333:. But by 29 July he was "very depressed" that Austria's Note policy of duality had hastened war. After the war, Jagow attributed deeper reasons for the outbreak of war to "this damned system of alliances." He had tried before war's outbreak to persuade the Chancellor to allow a debate at the Reichstag on war aims in 1916, but a veto was imposed, and a ban on all criticism of the government. Long conferences with the Chancellor and Kaiser did nothing to change his mood. He wrongly believed Britain would respect Germany's access to Rotterdam, part of the catalogue of grievances that caused the war. Consequently, he was perceived as the "weak" link in a weak government before being replaced. But he had always been aware of the French alliance with Britain. Furthermore, he made no secret of the racial Slavic nationalism threatened from Russia; as soon as her railways were complete she would invade. Jagow also indulged in taunting ally Austria as "nervous" while at the same time ignoring Serbia's pleadings for peace. He attempted to lull Britain into a false sense of security, while "cutting the lines" of diplomatic communication after it was too late. In fact the fortnight's delayed response to Austria's commencement of hostilities gave Jagow the opportunity to blame Russia for starting the war. On 24 July the British thought he was "quite ready to fall in with suggestion as to the four Powers working in favour of moderation at Vienna and St Petersburg" But he was already ill and exhausted from his exertions, acknowledging that Serbia was the victim of bullying. He was a member of the Foreign ministry team that denied a British offer for a Five Power Conference, having already agreed to Moltke's plan two days
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ruled by
Dualism and "very extensive autonomy" Austrian suzerainty. However, as in Belgium he sought "Pan-Germanisation", and a customs area from Austria-Hungary, safeguarding German exports. More sinister was a program for ethnic cleansing of Poles and Jews conditional on an Austro-German military alliance. Jagow himself favoured the latter policy of annexation and
435:. He recognised that Austria's defeat had collapsed the front to Germany's detriment. but Germany ignored Jagow's former policy of a 'preventive war' now discredited; for he had to do something that "assures our future". The new Ludendorff alternative would make Poland "also completely dependent on her economically".
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Jagow remained steadfastly anti-Russian, to the extent he sacked staff to get a putative alliance with Ushida, the
Japanese ambassador. His meddling with Ushida in St Petersburg got him 'discarded' too for attempting a separate peace with Russia on Germany's behalf; he even confessedly admitted on
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in
Constantinople: the aim was "the complete destruction of Tsarism and the dismemberment of Russia into smaller states". Nonetheless Jagow was naturally cautious and particularly skeptical of the Turks' commitment to the alliance. At the same time however, he successfully secured Turkish sovereign
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if it was militarily involved with Mexico. Nonetheless Jagow was responsible for the
Longwiy-Breiy Plan to occupy the plateau that overlooked the city of Verdun made possible by Baron Romberg's visit to Berlin. But it was merely a pretext for a new extension of German strategy deeper into France
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Jagow subscribed to the school of thought that Russia had to be pushed back deep into her hinterland. The irredentist solution was one of the Polish
Kingdom's independent enfranchisement, preventing the sullied blood to dilute German racial superiority. He told Baron Burian that the state must be
357:"to collaborate with Turkey in raising the Sudan in revolt." Stirring revolt dominated German foreign policy in the East; at the heart of which was Jagow's dialogue for the "liberation of Poland". Instrumental was Under Secretary Zimmerman, one of Bethmann's governmental supporters, who ran Agent
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The
Offensive Plan was revised by Jagow and his Chancellor and delivered to the King of the Belgians the next day as an ultimatum in a sealed envelope with a note demanding "an unequivocal answer" to Germany's demand for her troops to be allowed to march through the country on the way to France.
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that summer. Jagow's policy had woefully failed: he was scheming to introduce a Grand Duchy of Poland as
Germany conspired to divide the country in half adopted Falkenhayn's policy idea of a Germano-Polish Kingdom was declared on 5 November 1916; and a
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rights over the
Dardanelles on 18 April 1915. Yet determined to continue the fight in Galicia, when Jagow received President Wilson's offer of an international peace congress negotiations, American mediation was flatly refused. He called it a
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and was particularly concerned with German relations with
Austria-Hungary. He was the first member of the German government in Berlin to become acquainted with the terms of the ultimatum of 18 October 1913 to
259:, he returned as First Secretary to the embassy in Rome in March 1901, where he stayed until 1906, when he was transferred to the Foreign Office in Berlin. He first made his mark as private secretary to
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Austria's declaration against Serbia on 28 July 1914. The following day
Lichnowsky's cable telegram was ignored for hours, which Jagow argued was responsible for Bethmann-Hollweg's "misstep."
