314:
Hess embarked on this policy by purging religious influence from the Nazi party; in
November 1935, he ordered that all major figures of the party were to "refrain from any interference in church or religious matters", including individual actions. Bormann also contributed to this policy by implementing an espionage program on German clergymen under the slogan of ensuring religious neutrality. Subsequently, Hess started implementing policies that affected all members of the NSDAP. In May 1936, he banned party members from belonging to Christian student and academic associations, and in June 1936 party members were not allowed to participate in any religious events while wearing party badges or uniforms.
680:
417:
rests upon scientific foundations. Christianity has inalterable foundations, which were established almost 2000 years ago and which have stiffened into dogmas alien to reality. On the other hand, National
Socialism, if its task is to be fulfilled, must always be geared towards the newest findings of scientific research. ... It follows from the incompatibility of National Socialist and Christian concepts that we are to reject a strengthening of existing Christian confessions.
633:
anti-confessional campaign, the Nazi party promoted
Protestantism, with Himmler going as far as stating that "to be Protestant is to be Germanic, but also that to be Germanic is to be Protestant." Nazi propaganda depicted Luther as a rebel against the "Jewish" Catholic Church and the "Jew-popes", portraying the Protestant Reformations as a struggle that "has always been a hallmark of Germanic blood or German blood"; conversely, party members promoted Luther's "
730:: "We believe in a God Almighty who stands above us; he has created the Earth, the Fatherland, and the Volk, and he has sent us the Führer. Any human being who does not believe in God should be considered arrogant, megalomaniacal, and stupid and thus not suited for the SS." He did not allow atheists into the SS, arguing that their "refusal to acknowledge higher powers" would be a "potential source of indiscipline".
22:
737:; God Almighty, the Ancient One, Destiny, "Waralda", Nature, etc. were all acceptable, as long as they referred to some "higher power that had created this world and endowed it with the laws of struggle and selection that guaranteed the continued existence of nature and the natural order of things." According to Himmler, "Only he who opposes belief in a higher power is considered godless"; everyone else was
360:, overtaking Catholicism which was already severely underrepresented and relatively rare amongst SS troops. However, almost 50% of the SS remained members of Protestant churches. Amongst the general population, the Catholic Church, which was the primary target of the Nazi anti-religious policy, suffered almost no defections and an overwhelming majority of the
334:) being explicitly mentioned as ideological communities; the only exception to this rule was granted in case of funerals. Here the policy also started directly targeting churches, explaining the new laws as a way to ensure the 'neutrality' of both the churches and the state. Catholic press was severely limited and effectively banned, with German historian
352:, Hitler described it as "worship in solemn form without theological party bickering, with a fraternal tone of genuine love without humble theatre and empty formulaic chatter, without those disgusting frocks and women's skirts... You can serve God in heroic garb alone." This gave the Nazi-promoted nondenominationalism a very vague character.
706:, its values, the churches, and their clergy. Himmler viewed all of Christianity and the priesthood as nothing but an indecent union, with the majority of its priesthood constituting “an erotic homosexual league of men” whose only purpose was to create and maintain a "twenty-thousand-year-old Bolshevism.” To the
313:
proposed a policy of "de-confessionalisation", which assumed cautiously removing religious communities from German culture and identity without altering the legal relationship between the state and the churches. Rudolf Hess expanded upon this concept and coined his own term - "denominationalisation".
