2061:
49:
1224:
859:
1622:
2315:
721:
447:
2593:
633:
1744:
1644:
66:
376:
of China, during the early 20th century, they were linked circumstantially to
Tokharistan, and Bactrian was sometimes referred to as "Eteo-Tocharian" (i.e. "true" or "original" Tocharian). By the 1970s, however, it became clear that there was little evidence for such a connection. For instance, the
1261:*b, *d, *g have generally become spirants, as in most other Eastern Iranian languages. A distinctive feature of Bactrian, shared within the Iranian languages with Munji, Yidgha and Pashto, is the development of Proto-Iranian *d > *ð further to
2435:"Review of Bactrian Documents from Northern Afghanistan. III: Plates. Studies in the Khalili Collection, Vol. 3. CIIr. Pt. 2, Inscriptions of the Seleucid and Parthian Periods and of Eastern Iran and Central Asia. Vol. 4, Bactrian"
425:
which are part of the same branch of the Pamir languages. Its genealogical position is unclear. According to another source, the present-day speakers of Munji, the modern
Eastern Iranian language of the Munjan Valley in the
2201:
Bactrian thus "occupies an intermediary position between Pashto and Yidgha-Munji on the one hand, Sogdian, Choresmian, and
Parthian on the other: it is thus in its natural and rightful place in Bactria".
558:) discarded Greek ("Ionian") as the language of administration and adopted Bactrian ("Arya language"). The Greek language accordingly vanished from official use and only Bactrian was later attested. The
2060:
620:, after which official use of Bactrian ceased. Although Bactrian briefly survived in other usage, that also eventually ceased, and the latest known examples of the Bactrian script, found in the
1666:
might represent short in addition to , and if any contrast existed. Short may have occurred at least as a reflex of *a followed by a lost *u in the next syllable, e.g. *madu >
1254:
A major difficulty in determining
Bactrian phonology is that affricates and voiced stops were not consistently distinguished from the corresponding fricatives in the Greek script.
1329:
appears to stand for both the stop and the fricative , but it is unclear if a contrast existed, and which instances are which. Evidence from the
Manichaean script suggests that
522:, or Sacaraucae of Greek sources) invaded the territory around 140 BC, and at some time after 124 BC, Bactria was overrun by a confederation of tribes belonging to the
654:
Among Indo-Iranian languages, the use of the Greek script is unique to
Bactrian. Although ambiguities remain, some of the disadvantages were overcome by using
482:
of the Kushan Empire and the region of
Bactria, replacing the Greek language. Bactrian was used by successive rulers in Bactria, until the arrival of the
3386:
3135:
1425:
continues, in addition to Proto-Iranian *š, also Proto-Iranian *s in the clusters *sr, *str, *rst. In several cases, however, Proto-Iranian *š becomes
886:
The phonology of
Bactrian is not known with certainty, owing to the limitations of the native scripts, and also its status as an extinct language.
2608:
3391:
2104:
2771:
562:, however, remained and was used to write Bactrian. The territorial expansion of the Kushans helped propagate Bactrian in other parts of
2613:
1651:
The Greek script does not consistently represent vowel length. Fewer vowel contrasts yet are found in the
Manichaean script, but short
846:
Over 150 legal documents, accounts, letters and
Buddhist texts have surfaced since the 1990s, the largest collection of which is the
2725:
2229:
Waghmar, Burzine K. (2001) 'Bactrian History and Language: An Overview.' Journal of the K. R. Cama Oriental Institute, 64. pp. 45.
3406:
847:
712:
sequences did not occur in Bactrian. They were, however, probably used to represent numbers (just as other Greek letters were).
1357:
may continue both Proto-Iranian *c > *s and *č, and the Manichaean script confirms that it represents two phonemes, likely
2483:
1708:
is normally written, but this was probably silent, and it is appended even after retained word-final vowels: e.g. *aštā >
17:
2286:
351:
common amongst Indo-Iranian peoples). It has also been known by names such as Greco-Bactrian or Kushan or Kushano-Bactrian.
2250:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B. C. to A, Part 250
2238:
Harry Falk (2001), "The yuga of Sphujiddhvaja and the era of the Kuṣâṇas." Silk Road Art and Archaeology 7: 121–36.p. 133.
