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theology and preparation for clergy careers were a major focus. Many felt no particular affinity for religious office, and often could not secure an office even if they desired one because of an overabundance of those educated in theology. Consequently, over-educated, under-motivated clerics often adopted not the life of an ordered monk, but one mainly intent on the pursuit of carnal pleasures.
70:. They were chiefly clerics who served at or had studied at the universities of France, Germany, Spain, Italy, and England, who protested against the growing contradictions within the church through song, poetry and performance. Disaffected and not called to the religious life, they often presented such protests within a structured setting associated with carnival, such as the
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hedonistic scandal poetry by archivists of the early modern era and research since the middle of the 19th century, which understood the thematic focus as the experience poetry of socially low-ranking clerical vagrants (goliards) instead of viewing its omnipresent comedy as role poetry enriched with moralising and sometimes pedagogical and didactical elements."
508:
The goliards, as scholars, often wrote their poetry in Latin. As a kind of traveling entertainer, the goliards composed many of their poems to be sung. These poems, or lyrics, focus on two overarching themes: depictions of the lusty lifestyle of the vagrant and satirical criticisms of society and the
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be the rhymed secular Latin poetry of the High Middle Ages, whose primary purpose was a comical one. This comical intent was evident in theme and plot, but could mostly be found on the poetological meta-layers of language, intertext and semantics. Goliardic poetry was written in a time frame between
535:
Instead it has been argued that the cathedral schools of northern France were the decisive historical context of goliardic poetry, defining it as follows: "Based on the manuscript attribution of medieval poetry with Golias and goliardus, the High and Late Middle Ages understood "goliardic poetry" to
499:
meant that the eldest son inherited title and estate. This practice of bestowing the rights of inheritance upon the eldest son forced younger sons to seek other means by which to support themselves. Often, these younger sons went, or were sent, to the universities and monasteries of the day, where
531:
This belief, however, that the goliards were the authors of vast parts of this satirical and worldly poetry that originated in the twelfth and early thirteenth century, is criticized by recent historical and philological research, especially because most traceable goliardic poets were an integral
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and reveled in riotous living. Their satirical poems directed at the church were inspired by their daily worlds, including mounting corruption in monasteries and escalating tensions among religious leaders. As a result of their rebellious writings against the church, the goliards were eventually
572:
Priests and clerks... dance in the choir dressed as women... they sing wanton songs. They eat black pudding at the altar itself, while the celebrant is saying Mass. They play dice on the altar. They cense with stinking smoke from the soles of old shoes. They run and leap throughout the church,
543:
and 1255 in the "school system" of secular clergy between Loire and Somme, and mainly in the cathedral schools of that region and their cosmos, but was read for a longer timeframe, also being received in wider geographical and institutional spaces. Goliardic poetry was turned into revolutionary
532:
part of church hierarchy, often worked as teachers in the secular clergy and had neither any communality nor a single provable point of contact with the historical goliards. Thus "goliardic poets" on the one hand and "goliards" on the other hand need to be strictly distinguished.
521:
denied the privileges of the clergy. Their strained relationship with the church, along with their vagabond lifestyle, also contributed to many poems describing the complaints of such a lifestyle. One of the largest and most famous collections of goliardic poetry is the
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without a blush of their own shame. Finally they drive about the town and its theatres in shabby carriages and carts, and rouse the laughter of their fellows and the bystanders in infamous performances, with indecent gestures and with scurrilous and unchaste words.
600:
also is frequently featured in their poems, either for satirical purposes, or because these concepts were familiar parts of the writers' working vocabulary. Their satires were almost uniformly directed against the church, attacking even the pope.
697:, edited by D. E. Wellbery, Judith Ryan, Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht, Anton Kaes, Joseph Leo Koerner, and Dorothea E. von Mücke, pp. 66–71 (Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London: Belknap Press of the Harvard University Press, 2004), citation on p. 66.
