Government procurement

2349:, the European Court of Justice ruled that arrangements made by the Italian government to restrict contracts for the provision of services to develop data processing systems for Italian public authorities to companies "in which all or a majority of the shares directly or indirectly in public or State ownership", and to include the supply of computing equipment within the services contract, the government had failed to comply with its obligations under Council Directive 77/62/EEC of 21 December 1976 coordinating procedures for the award of public supply contracts, and failed to comply with the principles of freedom of establishment and freedom to provide services in the 3583:

not conducted appropriately. In that connection, the legal framework provides for the Independent Review Panels at National Level (National Independent Review Panel) and at District Level (Independent Review Panel at District Level). The Independent Review Panels are composed of members from the Private Sector, Civil Society and the Public Sector, and the members from the Public Sector cannot form the majority of members of the Panel. The Independent Review Panel at National Level is under the supervision of the Minister of Finance and Economic Planning whereas the Independent Review Panel at District Level is under the supervision of the District Council.

933:. The activities of public procurement and innovation intersect in three specific areas: public procurement for innovation, public procurement of innovation, and innovative public procurement. First, multiple studies have established that public procurement for innovation is a viable and efficient tool to stimulate innovation as a demand - side tool in the innovation policy mix. Second, public procurement may also be used to innovate the public sector itself (public procurement of innovation), through the inclusion of "innovativeness" as a procurement goal (often as a secondary criterion). Third, novel procurement approaches (such as 1465:, 1st , April, 2021. There are different rules regulating procurement of public services, as Law nº 8.987, 13 February 1995 (Concession and Permission of Public Services); Law nº 12.462, 4 August 2011 (Differentiated Procurement – RDC in Portuguese) and Law nº 10.520, 17 July 2002, which deals with a reverse auction. In the internet field (e-procurement) there are executive orders (Decretos) which regulate public procurement, such as Decree nº 5.450, 31 May 2005 and Decree nº 7.982, 23 January 2013: the latter regulates procedures for specific situations of sharing acquisitions of goods or under portioned delivering. 3408:, ranked New Zealand as the top country for Government Procurement Effectiveness. The procurement indicator was a new addition to this index, not present in the previous 2017 index. The indicator covered both procurement systems and procurement practices. The report authors identified that New Zealand's excellence lay in "the extent of e-procurement functions within its overall procurement system; the role of its central purchasing body; and the extent to which policies are in place to enable small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) to take part in central government procurement". 3575:, the public procurement process is managed on a daily basis by an autonomous organ, the Rwanda Public Procurement Authority (RPPA), which operates under the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MINECOFIN). Public procurement is regulated by the Law N°12/2007 of 27 March 2007 on public procurement which was modified and complemented by the Law N°05/2013 of 13 February 2013. The law is implemented by a Ministerial Order N°001/14/10/TC of 19 February 2014 establishing Regulations on Public Procurement, Standard Bidding Documents and Standard Contracts. 1094:

personal interests of the public officials are not the same as the interests of the public. The vulnerability of public buyers to private subversion has led every country to restrict the discretion of procuring entities in what they buy and pay. But while the regulation of the private sector empowers public officials and enables them to extract bribes in exchange for regulatory relief, the regulation of government constrains public officials. Public procurement regulations reduce the discretion of buyers, typically with the intent of reducing corruption.

8777: 834:, which account for large parts of government expenditure, and low value procurement. The GPA and EU procurement law allow for exceptions where public tendering would violate a country's essential security interests. Additionally, certain politically or economically sensitive sectors, such as public health, energy supply or public transport, may also be treated differently. Government procurement, is linked to economic growth, competition enhancement, policy achievement, and innovation promotion. 1565:

construction, repair, renovation or restoration of a work". For contracts above $ 25,000, tenders are published on the transparent Government Electronic Tendering Service (GETS). A non-competitive procurement process is only used in certain special circumstances. One such area of exception are security-related procurements. In that case the Defence Production Act applies, which allows using a special process and favouring domestic suppliers in acquiring defence supplies and conducting defence.

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funds) have the power to conduct directly their public procurement process. The main mission of RPPA is (1) to process the establishment and improvement of public procurement legal framework, (2) provide public procurement legal advisory services, (3) conduct audit and monitoring of public procurement activities carried out by procuring entities (tender award and contract management) and (4) build the capacity of public officials involved in public procurement activities.

3181:'s Decree on Procurement of Goods, Works, Maintenance and Services No. 03/PM, dated 9 January 2004, and the Implementing Rules and Regulations on Government Procurement of Goods, Works, Maintenance and Services No. 063/PM, dated 12 March 2004. Amendments were made to some of the articles of the Implementing Rules and the Decree by Update 0861/MOF of 5 May 2009. Procurement activities are overseen by the Procurement Monitoring Office (PrMO) within the Ministry of Finance. 3390: 62: 3870:, which applies to all supply, works and services purchasing undertaken by the federal government and the federal ministries and governmental agencies (except the Ministry of Defence), and also to independent federal entities such as the General Authority for Civil Aviation, Emirates Real Estate Corporation, FEWA, ESCA, Insurance Authority, Emirates Post Group Holding, National Transport Authority, Telecommunications Regulatory Authority, 727:. The public sector picks the most capable nonprofit or for-profit organizations available to issue the desired good or service to the taxpayers. This produces competition within the private sector to gain these contracts that then reward the organizations that can supply more cost-effective and quality goods and services. Some contracts also have specific clauses to promote working with minority-led, women-owned businesses and/or 1090:; companies have much to gain from bribing public officials to obtain these procurements. In societies where corruption is endemic and enforcement is low, public officials are incentivized to accept bribes due to either necessity or greed. Academic research shows that discretion in procurement decisions is beneficial in countries with a high level of human capital, but is detrimental in low-human capital jurisdictions. 1996:, Defence Resources Agency and Estonian War Museum is organised by the Estonian Centre for Defence Investment, whose purpose is "to carry out procurement activities through ... professional-quality procurement and to use dedicated funds sparingly and prudently". The Centre for Defence Investment was established by the decree of the Minister of Defence on 9 November 2015 and became operational on 1 January 2017. 2426:(MDDI). This department is responsible for the regulatory framework, drafting relevant legislation and monitoring its implementation, and also for representing the Luxembourgish authorities in the field of public procurement. A Tender Commission with members drawn from contracting authorities, chambers of commerce and small business sectors undertakes a consultative role in relation to public procurement. 1886:

governed by the Act on Public-Private Partnerships. Two key Croatian institutions are the Public Procurement Office and the Public Procurement Supervisory Commission, established in 2001, now (since 2013) the State Commission for Supervision of Public Procurement (DKOM). The State Commission is an independent quasi-judicial body with nine members appointed by the

1048:, the commission has adopted its communication on public procurement for a better environment, where proposes a political target of 50% Green public procurement to be reached by the Member States by 2010. The European Commission has recommended GPP criteria for 21 product/service groups which may be used by any public authority in Europe. 2471:(Regulation 64), a Departmental Contracts Committee for each contracting authority, and in each Ministry a Ministerial Procurement Unit (Regulation 79). Under regulation 80 a Public Contracts Review Board is established. The Commercial Sanctions Tribunal (Regulation 95) is appointed to hear and determine issues relating to the 2122:, abbreviated BMWi) is responsible for defining laws and principles regarding public procurement. In 2016 Germany transposed the new EU Directives of 2014 into domestic law. Thereby, processes and contracts in public procurement have become easier and more flexible. The Act against Restraints of Competition – Part IV (German: 3330:'s National Commission for Public Procurement (CNCP) was established "to oversee public procurement, control public spending and guarantee the principles of transparency and parity in the development and execution of contracts between competitors", with a role also in handling complaints regarding procurement actions. 2670:, which found that the LCSP "gave contracting authorities a wide, almost unlimited, power to modify essential terms of public contracts after award, in a manner which was not in line with the principles of equal treatment between bidders, non-discrimination and transparency set out in EU public procurement rules". 2837:, whose tasks are to ensure that competitive bidding takes place for public contracts and to promulgate effective procurement controls in government administration. The commission was established by the Decree of 3 December 2004. The CNMP publishes lists of awarded public contracts. According to the website 3582:

The public procurement system in Rwanda is governed by 6 fundamental principles namely (1) transparency, (2) competition,(3) economy, (4) efficiency, (5) fairness and (6) accountability. In the national system, bidders have the right to appeal against public procurement procedures they may think were

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Until 1996, Jamaica operated a centralised procurement system coordinated by the Central Supply Division of the Ministry of Finance, and procurement activity was regulated by the Financial Administration (Supplies) Regulations 1963 supplemented by directives from the Ministry of Finance. The Ministry

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is responsible for public procurement policy, drafting the law, providing supervision and consultancy, and maintains a central Public Procurement Register. The current legislation is the Public Procurement Act of 2017, which came into effect on 1 September 2017, and which operates in conjunction with

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foresees two award criteria, namely the lowest price criterion or economically most advantageous offer criterion. In terms of contractual forms, the relationship between contracting authority and economic operator can be regulated by a public supply contract, framework agreement or dynamic purchasing

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In general, bids must be solicited by the procuring department unless estimated expenditure does not exceed $ 25,000, or $ 100,000 "where the contract is for the acquisition of architectural, engineering and other services required in respect of the planning, design, preparation or supervision of the

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Decree N° 2003-269/PRES/PM/MEF of May 2003 on the general regulations governing public procurement instituted a new public contracts code which extended the scope of public contracting and provided for improvements in transparency in procurement procedures. Appeals from bidders regarding the contract

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Centralized purchasing means awarding procurement contracts on behalf of one or more procuring entities. This method has been used to gain various benefits emerging from demand aggregation. Centralized procurement can be done by ordinary contracting authorities or established central purchasing body.

