305:. The vessels engaged to carry the railway material and men consisted of seven steam and two sailing ships, of the aggregate tonnage of 5491 tons, and 900-horse power, as follows - "Lady Alice Lambton," screw-steamer, 511 tons, 90-horse power; "Great Northern," ditto, 578 tons, 90-horse ; "Earl of Durham," ditto, 554 tons, 90-horse; Baron von Humboldt," ditto, 420 tons, 60-horse; " Hesperus," ditto. 800 tons, 150-horse; " Prince of Wales," ditto, 627 tons, 120-horse ; "Levant," paddle-steamer, 694 tons, 500-horse power; "Wildfire," clipper sailing ship, 457 tons; Mohawk," ditto, 850 tons. The material consisted of 1800 tons of rails and fastenings, 6000 sleepers, 600 loads timber, and about 3000 tons of other material and machinery, consisting of fixed engines, cranes, pile engines, trucks, wagons, barrows, blocks, chain- falls, wire-rope, picks, bars, capstans, crabs, and a variety of other plant and tools; besides sawing machines, forges, carpenters' and smiths' tools, &c. This material was distributed over the different vessels in such a manner that should any one or two vessels be lost disabled, it will not endanger the efficiency of the whole. The ships convey, in parties of 50 or 80, 500 workmen; each party under a charge of a foreman and assistant; as well as a surgeon to each vessel.
29:
182:
367:
railway had reached a point 300 yards (274 m) from the town and on the 19th it was at
Kadikoi. It began to function on the 23rd when horse-drawn supplies were taken from Balaclava to Kadikoi. This was 15 days after starting to lay the first rails and about three weeks after the arrival of the fleet in the port. The railway yard in Balaclava was being extended and accommodation was being built for the workers and for storage of materials. By March 26 the line was complete to the top of the col and the first load was taken to the headquarters depot. By this time, the line had been
354:
266:
301:, to build at cost, without any contract or personal advantage, a railway to transport supplies from the port of Balaclava to the troops outside Sevastopol. They promised to have a railroad at work in three weeks after landing at Balaclava. The offer was accepted and the contractors began to obtain supplies, to purchase or hire ships, and to recruit the men, who included specialists and
571:), which the builders of the Grand Crimean Central Railway had supposedly chosen as it enabled them to requisition for use in Crimea available engines and rolling stock which had already been built for lines in India. Research in the 1950s showed that this story is untenable. Contemporary information shows that the Crimean railway was
168:. Within three weeks of the arrival of the fleet carrying materials and men the railway had started to run and in seven weeks 7 miles (11 km) of track had been completed. The railway was a major factor leading to the success of the siege. After the end of the war the track was sold and removed.
620:
that the train he travelled in was pulled by an "asthmatic little engine—which, after serving its time upon the
Balaklava line, and being condemned as useless at Buenos Aires, had been shipped off to Paraguay" there is also another mention of an engine that had seen service in the Crimean War in the
420:
The increased supply of ammunition meant that the Allies were able to mount the Third
Bombardment on June 6. This was much more intensive than the previous ones. It was followed by an assault on the 7th and 8th, which met with a limited degree of success. More supplies were brought by the railway
412:
The existence of the railway meant that sufficient supplies and armaments had been transported to the plateau for the allies to resume their attack. The Second
Bombardment started on April 9 and continued for ten days. Initially, little progress seemed to have been made because again the Russians
248:
and the damage done by
British gunfire was soon repaired. The British were running out of ammunition and supplies, winter was approaching and with the onset of bad weather the road became virtually impassable. Supplies were arriving at the crowded port of Balaclava but it was impossible to convey
525:
Towards and during the second winter, the supplies carried by the railway were different. The siege had ended, carriage of ammunition was less important, and the supplies related more to the accommodation and comfort of the troops. These included huts to replace tents, clothing, food, books and
344:
would be required at the top of this stretch to pull the railway carriages up the incline. Once on the plateau, the ground was rough but fairly level and here it presented fewer problems. Lord Raglan's headquarters were at the top of the col, and it was decided that a depot should be constructed
468:
were used, the first one running by
November 8, but this was too late to affect the outcome of the siege. The locomotives were not effective because they could not manage even the easy gradient from Balaclava to Kadikoi with more than a light load. Five second-hand locomotives, purchased by the
366:
By
February 8, 1855, less than a week after landing, the navvies were laying the first rails in the main street of Balaclava. A trial assembly of the stationary engines (two had been acquired in case of the failure of one of them) was made and on February 10 they were working. By the 13th, the
243:
During the early part of
October, the British troops with their supplies and artillery made their way with difficulty up the road to prepare for the siege. When they were all in place the First Bombardment took place, starting on October 17. It had been expected that the bombardment would be
433:
on August 16. The Fifth
Bombardment took place for five days from the 17th with the intention of destroying as many Russian defence works as possible. The Sixth Bombardment was followed by a successful Allied attack on September 8, bringing the siege to an end two days later.