556:, the goliards went to mass in procession, with each trailing a herring on a string along the ground. The game was to step on the herring in front and keep your own herring from being trod upon. In some districts, goliards staged a
1285:
1651:
940:"Die mittellateinische Goliardendichtung und ihr historischer Kontext : Komik im Kosmos der Kathedralschulen Nordfrankreichs. (With an English Summary)"
918:"Die mittellateinische Goliardendichtung und ihr historischer Kontext : Komik im Kosmos der Kathedralschulen Nordfrankreichs. (With an English Summary)"
483:
as
Goliath, thus creating a connection between Goliath and the student adherents of Abélard. By the 14th century, the word goliard became synonymous with
1787:
1130:
Die mittellateinische
Goliardendichtung und ihr historischer Kontext : Komik im Kosmos der Kathedralschulen Nordfrankreichs. With an English Summary
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The word "goliard" outlived the original meaning. It was absorbed into the French and
English literature of the 14th century, generally meaning
1300:
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translated as "Songs from Beuern". It includes about 300 poems written mostly in Latin; "few are in Old French, Provencal and Middle German."
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The goliardic class is believed to have arisen from the need of younger sons to develop means of support. The medieval social convention of
1377:
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chanted a song of praise. When he paused, the audience would respond: "He Haw, Sire Ass, He haw!". The
University of Paris complained:
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Expressing their lusty lifestyle, the goliards wrote about the physicality of love, in contrast to the chivalric focus of the
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Goodrum, R. Gordon (September 1995). ""Carmina Burana": The Poetry of
Wandering Scholars and Wayward Clerics".
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or wandering minstrel, and no longer related to the original clerical association. It is thus used in
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Encyclopædia
Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 3 Oct. 2014 <
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Encyclopædia
Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 3 Oct. 2014 <
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1042:. Recentiores: Later Latin Texts and Contexts. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
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and played upon them to secular and satirical purposes in their poems (such as in the
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1061:. Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen 60/3. Ottawa: The Institute of Mediæval Music.
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456:—thus suggestive of the monstrous nature of the goliard or, notes historian
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1199:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 224.
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The satires were meant to mock and lampoon the church. For example, at
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460:, as "those people beyond the edge of society". Another source may be
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The derivation of the word is uncertain. It may come from the Latin
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gluttony. It may also originate from a mythical "Bishop Golias", a
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Sean Ward, "Circa 1175–1195: The
Archpoet and Goliard Poetry", in
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http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1557536/goliard-songs
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560:, in which a donkey dressed in a silly costume was led to the
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1997:
969:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 606–607.
582:
487:, and no longer referred to a particular group of clergy.
893:"Goliards: Marvelous and Terrible Vagabond Poets | Faena"
856:
Wine, Women, and Song: Students' Songs of the Middle Ages
782:
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/238063/goliard
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The goliards used sacred sources such as texts from the
1164:
Vagabond Verse: Secular Latin Poems of the Middle Ages
794:
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736:. Great Britain: Penguin Books Limited. p. 362.
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1059:
The Social
Background to Secular Medieval Latin Song
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858:(Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2002), p. 28.
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44:, a collection of goliard love and vagabond songs
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1040:Parody in the Middle Ages: The Latin Tradition
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1151:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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1168:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
717:
29:
2968:
2872:List of Galician-Portuguese troubadours
1097:
1037:
867:
821:
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14:
3948:
3935:Gospel According to the Mark of Silver
1159:
879:
842:
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766:
66:in the 12th and 13th centuries of the
27:Clerics who performed satirical poetry
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34:An image from the 11th-13th century.
1126:
996:
937:
915:
816:
733:Meetings with Remarkable Manuscripts
2698:Other troubadours and trobairitz...
1841:
1286:Decline of the Western Roman Empire
763:
503:
24:
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2341:
1378:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire
1205:
1000:Managing Language in Piers Plowman
695:A New History of German Literature
547:
491:Origins of the goliardic tradition
25:
4007:
1808:Historiography in the Middle Ages
471:is derived from a letter between
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3708:
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1840:
1831:
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1085:(Online Academic ed.). 2014
52:were a group of generally young
1306:Christianity in the Middle Ages
1301:Decline of Hellenistic religion
990:
953:
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909:
885:
848:
604:
467:Many scholars believe the term
3986:Critics of the Catholic Church
1584:Crisis of the late Middle Ages
750:
730:Hamel, Christopher de (2016).
723:
687:
674:
13:
1:
3971:13th-century writers in Latin
3966:12th-century writers in Latin
3961:13th-century Christian clergy
3956:12th-century Christian clergy
2693:William IX, Duke of Aquitaine
1758:Disability in the Middle Ages
1431:Rise of the Republic of Genoa
1363:Rise of the Venetian Republic
1160:Zeydel, Edwin H, ed. (1966).