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The approach to resolving procurement-related complaints has the capacity to promptly respond to any concerns during the procurement process. There is a standstill period -a pause between identifying who should win the contract and actually awarding them the contract- so that other bidders can voice

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Needs and risks of a project are analyzed through a Project Procurement Strategy for Development (PPSD). This analysis enables the borrower to have a strategy on how best to engage with bidders. The analysis ensures that procurement processes are fit for purpose, allow choice, and are appropriate to

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on 6 May 2019 and its request was accepted by the WTO Committee on Government Procurement on 26 June 2019, the Philippines confirming that "its government was ... taking steps to create a transparent, open and fair procurement system, founded on a sound legal framework, which includes initiatives to

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which was established by the Public Procurement Regulatory Authority Ordinance of May 2002. The PPRA is responsible for issuing regulations and procedures for public procurement undertaken by federal level public sector organisations. Its brief is to improve the governance, management, transparency,

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Purchasers of certain common goods or services are required to use "All-of-Government contracts" (AoG) established by the Government Procurement Branch, overseen by the Procurement Functional Leader and managed by appointed procurement Centres of Expertise. Where a public agency wishes to opt out of

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is overseen by the Public Procurement Directorate within the Ministry of Public Administration. The Slovenian Public Procurement Act, the ZJN-3, came into force on 1 April 2016, and covers both public sector and utilities procurement, implementing Directives 2014/24/EU and 2014/25/EU in one piece of

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The Administrative Procedural Code, established under decree-law 4/2015 (7 January 2015) also provides for general procedures on administrative matters and the Procedural Code of the Administrative Courts established by Law no. 15/2002 (22 February 2002), amended by Decree-Law 214-G/2015, stipulates

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is governed by the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation No.649/2009, which replaced the proclamation on Procedures of Public Procurement and Establishing its Supervisory Agency, Proclamation No. 430/2005. The Public Procurement and Property Administration

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One issue of public procurement is the inability of governments to measure economic productivity, because as the size of public procurement systems substantially grows, so do their complexity and influence. Public procurement is heavily embedded in all forms of public sector goods and services, from

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Apostolic Letter issued “Motu Proprio” of the Supreme Pontiff Francis modifying the Motu Proprio “On transparency, control and competition in the procedures for awarding public contracts of the Holy See and Vatican City State” of 19 May 2020, and the related “Rules” and “Jurisdictional Protection”,

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to ensure the application of fair, competitive, transparent, non-discriminatory and value for money procurement standards and practices; set standards for the public procurement systems in United Republic of Tanzania; monitor compliance of procuring entities; and build, in collaboration with Public

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Government procurement involves a high risk of corruption, collusion and unwanted favoritism. An important role in this has the great size of financial turnover and the complexity of many procurement processes in which businesses interact very closely with politicians and civil servants. Often the

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Under many jurisdictions, there are certain thresholds in value which oblige procurers to publish tender details and information on contracts awarded and expenditure incurred, and to follow specific procurement procedures. Greater transparency and regulatory compliance are incurred at higher levels

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public procurement law was formerly set out in the Government Procurement Act (approved by Legislative Decree No. 1017) and the Regulation of the Government Procurement Act (approved by Supreme Decree No. 184-2008-EF), which were replaced by a new Government Procurement Act (Law N° 30225) in 2014.

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by the European Commission in 2014 because the legislation divided companies into bandings with a maximum and minimum budget range. This process meant that companies were not able to bid for work outside their financial banding, even though (for projects of a lower value) they had the economic and

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based on the EU Procurement Directives was enacted in 2001, but a revised legal structure for public procurement was put in place with the Public Procurement Act of 2012, and this was superseded by the Public Procurement Act of 2016, effective 1 January 2017. Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are

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issued on 18 April 2017 for general public procurement, 18 June 2017 for procurement in the water, energy, transport and postal services sectors, 22 June 2017 containing new rules on the performance of public works contracts and concession contracts for public works and 25 June 2017, for the award

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legislation on public procurement is set out in the Act of 17 June 2016 implementing the 2014 EU procurement directives. The Laws of 17 June 2016 on public procurement and on concession contracts, and the Law of 16 February 2017 on remedies, failed to meet the EU's transposition deadline (18 April

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since the 1970s in order to guarantee transparency and non-discrimination of EU companies in government procurement in all member states. EU laws apply only to tenders that exceed certain thresholds in value. These thresholds vary depending on the area the contract is for and if the procurement is

791:, e.g. national defense or public infrastructure. Public goods are non-rival and non-excludable, which means that one individual's consumption does not diminish the quantity or quality of the commodity available to others, and individuals cannot be prevented from freely consuming the commodity, or 3629:

The Regulation on Mandatory Elements of Tender Documents in Public Procurement Procedures and Way to Prove Fulfilment of Requirements prescribes a model contract as a mandatory element of every set of tender documents, except when a negotiated procedure is being conducted or where a loan is being

2915:, their institutions and other public entities" and to "associations formed by one or more of such authorities". An independent Public Procurement Complaints Commission has power to investigate complaints and may declare a contract "ineffective" if its award was not compliant with the legislation. 2745:

is undertaken and overseen by the Public Procurement Authority of Ghana. The Public Procurement Board is the central body for policy formulation on procurement. The existing Public Procurement Act 2003 (Act 663) was amended by the Public Procurement (Amendment) Act 2016 (Act 914), which came into

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is responsible for the preparation of legislation concerning public procurement. The Finnish Competition and Consumer Authority (FCCA) oversees public procurement: section 139 of the Act on Public Procurement and Concession Contracts mandates the FCCA to supervise compliance with public contracts

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Article 51 of the Royal Decree of 18 April 2017 includes a "revolving door mechanism", which targets the situation where a person previously working for a contracting authority is now being employed by an economic operator involved in a public procurement procedure established by that contracting

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is regulated by a number of different laws with different procedures depending on the importance and the value of the procurement. The most important law about government procurement which contains basic rules of public procurements and administrative contracts was the Law nº 8.666, 21 June 1993,

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functions like a cooperative owned by its 189 member countries. Its own procurement activities are handled at a corporate level, and its Procurement Framework, approved in July 2015 and operational since July 2016, applies to projects and programmes which are supported with World Bank funds. The

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on 29 August 2011, promulgated by the President of the Republic of Kosovo with decree No.DL-032-2011 on 31 August 2011, and published in the official Gazette of the Republic of Kosovo No.18 on 18 September 2011. The amended Public Procurement Law (2017) gives preference to local bidders when the

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Procurement Office was established under Section 4 of the Fiji Procurement Regulations 2010 and commenced operations on 1 August 2010. The establishment of the Office and the new Fiji Procurement Regulations were a direct result of the re-organisation of the Government Supplies Department by the

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in its study of administrative capacity in the EU had described the public procurement system in the country as "singularly complex, ... being dispersed among as many as 400 laws, regulations, and presidential decrees". Public contract notices are published in the Central Electronic Registry for

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Government procurement in Bulgaria is a critical area in corruption risk. Public procurement contracts have been awarded to a handful of companies amid widespread irregularities, procedure violations and tailor-made selection or award criteria. The Bulgarian public procurement portal reported in

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preparation of project-proposals for public procurement regulations, public auctions and those in the field of concessions/public private partnerships, preparation of Standard Tender Documents and issuing the necessary instructions in order to assist the contracting authorities undertaking these

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is an executive authority in charge of coordination of procurement of goods, works and services for public funds. The Law "On public procurement" is one of the core legislative bases of the procurement regulations. It made electronic public procurement procedures and use of e-procurement system

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Rwanda has a decentralized public procurement system whereby procuring entities (central government organs, local government entities, government projects, commissions, public institutions, parastatals, agencies or any other government entity charged by the Chief Budget Manager to manage public

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From 1994, article 10(1bis) of Law No 109 on public works stated that multiple undertakings where there was a relationship of control (such as between a company and a subsidiary) could not take part in the same tendering procedure. However, because the "prohibition on simultaneous and competing

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For public procurement below the EU thresholds there are different regulations. At the federal level national budgetary law applies while the 16 federal German states and some municipalities have their own public procurement laws and regulations. This decentralized system reflects the political

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is governed by Law No. 20/10 of 7 September 2010, the Public Procurement Law, and Law No. 2/2011 on Public-Private Partnerships in Angola. The Public Procurement Law repealed Law No. 7/96 of 16 February 1996 and Decree No. 40/05 of 8 June 2005. Public expenditure, the provision of services, the

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is governed by the Public Procurement Act. The Public Procurement and Concessions Commission (PPCC) was established in 2005 to "regulate all forms of Public Procurement and Concessions and provide for institutional structures for public procurement and concessions". The PPCC operates an online

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is responsible for the Government Procurement Rules, Government Rules of Sourcing and Principles of Government Procurement. The aim of the Government Rules of Sourcing is to "support good practice for procurement planning, approaching the supplier community and contracting". The 66 rules were

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Value for Money is a core procurement principle in all procurements financed by the World Bank. This means the focus is on bids that provide the best overall value for money, taking into account quality, cost, and other factors as needed, rather than a focus on the lowest evaluated compliant

3735:(1) When an organ of state in the national, provincial or local sphere of Government, or any other institution identified in national legislation, contracts for goods or services, it must do so in accordance with a system which is fair, equitable, transparent, competitive and cost effective. 2365:

is regulated by the Public Procurement Law, effective 1 March 2017, and the Law on the Procurement of Public Service Providers, which came into effect on 1 April 2017. These laws transpose the EU procurement directives; one additional legal provision is that for supplier selection purposes,

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Competition is a key component of public procurement which affects the outcomes of the whole process. There is a great amount of competition over public procurements because of the massive amount of money that flows through these systems; It is estimated that approximately eleven trillion

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in government procurement: the Law requires Serbia's Public Procurement Office, which oversees procurement, to draft a plan for combating corruption in public procurement procedures, and contracting authorities with an estimated annual value of public procurement in excess of one billion

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The Act on Electronic Auctions and Dynamic Purchasing Systems of 17 June 2011, which entered into force on 1 October 2011, introduced new procurement procedures, whereby documents relating to procurement would be sent and received exclusively online. This legislation included the use of

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Transposition of the 2014 EU public procurement directive into Finnish law was delayed after the deadline (18 April 2016) with the consequence that some aspects of the directive were directly applicable from April 2016 until the new Finnish legislation was in place from 1 January 2017.

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POČAROVSKÁ, A. (2018) The Aspects of Collaborative Procurement: Centralization, Scope and Different Market Structures. Master thesis. Prague: Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of Economic Studies. Supervisor, 2017. 74 pages. PhDr. Mgr. Jana Guitiérrez

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legislation governing public procurement. These two laws of 2016, along with earlier reforms introduced under Law 4281/2014 on public procurement law, have radically simplified the previously complex legal regime, repealing numerous previous laws. The European Commission's profile for

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legislation and to provide 'administrative guidance' or if necessary to issue a caution to a non-compliant public authority. The Market Court operates as a specialist court handling public procurement cases. The Market Court's rulings in public procurement cases can be appealed to the

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for a five-year term and accountable to the Croatian Parliament for its work. The High Administrative Court of the Republic of Croatia has jurisdiction over the State Commission in relation to disputes concerning procedure, but there is no right of appeal against Commission decisions.

3961:. Public announcements of awards allow for several exemptions, including contracts less than $ 3.5 million. Historically, the procurement data has been criticized for deficiencies leading to a number of reforms. In 2013, eight legacy databases were merged into a single system called " 1169:

health care to road maintenance, thus making it difficult for the government to monitor the impacts, positive or negative. Monitoring public spending and its impact is important to reform public procurement, especially when pending economic instability calls for proactive responses.