605:
in 1856, after the demolition of the Crimea railway had already begun. Their dimensions and characteristics would have been unsuitable for the steep gradients in
Balaclava, and technical considerations would have prevented their conversion from standard to broad gauge.
516:
organised the building of new lines of a superior quality, again in a short time. By November 10, 6.5 miles (10 km) of track had been laid between Balaclava and the British headquarters. The lines towards the Sardinian and French headquarters were also advancing.
413:
were able to repair the damage caused, and the Russians continued to deliver supplies to Sevastopol from the north. However, they had sustained heavy casualties. Following a period of stalemate, Allied forces cut off one of the main Russian supply lines at
335:
ground to the village of Kadikoi. From here, the railway had to rise some 500 feet (152 m) to the top of the plateau. Of the routes available, Campbell chose to follow the existing road. Although at parts its
392:
On April 2, the railway was used to carry the sick and injured from the plateau down to Balaclava. It has been argued that this was the first hospital train ever to run. Also during this time, Colonel
327:
at Balaclava where the railway materials could be unloaded, with a yard adjacent. He planned for the track to pass along the middle of the main street of the town. It then went through a
545:
was signed on 30 March 1856. The Russians sold the track to the Turks soon after the war ended. The rails had already been uprooted and taken away, and the railway ceased to exist.
512:. A third stationary engine also arrived. Due to the haste in which the railway had been constructed, it was in danger of being severely damaged by the weather of the coming winter.
228:
about 600 feet (183 m) above sea level. The towns were connected by a road which was little more than a track. This travelled northwards, rising slightly to the village of
594:
530:. Following the completion of the Sardinian branch, the railway had reached its limit. In all, it measured about 14 miles (23 km) plus a few miles of sidings and loops.
509:
504:
James Beatty left the Crimea in November to return to England, a sick man, and Donald Campbell took over. Earlier in September Her Majesty's Floating Factory
996:
675:
527:
375:
had been constructed near the wharf. In less than seven weeks 7 miles (11 km) of track had been laid. During this time the pioneer photographer
1133:
1293:
1297:
513:
437:
During the summer, further surveys had been carried out with the intention of supplying not just the British forces, but also their French and
142:
1431:
401:. He arrived in the Crimea in early March, and one of his duties was to take over the operation of the railway from the contractors.
244:
effective and that the siege would be short-lived; certainly over before the winter. However, the Russians blew up one of the French
609:
On the other hand contemporary reports claim that engines from the GCCR went to Argentina, then on to Paraguay after the end of the
526:
medical supplies. Colonel McMurdo also left the Crimea as a sick man on December 1, passing the control of the railway to Colonel
589:), while Argentina's neighbour Chile had already adopted 5'6" gauge. The works number of the two Argentine steam engines, N°1 "
553:
A now-discounted popular legend claims that two steam engines from the Crimean line went on to a new life on the newly started
1441:
1436:
621:
book "Letters" by Freund and Mulhall in 1887, quoted by Gaylord Harris Warren in his book "Paraguay and the Triple Alliance"
224:, about 8 miles (13 km) south of Sevastopol, in September 1854. Most of the land between Balaclava and Sevastopol was a
316:
146:
194:
1421:
1375:
1350:
1339:
498:
482:
38:
1002:
681:
1416:
554:
421:
and the Fourth Bombardment took place on June 17. The subsequent attack was mismanaged and was a failure.
220:
After landing their forces to the north of Sevastopol, the British set up a base in the narrow harbour of
1139:
323:, who had also worked on the European and North American Railway. Campbell's first task was to create a
181:
28:
1426:
889:
320:
232:
about 1 mile (2 km) from Balaclava. It then turned west, climbing steeply to the plateau via the
486:
1197:
598:
478:
441:
allies (Sardinia had joined the war towards the end of 1854) by rail from Balaclava. At this time
430:
1315:. Austin, Texas: Institute of Latin American Studies, University of Texas at Austin. p. 376.
