowels
323:consonants
167:ʲ
146:IPA Number
76:newspapers
2279:Phonetics
2230:Phonation
2208:Aspirated
2203:Voiceless
2078:Implosive
2063:Egressive
2055:Airstream
2036:Occlusive
1987:Semivowel
1947:Fricative
1942:Affricate
1929:Obstruent
1804:Laryngeal
1757:Subapical
1729:Retroflex
1518:CiteSeerX
1385:Soft sign
1301:Norwegian
1279:velarized
1233:soft sign
848:Romanian
663:velarized
574:Phonology
428:Old Irish
187:phonetics
162:(decimal)
2125:Rounding
2093:Ejective
2088:Pulmonic
2073:Ejective
1999:Tap/flap
1964:Sonorant
1952:Sibilant
1906:Bidental
1714:Alveolar
1671:Bilabial
1389:Cyrillic
1351:Iotation
1345:See also
1248:Goidelic
1242:⟩
1236:⟨
1226:⟩
1218:⟨
1214:⟩
1206:⟨
1202:⟩
1194:⟨
1190:⟩
1182:⟨
1178:⟩
1170:⟨
1166:⟩
1158:⟨
1154:⟩
1146:⟨
1142:⟩
1134:⟨
1130:⟩
1122:⟨
1118:⟩
1110:⟨
1086:In many
1077:Examples
960:ответить
905:Romanian
886:morpheme
685:Russian
644:phonemes
616:phonemes
588:phonemic
549:Karelian
545:⟩
541:⟨
496:⟨
467:Ter Sami
333:and the
307:Kashmiri
291:Estonian
287:phonemic
173:Unicode
155:Encoding
106:May 2021
2243:Breathy
2029:Lateral
1994:Vibrant
1937:Plosive
1817:Glottal
1784:Palatal
1752:Laminal
1686:Coronal
1507:: 47–92
1289:In the
1271:slender
1100:Russian
1028:голоден
890:elision
648:Russian
614:. Some
564:Finnish
528:.) The
477:In the
368:большой
363:Russian
340:laminal
160:Entity
90:scholar
2253:Creaky
2213:Tenuis
2180:Sulcal
2024:Rhotic
2019:Liquid
1920:Manner
1794:Uvular
1771:Dorsal
1747:Apical
1704:Dental
1663:Labial
1538:
1520:
1491:
1483:
1311:/hɑnː/
1256:, and
1230:silent
1204:, and
1069:. See
786:/bʲoː/
757:/bˠoː/
744:Irish
727:/nʲos/
671:Baltic
654:, and
344:apical
327:tongue
305:, and
179:U+02B2
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
2258:Stiff
2248:Slack
2238:Modal
2195:Voice
2185:Domed
2083:Click
2004:Trill
1977:Vowel
1972:Nasal
1899:Other
1789:Velar
1654:Place
1305:Many
1275:broad
1263:Irish
1063:front
1012:голод
994:несёт
944:ответ
921:with
698:/nos/
679:Irish
652:Irish
422:. In
313:Types
299:Irish
269:) or
252:also
175:(hex)
97:JSTOR
83:books
1536:ISBN
1489:ISBN
1481:ISBN
1425:See
1416::11)
1395:Yōon
1387:, a
1337:and
1265:and
1096:hard
1092:soft
1067:back
978:несу
929:|-i|
924:bani
854:bani
808:/s̪/
804:/sˠ/
737:/nʲ/
673:and
538:Võro
488:, a
465:and
424:Hupa
406:Катя
403:and
387:царь
350:and
295:Võro
293:and
69:news
1457:doi
1339:/t/
1335:/n/
1331:/l/
1327:/d/
1057:or
914:ban
909:/i/
903:In
850:ban
816:/x/
776:beo
717:нёс
708:/n/
688:нос
628:/i/
562:of
352:/s/
348:/t/
321:of
185:In
150:421
52:by
2275::
1644:–
1640:–
1516:,
1503:,
1341:.
1333:,
1329:,
1180:,
1156:,
1132:,
852:,
826:.
747:bó
650:,
570:.
566:,
508:.
502:tʲ
384:,
354:.
309:.
301:,
265:-/
256:/-
250:US
246:,
239:ən
233:eɪ
224:aɪ
189:,
138:◌ʲ
1623:e
1616:t
1609:v
1589:.
1505:2
1459::
1239:ь
1222:ю
1216:/
1210:у
1198:ё
1192:/
1186:о
1174:и
1168:/
1162:ы
1150:е
1144:/
1138:э
1126:я
1120:/
1114:а
879:.
798:)
796:b
769:)
767:b
739:)
710:)
556:j
543:ś
522:ʓ
518:ʆ
498:j
262:ɪ
259:l
242:/
236:ʃ
230:z
227:ˈ
221:l
218:ə
215:t
212:ə
209:l
206:æ
203:p
200:ˌ
197:/
193:(
119:)
113:(
108:)
104:(
94:·
87:·
80:·
73:·
46:.
23:.
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