1556:(FedAA): this law amended the Department of Public Works and Government Services Act 1996, creating the position of "Procurement Ombudsman" (called the "Procurement Auditor" in the original bill). The Procurement Ombudsman delivers an annual report on their work and findings to the 2385:

oversees public procurement. A deposit for filing a review application with the Procurement Monitoring Office must be paid, calculated as 0.5% of the estimated contract value, but no more than €15,000 for construction work contracts or €840 for supply and public service contracts.

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of 1978, "central planning has started to give way to market forces". Researchers Ping Wang and Xinglin Zhang suggest that for comparative law purposes, it only makes sense to speak of "government procurement" or "public procurement" after the implementation of the 1978 reforms.

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Government. All of the public sector's invitations for quotations and tenders (except for security-sensitive contracts) are posted on GeBIZ. Suppliers can search for government procurement opportunities, retrieve relevant procurement documentations and submit their bids online.

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is governed by the Public Procurement Act No. 12 of 2008 and the Public Procurement Regulations of 2011. Prior to 2008, public procurement was governed by the Zambia National Tender Board Act, Act No. 30 of 1982. The CEO of the Zambia National Tender Board is appointed by the

2719:. The main functions of the Fiji Procurement Office are to regulate and administer the procurement of goods, service and works for the government. The Government Tender Board is "constituted with authority to approve all procurement of goods, services and works valued at 3903:

At around £290 billion every year, public sector procurement accounts for around a third of all public expenditure in the UK. EU-based laws continue to apply to government procurement, where procurement is governed by the Public Contracts Regulations 2015, Part 3 of the

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The discussed advantage is an administrative costs reduction again as tender procedure do not have to be duplicated for agreed period of time. On the other hand, the term "Winner's curse" is associated with framework agreement as there is a price uncertainty in time.

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is overseen by the Public Procurement Commission, appointed under the Public Procurement Commission Act 2003. Due to lengthy delay in identifying and agreeing commission members, the commission was not appointed until 2016. The PPC is based in the Queenstown area of

963:– Key objective of centralized procurement is preventing duplication of some procedures. Contracting units can reduce their transaction costs in cooperating with other entities. This aspect is often considered as most relevant argument for procurement centralization. 1985:

the Public Information Act of 2000, which regulates the publication of "information concerning public procurements which are being organised or have been organised by the state or local governments". Disputes are handled by the Public Procurements Appeal Committee.

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reports that businesses "occasionally complain about problems in the technical and financial criteria of contracts, resulting in biased and distorted competition" and that "improper implementation of public procurement procedures" has also been noted as a problem.

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In some cases, if a nation is extremely impoverished, it may not have the necessary funds or a large enough private sector to even procure companies to issue the goods or services to the people. Thus, omitting public procurement as a potential governing practice.

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Public procurement is based on the idea that governments should direct their society while giving the private sector the freedom to decide the best practices to produce the desired goods and services. One benefit of public procurement is its ability to cultivate

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SEIDL, Pavel. Veřejné zakázky se zaměřením na ICT. Praha, 2017. 60 s. Diplomová práce (Mgr.) Univerzita Karlova, Fakulta sociálních věd, Institut sociologických studií. Katedra veřejné a sociální politiky. Vedoucí diplomové práce Prof. PhDr. František Ochrana,

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government has issued an "instruction" concerned with inclusion of social and environmental criteria in procurement decision-making. The region's government aims to promote the economic, social and environmental sustainability of the Basque Country through its

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on 29 June 2002, is the primary legislation in China. The "Implementing Regulations of the Government Procurement Law", which supplement and clarify the Law, came into effect on 1 March 2015. Regulations on military procurement are formulated separately by the

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by the Public Procurement Regulations, S.L.174.04, 28 October 2016. These regulations also create the Office of the Director of Contracts (Regulation 10), who is responsible generally for the regulation and administration of public procurement procedures in

1444:'s assent on 5 January 1994. The Act provided for the establishment of the Office of the Contractor-General. The Contractor-General is an independent, non-political appointment made by the Governor-General acting on the recommendations of both Houses of the 2212:

Public Procurement Authority was established by Act XL of 1995 and the current Public Procurement Act (Act CXLIII of 2015) entered into force on 1 November 2015, implementing the 2014 EU procurement directives. The objectives of the 2015 legislation are:

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can be defined as dishonestly obtaining an advantage, avoiding an obligation or causing a loss to public property or various means during procurement process by public servants, contractors or any other person involved in the procurement. An example is a

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verification of the implementation of public procurement, concessions and public auction procedures after the phase of contract signature and in case of infringements of the legal and sublegal provisions, penalizes with fines or proposes administrative

3065:, and the Public Sector Procurement Policy of November 2010 reflects "the government's ... strategy to further reform the public procurement system that is aligned to international best practices and promote fair competition for government contracts". 869:. This trend has affected government procurement for its significant share in public spending. Therefore, various purchasing strategies have been implemented to increase quality and to decrease cost of government procurement. These strategies include 957:– Higher procurement value coming from demand aggregation can increase buyers bargaining power and decrease final price. Moreover, higher value can attract more companies to bid in the tender, increased competition might lead to better price as well. 3769:

The Public Finance Management Act 1999 also refers to the duty of the Accounting Officer of a department to have and to maintain an appropriate procurement and supply system which is "fair, equitable, transparent, competitive and cost effective".

7403: 1480:(ARCOP), established in July 2008, is the regulatory oversight body which ensures fairness in government procurement processes. Its role is to monitor the execution of all government contracts and it may impose sanctions, initiate lawsuits, and 3137:, is responsible for "the overall development, operation and supervision of the public procurement system in Kosova", subject to regulations imposed by Public Procurement Law of Kosovo No.04/L-042 of 2011. Law No.04/L-042 was approved by the 1730:

Competitive dialogue: if it is not possible to define technical specifications at the beginning, a competitive dialogue with at least three companies is started after which tenders can be submitted. This procedure is applied for complex

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done by a central government or by other public authorities (e.g. municipal government). National laws are applied for tenders below these threshold values. Relevant EU Directives regarding government procurement currently in force are

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to support a "Public Financial Management and Statistics Capacity Building Project". The government has stated that it intends to use part of this funding to appoint a consultant to draft a Public Procurement Law and related documents.

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takes place on the basis of open tenders. Participants in a tendering procedure must hold a valid business license and must be registered with the Suriname Chamber of Commerce and Industry (KKF). Suriname is not a signatory to the WTO

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Federal Law N44-ФЗ of 5 April 2013 requires all federal, regional and municipal government customers to publish all information about government tenders, auctions and other purchase procedures on special public government websites.

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Agency advises the federal government on "all public procurement and property administration policies, principles and implementation" and provides "technical assistance to the regional governments and city administrations".

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Centralized procurement is regulated by local legislation. For instance, directives 2004/17/EC and 2004/18/EC are dealing with this issue in the EU. Commonly mentioned benefits of procurement centralization are as follows:

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Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2170 of 24 November 2015 amending Directive 2014/24/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council in respect of the application thresholds for the procedures for the award of

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require public procurement to promote accessibility. This means buying products and technology that have accessibility features built in to promote access for the around 1 billion people worldwide who have disabilities.

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is regulated by the Law "On Public Procurements" dated 3 April 2015, No. 72; the republic refers to the principles of publicity, openness, legality, and impartiality as critical in relation to suppliers (contractors).

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Soylu, Ahmet; Corcho, Oscar; Elvesæter, Brian; Badenes-Olmedo, Carlos; Martínez, Francisco Yedro; Kovacic, Matej; Posinkovic, Matej; Makgill, Ian; Taggart, Chris; Simperl, Elena; Lech, Till C.; Roman, Dumitru (2020).

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monitoring the progress of the public procurement system, and the implementation of measures and activities in order to achieve and maintain a completely transparent and efficient system of concessions/public private

2841:, "despite the CNMP's efforts, major public procurement contracts, notably those involving the state electric company EDH, are routinely awarded in a non-competitive fashion", providing significant opportunities for 1933:

was accused of alleged financial irregularities, and accusations from members of the public and from the opposition that he had promoted his own companies relation to government procurement opportunities triggered a

3264:. Article 134 is implemented by the Law of Public Sector Acquisitions, Leasing and Services ("Acquisition Law") and the Law of Public Works and Related Services ("Public Work Law"). At a local level, each of the 31 817:

In order to provide public and merit goods, the government has to buy input factors from private companies, e.g. police cars, school buildings, uniforms etc. This process is called government or public procurement.

3633:

In 2016, the EU funded a programme of support for "further improvement of Public Procurement system in Serbia", as part of the EU's pre-accession assistance programme. There is no current target date for Serbia to

3378:

initially introduced in 2013. The principles apply to all governmental procurement activity but the rules only apply to projects or purchases exceeding $ 100,000 or construction projects valued over $ 10 million.

2246:

is governed by the European Communities (Award of Public Authorities' Contracts) Regulations 2006 and the European Communities (Public Authorities' Contracts) (Review Procedures) Regulations 2010. As of 2022, the

2301:

participation in the same tendering procedure" did not allow undertakings the opportunity to demonstrate that the relationship did not impact on the tendering procedure, the European Court of Justice stated in

2188:, provides Greek contracting authorities with "specialised and prompt legal advisory support on awarding public works and technical services contracts falling within the scope of EU Law on Public Procurement". 1121:

Submission of false or inflated invoices for services and products that are not delivered or work that is never done. "Shadow vendors", shell companies that are set up and used for billing, may be used in such

2248: 2938:

are governed various Public Procurement Orders and the General Financial Rule. Public Procurement Orders and the General Financial Rule are primarily been taken care of by the Public Procurement Section of

2813:. The National Procurement and Tender Administration of Guyana (NPTA), established under section 16(1) of the Procurement Act 2003, undertakes administrative processes for high value governmental tenders. 2158:

Germany's federal decree on contracts for workshops for the disabled (10 May 2005) requires German federal contracting authorities to set aside part of their budgets for contracts which can be awarded to

7099: 6871: 1644:

as "obsolete". In 2022 the World Bank proposed a draft law on public procurement and contracts which is intended to address some of the recognised weaknesses in the country's procedures and regulations.

1300:(ASG), being responsible for the procurement of all construction, goods, and services including the management, control, warehousing, and sale of stores/inventory commodities contained in its warehouse. 6295: 3467:

accountability and quality of Pakistan's public procurement. The PPRA also monitors other public sector agencies' procurement activity. The PPRA Board consists of six ministerial appointments from

3069:

of Finance and the Public Service is now responsible for oversight of procurement policy. A Procurement Policy Implementation Unit was established within the Ministry of Finance in September 1999.

2015:

Act on Public Contracts by Contracting Authorities in the Water, Energy, Transport and Postal Services Sectors (Act no. 1398 of 2016, also known as the 'Act on public contracts in special sectors')

1873:

authorised amendments to procurement legislation to allow continued construction of the fence without launching a public procurement procedure "because of the need to safeguard national security".