632:
came from anti-clericals and
Protestants, with an SS report from 1939 writing that "one can be certain that the Protestant portion of the population displays greater appreciation for the struggle and the task of the SS, and hence is more readily recruited than the Catholic ." Before launching the
347:
no longer tried to dispute the Jewish origins of
Christianity as the early concepts of Positive Christianity did, but rather embraced the fact and used it to rally against the "Jewish spirit" that was present in Christianity. The Bible was denounced as a product of "Jewish fabulism", and the dogmas
416:
National
Socialist and Christian conceptions are incompatible. The Christian churches build on peoples’ uncertainty and attempt to maintain this fear in the widest possible section of the population, since only in this way can the Christian churches keep their power. By contrast National Socialism
305:
on paper. During the 1934 party congress, Hitler declared: "Religions, too, only make sense if they serve to preserve the living substance of humanity." Hitler clarified that by humanity he meant the allegedly 'superior' part of humanity - the Aryan race. Positive
Christianity proved unsuccessful,
1568:
Speyer 1952, Volume D, Table 19 p. 263 f, Konfessionsverteilung im späteren
Regierungsbezirks Pfalz bei der Volkszählung vom 26. Januar 1946: in the urban and rural districts, each had three-digit numbers of "Gottgläubigen", together 8,300 of the 931,640 inhabitants (see table 6, p. 259 f for the
338:
remarking: "The possibilities for publication were so severely restricted that ultimately it was no longer possible to think of really informing the people of the church." Church authorities that continued to publish church newspapers or communicate with other congregations were threatened with
317:
In 1937, this policy was escalated further by a decree from
November 1937, in which Bormann banned all party members from attending "denominational events inside and outside the church and meetings of other ideological communities", with religious communities such as the "German Faith Movement"
372:
proved most successful, 77% of the city's population was
Protestant prior to the introduction of Nazi policy, with Catholics making up 10% of the population and 13% belonging to other religions (including the Jews, which made up 4% of the Berlin population). By 1939, 10% of the city became
644:, in Austria "Protestants had stood in the forefront of support for Nazism and Austria’s reintegration into Germany." After 1933, Austria and Sudetenland experienced a large increase of converts from Catholicism to Protestantism, with this trend including leader of the Sudeten SdP
686:: "We believe in a God Almighty who stands above us; he has created the Earth, the Fatherland, and the Volk, and he has sent us the Führer. Any human being who does not believe in God should be considered arrogant, megalomaniacal, and stupid and thus not suited for the SS."
306:
and as the Nazi hypothesis that Jesus Christ was an 'Aryan' rather than Jewish became untenable, further discussions were suppressed on this topic. Instead, it was decided that the party should pursue a policy of separating the Nazi state from Christianity completely.
1018:
191:("leaving the Church"). Although there was no top-down official directive to revoke church membership, some Nazi Party members started doing so voluntarily and put other members under pressure to follow their example. Those who left the churches were designated as
710:
Christianity was the greatest plague delivered by history, and he demanded that it be dealt with accordingly. A perennial favorite song of the storm troopers had this refrain: “Storm Trooper Comrades, hang the Jews and put the priests against the wall.”
355:
Ultimately, the policy was considered unsuccessful and had no considerable effect. Even in the SS, the champion of anti-Christian sentiment, the majority of members still belonged to a Christian church. By the end of 1938, 25% of all SS members became
342:
In accordance to this policy, the nondenominational "Gottgläubigkeit" that the Nazi state promoted was "not only alien to Christianity, but opposed to it". Following a moral code based on the "sense of morality and ethics of the Germanic race", Nazi
300:
After coming to power in 1933, the upper cadres of the Nazi Party concluded that their worldview was incompatible with Christianity, even if it was considered too risky to state this publicly; because of this, the party was still committed to
1034:"amtliche Bezeichnung für diejenigen, die sich zu einer artgemäßen Frömmigkeit und Sittlichkeit bekennen, ohne konfessionell-kirchlich gebunden zu sein, andererseits aber Religions- und Gottlosigkeit verwerfen".
549:
also included atheists who chose this identification as to either express their support for the NSDAP, or to avoid the negatively-associated label with atheism, as it was associated with "atheistic Bolshevism".