580:
562:
406:
312:
161:
642:
The initials "P. B. & B." (bottom right) allude to Peto, Betts and Brassey, the contractors.
614:
542:
538:
276:
409:
employed on the project. It was finally handed over by Peto, Brassey and Betts in early July.
1184:
340:
was as steep as 1 in 7, Campbell managed find a route with a maximum gradient of 1 in 14. A
1411:
1391:
1172:
534:
398:
245:
8:
1248:
1216:
610:
469:
contractors from collieries and railway companies in England, are known to have arrived.
438:
405:
was given the temporary rank of lieutenant-colonel and he arrived to take command of the
145:. Its purpose was to supply ammunition and provisions to Allied soldiers engaged in the
1395:
1287:
442:
286:
269:
165:
1371:
1346:
1335:
618:
341:
541:. Hostilities ended between the Allies and the Russians on 29 February 1856 and the
888:
490:
446:
315:, who had played an important part in working with Peto's partnership to build the
134:
590:
450:
402:
394:
561:. According to the myth this is reason many railways in Argentina were built to
884:
572:
298:
198:
190:
68:
508:
arrived at Balaclava to provide an engineering service under the direction of
1405:
233:
189:
Britain and France declared war on Russia on 28 March 1854 in support of the
308:
The fleet set sail on December 21 and arrived at the beginning of February.
1277:
376:
368:
360:
294:
254:
249:
them to the besieging troops who were increasingly suffering from disease,
537:
died on 2 March 1855, and peace negotiations were opened by his successor
655:
in the north-east corner of the accompanying French military map (above).
576:
372:
138:
89:
449:
was first used in warfare, connecting the Crimea to the Allies' base at
397:
had been appointed to be in charge of a new department of the army, the
898:
465:
210:
154:
617:
who mentions in his "Letters From the Battlefields of Paraguay" (1870)
1313:
Paraguay and the Triple Alliance : the postwar decade, 1869-1878
558:
281:
250:
221:
206:
150:
54:
34:
353:
454:
337:
237:
214:
185:
Shown as "Chemin de Fer Anglais" on a contemporary French army map
290:
229:
225:
328:
64:
265:
602:
597:,) and N°2 "La Argentina", show that they left manufacturer
414:
332:
324:
302:
202:
1263:
H R Stones (Summer 2007). "The first railway in Argentina".
897:. London: Hutchinson & Co. pp. 487–488 – via
331:
at the north of the town close to the water's edge and over
319:, was recruited as chief engineer. The line was surveyed by
1345:(Second edition (substantially revised and expanded) 1997.
275:
News of these conditions was relayed to Britain, mainly by
236:
of Balaclava. The French were supplied from the harbour at
379:
had arrived and he recorded the railway and its progress.
257:. Conditions in Balaclava itself were also deteriorating.
160:
The railway was built at cost and without any contract by
533:
Sevastopol lay in ruins after the end of the siege. Tsar
217:, would be the best method of forcing an end to the war.
1310:
164:, a partnership of English railway contractors led by
493:
of Bolton in 1838 and 1840; the fifth locomotive was
157:. It also carried the world's first hospital train.
1278:
Burton, Sir Richard Francis, Sir, 1821-1890 (1870).
1392:
General Order after the Fall of Sebastapol (article
520:
460:
429:The Russians suffered a significant defeat at the
293:contractors of the day, offered with his partners
193:. By the late summer of 1854 the British, led by
1403:
16:British military railway during the Crimean War
1241:
1239:
1209:
1207:
575:, despite subsequent rumours that it was 5'3"
1292:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1370:(2nd ed.), Knutsford: Cavalier House,
1236:
1204:
651:The allies' route to the south is shown as
477:were two small 0-6-0 saddle tanks built by
260:
1296:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1280:Letters from the battle-fields of Paraguay
1262:
1020:
1018:
27:
1282:. London: Tinsley Brothers. p. 460.
1138:, World History Database, archived from
1001:, World History Database, archived from
895:The Dictionary of Australasian Biography
680:, World History Database, archived from
352:
264:
180:
149:who were stationed on a plateau between
1214:"Centenary of the Argentine Railways".