454:
is an inscription written on a rock in the Bactrian language and the Greek script, which was found in 1993 at the site of
262:
2623:
3411:
3381:
1311:
for original voiceless *p, *t can be found, which probably represent , . The former is attested only in a single word,
616:
vocabulary is also attested. The Hephthalites ruled these regions until the 7th century, when they were overrun by the
3396:
2644:
2298:
1371:
may continue similarly on one hand Proto-Iranian *dz > *z, and on the other *ǰ and *č, and it represents at least
53:
The Bactrian alphabet (block and cursive letters, here in black). The Bactrian script was directly adapted from the
3401:
2412:
2764:
252:
1399:'thus, also', which may be a loanword from another Iranian language. In most positions Proto-Iranian *θ becomes
1265:, which may have been areal in nature. Original *d remains only in a few consonant clusters, e.g. *bandaka >
866:
inscription (SK4) is the first known substantial document written in Bactrian, an Iranian language. It uses the
330:
represented "Old Bactrian", but this notion had "rightly fallen into discredit by the end of the 19th century".
2366:
2262:
2070:
2804:
2145:
1659:
are distinguished in it, suggesting that Bactrian generally retains the Proto-Iranian vowel length contrast.
2122:
226:
2809:
2044:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1986:
1976:
1968:
1960:
1950:
1942:
1934:
1924:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1894:
1886:
1878:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1838:
1834:
1826:
1818:
1808:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1713:
1679:
1675:
1656:
1652:
1609:
1597:
1592:
1580:
1575:
1537:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1502:
1495:
1426:
1412:
1400:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1362:
1358:
1342:
1334:
1316:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1262:
1207:
1191:
1184:
1179:
1157:
1152:
1136:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1050:
1028:
1005:
998:
992:
976:
969:
964:
681:
665:
647:
3376:
2757:
1704:
Original word-final vowels and word-initial vowels in open syllables were generally lost. A word-final
3207:
3044:
2819:
2726:"New Findings in Ancient Afghanistan: the Bactrian documents discovered from the Northern Hindu-Kush"
608:. The Hephthalite period is marked by linguistic diversity; in addition to Bactrian, Middle Persian,
394:
1682:
are well established as reflexes of Proto-Iranian diphthongs and certain vowel-semivowel sequences:
1300:
Proto-Iranian *p, *t, *č, *k have become voiced between vowels, and after a nasal consonant or *r.
427:
299:
748:
The Bactrian language is known from inscriptions, coins, seals, manuscripts, and other documents.
532:. In the 1st century AD, the Kushana, one of the Yuezhi tribes, founded the ruling dynasty of the
3272:
2799:
120:
1223:
527:
48:
2794:
2408:
923:
511:
125:
2473:
2356:
2248:
600:
From the mid-4th century, Bactria and northwestern India gradually fell under the control the
3353:
1172:
752:
1379:. This distinction is again confirmed by the Manichaean script. Also a third counterpart of
3190:
3130:
2924:
609:
455:
402:
2703:
2673:
2170:
858:
8:
3346:
2888:
2841:
1621:
1065:
1016:
832:
751:
Sites at which Bactrian language inscriptions have been found are (in north–south order)
544:
495:
451:
431:
369:
169:
3261:
3238:
3228:
2975:
2861:
2729:
2677:
2454:
913:
315:
190:
2215:
Novák, Ľubomir (2014). "Question of (re)classification of Eastern Iranian languages".
585:. The eastern extent of the Kushan Empire in Northwestern India, was conquered by the
242:
3253:
3233:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3157:
3059:
3028:
2986:
2866:
2836:
2780:
2743:
2681:
2640:
2479:
2446:
2362:
2294:
2258:
2132:
1728:
1698:
933:
918:
824:
617:
483:
406:
130:
381:" languages within the Indo-European family, whereas Bactrian was an Iranian, thus "
258:
3282:
3267:
3243:
3178:
3118:
3113:
3098:
3092:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3022:
2930:
2871:
2856:
2669:
2659:
2575:
2342:
1200:
908:
903:
398:
327:
2381:
3223:
3195:
3185:
3143:
3086:
3081:
2950:
2945:
2893:
2828:
2328:
1228:
1147:
928:
578:
422:
414:
413:), as well as sharing affinity with the modern Eastern Iranian languages such as
410:
135:
112:
850:. These have greatly increased the detail in which Bactrian is currently known.
3342:
3300:
3287:
3002:
2991:
2940:
2883:
2877:
2851:
2846:
2571:
2314:
1748:
1732:
1719:
The Proto-Iranian syllabic rhotic *r̥ is lost in Bactrian, and is reflected as
954:
590:
582:
540:
499:
438:, display the closest possible linguistic affinity with the Bactrian language.
418:
158:
815:. Of eight known manuscript fragments in Greco-Bactrian script, one is from
3370:
3248:
3202:
3123:
3013:
2996:
2604:
2599:
2450:
1752:
1727:
elsewhere; this agrees with the development in the western Iranian languages
1478:
1258:
946:
871:
594:
533:
479:
467:
311:
219:
186:
2691:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
2635:
Gershevitch, Ilya (1983). "Bactrian Literature". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.).