348:
of Christian churches, with the Catholic Church in particular, were mocked. Commenting on the dogmatism of Catholicism, Hitler remarked: "I don't care about dogmas." Describing the undogmatic character of the
557:
of 26 November 1936, this religious descriptor was officially recognised on government records. The census of 17 May 1939 was the first time that German citizens were able to officially register as
187:
on the other. This policy seems to have gone relatively well until late 1936, when a "gradual worsening of relations" between the Nazi Party and the churches saw the rise of
648:, who converted "conviction and love for his Volk". In 1941 Bormann observed that those who converted to Protestantism after 1933 consequently left the church to become
94:
as: "official designation for those who profess a specific kind of piety and morality, without being bound to a church denomination, whilst however also rejecting
756:
faith at 90%. Of the SS officers, 74% of those who joined the SS before 1933 did so, while 68% who joined the SS after 1933 would eventually declare themselves
748:
The SS personnel records show that most of its members who left the churches of their upbringing, did so just before or shortly after joining the SS. The
214:
was the first to leave his church on 15 November 1933, but for the next three years he would be the only prominent Nazi leader to do so. In early 1936,
1199:
408:
proved most successful in anti-clerical areas, which made large cities susceptible to the Nazi anti-religious policy. The anti-Christian character of
106:
was a form of deism, and was "predominantly based on creationist and deistic views". In the 1939 census, 3.5% of the German population identified as
752:(SD) members were the most willing corps within the SS to withdraw from their Christian denominations and change their religious affiliation to the
906:
1225:
256:). In late 1936, especially Roman Catholic party members left the church, followed in 1937 by a flood of primarily Protestant party members. The
1573:
1133:
574:
492:
1054:
1634:
987:
554:
601:). Paradoxically, Germans living in urban areas, where support for the Nazi Party was the lowest, were the most likely to identify as
169:
When Hitler and the NSDAP got into power in 1933, they sought to assert state control over the churches, on the one hand through the
377:, whereas Protestantism declined to 70% and non-Christian religions to 8%. Meanwhile, Berlin Catholicism was not only unaffected by
180:
1367:
Kirchenkampf in Deutschland 1933-1945; Religionsverfolgung und Selbstbehauptung der Kirchen in der nationalsozialistischen Zeit
1628:
1461:
981:
668:
541:
was itself considered a form of deism, and was "predominantly based on creationist and deistic views". Strictly speaking,
1692:
1616:
1346:
1235:
1209:
789:
774:
1584:, French Occupation Zone. Even in 1950, religious statistics with "Gottgläubigen" appear sporadically, for example in
203:. The term "dissident", which some church leavers had used up until them, was associated with being "without belief" (
1707:
1687:
1667:
1662:
1518:
1321:
1260:
1064:
900:
1186:
1080:
Buesnel, Ryan (April 2020). Denison, Brandi (ed.). "'Positive Christianity': Theological rationales and legacies".
439:
199:
on 26 November 1936. He stressed that the term signified political disassociation from the churches, not an act of
1015:
566:
462:
277:
268:
reported that Hitler was not a member of any church; this was also confirmed by another of Hitler's secretaries,
257:
1592:
570:
472:
1617:
State University of New York George C. Browder Professor of History College of Freedonia (16 September 1996).
1682:
1697:
779:
139:
1672:
809:
207:), whilst most of them emphasized that they still believed in a God, and thus required a different word.
133:
43:
865:
973:
884:
634:
162:
for all denominations "so long as they do not endanger its existence or oppose the moral senses of the
119:
1570:
769:
664:
74:("belief in God"); the term denotes someone who still believes in a God, although without having any
1313:
804:
703:
433:
261:
200:
55:
422:
Richard Steigmann-Gall, The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919–1945 (2003), p. 245
679:
447:
184:
861:
641:
249:
155:
1618:
1508:
741:, but should be thus outside of the church. SS members were put under pressure to identify as
339:
confiscations, arrests and legal proceedings, and were suppressed by SS or police crackdowns.
969:
963:
799:
784:
545:
were not even required to terminate their church membership, but strongly encouraged to. The
443:
302:
176:
151:
47:
276:
and Klaus Scholder, Hitler was excommunicated from the church. However, the shifting actual
1305:
1089:
760:. Of the general SS membership, 16% had left their respective churches by the end of 1937.
578:
522:
8:
1362:
1146:
794:
586:
582:
335:
159:
1510:
Zerstrittene "Volksgemeinschaft": Glaube, Konfession und Religion im Nationalsozialismus
82:
were not favourable towards religious institutions of their time, nor did they tolerate
1702:
1168:
1109:
75:
707:
691:
1624:
1514:
1457:
1451:
1342:
1317:
1298:
1256:
1231:
1205:
1172:
1160:
1113:
1101:
1060:
977:
896:
749:
269:
233:
223:
1447:
1150:
1093:
1011:
888:
695:
683:
590:
521:
could hold a wide range of religious beliefs, including non-clerical Christianity,
219:
211:
1620:
Hitler's Enforcers: The Gestapo and the SS Security Service in the Nazi Revolution
226:
terminated their membership of the Roman Catholic Church, followed by a number of
1596:
1577:
1443:
1022:
892:
561:. Out of 79.4 million Germans, 2.7 million people (3.5%) claimed to be
327:
319:
289:
171:
129:
745:
and revoke their church membership, if necessary under the threat of expulsion.