2281:: Ministero delle infrastrutture e dei trasporti). The code was reformed in 2016 to implement the new EU directives of 2014 into domestic Italian law. In addition to the code, guidelines from the 8535: 6697: 2440:

The EU 2014 Directives on public procurement and utilities procurement were implemented by the Law of 8 April 2018 on public procurement, which was published in the Luxembourg official Gazette (

1018:

is another method for aggregation of demand. It is a type of two-stage bid tendering procedure, that establishes incomplete contracts awards with one or more suppliers for given period of time.

2155:

decentralization in Germany. However, sub-national level procurement regulations often take national regulations as examples and also ensure competition, non-discrimination, and transparency.

913:

stands for replacing various phases of public procurement with electronic means. Purpose of using e-tools is reducing administrative costs by automation. E-procurement can also mitigate some

8785: 2316:(AVCP) (2006–2014) acted as supervisory authorities overseeing public works procurement, and later covering public procurement more generally. In 2014 this function was transferred to ANAC. 2135:, abbreviated VgV) regulate procurement above EU thresholds. Detailed procedures are specified in further regulations, e.g. the Procurement Regulation for Public Works (German abbreviation: 1807:

to the State Printing House without a competitive procurement process. The European Commission challenged this practice as not compliant with the public procurement directives and issued a

3626:. The role of the Republic Commission for the Protection of Rights in Public Procurement Procedures, established in 2002, is to protect the rights of bidders during procurement exercises. 3382:

the use of an AoG contract it must obtain the approval of approval the Procurement Functional Leader: if the agency and the Procurement Functional Leader fail to agree on an opt-out, the

3232:

is subject to the Public Finance Law (Law No. 3/2006) and chapter 10 of the Public Finance Regulation. The approval of the National Tender Board is required before contracts in excess of

1247:

The Public Procurement Commission (PPC in English, KPP in Albanian) is a quasi-judicial state body with responsibility for providing legal protection in relation to public procurement.

3821:

is overseen by the country's Public Procurement Regulatory Authority (PPRA), which was established under the terms of the Public Procurement Act in 2004. The objectives of the PPRA are

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when above the threshold values, and a public register of final beneficiaries of companies that win public sector contracts is maintained. The Public Procurement Regulatory Authority (

1519:. Public procurement is guided by the principles of fairness, transparency, openness, and non-discrimination and complies with all international agreements that Canada is a member of ( 8623: 1534:, and various bilateral FTAs). Foreign suppliers from member nations to these agreements can bid on Canadian government procurements and are treated the same as domestic suppliers. 3149: 1111:, whereby a dishonest agent of the supplier pays a dishonest agent of the purchaser to select the supplier's bid, often at an inflated price. Other frauds in procurement include: 4043:

The World Bank is more involved in contract management of procurements with high value and high risk to ensure the best possible outcomes and that problems are resolved quickly.

3983: 2940: 2776:

In 2012 the European Commission raised a concern regarding the United Kingdom's incomplete transposition of the Defence and Security Public Contracts Regulations 2011 into law.

2289:, abbreviated ANAC) and decrees from various ministries also apply to public procurement. Most public procurement on a national level is administered by the state-owned company 3586:

In order to make the procurement sector a profession in Rwanda, there is an Association of Procurement Professionals which was established by the Law N°011/2016 of 2 May 2016.

1000:

of expenditure. For example, the GPA applies to the letting of "any procurement contract with a value that reaches or exceeds the amounts ('thresholds') set in the Agreement".

6483: 3945:

Government procurement and government contracting by public authorities in the United States accounts for about US$ 7 trillion annually; the central purchasing agency is the

8377:, Report to Council on the Bid-Rigging Recommendation, Contribution from Peru elaborated by Jean Sanchez and Yamilet Gallardo, members of the Economic Studies Management of 6001:

Engagement, Government of Canada, Public Works and Government Services Canada, Acquisitions Branch, Office of Small and Medium Enterprises and Strategic (12 November 2009).

1547: 5465: 1153:

is seeking to evaluate the effectiveness of Integrity Pacts in reducing corruption in 17 EU-funded projects in 11 Member States with a total value of over EUR 920 million.

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released a report criticizing the agency's lack of strategic sourcing. Because IT departments were spending autonomously, NASA spent $ 25.7 million on similar purchases.

1210:

Law No. 125/2013 "On concessions and public private partnership", as amended, which repealed the previous law "On concessions" (Law No. 9663, dated 18 December 2006), and

5902: 1898:, procurement procedures must be carried out by authorised representatives of the contracting authority, of whom at least one must hold a valid procurement certificate. 991:

Critics also mention that only some goods can be purchased centrally. Goods that are heterogeneous or they have many characteristics are not suitable for this strategy.

3045:, direct that a state or a government corporation may not enter into a contract with a particular foreign country or with a particular foreign supplier for reasons of 8299: 2319:

Decree No 34 of the President of the Republic of 25 January 2000 introduced earlier rules establishing a qualification system for persons who carry out public works.

1746:

The European Commission is working on further improving efficiency and transparency in government procurement in the EU with its current public procurement strategy.

1849:

September 2016 that since the beginning of 2016, "a total of 15,105 contracts were signed on the basis of public procurement orders". At the beginning of 2015, the

7083: 1371:, regulates procurement and undertakes procurement activity for the kingdom's public bodies. The Board was established in 2003 under the directives of His Majesty 984:

Procurement centralization might also negatively impact supply side. Higher procured values might require higher capacity of supplying company and it might create

973:

However, other centralization aspects are often criticized. Discussed drawbacks are often connected to the decentralization theorem stated by American economist

2423: 795:. Consequently, private markets cannot provide public goods. Instead the government provides those goods and finances them by raising taxes from all citizens. 7207: 7116: 6916: 6905: 6840: 6548: 6458: 6366: 3740:(2) Subsection (1) does not prevent the organs of state or institutions referred to in that subsection from implementing a procurement policy providing for – 3201:

is required "to take part in the negotiations and signing of contracts over US$ 250,000" and such contracts must "be attested to by the Ministry of Justice".

2520:

is the Dutch government's online tendering system, which all Dutch contracting authorities are obliged to use to publish their national and European tenders.

3763: 2026: 1935: 6528: 1499:" requirements (i.e. stipulations which require that foreign suppliers invest in local production or service facilities in order to be awarded a contract). 715:

estimated that public procurement made up about 15% of global GDP. Therefore, government procurement accounts for a substantial part of the global economy.

3839: 1811:

to Austria in 2014. As of December 2015 the Austrian government had taken no action to address this matter and the Commission referred Austria to the

2666:, known as the "LCSP") was substantially amended by a new Law 2/2011 on Sustainable Economy ("LES") following an infringement procedure undertaken by the 2136: 7182: 787:

Government procurement is necessary because governments cannot produce all the inputs for the goods they provide themselves. Governments usually provide

4864: 1507:

Public procurement in Canada is regulated on various governmental levels (federal, provincial, municipal). Most federal procurement is organized by the

6801:

Commission Recommendation on the professionalisation of public procurement - Building an architecture for the professionalisation of public procurement

6785: 3924: 3905: 2370:

tax debts are checked where tenderers are registered or permanently resident in Latvia. Public procurement opportunities are advertised on the Latvian

806:

which are rival and excludable and are therefore provided by private markets. Nevertheless, governments also provide merit goods because of reasons of

2446:) on 16 April 2018 and entered into force on 20 April 2018. Procurement in the defence and security sector is covered by the Law of 26 December 2012. 2144: 7044: 5787: 2437:) was recognised by the European Commission in 2008 as a good practice example working to facilitate SME access to public procurement opportunities. 1145:

has recommended their use in their 2019 Compendium of Good Practices for Promoting Integrity and Transparency in Infrastructure Development. A major

8140: 5848: 5009:

Liu, Tingting; Wilkinson, Suzanne (January 2014). "Large-scale public venue development and the application of Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs)".

2882:

Reglamento de la Ley de Compras Efficientes y Transparentes a través de Medios Electrónicos, whose purpose is to "develop" the law in decree 36-2013

2140: 1693:

Government procurement in the European Union accounts for more than EUR 2.2 trillion, or 14% of the EU GDP. It has been regulated and harmonized by

969:– Cooperation in purchasing can also result in sharing best procurement practices. Some central procurement bodies also perform research activities. 8428:

Law N°25/2011 of 30 June 2011 establishing the Rwanda Public Procurement Authority (RPPA) and determining its mission, organization and Functioning

8220: 6027: 4338: 2274: 2111: 1628:

or Timor-Leste is responsible for the oversight of government procurement. The Government uses the Timor-Leste eProcurement Portal for purchasing.

1557: 1277:

Decree No. 10-236 of 7 October 2010, supplemented and amended by Presidential Decree No. 12-23 of 18 January 2012, regulates public procurement in

7695: 7268: 6710: 6041: 3609:

Law on Public Procurement came into effect on 1 April 2013, replacing the previous legislation enacted in 2008. A particular concern for Serbia's

9025: 8233: 6723: 3374: 3296:

Montenegro joined the Agreement on Government Procurement in 2015 after approval was granted on 29 October 2014. Exclusions apply in respect of

1598: 1025:

All of these three procurement strategies are not mutually exclusive. So, framework agreements can be processed centrally through e-procurement.

8594: 2102:(DAE: State Purchasing Directorate) has "exclusive competence in matters regarding the strategy for professionalisation of public procurement". 9041: 5592: 4821:. Wagt, Maarten van der., Bas, Patrick de., Yagafarova, Anastasia., Vincze, Máté Péter., Strand, Ivar., Orderud, Pernille. Luxembourg: . 2014. 4387: 6314:, ECJ case C-454/06 re: pressetext Nachrichtenagentur GmbH v Republik Österreich (Bund), delivered on 13 March 2008, accessed 15 February 2024 8831: 7429: 7377: 6434: 5771: 6044:, EU Asia Inter University Network for Teaching and Research in Public Procurement Regulation, published December 2010, accessed 11 May 2019 5976: 5417: 6629: 3898: 3099:'s procurement opportunities are advertised on the Channel Islands Procurement Portal, which was launched in April 2008 and is shared with 1688: 1045: 2124: 1774:) powers. The Federal Procurement Office has the power to declare that a violation of procurement law has taken place but it cannot award 758:, the laws of most countries regulate government procurement to some extent. Laws usually require the procuring authority to issue public 6565: 6061: 5745: 3987: 3972: 3940: 3670:

criticised the state of government procurement in Singapore, identifying a number of irregularities in procurement procedures including:

2382: 2230:

Concession award procedures are also covered within the same legislation, and the fundamental principles set out in Act V of 2013 on the

2065: 1577:

public bodies acquired the goods and services they required in accordance with administratively directed transactions, whereas since the

885: 514: 8484:

Article 14 of the Law N°05/2013 OF 13 February 2013 modifying and complementing the Law N°12/2007 of 27 March 2007 on public procurement

3087:

The National Contracts Commission (NCC) was established in October 1999. Members of the NCC are also appointed by the Governor-General.