1015:
883:
1404:
653:Route suivie par les Allies le 25 7bre
382:
371:from Balaclava to Kadikol and various
1365:
1356:
1329:
1265:The British Overseas Railways Journal
1230:
1158:
1120:
1108:
1096:
1084:
1072:
1060:
1048:
1036:
1024:
983:
971:
959:
947:
935:
923:
911:
871:
859:
847:
835:
823:
811:
799:
787:
775:
763:
736:
724:
712:
700:
595:Provincial Transport Museum in Luján
424:
317:European and North American Railway
13:
501:, but its details remain obscure.
483:London & North Western Railway
14:
1453:
1432:1520 mm gauge railways in Ukraine
1385:
1368:The Grand Crimean Central Railway
1332:The Grand Crimean Central Railway
548:
481:of Leeds in 1854/5; two from the
387:
37:showing the railway, painting by
521:Remainder of the war and closure
499:St Helens Canal & Railway Co
461:Locomotives and additional lines
1311:Warren, Harris Gaylord (1978).
1304:
1271:
1256:
1246:"The Argentine Railway Gauge".
1224:
1179:. IPC Business Press. 1982: 33.
1164:
1152:
1126:
1114:
1102:
1090:
1078:
1066:
1054:
1042:
1030:
989:
977:
965:
953:
941:
929:
917:
905:
877:
865:
853:
841:
829:
817:
805:
793:
781:
769:
749:"The Balaclava Railway Corps".
348:
757:
742:
730:
718:
706:
694:
668:
645:
636:
1:
1334:, Knutsford: Cavalier House,
624:
176:
131:Grand Crimean Central Railway
22:Grand Crimean Central Railway
1442:Railway lines closed in 1856
1437:Railway lines opened in 1855
753:. 6 January 1855. p. 6.
555:Buenos Ayres Western Railway
485:, Nos 13 and 50, were 2-2-0
7:
489:passenger engines built by
279:, special correspondent of
10:
1458:
357:Railway yard at Balaclava.
171:
1252:: 327. 20 September 1957.
137:built in 1855 during the
119:
88:
83:
75:
60:
50:
45:
26:
1422:Railway lines in Ukraine
890:"Wakefield, Felix"
599:E. B. Wilson and Company
587:5 ft 6 in
569:5 ft 6 in
261:Planning and contractors
197:, with their French and
71:(Allied occupation zone)
491:Benjamin Hick & Son
431:Battle of the Tchernaya
162:Peto, Brassey and Betts
1357:Marsh, Philip (2000),
1220:: 236. 30 August 1957.
1192:Cite journal requires
363:
277:William Howard Russell
272:
201:allies decided that a
186:
1366:Cooke, Brian (1997),
1330:Cooke, Brian (1990),
593:" (on display at the
479:E. B. Wilson & Co
356:
289:, one of the leading
268:
184:
123:14 miles (23 km)
1361:, New Cherwell Press
1173:The Railway Magazine
986:, pp. 106–108..
399:Land Transport Corps
285:. Hearing the news,
1417:Transport in Crimea
1249:The Railway Gazette
1217:The Railway Gazette
1111:, pp. 126–127.
1099:, pp. 121–125.
1087:, pp. 119–121.
1075:, pp. 118–119.
1039:, pp. 103–104.
998:Siege of Sevastopol
613:; see for instance
611:Triple Alliance War
443:electric telegraphy
383:Operational history
147:Siege of Sevastopol
23:
1396:The New York Times
677:Declaration of War
615:Sir Richard Burton
364:
287:Samuel Morton Peto
273:
270:Samuel Morton Peto
187:
166:Samuel Morton Peto
76:Dates of operation
21:
1427:Military railways
962:, pp. 88–89.
950:, pp. 86–88.
938:, pp. 83–84.
926:, pp. 72–73.
874:, pp. 76–82.
826:, pp. 43–49.
814:, pp. 38–41.
790:, pp. 25–26.
766:, pp. 16–30.
739:, pp. 14–15.