593:, and other religious sects and movements), and 1.2 million (1.5%) who had
1677:
1369:(in German). Vol. 2. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co. pp. 104–106.
1293:
1280:
645:
285:
273:
1155:
1128:
1656:
1164:
1105:
814:
727:
310:
281:
245:
215:
196:
163:
63:
618:
280:
remain unclear due to conflicting accounts from Hitler's associates such as
241:
195:("believers in God"), a term officially recognised by the Interior Minister
1309:
384:
The gottgläubig population was almost exclusively present in large cities.
265:
147:
125:
33:
1581:
733:
Himmler was not particularly concerned by the question how to label this
723:
719:
715:
237:
698:, himself a former Roman Catholic, was one of the main promoters of the
260:
is a matter of debate among historians; Joel Krieger claims that Hitler
1097:
594:
508:
143:
95:
79:
1513:(in German). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 195–196.
1129:"The Nazis' 'Positive Christianity': a Variety of 'Clerical Fascism'?"
1589:
880:
637:" and used passages from it as a justification of Nazi antisemitism.
534:
401:
253:
228:
392:, which made up 10% of the city's population. This was followed by
1253:
Hitler's Religion: The Twisted Beliefs That Drove the Third Reich
610:
393:
99:
83:
652:
instead, showing that the conversions to Protestantism and then
70:("believers in God"), and the term for the overall movement was
21:
1600:
614:
606:
526:
412:
was affirmed by Nazi leadership, with Bormann writing in 1941:
397:
385:
1585:
622:
577:(0.4%), 86,000 adherents of other religions (0.1%, including
530:
154:". The Nazi Party did not wish to tie itself to a particular
51:
1036:
Philosophisches Wörterbuch Kröners Taschenausgabe. Volume 12
965:
Nazi Germany's New Aristocracy: The SS Leadership, 1925-1939
877:
The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919–1945
364:
came from Protestant churches where "German-Christian" or
734:
59:
1605:
Deutsches Städtebuch, Band Niedersächsisches Städtebuch
326:) and "German Knowledge of God (House of Ludendorff)" (
1016:
The Third Reich: A New History; 2012; pp. 196–197
1040:. Cited in Cornelia Schmitz-Berning, 2007, p. 281 ff.
667:, and was recognised in the 1946 census inside the
656:were manifestations of support for the Nazi party.
1297:
856:
854:
852:
850:
1654:
1300:The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
1442:
1007:
1005:
295:
1580:(fourth last paragraph) on the 1946 census in
1552:
1540:
1489:
1134:Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions
1126:
1048:
1046:
860:
381:, but slightly grew to 11% of the population.
368:influences grew in strength. In Berlin, where
1610:
827:
158:but with Christianity in general, and sought
1571:the text from the Heimatjahrbuch Vulkaneifel
1506:
1478:The Nazi Party and the German Foreign Office
1476:Hans-Adolph Jacobsen, Arthur L. Smith Jr. ,
1341:. New York: Anchor Publishing. p. 507.
1201:The Oxford Companion to Comparative Politics
1002:
388:had an exceptionally high percentage of the
1453:Betrayal: German Churches and the Holocaust
1438:
1436:
1043:
671:, before it faded from official documents.
54:practised by those German citizens who had
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1255:. Brisance Books Group LLC. p. 284.
1230:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. 6 May 2019.
1154:
945:
943:
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939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
332:Deutsche Gotterkenntnis (Haus Ludendorff)
86:of any type within their ranks. The 1943
1623:. Oxford University Press. p. 166.
1433:
678:
663:still appeared sporadically a few years
605:, the five highest rates being found in
20:
1569:total) in the Palatinate. Also compare
1507:Gailus, Manfred; Nolzen, Armin (2011).