9003: 5126: 5041:. In Jeff Z. Pan; Valentina Tamma; Claudia d’Amato; Krzysztof Janowicz; Bo Fu; Axel Polleres; Oshani Seneviratne; Lalana Kagal (eds.). 3928: 2511: 2282: 1531: 8928: 7454: 7293: 6395: 6002: 5694: 4002:, which is responsible for setting purchasing policies and procedures, while responsibility for expenditure is devolved to individual 1240:

exclusion of economic operators from participation in public procurement, concessions or public auctions for a period of 1 to 3 years;

6156: 3635: 3432: 2944: 2234:, the "ultimate instrument relating to the operation of civil persons and economic organizations", also apply to public procurement. 2184:

The Public Procurement Monitoring Unit (PPMU), established in 1997, part of the Centre of International and European Economic Law in

2929: 1134:

Dividing requirements to qualify for small-purchase procedures to avoid scrutiny for contract review procedures of larger purchases.

7351: 6325:

Public procurement: Commission refers AUSTRIA to the Court of Justice of the EU over the direct award of security printing services

5532: 5293: 5189: 4242: 3659:

is responsible for the Government Procurement policy framework, which governs how government agencies undertake their procurement.

2770: 8750: 8153: 7656: 6684: 6353: 3986:

are active in procurement certification and training. A specialized program in procurement law in the United States is located at

2622:

is subject to the Law on Public Contracts, which came into effect in September 2015. Contract opportunities are advertised in the

8276: 7788: 7777: 7766: 7720: 5461: 3459: 2031: 1943: 1585:

The "Government Procurement Law of the People's Republic of China", adopted at the 28th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the

622: 8381:, the National Institute for the Defense of Free Competition and the Protection of Intellectual Property, accessed 24 March 2018 7144: 6967: 6875: 6798: 6666: 6222: 4402:"Productivity in Public Procurement - A Case Study of Finland: Measuring the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Public Procurement" 7698:, presented to 11th annual conference of the INGP, 28–30 October 2015, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, accessed 7 April 2019 5492: 4401: 3999: 3809:

has noted that the country has made a commitment to initiate accession to the agreement as part of its WTO accession protocol.

2627: 2375: 1508: 830:, services and supply contracts entered into by a public authority. However, there may be exceptions. These most notably cover 3868:

Cabinet Resolution No. 32 of 2014 on Federal Government Procurement Regulation and Storehouse Management in Federal Government

3757:(3) National legislation must prescribe a framework within which the policy referred to in subsection (2) must be implemented. 2422:, the main policy body for public procurement is the Public Procurement Directorate within the Public Works Department of the 8963: 7619:

Internal Market: Commission requests the United Kingdom to implement EU rules in the area of defence procurement in Gibraltar

5568: 5438: 5058: 4892: 4363: 4169: 3042: 2979: 2674: 1792: 1699: 675: 487: 125: 8636: 8312: 7985: 7306: 4006:

and administrations. Rules on "transparency, control and competition in the procedures for awarding public contracts of the

3878:. UAE Federal Decree No. 12 of the Deputy Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces (1986) applies to armed forces procurement. 2056:, which operates framework agreements and supports central government departments in Finland with public procurement tasks. 1787: 1243:

promotion and organisation of training for central and local government officials involved in public procurement activities.

4554:"Impact of the time limits for the receipt of tenders on the number of bidders: evidence from public procurement in Greece" 1395: 17: 3931:

supports UN procurement and publishes an annual analysis of the combined UN expenditure and key trends in UN procurement.

3889:

is not less than 51%, and to facilities which are financed by SMEs-supporting funds and governed by federal or local law.

8844: 7390: 4070: 3589:

Rwanda introduced an e-procurement system in 2016. For more information about Rwanda's e-procurement system please visit

3174: 1616:'s Ambassador to the WTO, submitted an application on the country's behalf to join the Government Procurement Agreement. 1591: 1527: 1523: 1352: 1338: 763: 3881:

Conditional preferential treatment is afforded under Resolution 32 to corporate suppliers whose capital does not exceed

8819: 8001: 7929: 3428: 2907:

to promote innovation and development in the public procurement of goods, labour and services. The law applies to "the

544: 462: 8502: 7280: 6786:

CGI selected by UGAP, France's national procurement agency, to bring its consulting and IT skills to the public sector

6641: 5719: 5039:"Enhancing Public Procurement in the European Union through Constructing and Exploiting an Integrated Knowledge Graph" 2475:

of persons unsuitable for the award of a public contract or to act as a sub-contractor to a public sector contractor.

1734:

Electronic auctions: companies that pass a pre-evaluation process can bid in electronic auctions for public contracts.

8246: 7960: 6197: 5326: 5263: 4970: 4826: 4633: 3806: 3762:

In Subsection (3), the previous words "may be implemented" were amended to "must be implemented" by section 6 of the

3526: 1640:, the procurement system introduced when the country became independent from Spain in 1968 has been described by the 1586: 1511:(PSPC) agency and is governed by their Code of Conduct of Procurement in combination with principles laid out in the 1348: 862: 527: 328: 120: 4867:, Memorandum for Chief Acquisition Officers, Chief Financial Officers, Chief Information Officers, published by the 3076:, was established in 1983 under the Contractor General Act of that year. The Contractor General is appointed by the 2994:, leading to the conviction of four company executives in 2014. The convictions also related to offences concerning 8950: 8178: 7334: 6545: 6141: 3851: 3802: 3787: 3554: 3541: 3479: 3285: 2975: 2269: 1383: 1326: 1263: 509: 8374: 7256: 6337: 3397:

New Zealand joined the Agreement on Government Procurement in 2015 after approval was granted on 29 October 2014.

2912: 9077: 9010:. The World Bank Group authorizes the use of this material subject to the terms and conditions on its website at 8101: 8088: 7905: 7493: 7070: 6890: 6525: 6408: 6235:

Decarolis, Francesco; Giorgiantonio, Cristina (2015). "Local public procurement regulations: The case of Italy".

5988: 5886: 5812: 4868: 3946: 3656: 2529: 1923: 258: 8403: 3826:

Procurement Policy Division and other relevant professional bodies, procurement capacity in the United Republic.

3750:(b) the protection or advancement of persons, or categories of persons, disadvantaged by unfair discrimination. 3013:

spends over £200 million each year on goods, works and services, promoting competition in procurement under the

2335: 4666: 4527: 4100: 4090: 4080: 3965:" (SAM), where companies interested in doing business with the federal government may register their interest. 3950: 3401: 938: 762:

if the value of the procurement exceeds a certain threshold. Government procurement is also the subject of the

8662: 8117: 7917: 3216:(EEA) and subject to Annex XVI (Procurement) to the EEA Agreement. The Annex provides that its references to 2792:

are advertised on the Channel Islands Procurement Portal, which was launched in April 2008 and is shared with

1714:

adopted in 2018 governs the procedures to be followed in acquiring goods and services for the EU's own needs.

1495:

has noted that Burkina Faso did not as of 2018 operate a "forced localization" policy and did not impose any "

8649: 7892: 6942:

Public procurement: Commission refers Greece to Court for non-compliance with EU rules in construction sector

6941: 6470: 4105: 3533: 3248:

is overseen by the Autorité de Régulation des Marchés Publics et des Délégations de Service Public, based in

3081: 3010: 2777: 1989: 1981: 1766:

is the contracting authority. The Federal Procurement Office is an example of decision-making body with both

1763: 1574: 1414: 1372: 1131:

Use of prequalification standards in specifications to unnecessarily exclude otherwise qualified contractors.

230: 8042: 7804: 7467: 7442:

Public procurement: Spain amends its legislation on public sector contracts following infringement procedure

7220: 6311: 5960: 5915: 3622:(8.9m Euros) to adopt an internal plan for preventing corruption. The Public Procurement Office is based in 3357:'s Procurement Management Unit is based within the Ministry of Finance & Public Enterprises, located in 1604:

China has observer status with regard to the Government Procurement Agreement and is negotiating accession.

9057: 8860: 8548: 4267: 3723: 3455: 3389: 3198: 3034: 1516: 1313:

leasing and acquisition of goods, and public works contracts regulated through the Public Procurement Law.

1297: 880:

A United States federal memorandum issued in 2005 created an expectation that the procurement, finance and

627: 499: 494: 180: 9022: 8475:

Article 4 of the Law N°12/2007 of 27 March 2207 on public procurement as modified and complemented to date

6980: 6270: 1462: 7416: 5657: 5418:"G20 Compendium of Good Practices for Promoting Integrity and Transparency in Infrastructure Development" 5233: 3962: 3882: 3818: 3383: 3112: 3077: 2948: 1422: 386: 308: 210: 8223:, Integrated Government Procurement Market Access Information (e-GPA) Portal, accessed 26 September 2022 7878: 7832: 5936: 3084:

resigned following reports of procurement breaches identified by the Contractor-General, Greg Christie.

7169: 5171: 4850: 3610: 1739: 1707: 1703: 1553: 1512: 1473: 1461:

which contained rules for public tenders and for restricted tenders. This law was succeeded by the law

1445: 1441: 549: 381: 323: 313: 245: 8808: 7233: 4489: 1840:

for a two-year period following the termination of his/her employment with the contracting authority.

988:

for small or medium companies. Consequently, it might lead to monopolizing public procurement market.

9082: 7707: 5644: 3663: 3269: 3145:

Kosovo is not a WTO member and is therefore not a signatory to the Government Procurement Agreement.

1812: 1440:. Government procurement is subject to the Contractor-General Act, No. 6 of 1993, which received the 1200: 668: 597: 554: 346: 220: 31: 8391: 5681: 5393: 4433: 8536:

Principal Legal Position no. 17 regarding Article 106 Paragraph 1 Point 5 of Public Procurement Law

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Sector-specific procurement regulations are also included in the Passenger Transport Act 2000. The

1951: 1854: 1662: 564: 559: 318: 240: 7618: 7544: 6169: 8781: 8776: 8416: 8338: 8207: 8191: 6091: 5085: 3667: 2987: 2793: 2468: 2171:

Law 4412/2016 on public procurement and Law 4413/2016 on concessions are the main instruments of

2012:

Act on Public Contracts and Concession Contracts (Act no. 1397 of 2016, effective 1 January 2017)

1993: 1578: 1039: 788: 642: 95: 9011: 8730: 7736: 6116: 5860: 3446:

has ratified the Government Procurement Agreement and accedes to membership on 30 October 2023.