1247:
879:
867:
808:
720:
696:
670:
642:
637:
621:
586:
563:
559:
523:
334:
303:
165:
95:
59:
54:
2664:
210:
3293:
2728:. . Tokyo: Department of Linguistics, University of Tokyo. Archived from
2066:
1626:
1570:
1558:
1490:
1473:
863:
819:
and seven from Toyoq, where they were discovered by the second and third
796:
780:
737:
686:
605:
601:
574:
567:
547:(discovered in 1993 and deciphered in 2000) records that the Kushan king
543:
for administrative purposes but soon began to use Bactrian. The Bactrian
503:
463:
459:
435:
373:
364:
2715:
Sims-Williams, Nicholas (1989b). "Bactrian". In Schmitt, Rüdiger (ed.).
2458:
2968:
2434:
1604:
1563:
1532:
1483:
840:
756:
2710:. Vol. 3. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 344–349.
597:, some coinage of this period is still in the Aryo (Bactrian) script.
446:
333:
Bactrian, which was written predominantly in an alphabet based on the
3150:
2127:
2083:
1587:
1509:
800:
764:
515:
235:
203:
2749:
474:, and gives remarkable clues on the genealogy of the Kushan dynasty.
3103:
2318:
1630:
875:
836:
828:
812:
741:
548:
507:
471:
310:(present-day Afghanistan) and used as the official language of the
296:
270:
2598:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
3323:
2955:
2910:
1232:
804:
784:
776:
348:
307:
266:
85:
1743:
1319:
in native vocabulary. According to Gholami, instances of single
3108:
2962:
2935:
2338:
2254:
1643:
1638:
820:
816:
792:
772:
760:
378:
632:
397:
and shares features with the extinct Middle Iranian languages
2413:"New Documents in Ancient Bactrian Reveal Afghanistan's Past"
788:
768:
613:
382:
2639:. Vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. pp. 1250–1258.
65:
3277:
656:
519:
344:
1429:
or is lost; the distribution is unclear. E.g. *snušā >
269:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2516:
2492:
2422:(27). International Institute for Asian Studies: 12–13.
1383:
is found in Manichaean Bactrian, possibly representing
573:
In the 3rd century, the Kushan territories west of the
2624:"The yuga of Sphujiddhvaja and the era of the Kuṣâṇas"
2322:
1315:'water'. Manichaean Bactrian appears to only have had
1235:
725:
290:
2552:
2540:
2528:
2504:
2475:
Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes
2386:
2689:Henning, W. B. (1960). "The Bactrian Inscription".
1411:'son'. The cluster *θw, however, appears to become
646:(here in majuscule and minuscule) to represent the
2478:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 141, note 2.
624:in Pakistan, date to the end of the 9th century.
3368:
1674:'sheep'. Short is also rare. By contrast, long
57:(here in grey), with the addition of the letter
27:Extinct Eastern Iranian language of Central Asia
736:) in cursive Bactrian script, on a coin of the
2714:
2701:
2332:
2291:Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world
1241:
731:
675:
338:
38:
2765:
2723:
2407:
1345:. According to Greek orthographic practices,
636:Bactrian was predominantly written using the
466:. The inscription relates to the rule of the
2617:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2358:Sources on the Alans: A Critical Compilation
704:) were not used for writing Bactrian as the
2634:
2187:
354:Under Kushan rule, Bactria became known as
3387:Languages attested from the 3rd century BC
2772:
2758:
2289:. In Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.).
1633:. Bactrian script legend: χιγγιλο αλχοννο
1281:appear in earlier Bactrian, but revert to
370:previously unknown Indo-European languages
47:
2663:
2168:
1323:may indicate a fricative pronunciation, .
581:, and Bactrian began to be influenced by
539:The Kushan Empire initially retained the
489:
2719:. Wiesbaden: Reichert. pp. 230–235.
2603:
2471:
2392:
1742:
1620:
1608:
1536:
1395:is unclear; it only appears in the word
1222:
857:
719:
631:
445:
2688:
2658:(PhD thesis). University of Göttingen.
2653:
2558:
2546:
2534:
2522:
2510:
2498:
2432:
2354:
2307:
2284:
2210:
2208:
2116:
848:Khalili Collection of Aramaic Documents
502:was the administrative language of his
263:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
3369:
2570:This coin is in the collection of the
2403:
2401:
2143:
2102:
1297:(7th to 8th century) 'lie, falsehood'.
2779:
2753:
2656:Selected Features of Bactrian Grammar
2348:
2214:
899:
494:Following the conquest of Bactria by
3392:Languages extinct in the 9th century
2439:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
2205:
870:. It was written at the time of the
2398:
2144:Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica.
498:in 323 BC, for about two centuries
298:, meaning "Iranian") is an extinct
24:
3352:Languages between parentheses are
2630:. Vol. VII. pp. 121–136.