1250:
1185:Rosenberg was baptised in the Lutheran
1079:
961:
309:To achieve this, the Interior Minister
272:. According to some historians such as
181:German Evangelical Church Confederation
1655:
1495:
1427:
1415:
1403:
1391:
1379:
1361:
1355:
1339:Adolf Hitler: The Definitive Biography
1336:
1292:
924:
42:(literally: "believing in God") was a
1143:‘Clerical Fascism’ in Interwar Europe
674:
665:after the end of the Second World War
16:Non-denominationalism in Nazi Germany
1127:Steigmann-Gall, Richard (May 2007).
1052:
13:
1456:. Minneapolis: Augsberg Fortress.
912:from the original on 28 April 2021
790:Heathenry (new religious movement)
775:Esotericism in Germany and Austria
714:He insisted on the existence of a
56:officially left Christian churches
14:
1719:
870:: Assent of the Anti-Christians?"
264:, and Hitler's private secretary
262:had abandoned the Catholic Church
1637:from the original on 28 May 2013
1277:The Churches and the Third Reich
990:from the original on 10 May 2018
565:, compared to 42.8 million
440:Catholic Church and Nazi Germany
258:religious status of Adolf Hitler
1558:
1546:
1534:
1483:
1470:
1421:
1409:
1397:
1385:
1373:
1330:
1286:
1269:
1244:
1218:
278:religious views of Adolf Hitler
179:, and the forced merger of the
1192:
1179:
1120:
1073:
1059:. Alpha Editions. p. 75.
1027:
718:, who favoured and guided the
555:Reich Ministry of the Interior
404:(5.79%). It was observed that
1:
1227:Atheism?: A Critical Analysis
1187:St. Nicholas' Church, Tallinn
820:
455:1939 German religion census:
427:
26:On positive German God-belief
1480:, Routledge, 2012, page 157.
962:Ziegler, Herbert F. (2014).
893:10.1017/CBO9780511818103.009
780:German Christians (movement)
704:hostile towards Christianity
501: Other religions (0.1%)
296:Deconfessionalisation policy
150:first mentioned the phrase "
58:but professed faith in some
7:
810:Religious aspects of Nazism
763:
702:faith. He was particularly
134:Religious aspects of Nazism
10:
1724:
1693:Modern paganism in Germany
974:Princeton University Press
885:Cambridge University Press
635:On the Jews and Their Lies
525:, a generic non-Christian
437:
431:
123:
120:Ideology of the Nazi Party
117:
113:
66:. Such people were called
1607:(Stuttgart 1952), p. 168.
1590:auf wiki-de.genealogy.net
1251:Weikart, Richard (2016).
1156:10.1080/14690760701321239
1056:Adolf Hitler: A Biography
770:Cult of the Supreme Being
726:, as he announced to the
569:(54%), 32.3 million
517:People who identified as
324:Deutsche Glaubensbewegung
210:The Nazi Party ideologue
1708:Religion in Nazi Germany
1688:German words and phrases
1668:1940s in modern paganism
1663:1930s in modern paganism
1314:Indiana University Press
1189:shortly after his birth.
805:Religion in Nazi Germany
434:Religion in Nazi Germany
88:Philosophical Dictionary
1595:25 January 2018 at the
862:Steigmann-Gall, Richard
448:Protestant Reich Church
185:Protestant Reich Church
76:institutional religious
687:
669:French Occupation Zone
642:Richard Steigmann-Gall
425:
331:
323:
250:Robert Heinrich Wagner
156:Christian denomination
29:
1337:Toland, John (1992).
1090:John Wiley & Sons
970:Princeton, New Jersey
800:Positive Christianity
785:German Faith Movement
682:
553:By the decree of the
444:Positive Christianity
438:Further information:
414:
303:Positive Christianity
177:Roman Catholic Church
152:Positive Christianity
124:Further information:
48:non-denominationalism
24:
1683:Germanic neopaganism
1603:, in: Erich Keyser,
1576:4 March 2016 at the
1147:Taylor & Francis
1053:Bear, Ileen (2016).
1038:. 1943. p. 206.