342:stationary engine
127:
126:
1449:
1380:
1362:
1359:Beatty's Railway
1344:
1317:
1316:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1291:
1283:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1243:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1211:
1202:
1201:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1180:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1010:
993:
987:
981:
975:
969:
963:
957:
951:
945:
939:
933:
927:
921:
915:
909:
903:
902:
892:
881:
875:
869:
863:
857:
851:
845:
839:
833:
827:
821:
815:
809:
803:
797:
791:
785:
779:
773:
767:
761:
755:
754:
746:
740:
734:
728:
722:
716:
710:
704:
698:
692:
691:
690:
689:
672:
656:
649:
643:
640:
588:
583:
570:
565:
528:Edward Wetherall
425:End of the siege
407:Army Works Corps
135:military railway
114:
112:
111:
107:
104:
96:
31:
24:
20:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1402:
1401:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1342:
1320:
1309:
1305:
1285:
1284:
1276:
1272:
1261:
1257:
1245:
1244:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1213:
1212:
1205:
1193:
1191:
1182:
1181:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1157:
1153:
1145:
1143:
1135:Treaty of Paris
1132:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1047:
1043:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1016:
1008:
1006:
995:
994:
990:
982:
978:
970:
966:
958:
954:
946:
942:
934:
930:
922:
918:
910:
906:
885:Mennell, Philip
882:
878:
870:
866:
858:
854:
846:
842:
834:
830:
822:
818:
810:
806:
798:
794:
786:
782:
774:
770:
762:
758:
748:
747:
743:
735:
731:
727:, pp. 7–8.
723:
719:
715:, pp. 2–5.
711:
707:
703:, pp. 1–3.
699:
695:
687:
685:
674:
673:
669:
660:
659:
650:
646:
641:
637:
627:
586:
581:
568:
563:
551:
543:Treaty of Paris
523:
463:
427:
403:Felix Wakefield
395:William McMurdo
390:
385:
358:
351:
321:Donald Campbell
263:
179:
174:
109:
105:
102:
100:
99:4 ft
98:
94:
79:1855–1856
41:
39:William Simpson
33:Main street of
17:
12:
11:
5:
1455:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1400:
1399:
1387:
1386:External links
1384:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1363:
1354:
1340:
1326:
1319:
1318:
1303:
1270:
1255:
1235:
1233:, pp. 42.
1223:
1203:
1194:|journal=
1163:
1161:, p. 142.
1151:
1125:
1123:, p. 135.
1113:
1101:
1089:
1077:
1065:
1063:, p. 114.
1053:
1051:, p. 114.
1041:
1029:
1014:
988:
976:
974:, p. 101.
964:
952:
940:
928:
916:
904:
876:
864:
852:
840:
828:
816:
804:
792:
780:
768:
756:
741:
729:
717:
705:
693:
666:
658:
657:
644:
634:
633:
626:
623:
573:standard gauge
550:
549:Argentina myth
547:
522:
519:
462:
459:
445:by underwater
426:
423:
389:
388:Initial impact
386:
384:
381:
369:double tracked
359:Photograph by
350:
347:
299:Thomas Brassey
262:
259:
213:, held by the
191:Ottoman Empire
178:
175:
173:
170:
143:United Kingdom
125:
124:
121:
117:
116:
92:
86:
85:
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
69:Russian Empire
62:
58:
57:
52:
48:
47:
43:
42:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1454:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1379:
1377:0-9515889-1-5
1373:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1352:
1351:0-9515889-1-5
1348:
1343:
1341:0-9515889-0-7
1337:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1314:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1281:
1274:
1266:
1259:
1251:
1250:
1242:
1240:
1232:
1227:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1208:
1199:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1155:
1142:on 2007-09-30
1141:
1137:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1117:
1110:
1105:
1098:
1093:
1086:
1081:
1074:
1069:
1062:
1057:
1050:
1045:
1038:
1033:
1027:, p. 66.
1026:
1021:
1019:
1005:on 2007-09-30
1004:
1000:
999:
992:
985:
980:
973:
968:
961:
956:
949:
944:
937:
932:
925:
920:
914:, p. 96.
913:
908:
900:
896:
891:
886:
880:
873:
868:
862:, p. 75.
861:
856:
850:, p. 58.
849:
844:
838:, p. 64.
837:
832:
825:
820:
813:
808:
802:, p. 28.
801:
796:
789:
784:
778:, p. 43.