1030:
537:
479:in which Bernard referred to
427:
7:
2364:List of musical instruments
920:. pp. 197–215, 387–388
626:
10:
4012:
3811:Walther von der Vogelweide
1559:Rise of the Ottoman Empire
1057:Gillingham, Bryan (1998).
3981:13th-century French poets
3976:12th-century French poets
3905:
3876:
3830:
3819:
3763:
3680:
3632:
3601:
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3226:Matheus de Sancto Johanne
3221:Johannes Symonis Hasprois
3156:
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3032:
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2964:
2895:
2891:
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2867:Galician-Portuguese lyric
2812:Jehan le Cuvelier d'Arras
2727:Andrieu Contredit d'Arras
2712:
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2503:
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2490:
2372:
2349:
2291:
2233:San Francisco Renaissance
1898:
1816:
1745:
1604:
1499:
1486:Mongol invasion of Europe
1391:
1271:
1003:. Piers Plowman studies.
3256:Antonio Zacara da Teramo
1038:Bayless, Martha (1996).
854:John Addington Symonds,
827:Encyclopædia Britannica.
778:Encyclopædia Britannica.
668:
3860:In taberna quando sumus
2782:Gillebert de Berneville
2359:List of music theorists
1441:Investiture Controversy
1411:Second Bulgarian Empire
1224:Symonds, John Addington
1196:Encyclopædia Britannica
1082:Encyclopædia Britannica
3781:Hugh Primas of Orléans
3055:Gherardello da Firenze
2742:Le Chastelain de Couci
2535:Philippe le Chancelier
2063:Generation of the '30s
1938:British Poetry Revival
1798:Post-classical history
1554:Fall of Constantinople
1461:Capet–Plantagenet feud
1328:First Bulgarian Empire
1217:The Wandering Scholars
997:Rudd, Gillian (1994).
758:A Companion to Chaucer
682:A Companion to Chaucer
648:
639:
575:
558:celebration of the ass
45:
3806:Heinrich von Morungen
3364:Johannes de Garlandia
2678:Raimbaut de Vaqueiras
2113:Informationist poetry
1228:Wine, Women, and Song
1127:WeiĂź, Marian (2018).
938:WeiĂź, Marian (2018).
916:WeiĂź, Marian (2018).
570:
134:Movements and schools
33:
3913:Benediktbeuern Abbey
3685:Also music theorist*
3369:Johannes de Grocheio
3186:Conradus de Pistoria
3173:Philippus de Caserta
3122:Philippus de Caserta
3091:Antonello da Caserta
3040:Andreas de Florentia
2931:Guillaume de Machaut
2592:Bernart de Ventadorn
2577:Aimeric de Peguilhan
2520:Albertus Parisiensis
2470:Adam of Saint Victor
2430:Saint Martial school
2387:Notker the Stammerer
2238:Scottish Renaissance
1933:Black Mountain poets
1778:Medieval reenactment
1574:Renaissance Humanism
1481:Medieval Warm Period
1451:Republic of Florence
1265:European Middle Ages
1005:Boydell & Brewer
634:Apocalypse of Golias
473:Bernard of Clairvaux
458:Christopher de Hamel
56:in Europe who wrote
42:Benediktbeuern Abbey
3786:Walter of Châtillon
3296:Contenance angloise
3086:Bartolino da Padova
2985:Marchetto da Padova
2916:Magister Franciscus
2792:Guillaume le Vinier
2787:Gontier de Soignies
2732:Audefroi le Bastart
2618:Folquet de Marselha
2475:Wulfstan the Cantor
2465:Hildegard of Bingen
2435:Adémar de Chabannes
2420:Fulbert of Chartres
2382:Abbey of Saint Gall
2374:Early (before 1150)
2178:New American Poetry
1928:Black Arts Movement
1908:Akhmatova's Orphans
1491:Kingdom of Portugal
1358:Old Church Slavonic
1343:Anglo-Saxon England
579:Roman Catholic Mass
388:Renaissance music →
3624:Neo-Medieval music
3614:Medieval folk rock
3394:Berno of Reichenau
3374:Iacobus de Ispania
3216:Petrus de Goscalch
3117:Niccolò da Perugia
3112:Grazioso da Padova
3060:Lorenzo da Firenze
3020:Vincenzo da Rimini
3005:Giovanni da Cascia
2837:Other trouvères...