887:. pp. 218–260.
523:Germanic Neopaganism
1698:Occultism in Nazism
1566:Die Pfalz am Rhein.
1553:Steigmann-Gall 2003
1541:Steigmann-Gall 2003
1490:Steigmann-Gall 2003
1444:Ericksen, Robert P.
1021:27 May 2016 at the
795:Occultism in Nazism
160:freedom of religion
78:affiliation. These
44:Nazi religious term
1673:Conceptions of God
1555:, pp. 224–226
1492:, pp. 219–220
1418:, pp. 130–132
1394:, pp. 108–112
1382:, pp. 106–108
1283:, 1988 pp. 150–162
1098:10.1111/rec3.12353
976:. pp. 85–87.
688:
675:Himmler and the SS
579:Germanic Neopagans
201:religious apostasy
30:
1630:978-0-19-534451-6
1463:978-0-8006-2931-1
1448:Heschel, Susannah
1363:Zipfel, Friedrich
1275:Scholder, Klaus,
1204:. Oup USA. 2013.
1012:Burleigh, Michael
983:978-14-00-86036-4
750:Sicherheitsdienst
573:(40.5%), 314,000
270:Christa Schroeder
234:Martin Mutschmann
224:Reinhard Heydrich
1715:
1647:
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1082:Religion Compass
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696:Heinrich Himmler
684:Heinrich Himmler
628:Majority of the
506:
500:
490:
480:
470:
460:
423:
366:reichskirchliche
336:Friedrich Zipfel
220:Heinrich Himmler
212:Alfred Rosenberg
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1316:. p. 112.
1294:Phayer, Michael
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708:Reichsführer-SS
692:Reichsführer-SS
677:
654:Gottgläubigkeit
539:Gottgläubigkeit
537:. However, the
515:
514:
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504:
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498:
496:
488:
486:
478:
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458:
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410:Gottgläubigkeit
406:Gottgläubigkeit
379:Gottgläubigkeit
370:Gottgläubigkeit
350:Gottgläubigkeit
345:Gottgläubigkeit
298:
290:Joseph Goebbels
189:Kirchenaustritt
172:Reichskonkordat
166:." (point 24).
136:
130:Reichskonkordat
122:
116:
104:Gottgläubigkeit
72:Gottgläubigkeit
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1408:
1406:, pp. 5–6
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1348:978-0385420532
1347:
1329:
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1285:
1281:Fortress Press
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1237:978-1532672668
1236:
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1211:978-0199738595
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646:Konrad Henlein
503:
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487:
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457:
453:
452:
451:
432:Main article:
429:
426:
419:
297:
294:
292:, and others.
286:Martin Bormann
274:Michael Phayer
118:Main article:
115:
112:
64:divine creator
46:for a form of
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1564:Albert Zink:
1561:
1554:
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1543:, p. 235
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1520:9783647300290
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815:Thule Society
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724:German nation
721:
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697:
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672:
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640:According to
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631:
630:Gottgläubigen
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547:Gottgläubigen
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543:Gottgläubigen
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390:Gottgläubiger
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362:Gottgläubiger
359:
353:
351:
346:
340:
337:
333:
329:
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321:
315:
312:
311:Wilhelm Frick
307:
304:
293:
291:
287:
283:
282:Otto Strasser
279:
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197:Wilhelm Frick
194:
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164:Germanic race
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45:
41:
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35:
27:
23:
19:
1639:. Retrieved
1619:
1612:
1604:
1565:
1560:
1548:
1536:
1524:. Retrieved
1509:
1485:
1477:
1472:
1452:
1423:
1411:
1399:
1387:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1338:
1332:
1310:Indianapolis
1299:
1288:
1276:
1271:
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1220:
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1194:
1181:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1122:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1055:
1035:
1029:
992:. Retrieved
964:
914:. Retrieved
876:
867:
758:Gottgläubige
757:
753:
747:
742:
738:
735:higher power
732:
713:
699:
690:
689:
660:
658:
653:
649:
639:
629:
627:
621:(6.0%), and
602:
598:
562:
558:
552:
546:
542:
538:
518:
516:
482:
454:
415:
409:
405:
389:
383:
378:
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369:
365:
361:
357:
354:
349:
344:
341:
316:
308:
299:
266:Traudl Junge
227:
209:
204:
193:Gottgläubige
192:
188:
170:
168:
148:Adolf Hitler
138:In the 1920
137:
126:Kirchenkampf
107:
103:
91:
87:
71:
68:Gottgläubige
67:
60:higher power
38:
37:
34:Nazi Germany
31:
25:
18:
1428:Zipfel 1965
1416:Zipfel 1965
1404:Zipfel 1965
1392:Zipfel 1965
1380:Zipfel 1965
1306:Bloomington
1149:: 315–327.