777:
772:
765:
760:
752:
745:
738:
733:
726:
721:
714:
709:
702:
697:
684:on 2007-09-30
683:
679:
678:
671:
667:
665:
664:
654:
648:
639:
635:
632:
631:
622:
619:
616:
612:
607:
604:
600:
596:
592:
584:
582:1,676 mm
578:
574:
566:
564:1,676 mm
560:
556:
546:
544:
540:
536:
531:
529:
518:
515:
514:William Doyne
511:
510:Robert Frazer
507:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
467:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
432:
422:
418:
416:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
380:
378:
374:
370:
362:
355:
346:
343:
339:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
309:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
283:
278:
271:
267:
258:
256:
252:
247:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
183:
169:
167:
163:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
122:
118:
95:1,435 mm
93:
91:
87:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
63:
59:
56:
53:
49:
44:
40:
36:
30:
25:
19:
1367:
1358:
1331:
1322:
1321:
1312:
1306:
1279:
1273:
1264:
1258:
1247:
1226:
1215:
1185:cite journal
1176:
1166:
1154:
1144:, retrieved
1140:the original
1134:
1128:
1116:
1104:
1092:
1080:
1068:
1056:
1044:
1032:
1007:, retrieved
1003:the original
997:
991:
979:
967:
955:
943:
931:
919:
907:
894:
879:
867:
855:
843:
831:
819:
807:
795:
783:
771:
759:
751:Norfolk News
750:
744:
732:
720:
708:
696:
686:, retrieved
682:the original
676:
670:
662:
661:
652:
647:
638:
629:
628:
608:
552:
539:Alexander II
532:
524:
505:
503:
494:
474:
470:
464:
436:
428:
419:
411:
391:
377:Roger Fenton
365:
361:Roger Fenton
349:Construction
313:James Beatty
310:
307:
295:Edward Betts
280:
274:
255:malnutrition
242:
219:
188:
159:
130:
128:
51:Headquarters
18:
1412:Crimean War
577:Irish gauge
466:Locomotives
417:on May 24.
311:Meanwhile,
195:Lord Raglan
139:Crimean War
90:Track gauge
1406:Categories
1231:Cooke 1997
1159:Cooke 1990
1146:2007-08-24
1121:Cooke 1990
1109:Cooke 1990
1097:Cooke 1990
1085:Cooke 1990
1073:Cooke 1990
1061:Cooke 1997
1049:Cooke 1990
1037:Cooke 1990
1025:Cooke 1990
1009:2007-08-24
984:Cooke 1990
972:Cooke 1990
960:Cooke 1990
948:Cooke 1990
936:Cooke 1990
924:Cooke 1990
912:Cooke 1990
899:Wikisource
872:Cooke 1990
860:Cooke 1990
848:Cooke 1990
836:Cooke 1990
824:Cooke 1990
812:Cooke 1990
800:Cooke 1990
788:Cooke 1990
776:Cooke 1990
764:Cooke 1990
737:Cooke 1990
725:Cooke 1990
713:Cooke 1990
701:Cooke 1990
688:2007-08-24
625:References
591:La Porteña
535:Nicholas I
211:Sevastopol
177:Background
155:Sevastopol
1288:cite book
1267:(28): 55.
663:Citations
559:Argentina
497:from the
487:Bury-type
439:Sardinian
282:The Times
251:frostbite
246:magazines
222:Balaclava
207:Black Sea
151:Balaklava
84:Technical
55:Balaklava
35:Balaclava
887:(1892).
506:Chasseur
471:Alliance
455:Bulgaria
338:gradient
238:Kamiesch
215:Russians
209:port of
113: in
46:Overview
1323:Sources
475:Victory
373:sidings
303:navvies
291:railway
230:Kadikoi
226:plateau
205:of the
199:Turkish
172:Origins
141:by the
108:⁄
1374:
1349:
1338:
345:here.
333:swampy
133:was a
120:Length
65:Crimea
61:Locale
1398:1855)
630:Notes
603:Leeds
451:Varna
447:cable
415:Kerch
329:gorge
325:wharf
203:siege
1372:ISBN
1347:ISBN
1336:ISBN
1298:link
1294:link
1198:help
495:Swan
473:and
297:and
253:and
153:and
129:The
1394:in
1177:128
1175:".
601:of
579:or
557:in
453:in
234:Col
1408::
1290:}}
1286:{{
1238:^
1206:^
1189::
1187:}}
1183:{{
1017:^
893:.
457:.
240:.
67:,
1353:)
1300:)
1200:)
1196:(
1171:"
901:.
585:(
567:(
115:)
110:2
106:1
103:+
101:8
97:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