2822:Perrin d'Angicourt
2772:Gautier de Dargies
2747:Chrétien de Troyes
2683:Raimon de Miravalh
2673:Raimbaut d'Aurenga
2253:Southern Agrarians
2148:Metaphysical poets
2088:Harlem Renaissance
1672:In popular culture
1637:Crusading movement
1509:Hundred Years' War
1368:Civitas Schinesghe
1353:Carolingian Empire
1338:Kingdom of Croatia
1291:Barbarian kingdoms
1100:The Choral Journal
46:
3943:
3942:
3867:Phyllis and Flora
3723:
3722:
3691:Renaissance music
3399:Aurelian of RĂ©Ă´me
3384:Johannes de Muris
3354:Franco of Cologne
3332:
3331:
3314:Arnold de Lantins
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3272:
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3268:
3196:Johannes Cuvelier
3148:
3147:
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3140:
3139:
3107:Giovanni Mazzuoli
3102:Matteo da Perugia
3074:
3073:
3050:Francesco Landini
3028:
3027:
3010:Jacopo da Bologna
2993:
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2947:Philippe de Vitry
2926:Jehan de Lescurel
2847:
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2832:Raoul de Soissons
2777:Gautier d'Espinal
2767:Gautier de Coincy
2708:
2707:
2628:Giraut de Bornelh
2607:CerverĂ de Girona
2587:Arnaut de Mareuil
2557:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2515:Notre-Dame school
2425:Heriger of Lobbes
2354:List of composers
2309:
2308:
2302:Poetry portal
2098:Hungry generation
2093:Harvard Aesthetes
2068:Generation of '98
2058:Generation of '27
2033:The poets of Elan
1854:
1853:
1763:Basic topics list
1564:Swiss mercenaries
1514:Wars of the Roses
1421:Kingdom of Poland
1406:Holy Roman Empire
1273:Early Middle Ages
1068:978-1-896926-11-7
1049:978-0-472-10649-3
1014:978-0-85991-392-8
966:Medieval Panorama
825:"Goliard Songs."
743:978-0-241-00309-1
703:978-0-674-01503-6
440:form of the name
425:
424:
163:Notre-Dame school
16:(Redirected from
4003:
3996:Poetry movements
3991:Goliardic poetry
3839:Dum Diane vitrea
3825:
3801:Dietmar von Aist
3750:
3743:
3736:
3727:
3726:
3712:
3702:
3701:
3508:Liturgical drama
3275:
3274:
3182:
3179:Johannes Ciconia
3154:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3132:Zacara da Teramo
3096:Johannes Ciconia
3076:
3075:
3066:Paolo da Firenze
3045:Donato da Cascia
3030:
3029:
2995:
2994:
2975:
2974:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2950:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2884:Late (1300–1400)
2827:Philippe de RĂ©mi
2757:Conon de BĂ©thune
2737:Blondel de Nesle
2722:Adam de la Halle
2710:
2709:
2648:Peire d'Alvernha
2559:
2558:
2546:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2492:High (1150–1300)
2481:Wipo of Burgundy
2446:
2416:
2408:
2399:Stephen of Liège
2336:
2329:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2300:
2299:
2213:Parnassian poets
2183:New Apocalyptics
2158:Modernist poetry
1973:Confessionalists
1963:Churchyard poets
1881:
1874:
1867:
1858:
1857:
1844:
1843:
1834:
1833:
1824:
1783:Medieval studies
1627:Church and State
1501:Late Middle Ages
1393:High Middle Ages
1311:Christianization
1281:Migration Period
1258:
1251:
1244:
1235:
1234:
1200:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1169:
1167:
1156:
1150:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1123:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1072:
1053:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1021:
994:
988:
987:
985:
983:
957:
951:
950:
948:
947:
935:
929:
928:
926:
925:
913:
907:
906:
904:
903:
889:
883:
877:
871:
865:
859:
852:
846:
840:
834:
823:
814:
808:
802:
796:
785:
774:
761:
754:
748:
747:
727:
721:
715:
706:
691:
685:
678:
653:
644:
641:Clerici vagantes
542:
539:
504:Goliardic poetry
464:a "gay fellow".