2146:"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"
1697:) is inserted before word-initial
377:Tarim "Tocharian" languages were "
25:
3423:
2737:
2702:Sims-Williams, Nicholas (1989a).
2293:. Oxford: Elsevier. p. 115.
1407:), or is lost, e.g. *puθra- >
627:
388:
3326:(unknown further classification)
2724:Sims-Williams, Nicholas (1997).
2621:
2591:
2313:
2059:
1642:
640:with the addition of the letter
368:. When texts in two extinct and
64:
2717:Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum
2564:
2465:
2426:
2375:
2333:
2278:
2241:
1723:adjacent to labial consonants,
1242:
831:text. One other manuscript, in
732:
676:
339:
39:
3407:Linguistic history of Pakistan
3356:of the language on their left.
2674:11858/00-1735-0000-000D-EF94-2
2232:
2223:
2193:
2181:
2162:
2137:
2096:
2071:National Museum of Afghanistan
1738:
1693:An epenthetic vowel (written
1433:'daughter-in-law', *aštā >
13:
1:
2628:Silk Road Art and Archaeology
2584:
889:
552:
2323:
1303:Inside a word, the digraphs
1236:
853:
726:
291:
7:
2574:. For equivalent coin, see
2077:
2052:
1712:'eight', likely pronounced
417:subgroup of languages like
10:
3428:
2654:Gholami, Saloumeh (2010).
2433:Gholami, Saloumeh (2013).
1293:(4th to 5th century) >
1227:The Hephthalites used the
715:
441:
393:Bactrian is a part of the
283:
3412:Eastern Iranian languages
3382:Extinct languages of Asia
3333:
3316:
3216:
3052:
3043:
2902:
2827:
2818:
2787:
2637:Cambridge History of Iran
2472:Nakamura, Hajime (1987).
2069:inscription in Bactrian,
1552:
1549:
1467:
1464:
1448:
1289:later, e.g. *drauga >
1273:'daughter'. The clusters
1199:
1171:
1146:
1064:
1015:
953:
932:
927:
917:
907:
902:
506:successors, that is, the
395:Eastern Iranian languages
326:It was long thought that
249:
233:
217:
201:
196:
182:Official language in
180:
175:
155:
109:
101:
91:
81:
74:
46:
37:
32:
3397:Languages of Afghanistan
2355:Alemany, Agustí (2000).
2253:(illustrated ed.).
2089:
1751:(narrow columns) in the
1437:'eight', *xšāθriya >
827:. One of these may be a
428:Kuran wa Munjan district
337:, was known natively as
300:Eastern Iranian language
3402:Languages of Tajikistan
2614:Encyclopædia Britannica
2409:Sims-Williams, Nicholas
2285:Skjærvø, P. O. (2009).
2199:Henning (1960), p. 47.
1441:'ruler', *pašman- >
1269:'servant', *dugdā >
895:Consonants of Bactrian
512:Greco-Bactrian kingdoms
372:were discovered in the
321:
302:formerly spoken in the
2361:. BRILL. p. 346.
1760:Letter correspondence
1756:
1755:script (wide columns).
1686:< *ai, *aya, *iya;
1648:
1415:, e.g. *wikāθwan >
1341:from *g may have been
1333:from *k may have been
1251:
883:
745:
651:
490:Historical development
475:
251:This article contains
2665:10.53846/goediss-1495
2257:. 1994. p. 433.
2217:Linguistica Brunensia
2175:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1746:
1624:
1226:
861:
723:
635:
449:
18:Greco-Bactrian script
3347:historical languages
2708:Encyclopedia Iranica
2341:symbol on his coins
478:Bactrian became the
2704:"Bactrian Language"
2171:"Bactrian Language"
1761:
1670:'wine', *pasu >
1662:It is not clear if
1457:
1231:(top). Here, their
896:
781:Ratabak/Surkh Kotal
668:and by introducing
545:Rabatak inscription
496:Alexander the Great
452:Rabatak inscription
432:Badakhshan province
2169:Sims-Williams, N.
1759:
1757:
1747:Variations of the
1699:consonant clusters
1649:
1635:"Khiggilo Alchono"
1455:Vowels of Bactrian
1453:
1252:
894:
884:
878:, 2nd century CE.
823:expeditions under
746:
652:
476:
191:Hephthalite Empire
3377:Bactrian language
3364:
3363:
3312:
3311:
3039:
3038:
2781:Iranian languages
2746:at britannica.com
2744:Bactrian language
2525:, pp. 11–12.
2501:, pp. 18–19.
2485:978-81-208-0272-8
2150:iranicaonline.org
2133:the Linguist List
2112:. p. Fig.93.