3220:

do not apply to Liechtenstein, but equivalent standards on labour conditions are to be applied.

2223:

to enhance the access of local small and medium-sized enterprises to procurement procedures; and

703:

for themselves or the taxpayers. In 2019, public procurement accounted for approximately 12% of

6059:

The Government Procurement Law of the People's Republic of China (Order of the President No.68)

4075: 3698: 3468: 3213: 3178: 2854: 2196: 1492: 1488:

award process are heard by a Standing Committee on the Amicable Settlement of Disputes (CRAL).

1251: 728: 704: 617: 569: 7245: 7014: 6993: 6654: 6058: 4449:"Connecting demand and supply: The role of intermediation in public procurement of innovation" 3041:

Constitution, Law and Justice Committee. The government may, with the approval of the Knesset

1724:

Restricted procedure: only companies that have been preselected are allowed to submit a tender

1347:'s procurement activity is governed by the Commonwealth Procurement Rules and overseen by the 8797: 7018: 6997: 5972: 4420: 4332: 3498: 3354: 3327: 3058: 2908: 2395: 2323: 1828: 1771: 1654: 1407: 1344: 978: 592: 587: 474: 404: 235: 6617: 6604: 5351: 2857:

is overseen by the National Office of Contracting and Procurement of the State of Honduras (

2690:

The Swedish Competition Authority is responsible for oversight of government procurement in

8990: 7208:

Public procurement – Study on administrative capacity in the EU: Luxembourg Country Profile

7013:

European Communities (Public Authorities' Contracts) (Review Procedures) Regulations 2010 (

6698:

FCCA reprimands Riihimäki and Vaasa for failing to invite tenders for procurement contracts

4729:"Analyzing concentration in the Greek public procurement market: a network theory approach" 3863: 3614: 3405: 3400:

The second International Civil Service Effectiveness Index, published in April 2019 by the

3261: 3030: 2273:), established under the legislative decree of 12 April 2006, which is administered by the 2192: 2129: 1870: 1850: 1837: 1779: 1758:

is regulated by the Federal Procurement Act 2017. The Austrian Federal Procurement Office (

1274: 917:

for smaller suppliers, consequent increase of competition can reduce price of procurement.

838: 831: 751: 736: 661: 612: 290: 285: 7737:

Reglamento de la Ley de Compras Eficientes y Transparentes a través de Medios Electrónicos

7522: 6870:

European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion and

6354:

New Belgian Regulatory Framework Governing Public Procurement – Overview of Main Novelties

5127:"Collaboratiive Purchasing: Foreign best practices and lessons learned for Czech Republic" 977:

in 1972. The theorem claims that a decentralized system is more efficient, because of the

881: 8: 8581: 7567: 6496: 6104: 5948: 5285: 4689: 4294: 4085: 4058: 3706: 3702: 3281: 2955: 2842: 2754: 2736: 2667: 2455: 2399: 2243: 1887: 1866: 1146: 1141:

are one tool to prevent fraud and other irregular practices in procurement projects. The

1015: 1009: 910: 905: 874: 870: 53: 8902: 8610: 8072: 7441: 6459:

Public procurement – Study on administrative capacity in the EU: Croatia Country Profile

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Improving Public Procurement Outcomes Review of Tools and the State of the Evidence Base

4195:"Policy instruments for public procurement of innovation: Choice, design and assessment" 3830:

The Public Procurement Act 2004 has been superseded by the Public Procurement Act 2011.

7850: 7592: 7045:"The new Public Procurement and Concession Contracts Code has entered into force | mit" 7022: 7001: 6906:

Public procurement – Study on administrative capacity in the EU: Greece Country Profile

6877:

Buying Social: a Guide to Taking Account of Social Considerations in Public Procurement

6799:

Commission Staff Working Document: Toolbox of good practices accompanying the document

6252: 5949:

Defence Production Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. D-1) (consolidated version of 30 January 2011)

5586: 5064: 4911: 4907: 4844: 4788: 4581: 4381: 4320: 4175: 3502: 3138: 2838: 2822: 2810: 2716: 2160: 1907: 1795:, Austria maintained a legal obligation for federal authorities to award contracts for 1694: 1364: 1176: 1108: 893: 846: 842: 807: 792: 607: 449: 225: 135: 8288: 6079:

China's New Regulations on Government Procurement Seek to Promote Greater Transparency

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Study on SMEs access to public procurement markets and aggregation of demand in the EU

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Contracts are not posted online, although two agencies have explored the possibility.

8763: 8059: 8013: 7865: 7819: 6748: 6256: 6021: 5574: 5564: 5514: 5332: 5322: 5068: 5054: 4991: 4950: 4915: 4832: 4822: 4780: 4744: 4672: 4662: 4639: 4629: 4628:. Taylor, Mark P. 1958– (2nd ed.). Andover: Cengage Learning. pp. 223–226. 4606: 4585: 4573: 4509: 4470: 4369: 4359: 4324: 4224: 4179: 4165: 3501:

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3495: 3424: 3233: 3073: 1962: 1796: 1637: 1601:

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914: 632: 444: 190: 163: 73: 7942: 5618: 4194: 3957:

operated until 2019 as a source of information on government contracts. This is now

8691: 8534:

Republic Commission for the Protection of Rights in Public Procurement Procedures,

7989: 7183:

Public Procurement Alert: The new Public Procurement Law Comes Into Force In Latvia

7087: 6244: 5363: 5185: 5093: 5046: 5022: 5018: 4983: 4942: 4903: 4736: 4565: 4501: 4460: 4310: 4302: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4157: 4095: 3875: 3593:; for more information about public procurement in Rwanda in general, please visit 3300:

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3265: 3096: 2954:

In 2017 the Public Procurement Order and General Financial Rule was amended by the

2750: 2695: 2294: 2278: 2088: 1939: 1865:

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1808: 1658: 1496: 1399: 1125:

Intentional substitution of substandard materials without the customer's agreement.

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Republic Commission for the Protection of Rights in Public Procurement Procedures

8437:

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7100:

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2303:

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2115: 2091:

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2080:). All currently relevant EU directives have been implemented into national law. 2069: 2042:. Electronic procurement is now covered within the 2016 Act on Public Contracts. 1969:

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1804: 1727:

Negotiated procedure: there are direct negotiations with at least three companies

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8493:

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8208:

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6992:

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2594:

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7568:

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7246:

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3921: 3871: 3315: 2991: 2834: 2314:

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2226:

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2217:

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7497: 5403: 4893:"Innovation and public procurement: Terminology, concepts, and applications" 4676: 4553: 3773:

To help prevent corruption, a Central Tender Board was established in 2014.

2875:

Ley de Compras Efficientes y Transparentes a través de Medios Electrónicos,

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1544:

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8552: 5558: 4353: 4306: 4151: 4011: 3308: 2904:

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2472: 2459: 2339: 2252: 2185: 1922:

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1832:

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1537:

The principal statutory provisions regulating government procurement are:

8929:"NASA, or Need Another Sourcing Act: IT Security Spending Horror Stories" 8877:

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2419: 2350: 2231: 1641: 1625: 1613: 1418: 1221:

The main duties and competencies of the Public Procurement Agency are:

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8417:

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Government procurement can have the aspiration of cost minimization.

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The main legislative provisions governing public procurement in the

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2897:

Act No. 84/2007 on Public Procurement (2007) has three objectives:

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material by broadcasters, and contracts for broadcasting time, and

2220:

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1160:

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2805: 2769:

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Providing bidders with advance "inside" information.