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The diminutive bureaucrat was eternally optimistic by character that German superiority would triumph. When the Ottoman Empire declared war on the Entente in November 1914, Jagow directed
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to try to persuade the government of Abyssinia to also join the Central Powers. The Tripolitana as it was known managed by the Mannesmann brothers was determined by economic
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but quickly switched again to Rome, where he advanced to the position of Second Secretary (legation counsellor). After a short interlude with the German mission at
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wrote, "War seemed unlikely in the spring and summer of 1914." The illusion of peace masked debates over aims of colonial annexation and supremacy in
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In 1913, he was appointed Secretary of State (Foreign Minister) for Germany. He played an active part in the negotiations preceding the outbreak of
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was not yet prepared for a continental war. This belief was incorrect: the Chancellor was more sceptical, which indirectly led to the outbreak of
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Austria-Hungary was divided between the Magyars and Germans as defined by the Treaty of 7 October 1879, revived for the Kaiser's government.
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Jagow retired in November 1916. A quiet, unassuming and scholarly man, he was one of the worst speakers in the Reichstag.
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had created rising tensions between both countries. As a result, Jagow expected that the United States would not enter
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was persuaded to accept the ultimatum after Serbia had failed to accommodate the Austrian note.
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on 6 July 1914, Jagow was confident that an Austro-Serbian war would be localized, and that
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Sazonov Telegram to Russian Embassy, London, Foreign Policy Documents, p.362
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17 May 1916 that the "whole swindle ceases to matter". Any diplomatic
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Jagow married Countess Luitgard Ernestine zu Solms-Laubach (
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Letter from Jagow to Wangenheim, June 1915; Fischer, p. 195
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was broken as it was unplanned, when Russia launched the
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1240:Westerwelle
1158:de Maizière
617:, II, p.461
409:World War I
364:schwarmerei
355:realpolitik
331:World War I
323:July Crisis
321:During the
280:World War I
136:Preceded by
84:Preceded by
1280:Categories
1244:Steinmeier
1235:Steinmeier
1230:J. Fischer
1148:O. Fischer
1120:(1949–90)
1089:Ribbentrop
1076:(1933–45)
1040:Stresemann
992:(1918–33)
951:Zimmermann
926:Richthofen
592:2013-12-01
495:References
265:Luxembourg
231:Early life
174:1863-06-22
129:Wilhelm II
73:Chancellor
67:Wilhelm II
1133:Ackermann
1128:Dertinger
1035:Rosenberg
916:Marschall
448:Reichstag
257:The Hague
116:In office
54:In office
1258:Baerbock
1221:Genscher
1212:Genscher
1197:Schröder
1187:Adenauer
1030:Rathenau
956:KĂĽhlmann
911:Bismarck
886:Radowitz
692:Newton,
412:proper.
311:Arnsburg
235:Born in
221:diplomat
1248:Gabriel
1217:Schmidt
1084:Neurath
1055:Neurath
1050:BrĂĽning
1045:Curtius
806:of the
802:in the
547::
514::
470:, 1913.
461:Honours
368:finesse
253:Hamburg
205:Germany
201:Potsdam
125:Monarch
63:Monarch
1225:Kinkel
1207:Scheel
1202:Brandt
1173:
1153:Meckel
1143:Winzer
1114:
1070:
1015:Simons
1010:Köster
1005:MĂĽller
986:
961:Hintze
936:Schoen
857:
696:, p.86
359:Parvus
335:before
327:Russia
300:France
296:Africa
285:Serbia
249:Munich
237:Berlin
181:Berlin
1025:Wirth
1020:Rosen
946:Jagow
901:Busch
876:Balan
871:Thile
475:Notes
1253:Maas
1138:Bolz
966:Solf
245:Rome
191:Died
168:Born
808:ZBW
553:".
1282::
582:.
522:.
503:^
450:.
392:.
203:,
183:,
836:e
829:t
822:v
595:.
528:.
176:)
172:(
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