2050:
2049:
1625:Silver drachm of
1619:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1543:
1542:
1221:
1220:
1113:
1072:
1045:
1023:
989:
961:
949:
942:
833:Manichaean script
825:Albert von Le Coq
791:, Dasht-e Navur,
744:, 5th century AD.
618:Umayyad Caliphate
484:Umayyad Caliphate
289:
277:
276:
259:rendering support
255:phonetic symbols.
170:Manichaean script
16:(Redirected from
3419:
3208:Zoroastrian Dari
3050:
3049:
2825:
2824:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2751:
2750:
2733:
2720:
2711:
2698:
2685:
2667:
2650:
2631:
2618:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2578:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2417:
2405:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2352:
2346:
2336:
2335:
2326:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2212:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2188:Gershevitch 1983
2185:
2179:
2178:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2141:
2135:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2100:
2063:
2046:
2038:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1988:
1978:
1970:
1962:
1952:
1944:
1936:
1926:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1888:
1880:
1870:
1862:
1858:
1850:
1840:
1836:
1828:
1820:
1810:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1762:
1758:
1715:
1690:< *au, *awa.
1681:
1677:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1611:
1599:
1594:
1582:
1577:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1504:
1497:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1452:
1428:
1414:
1402:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1364:
1360:
1344:
1336:
1318:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1264:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1209:
1193:
1186:
1181:
1159:
1154:
1138:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1070:
1052:
1043:
1030:
1021:
1007:
1000:
994:
987:
978:
971:
966:
959:
945:
940:
897:
893:
735:
734:
729:
703:
693:
683:
679:
678:
667:
663:
649:
557:
554:
342:
341:
294:
288:romanized:
287:
285:
245:
229:
213:
206:
161:
115:
105:300 BC – 1000 AD
68:
51:
42:
41:
30:
29:
21:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3359:
3329:
3308:
3212:
3035:
2898:
2814:
2783:
2778:
2740:
2647:
2607:, ed. (1911). "
2592:
2590:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2569:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2545:
2541:
2533:
2529:
2521:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2470:
2466:
2431:
2427:
2420:IIAS Newsletter
2415:
2406:
2399:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2353:
2349:
2329:Bactrian script
2321:with the word "
2312:
2308:
2301:
2283:
2279:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2213:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2167:
2163:
2154:
2152:
2142:
2138:
2121:
2117:
2109:
2103:Davary (1982).
2101:
2097:
2092:
2080:
2073:
2064:
2055:
1741:
1451:
1229:Bactrian script
922:
912:
892:
856:
835:, was found at
718:
701:
691:
680:) to represent
661:
630:
555:
492:
444:
391:
362:, and later as
324:
257:Without proper
241:
225:
222:
209:
202:
189:
183:
176:Official status
168:
162:
157:
151:
136:Eastern Iranian
116:
113:Language family
111:
70:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3425:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3350:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3301:Middle Persian
3297:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3265:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3096:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3067:
3062:
3056:
3054:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3006:
2999:
2994:
2972:
2965:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2933:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2833:
2831:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2805:Middle Iranian
2802:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2777:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2739:
2738:External links
2736:
2735:
2734:
2732:on 2007-06-10.
2721:
2712:
2699:
2686:
2651:
2645:
2632:
2619:
2605:Chisholm, Hugh
2586:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2572:British Museum
2563:
2551:
2539:
2527:
2515:
2503:
2491:
2484:
2464:
2445:(1): 136–138.
2425:
2411:(March 2002).
2397:
2385:
2374:
2367:
2347:
2306:
2299:
2277:
2263:
2240:
2231:
2222:
2204:
2192:
2190:, p. 1250
2180:
2161:
2136:
2115:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2065:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2031:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2005:
1992:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1919:
1914:
1911:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1889:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1863:
1854:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1832:
1829:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1798:
1795:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1749:Greek alphabet
1740:
1737:
1733:Middle Persian
1637:, with Alchon
1617:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1450:
1447:
1391:The status of
1389:
1388:
1366:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1324:
1298:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1128:
1119:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1003:
1001:
996:
990:
984:
983:
981:
979:
974:
972:
967:
962:
957:
951:
950:
943:
937:
936:
931:
926:
916:
906:
901:
891:
888:
855:
852:
805:Shatial Bridge
717:
714:
629:
628:Writing system
626:
591:Pahlavi script
589:. Besides the
583:Middle Persian
541:Greek language
491:
488:
443:
440:
405:(Eastern) and
390:
389:Classification
387:
323:
320:
275:
274:
261:, you may see
247:
246:
239:
231:
230:
223:
218:
215:
214:
207:
199:
198:
197:Language codes
194:
193:
184:
181:
178:
177:
173:
172:
163:
159:Writing system
156:
153:
152:
150:
149:
148:
147:
146:
145:
144:
143:
119:
117:
110:
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
82:Native to
79:
78:
76:
72:
71:
52:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3424:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3273:Caucasian Tat
3271:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2795:Proto-Iranian
2793:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2770:
2768:
2763:
2761:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2646:0-511-46773-7
2642:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2622:Falk, Harry.