868:Gottgläubig
754:Gottgläubig
743:Gottgläubig
739:Gottgläubig
720:Third Reich
716:creator God
700:Gottgläubig
661:Gottgläubig
650:gottgläubig
603:Gottgläubig
599:glaubenslos
567:Protestants
563:Gottgläubig
559:Gottgläubig
519:Gottgläubig
509:Irreligious
483:Gottgläubig
463:Protestants
400:(6.2%) and
375:gottgläubig
358:Gottgläubig
205:glaubenslos
108:Gottgläubig
100:godlessness
92:Gottgläubig
39:Gottgläubig
1657:Categories
1526:24 January
1279:. 2 vols.
1092:: e12353.
821:References
619:Düsseldorf
428:Demography
242:Carl Röver
232:including
144:Nazi Party
96:irreligion
1703:Pantheism
1582:Jünkerath
1173:144640723
1165:1743-9647
1114:218994700
1106:1749-8171
881:Cambridge
659:The term
609:(10.2%),
583:Buddhists
571:Catholics
535:pantheism
473:Catholics
402:Thuringia
246:Weser-Ems
229:Gauleiter
183:into the
175:with the
146:(NSDAP),
140:programme
1641:14 March
1635:Archived
1593:Archived
1574:Archived
1450:(1999).
1365:(1965).
1296:(2000).
1019:Archived
988:Archived
907:Archived
864:(2003).
764:See also
722:and the
625:(5.3%).
617:(6.4%),
613:(7.5%),
595:no faith
420:—
396:(7.2%),
218:leaders
90:defined
994:9 March
916:9 March
611:Hamburg
591:Muslims
475:(40.5%)
465:(54.0%)
394:Hamburg
248:), and
142:of the
114:Origins
102:." The
84:atheism
1627:
1601:Hameln
1599:or in
1588:, see
1517:
1460:
1345:
1320:
1259:
1234:
1208:
1171:
1163:
1112:
1104:
1063:
980:
899:
615:Vienna
607:Berlin
587:Hindus
533:, and
527:theism
511:(1.5%)
507:
505:
499:
495:(0.4%)
493:Jewish
491:
489:
485:(3.5%)
481:
479:
471:
469:
461:
459:
446:, and
398:Vienna
386:Berlin
328:German
320:German
238:Saxony
132:, and
28:(1939)
1678:Deism
1586:Kamen
1169:S2CID
1110:S2CID
1088:(7).
910:(PDF)
873:(PDF)
623:Essen
531:deism
254:Baden
80:Nazis
52:deism
1643:2013
1625:ISBN
1528:2018
1515:ISBN
1458:ISBN
1343:ISBN
1318:ISBN
1308:and
1257:ISBN
1232:ISBN
1206:ISBN
1161:ISSN
1141:(2:
1102:ISSN
1061:ISBN
996:2022
978:ISBN
918:2022
897:ISBN
575:Jews
222:and
98:and
50:and
1151:doi
1145:).
1094:doi
889:doi
240:),
62:or
32:In
1659::
1633:.
1497:^
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1312::
1304:.
1167:.
1159:.
1137:.
1131:.
1108:.
1100:.
1086:14
1084:.
1045:^
1014::
1004:^
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972::
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895:.
883::
879:.
875:.
829:^
728:SS
589:,
585:,
581:,
529:,
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330::
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288:,
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1530:.
1466:.
1351:.
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1265:.
1240:.
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1175:.
1153::
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1116:.
1096::
1069:.
998:.
920:.
891::
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597:(
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244:(
236:(
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