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Government of Fiji 7428:Karanovic Partners, 7015:S.I. No. 130 of 2010 6994:S.I. No. 329 of 2006 6816:"Public Procurement" 6803:{C(2017) 6654 final} 6551:16 June 2018 at the 5775:: Annual Report 2018 5770:Kingdom of Bahrain, 5757:Kingdom of Bahrain, 5368:10.1257/aer.20200738 3864:United Arab Emirates 3858:United Arab Emirates 3540:with respect to the 3478:with respect to the 3406:University of Oxford 3262:Mexican Constitution 2980:Serious Fraud Office 2974:with respect to the 2626:, as well as in the 2193:construction company 2078:la commande publique 1871:Bulgarian Parliament 1851:Bulgarian government 1838:conflict of interest 1712:Financial Regulation 1382:with respect to the 1325:with respect to the 1004:Framework agreements 911:Public e-procurement 900:Public e-procurement 875:framework agreements 871:public e-procurement 857:Strategic purchasing 613:Intra-industry trade 341:Economic integration 291:Economic integration 286:Economic nationalism 18:Government contracts 8549:Ministry of Finance 8260:Latest Bid listings 7124:European Commission 6848:European Commission 6749:"Commande publique" 6630:Defence Procurement 6620:, section 28(1)(20) 6469:Tematikon Project, 6394:Sofia News Agency, 4690:Scottish Government 4272:blogs.worldbank.org 4086:Government spending 3850:Ukraine joined the 3722:Section 217 of the 3707:electronic commerce 3703:Public eProcurement 3657:Ministry of Finance 3458:is overseen by the 3338:Decree no. 5/2016, 3282:Republic of Moldova 3212:is a member of the 3199:Ministry of Finance 3194:Vendors' Register. 3177:is governed by the 3035:Ministry of Finance 2956:government of India 2949:Ministry of Finance 2877:Decreto No. 36-2013 2861:, ONCAE), based in 2755:corruption in Ghana 2737:Corruption in Ghana 2668:European Commission 2543:is governed by the 2383:Ministry of Finance 2336:Trentino-Alto Adige 1990:Ministry of Defence 1982:Ministry of Finance 1888:Croatian Parliament 1770:and last instance ( 1262:with regard to the 1177:Cost-plus contracts 1147:European Commission 1016:framework agreement 1010:Framework agreement 906:Public eProcurement 843:cost-plus contracts 241:Anti-dumping duties 181:Non-tariff barriers 126:Import substitution 9002:World Bank Group, 8989:World Bank Group, 8784:: Cabinet Office, 8060:Call(s) for Tender 7708:Haiti – Corruption 7606:Procurement Office 7389:Slovak Spectator, 7023:Irish Statute Book 7002:Irish Statute Book 6526:Public Procurement 6484:Public procurement 5381:Bosio et al (2020) 5230:www.section508.gov 4012:Vatican City State 3395: 3139:Assembly of Kosovo 2990:for the supply of 2839:GlobalSecurity.org 2833:, CNMP), based in 2823:Haitian government 1963:Economic operators 1926:on 22 April 2016. 1908:Republic of Cyprus 1365:Kingdom of Bahrain 1056:The United States 894:strategic sourcing 693:public procurement 608:Economic geography 415:Competition policy 211:Technical barriers 191:Tariff-rate quotas 136:Trade facilitation 121:Export orientation 66: 8599:Supply Management 8071:Kyrgyz Republic, 7992:, 6 December 2008 7873:Missing or empty 7827:Missing or empty 7363:ADR e-guvernare, 7292:The Law Reviews, 6683:The Law Reviews, 6415:. 14 January 2015 5859:Governo federal, 5570:978-0-415-74339-6 5060:978-3-030-62465-1 4365:978-0-415-74339-6 4274:. 5 February 2020 4171:978-1-78754-608-0 3613:was dealing with 3591:www.umucyo.gov.rw 3288:on 14 June 2016. 2913:local authorities 2717:Fijian government 2195:registration was 2087:(UGAP), based in 1797:security printing 1740:Directive 2014/24 1708:Directive 2014/25 1704:Directive 2014/24 1700:Directive 2009/81 1638:Equatorial Guinea 1632:Equatorial Guinea 1482:publish the names 1446:National Assembly 1069:Cost minimization 967:Knowledge sharing 915:barriers to entry 884:functions within 686: 685: 633:Linder hypothesis 445:Emissions trading 16:(Redirected from 9090: 9083:Public economics 9062:World Bank Blogs 9045: 9039: 9033: 9020: 9014: 9000: 8994: 8987: 8981: 8974: 8968: 8960: 8954: 8947: 8941: 8940: 8938: 8936: 8924: 8918: 8917: 8915: 8913: 8907: 8898: 8892: 8886: 8880: 8873: 8864: 8858: 8852: 8841: 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Oates 713:World Bank Group 678: 671: 664: 638:Leontief paradox 603:New trade theory 206:Export subsidies 91:Balance of trade 39: 38: 21: 9098: 9097: 9093: 9092: 9091: 9089: 9088: 9087: 9068: 9067: 9054: 9049: 9048: 9040: 9036: 9030:Wayback Machine 9021: 9017: 9001: 8997: 8988: 8984: 8975: 8971: 8961: 8957: 8948: 8944: 8934: 8932: 8931:. 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2992:tetraethyl lead 2972:observer status 2968: 2932: 2922: 2909:Icelandic State 2895: 2851: 2819: 2802: 2786: 2763: 2739: 2733: 2708: 2688: 2657: 2644: 2616: 2600: 2537: 2532: 2526: 2481: 2452: 2416: 2392: 2359: 2261: 2240: 2206: 2169: 2149:online platform 2108: 2094:Article III of 2062: 2002: 1975: 1960: 1916: 1904: 1879: 1846: 1821: 1752: 1691: 1685: 1672: 1651: 1634: 1622: 1610: 1571: 1505: 1471: 1454: 1436:is a member of 1431: 1415:Swiss Challenge 1392: 1380:observer status 1361: 1341: 1335: 1323:observer status 1319: 1306: 1287: 1272: 1260:observer status 1190: 1185: 1166: 1139:Integrity Pacts 1100: 1084: 1079: 1071: 1054: 1042: 1036: 1031: 1012: 1006: 997: 947: 923: 908: 902: 859: 824: 785: 780: 725:economic growth 682: 653: 652: 583: 575: 574: 530: 520: 519: 490: 480: 479: 450:Trade sanctions 400: 392: 391: 352:Free-trade area 342: 334: 333: 304: 296: 295: 261: 251: 250: 196:Import licenses 166: 156: 155: 116:Trade diversion 76: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9096: 9086: 9085: 9080: 9066: 9065: 9053: 9052:External links 9050: 9047: 9046: 9034: 9015: 8995: 8982: 8969: 8955: 8942: 8919: 8901:Martin, Paul. 8893: 8881: 8865: 8853: 8836: 8823: 8812: 8801: 8790: 8768: 8755: 8739: 8722: 8701: 8683: 8667: 8654: 8641: 8628: 8615: 8603: 8586: 8570: 8557: 8540: 8527: 8518: 8507: 8495: 8486: 8477: 8468: 8457: 8448: 8439: 8430: 8421: 8408: 8395: 8392:About Indecopi 8383: 8366: 8354: 8343: 8330: 8317: 8304: 8292: 8281: 8264: 8251: 8238: 8225: 8212: 8196: 8183: 8170: 8158: 8145: 8133: 8122: 8106: 8093: 8077: 8064: 8051: 8031: 8018: 8005: 7994: 7977: 7965: 7947: 7934: 7922: 7910: 7897: 7884: 7838: 7792: 7781: 7770: 7759: 7744: 7728: 7712: 7700: 7687: 7683:About the NPTA 7674: 7661: 7649: 7638: 7623: 7610: 7597: 7584: 7572: 7560: 7549: 7536: 7511: 7485: 7459: 7446: 7434: 7421: 7408: 7395: 7382: 7369: 7356: 7339: 7323: 7311: 7298: 7285: 7273: 7260: 7249: 7238: 7225: 7212: 7199: 7187: 7174: 7161: 7149: 7136: 7108: 7092: 7075: 7062: 7049:www.mit.gov.it 7036: 7027: 7006: 6985: 6972: 6957: 6946: 6933: 6921: 6909: 6895: 6882: 6860: 6832: 6807: 6790: 6778: 6766: 6740: 6728: 6715: 6702: 6689: 6671: 6659: 6646: 6634: 6622: 6609: 6596: 6583: 6572:. 26 June 2014 6557: 6537: 6517: 6504: 6488: 6475: 6462: 6447: 6426: 6400: 6387: 6358: 6342: 6329: 6316: 6300: 6287: 6262: 6227: 6214: 6186: 6161: 6146: 6133: 6120: 6109: 6096: 6083: 6070: 6046: 6033: 5993: 5981: 5965: 5952: 5941: 5929: 5907: 5891: 5875: 5864: 5852: 5841: 5828: 5804: 5779: 5763: 5750: 5737: 5724: 5711: 5699: 5686: 5662: 5649: 5636: 5623: 5611: 5598: 5569: 5549: 5524: 5505: 5479: 5452: 5430: 5409: 5385: 5373: 5342: 5327: 5307: 5277: 5247: 5217: 5203: 5186:"EC.europa.eu" 5177: 5163: 5146: 5112: 5086:"SIGMA Papers" 5074: 5059: 5028: 5001: 4982:(4): 472–504. 4960: 4941:(7): 949–963. 4921: 4883: 4873: 4856: 4827: 4805: 4754: 4716: 4698: 4682: 4667: 4649: 4634: 4616: 4591: 4564:(4): 314–335. 4544: 4519: 4500:(7): 949–963. 4480: 4459:(2): 414–426. 4439: 4430:|journal= 4393: 4364: 4344: 4285: 4259: 4234: 4185: 4170: 4142: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4066: 4063: 4049: 4046: 4045: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4019: 4016: 3995: 3992: 3939:Main article: 3936: 3933: 3922:United Nations 3917: 3916:United Nations 3914: 3897:Main article: 3894: 3893:United Kingdom 3891: 3872:UAE University 3859: 3856: 3835: 3832: 3814: 3811: 3795: 3792: 3778: 3775: 3760: 3759: 3754: 3753: 3752: 3747: 3737: 3719: 3716: 3692: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3643: 3640: 3602: 3599: 3568: 3565: 3553:Main article: 3550: 3547: 3518: 3515: 3487: 3484: 3451: 3448: 3440: 3437: 3413: 3410: 3366: 3363: 3351: 3348: 3335: 3332: 3324: 3321: 3320: 3319: 3316:drinking water 3312: 3305: 3293: 3290: 3277: 3274: 3257: 3254: 3241: 3238: 3225: 3222: 3206: 3203: 3186: 3183: 3179:Prime Minister 3170: 3167: 3157: 3154: 3126: 3123: 3111:Main article: 3108: 3105: 3092: 3089: 3054: 3051: 3047:foreign policy 3022: 3019: 3003: 3000: 2970:Indonesia has 2967: 2964: 2951:respectively. 2921: 2918: 2917: 2916: 2905: 2902: 2894: 2891: 2890: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2873: 2850: 2847: 2835:Port-au-Prince 2818: 2815: 2801: 2798: 2785: 2782: 2762: 2759: 2732: 2729: 2725:www.fpo.gov.fj 2707: 2704: 2687: 2684: 2675:Basque Country 2656: 2653: 2643: 2640: 2615: 2612: 2599: 2596: 2588: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2536: 2533: 2528:Main article: 2525: 2522: 2508: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2480: 2477: 2469:Prime Minister 2451: 2448: 2415: 2412: 2391: 2388: 2358: 2355: 2260: 2257: 2239: 2236: 2228: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2205: 2202: 2168: 2165: 2107: 2104: 2061: 2058: 2020: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2001: 1998: 1994:Defence League 1974: 1971: 1959: 1956: 1920:Czech Republic 1915: 1914:Czech Republic 1912: 1903: 1900: 1878: 1875: 1845: 1842: 1820: 1817: 1768:first instance 1751: 1748: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1687:Main article: 1684: 1683:European Union 1681: 1671: 1668: 1650: 1647: 1633: 1630: 1621: 1618: 1609: 1606: 1594:(Article 86). 1570: 1567: 1562: 1561: 1551: 1545: 1542: 1504: 1501: 1470: 1467: 1453: 1450: 1430: 1427: 1391: 1388: 1360: 1357: 1337:Main article: 1334: 1331: 1321:Argentina has 1318: 1315: 1305: 1302: 1295:American Samoa 1286: 1285:American Samoa 1283: 1271: 1268: 1245: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1219: 1218: 1217:", as amended. 1211: 1208: 1201:Prime Minister 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1165: 1162: 1136: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1119: 1116: 1099: 1096: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1070: 1067: 1053: 1050: 1046:European Union 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1008:Main article: 1005: 1002: 996: 993: 971: 970: 964: 958: 946: 943: 922: 919: 904:Main article: 901: 898: 858: 855: 823: 820: 784: 781: 779: 776: 697:governing body 684: 683: 681: 680: 673: 666: 658: 655: 654: 651: 650: 648:Terms of trade 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 584: 581: 580: 577: 576: 573: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 540:Trading nation 537: 531: 526: 525: 522: 521: 518: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 491: 486: 485: 482: 481: 478: 477: 472: 471: 470: 465: 460: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 401: 398: 397: 394: 393: 390: 389: 384: 379: 374: 372:Economic union 369: 364: 359: 357:Currency union 354: 349: 343: 340: 339: 336: 335: 332: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 305: 302: 301: 298: 297: 294: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 262: 257: 256: 253: 252: 249: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 201:Customs duties 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 171:Trade barriers 167: 162: 161: 158: 157: 154: 153: 148: 146:Domestic trade 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 111:Trade creation 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 77: 72: 71: 68: 67: 57: 56: 50: 49: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9095: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9075: 9073: 9063: 9059: 9056: 9055: 9043: 9038: 9031: 9027: 9024: 9019: 9013: 9009: 9005: 8999: 8992: 8986: 8979: 8973: 8966: 8959: 8952: 8946: 8930: 8923: 8904: 8897: 8891: 8885: 8878: 8872: 8870: 8862: 8857: 8850: 8846: 8840: 8833: 8827: 8821: 8816: 8810: 8805: 8799: 8794: 8787: 8783: 8778: 8772: 8765: 8759: 8752: 8749:Lysenko, V., 8746: 8744: 8736: 8732: 8726: 8718: 8711: 8705: 8697: 8693: 8687: 8680: 8674: 8672: 8664: 8658: 8651: 8645: 8638: 8632: 8625: 8619: 8612: 8607: 8600: 8596: 8590: 8583: 8577: 8575: 8567: 8561: 8554: 8550: 8544: 8537: 8531: 