2620:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2600:public domain
2589:
2588:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2561:, p. 25.
2560:
2555:
2549:, p. 13.
2548:
2543:
2537:, p. 12.
2536:
2531:
2524:
2519:
2513:, p. 10.
2512:
2507:
2500:
2495:
2487:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2468:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2421:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2402:
2394:
2393:Chisholm 1911
2389:
2383:
2378:
2370:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2351:
2344:
2340:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2302:
2300:9780080877754
2296:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2266:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2218:
2211:
2209:
2202:
2196:
2189:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2108:
2107:
2106:Illustrations
2099:
2095:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2032:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2009:
2006:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1941:
1938:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1915:
1912:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1855:
1852:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1833:
1830:
1825:
1822:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1799:
1796:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1548:
1545:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1398:
1394:
1382:
1370:
1367:
1356:
1353:
1348:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1272:
1268:
1260:
1259:Proto-Iranian
1257:
1256:
1255:
1249:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1135:
1129:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1004:
1002:
997:
991:
986:
985:
982:
980:
975:
973:
968:
963:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
939:
938:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
898:
887:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
860:
851:
849:
844:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
743:
739:
728:
722:
713:
711:
707:
699:
698:
689:
688:
673:
672:
659:
658:
645:
644:
639:
634:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
598:
596:
595:Brahmi script
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
571:
569:
565:
561:
556: 127 AD
550:
546:
542:
537:
535:
534:Kushan Empire
531:
530:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
487:
485:
481:
480:lingua franca
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
448:
439:
437:
434:in northeast
433:
429:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
386:
384:
380:
375:
371:
367:
366:
361:
357:
352:
350:
346:
336:
331:
329:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
304:Central Asian
301:
297:
293:
281:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
254:
248:
244:
240:
238:
237:
232:
228:
224:
221:
220:Linguist List
216:
212:
208:
205:
200:
195:
192:
188:
187:Kushan Empire
185:
179:
174:
171:
167:
164:
160:
154:
142:
139:
138:
137:
134:
133:
132:
129:
128:
127:
124:
123:
122:
121:Indo-European
118:
114:
108:
104:
100:
97:
94:
90:
87:
84:
80:
77:
75:Pronunciation
73:
67:
62:
61:
56:
50:
45:
36:
31:
19:
3338:
3299:
3292:
3260:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3091:
3069:
3021:
3012:
3001:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2909:
2876:
2730:the original
2716:
2707:
2694:
2690:
2655:
2636:
2627:
2612:
2609:Tochi Valley
2566:
2559:Gholami 2010
2554:
2547:Gholami 2010
2542:
2535:Gholami 2010
2530:
2523:Gholami 2010
2518:
2511:Gholami 2010
2506:
2499:Gholami 2010
2494:
2474:
2467:
2442:
2438:
2428:
2419:
2388:
2377:
2357:
2350:
2309:
2290:
2280:
2268:. Retrieved
2249:
2243:
2234:
2225:
2216:
2200:
2195:
2183:
2174:
2164:
2153:. Retrieved
2149:
2139:
2126:
2118:
2105:
2098:
1777:Greek Letter
1771:Greek Letter
1765:Greek Letter
1724:
1720:
1718:
1709:
1705:
1703:
1694:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1661:
1650:
1634:
1454:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1380:
1368:
1354:
1349:represents .
1346:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1294:
1290:
1270:
1266:
1253:
1248:Hephthalites
1173:Approximants
924:postalveolar
885:
880:Kabul Museum
868:Greek script
845:
809:Tochi Valley
795:, Jagatu in
750:
747:
709:
705:
695:
685:
669:
655:
653:
641:
638:Greek script
622:Tochi Valley
599:
587:Gupta Empire
577:fell to the
572:
564:Central Asia
560:Greek script
538:
528:
524:Great Yuezhi
518:tribes (the
493:
477:
392:
385:" language.
363:
359:
355:
353:
335:Greek script
332:
325:
279:
278:
250:
234:
166:Greek script
140:
126:Indo-Iranian
96:Central Asia
58:
55:Greek script
3294:Old Persian
3131:Mazanderani
2925:Khwarezmian
2810:New Iranian
2800:Old Iranian
2697:(1): 47–55.
2067:Surkh Kotal
1739:Orthography
1627:Alchon Huns
1419:'witness'.
864:Surkh Kotal
797:Afghanistan
738:Alchon Huns
606:Huna tribes
602:Hephthalite
575:Indus River
568:North India
504:Hellenistic
464:Afghanistan
460:Surkh Kotal
436:Afghanistan
403:Khwarezmian
374:Tarim Basin
365:Tokharistan
316:Hephthalite
282:(Bactrian:
265:instead of
3371:Categories
2969:Sarghulami
2889:Yazghulami
2842:Ishkashimi
2585:References
2368:9004114424
2337:) and the
2287:"Bactrian"
2264:9231028464
2155:2023-07-31
1066:Fricatives
1017:Affricates
947:labialized
890:Consonants
841:Mary Boyce
763:, Airtam,
757:Uzbekistan
724:The word "
610:Indo-Aryan
604:and other
514:. Eastern
306:region of
3354:varieties
3341:indicate
3262:Pahlavani
3254:Bakhtiari
3239:Kuhmareyi
3229:Bashkardi
3151:Old Azeri
2862:Sanglechi
2682:247020656
2576:CNG Coins
2451:1356-1863
2382:CNG Coins
2343:CNG Coins
2327:" in the
2128:MultiTree
2084:Kidarites
1655:and long
1403:(written
1071:Voiceless
1022:Voiceless
960:Voiceless
854:Phonology
843:in 1958.
801:Islamabad
765:Delbarjin
761:Kara-Tepe
753:Afrasiyab
579:Sasanians
318:empires.
236:Glottolog
204:ISO 639-3
3283:Hazaragi
3234:Garmsiri
3174:Sangsari
3169:Lasgerdi
3158:Parthian
3136:Tabaroid
3104:Kurmanji
3060:Ashtiani
3029:Yaghnobi
2987:Ossetian
2976:Scythian
2951:Southern
2946:Northern
2918:Bactrian
2867:Sarikoli
2837:Bartangi
2459:43307651
2319:Khingila
2270:27 March
2219:: 77–87.
2123:Bactrian
2078:See also
2053:Examples
1729:Parthian
1631:Khingila
1445:'wool'.
914:alveolar
876:Huvishka
829:Buddhist
813:Pakistan
742:Khingila
593:and the
549:Kanishka
516:Scythian
510:and the
508:Seleucid
472:Kanishka
470:emperor
407:Parthian
314:and the
280:Bactrian
271:Help:IPA
243:bact1239
141:Bactrian
33:Bactrian
3343:extinct
3339:Italics
3324:Badeshi
3268:Persian
3244:Kumzari
3186:Taleshi
3179:Sorkhei
3164:Semnani
3119:Kordali
3099:Kurdish
3093:Gorgani
3071:Daylami
3065:Balochi
3045:Western
3023:Sogdian
2982:Alanian
2956:Wanetsi
2941:Central
2931:Parachi
2911:Avestan
2872:Shughni
2857:Roshani
2820:Eastern
2788:History
2602::
2324:Alchono
1641:symbol
1479:Central
1417:οιγαλφο
1267:βανδαγο
1243:ηβοδαλο
1237:Ebodalo
1233:endonym
934:Glottal
919:Palatal
817:Lou-lan
785:Oruzgan
733:αλχοννο
727:Alchono
716:Records
529:Tokhari
458:, near
456:Rabatak
442:History
430:of the
411:Western
399:Sogdian
360:Tokhara
356:Tukhara
349:endonym
328:Avestan
308:Bactria
267:Unicode
131:Iranian
86:Bactria
3317:Others
3224:Achomi
3196:Tatoid
3144:Median
3114:Xwarin
3109:Sorani
3087:Gorani
3082:Gilaki
3003:Jassic
2963:Ormuri
2936:Pashto
2903:Others
2894:Yidgha
2680:
2643:
2596:
2482:
2457:
2449:
2365:
2339:Tamgha
2334:αλχονο
2297:
2261:
2255:UNESCO
1753:Kushan
1714:/ataː/
1639:tamgha
1629:ruler
1468:Short
1449:Vowels
1443:παμανο
1431:ασνωυο
1295:δδρωρο
1201:Rhotic
1148:Nasals
1112:Voiced
1044:Voiced
988:Voiced
909:Dental
904:Labial
874:ruler
872:Kushan
821:Turpan
799:; and
793:Ghazni
777:Baglan
773:Kunduz
740:ruler
694:) and
664:) for
650:sound.