8522: 8516: 8511: 8504: 8499: 8490: 8481: 8472: 8466: 8461: 8452: 8443: 8434: 8425: 8418: 8412: 8405: 8399: 8393: 8387: 8380: 8376: 8370: 8363: 8358: 8352: 8347: 8340: 8334: 8327: 8321: 8314: 8308: 8301: 8296: 8290: 8285: 8278: 8273: 8271: 8269: 8261: 8255: 8248: 8242: 8235: 8229: 8222: 8216: 8209: 8203: 8201: 8193: 8187: 8180: 8174: 8167: 8162: 8155: 8149: 8142: 8137: 8131: 8126: 8119: 8113: 8111: 8103: 8097: 8090: 8084: 8082: 8074: 8068: 8061: 8055: 8048: 8044: 8038: 8036: 8028: 8022: 8015: 8009: 8003: 7998: 7991: 7987: 7981: 7974: 7969: 7962: 7956: 7954: 7952: 7944: 7938: 7931: 7926: 7919: 7914: 7907: 7901: 7894: 7888: 7880: 7867: 7852: 7848: 7842: 7834: 7821: 7806: 7802: 7796: 7790: 7785: 7779: 7774: 7768: 7763: 7753: 7748: 7738: 7732: 7722: 7716: 7709: 7704: 7697: 7691: 7684: 7678: 7671: 7665: 7658: 7653: 7647: 7642: 7635: 7630: 7628: 7620: 7614: 7607: 7601: 7594: 7588: 7581: 7576: 7569: 7564: 7558: 7553: 7546: 7540: 7524: 7518: 7516: 7499: 7495: 7489: 7473: 7469: 7463: 7456: 7450: 7443: 7438: 7431: 7425: 7418: 7412: 7405: 7399: 7392: 7386: 7379: 7373: 7366: 7360: 7353: 7349: 7343: 7336: 7330: 7328: 7320: 7315: 7308: 7302: 7295: 7289: 7282: 7277: 7270: 7264: 7258: 7253: 7247: 7242: 7235: 7229: 7222: 7216: 7209: 7203: 7197: 7191: 7184: 7178: 7171: 7165: 7158: 7153: 7146: 7140: 7125: 7118: 7112: 7105: 7101: 7096: 7089: 7085: 7079: 7072: 7066: 7050: 7046: 7040: 7031: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7010: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6989: 6982: 6976: 6969: 6964: 6962: 6955: 6950: 6943: 6937: 6930: 6925: 6918: 6913: 6907: 6902: 6900: 6892: 6886: 6879: 6878: 6873: 6867: 6865: 6849: 6842: 6836: 6821: 6817: 6811: 6804: 6802: 6794: 6787: 6782: 6775: 6770: 6754: 6750: 6744: 6737: 6732: 6725: 6719: 6712: 6706: 6699: 6693: 6686: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6668: 6663: 6656: 6650: 6643: 6638: 6631: 6626: 6619: 6613: 6606: 6600: 6593: 6587: 6571: 6567: 6561: 6554: 6550: 6547: 6541: 6534: 6530: 6527: 6521: 6514: 6508: 6501: 6500: 6492: 6485: 6479: 6472: 6466: 6460: 6454: 6452: 6436: 6430: 6414: 6410: 6404: 6397: 6391: 6375: 6368: 6362: 6355: 6349: 6347: 6339: 6333: 6326: 6320: 6313: 6307: 6305: 6297: 6294:Stalzer, J., 6291: 6276: 6272: 6266: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6231: 6224: 6218: 6203: 6199: 6193: 6191: 6175: 6171: 6165: 6158: 6153: 6151: 6143: 6137: 6130: 6124: 6118: 6113: 6106: 6100: 6093: 6087: 6080: 6074: 6067: 6063: 6060: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6043: 6037: 6029: 6023: 6008: 6004: 5997: 5990: 5985: 5978: 5974: 5969: 5962: 5956: 5950: 5945: 5938: 5933: 5917: 5911: 5904: 5898: 5896: 5888: 5882: 5880: 5873: 5868: 5862: 5856: 5850: 5845: 5838: 5832: 5814: 5808: 5793: 5789: 5783: 5776: 5774: 5767: 5760: 5754: 5747: 5741: 5734: 5728: 5721: 5715: 5709: 5703: 5696: 5690: 5683: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5659: 5653: 5646: 5640: 5633: 5627: 5620: 5615: 5608: 5602: 5594: 5588: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5566: 5562: 5561: 5553: 5538: 5534: 5528: 5520: 5516: 5509: 5501: 5494: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5467: 5463: 5456: 5440: 5434: 5426: 5419: 5413: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5396: 5389: 5382: 5377: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5346: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5328:82-8062-007-9 5324: 5320: 5319: 5311: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5281: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5251: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5221: 5213: 5207: 5191: 5187: 5181: 5174: 5167: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5135: 5128: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5100: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5081: 5079: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5032: 5024: 5020: 5017:(1): 88–100. 5016: 5012: 5005: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4972: 4964: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4925: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4894: 4887: 4877: 4870: 4866: 4863:Johnson, C., 4860: 4852: 4846: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4828:9789279299247 4824: 4820: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4723: 4721: 4712: 4705: 4703: 4695: 4691: 4686: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4664: 4660: 4653: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4635:9781844808700 4631: 4627: 4620: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4603: 4595: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4548: 4533: 4529: 4523: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4484: 4476: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4443: 4435: 4422: 4403: 4397: 4389: 4383: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4361: 4357: 4356: 4348: 4340: 4334: 4326: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4289: 4273: 4269: 4263: 4248: 4244: 4238: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4189: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4154: 4146: 4131: 4127: 4121: 4117: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4068: 4062: 4060: 4055: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4029: 4028: 4025: 4015: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3991: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3978: 3974: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3942: 3935:United States 3932: 3930: 3926: 3925:organizations 3923: 3913: 3911: 3907: 3900: 3890: 3888: 3884: 3879: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3855: 3853: 3848: 3846: 3841: 3831: 3827: 3822: 3820: 3810: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3791: 3789: 3784: 3774: 3771: 3767: 3765: 3758: 3755: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3742: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3725: 3715: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3673: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3662:In 2014, the 3660: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3639: 3637: 3631: 3627: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3598: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3574: 3564: 3561: 3556: 3546: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3528: 3524: 3514: 3512: 3509:conglomerate 3508: 3504: 3500: 3497: 3492: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3474:Pakistan has 3472: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3447: 3445: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3419: 3416:Nigeria is a 3409: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3391: 3387: 3386:will decide. 3385: 3379: 3376: 3372: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3331: 3329: 3317: 3313: 3310: 3306: 3303: 3299: 3298: 3297: 3289: 3287: 3284:ratified the 3283: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3253: 3251: 3247: 3237: 3235: 3231: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3210:Liechtenstein 3205:Liechtenstein 3202: 3200: 3195: 3192: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3166: 3163: 3153: 3151: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3122: 3120: 3114: 3104: 3102: 3098: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3018: 3016: 3012: 3009: 2999: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2963: 2961: 2960:Make In India 2958:to include a 2957: 2952: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2931: 2927: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2899: 2898: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2879:, 1 July 2014 2878: 2874: 2871: 2870: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2846: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2821:In 2005, the 2814: 2812: 2807: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2781: 2779: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2744: 2738: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2683: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2652: 2651:legislation. 2649: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2595: 2591: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2557: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2549:Decretos-Leis 2546: 2542: 2531: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2513: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2489: 2488: 2486: 2476: 2474: 2473:black listing 2470: 2466: 2461: 2457: 2447: 2445: 2444: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2387: 2384: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2341: 2340:Valle d'Aosta 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2304: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2291:Consip S.p.A. 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2271: 2266: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2235: 2233: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2214: 2211: 2201: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2187: 2182: 2179: 2174: 2164: 2162: 2156: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2133: 2127: 2126: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2041: 2035: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2010: 2009: 2007: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1911: 1909: 1899: 1897: 1892: 1889: 1884: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1863:Boyko Borisov 1860: 1856: 1852: 1841: 1839: 1833: 1830: 1829:Royal Decrees 1825: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1789: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1733: 1731:procurements. 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1696: 1695:community law 1690: 1680: 1677: 1667: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1646: 1643: 1639: 1629: 1627: 1617: 1615: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1595: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1566: 1559: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1466: 1464: 1463:Lei 14.133/21 1459: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1409: 1401: 1397: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1340: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1314: 1311: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1292: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1253: 1248: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1234:partnerships; 1232: 1228: 1224: 1223: 1222: 1216: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1161: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1110: 1105: 1095: 1091: 1089: 1074: 1066: 1063: 1059: 1052:Accessibility 1049: 1047: 1041: 1026: 1023: 1019: 1017: 1011: 1001: 992: 989: 987: 982: 980: 976: 968: 965: 962: 959: 956: 953: 952: 951: 942: 940: 936: 932: 928: 927:public sector 918: 916: 912: 907: 897: 895: 891: 890:work together 887: 883: 878: 876: 872: 868: 864: 854: 852: 848: 844: 840: 835: 833: 829: 819: 815: 813: 809: 805: 804:private goods 801: 796: 794: 793:"free-riding" 790: 775: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 756:protectionism 753: 749: 745: 740: 738: 732: 730: 726: 722: 716: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 679: 674: 672: 667: 665: 660: 659: 657: 656: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 585: 579: 578: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 545:United States 543: 541: 538: 536: 535:Trade mission 533: 532: 529: 524: 523: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 492: 489: 484: 483: 476: 473: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 455: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 440:Trade justice 438: 436: 433: 431: 430:Globalization 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 402: 396: 395: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 367:Single market 365: 363: 362:Customs union 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 344: 338: 337: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 306: 303:Organizations 300: 299: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 276:Laissez-faire 274: 272: 271:Protectionism 269: 267: 264: 263: 260: 255: 254: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 186:Import quotas 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 168: 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