468:Kushan
423:Yidgha
379:centum
347:"; an
312:Kushan
92:Region
3288:Tajik
3217:South
3053:North
2992:Digor
2884:Wakhi
2878:Vanji
2852:Munji
2847:Khufi
2829:Pamir
2678:S2CID
2455:JSTOR
2416:(PDF)
2110:(PDF)
2090:Notes
1571:Close
1559:Front
1553:Long
1491:Close
1474:Front
1409:πουρο
1291:λρωγο
1271:λογδο
1124:(?);
1083:(?);
955:Stops
941:plain
929:Velar
900:Type
789:Kabul
769:Balkh
614:Latin
500:Greek
419:Munji
415:Pamir
383:satem
340:αριαο
292:ariao
284:Αριαο
40:Αριαο
3278:Dari
3249:Luri
3203:Zaza
3191:Tati
3124:Laki
3077:Fars
3014:Saka
2997:Iron
2641:ISBN
2480:ISBN
2447:ISSN
2363:ISBN
2295:ISBN
2272:2013
2259:ISBN
1957:δ/δδ
1875:β/ββ
1780:IPA
1731:and
1710:αταο
1680:/oː/
1676:/eː/
1672:ποσο
1668:μολο
1657:/aː/
1605:Open
1564:Back
1550:Type
1533:Open
1484:Back
1465:Type
1439:χαρο
1435:αταο
1413:/lf/
1397:ιθαο
1377:/dz/
1375:and
1363:/ts/
1361:and
1337:and
1313:αββο
1287:/rd/
1283:/dr/
1279:/rl/
1277:and
1275:/lr/
1246:), "
1133:(?)
995:(?)
862:The
837:Qočo
807:and
708:and
702:Ψ, ψ
692:Ξ, ξ
677:Ϸ, ϸ
662:Ͱ, ͱ
657:heta
612:and
566:and
526:and
520:Saka
450:The
421:and
401:and
345:Arya
322:Name
3345:or
2670:hdl
2660:doi
2611:".
2131:on
2125:at
2029:d͡z
1839:t͡s
1815:α/ο
1774:IPA
1768:IPA
1653:/a/
1588:Mid
1510:Mid
1427:/h/
1401:/h/
1385:/ʒ/
1373:/z/
1359:/s/
1343:/ɣ/
1335:/ɡ/
1317:/v/
1263:/l/
1051:d͡z
1029:t͡s
911:or
839:by
811:in
755:in
730:" (
697:psi
682:/ʃ/
671:sho
666:/h/
648:/ʃ/
643:sho
462:in
358:or
253:IPA
227:xbc
211:xbc
102:Era
60:sho
3373::
2706:.
2695:23
2693:.
2676:.
2668:.
2626:.
2453:.
2443:23
2441:.
2437:.
2418:.
2400:^
2207:^
2173:.
2148:.
2027:,
2023:,
2011:oː
2001:,
1997:,
1977:xʷ
1973:χο
1907:,
1859:,
1837:,
1801:eː
1793:aː
1791:,
1735:.
1725:ιρ
1721:ορ
1716:.
1701:.
1678:,
1610:aː
1598:oː
1593:eː
1581:uː
1576:iː
1527:?
1347:γγ
1309:δδ
1307:,
1305:ββ
1285:,
1250:".
1100:xʷ
921:or
803:,
787:,
783:,
779:,
775:,
771:,
767:,
759:;
710:ps
706:ks
687:Xi
684:.
570:.
553:c.
536:.
486:.
343:("
295:,
286:,
69:).
3349:.
2773:e
2766:t
2759:v
2684:.
2672::
2662::
2649:.
2488:.
2461:.
2395:.
2371:.
2345:.
2331:(
2303:.
2274:.
2177:.
2158:.
2045:ʃ
2041:ϸ
2037:p
2033:π
2025:ʒ
2021:z
2017:ζ
2007:ω
2003:w
1999:u
1995:o
1991:ο
1987:e
1983:ε
1969:n
1965:ν
1961:d
1951:x
1947:χ
1943:m
1939:μ
1935:ð
1931:δ
1925:f
1921:φ
1917:l
1913:λ
1909:ɡ
1905:ɣ
1901:γ
1895:h
1891:υ
1887:k
1883:κ
1879:b
1869:t
1865:τ
1861:j
1857:i
1853:ι
1849:v
1845:β
1835:s
1831:σ
1827:θ
1823:θ
1819:ə
1809:r
1805:ρ
1797:η
1789:a
1785:α
1706:ο
1695:α
1688:ω
1684:η
1664:ο
1647:.
1538:a
1525:o
1520:ə
1515:e
1503:u
1496:i
1423:ϸ
1405:υ
1393:θ
1387:.
1381:ζ
1369:ζ
1365:.
1355:σ
1339:γ
1331:γ
1327:γ
1321:δ
1240:(
1208:r
1192:w
1185:j
1180:l
1158:n
1153:m
1137:ɣ
1131:ʒ
1126:z
1122:ð
1117:v
1105:h
1095:x
1090:ʃ
1085:s
1081:θ
1076:f
1006:ɡ
999:d
993:b
977:k
970:t
965:p
882:.
700:(
690:(
674:(
660:(
551:(
409:(
273:.
63:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