448:who fought King
417:
410:
403:
351:Liturgical drama
249:Adam de la Halle
81:
80:
21:
4011:
4010:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3901:
3872:
3831:Poems and songs
3826:
3817:
3759:
3754:
3724:
3719:
3718:
3695:
3676:
3628:
3597:
3534:
3484:Gregorian chant
3403:
3389:Walter Odington
3349:Guido of Arezzo
3328:
3285:Johannes Alanus
3265:
3241:Jacob Senleches
3177:
3136:
3070:
3024:
2989:
2952:
2945:
2878:
2843:
2704:
2633:Guiraut Riquier
2612:Comtessa de Dia
2597:Bertran de Born
2565:
2549:
2543:Petrus de Cruce
2541:
2486:
2450:Notker Physicus
2441:
2411:
2403:
2368:
2345:
2340:
2310:
2305:
2294:
2287:
2258:Spasmodic poets
2243:Sicilian School
2193:New York School
2013:Dolce Stil Novo
1894:
1885:
1855:
1850:
1812:
1793:Neo-medievalism
1741:
1677:Itinerant court
1600:
1495:
1416:Georgian Empire
1401:Norman Conquest
1387:
1333:Frankish Empire
1267:
1262:
1208:
1206:Further reading
1203:
1189:, ed. (1911). "
1174:
1172:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1134:
1088:
1086:
1075:
1069:
1050:
1033:
1028:
1019:
1017:
1015:
995:
991:
981:
979:
977:
958:
954:
945:
943:
936:
932:
923:
921:
914:
910:
901:
899:
891:
890:
886:
878:
874:
866:
862:
853:
849:
841:
837:
824:
817:
809:
805:
797:
788:
775:
764:
755:
751:
744:
728:
724:
716:
709:
692:
688:
679:
675:
671:
666:
657:Serlo of Wilton
629:
607:
550:
548:Satirical poets
540:
506:
493:
430:
421:
379:
378:
377:
336:Gregorian chant
293:
285:
284:
283:
213:
205:
204:
203:
135:
125:
124:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4009:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3932:
3920:
3915:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3887:Carmina Burana
3882:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3849:
3842:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3827:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3793:
3791:Peter of Blois
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3757:Carmina Burana
3753:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3730:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3706:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3642:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3619:Medieval metal
3616:
3611:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3489:Pope Gregory I
3481:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3359:Johannes Cotto
3356:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3290:John Dunstaple
3287:
3281:
3279:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3251:Johannes Susay
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3231:Gacian Reyneau
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3211:Martinus Fabri
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3175:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3093:
3088:
3082:
3080:
3079:3rd generation
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3036:
3034:
3033:2nd generation
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2999:
2998:1st generation
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2981:
2979:
2972:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2943:
2941:Jehan Vaillant
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2911:Denis Le Grant
2908:
2903:
2901:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2817:Moniot d'Arras
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2797:Guiot de Dijon
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2653:Peire Cardenal
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2623:Gaucelm Faidit
2620:
2615:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2573:
2571:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2511:
2509:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2409:
2401:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2378:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2343:Medieval music
2339:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2316:
2307:
2306:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2278:Uranian poetry
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2143:Martian poetry
2140:
2135:
2133:Language poets
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2073:Georgian poets
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2008:Della Cruscans
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1953:Cavalier poets
1950:
1948:Castalian Band
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1913:Angry Penguins
1910:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1884:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1861:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1838:
1828:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1788:Misconceptions
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1596:Little Ice Age
1593:
1592:
1591:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1549:Western Schism
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1303:
1298:
1296:Late antiquity
1293:
1288:
1283:
1277:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1261:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1221:
1212:Waddell, Helen
1207:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1187:Chisholm, Hugh
1170:
1157:
1124:
1095:
1073:
1067:
1054:
1048:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1013:
1007:. p. 90.
989:
975:
952:
930:
908:
884:
872:
860:
847:
835:
815:
803:
786:
762:
760:(2008), p. 94.
756:P. Brown ed.,
749:
742:
722:
707:
686:
684:(2008), p. 94.
680:P. Brown ed.,
672:
670:
667:
665:
664:
659:
654:
645:
636:
630:
628:
625:
606:
603:
549:
546:
524:Carmina Burana
518:drinking songs
505:
502:
492:
489:
481:Pierre Abélard
438:medieval Latin
429:
426:
423:
422:
420:
419:
412:
405:
397:
394:
393:
392:
391:
381:
380:
376:
375:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
327:
326:
321:
316:
306:
301:
295:
294:
291:
290:
287:
286:
282:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
215:
214:
211:
210:
207:
206:
202:
201:
194:
189:
182:
177:
172:
167:
166:
165:
153:
148:
143:
137:
136:
133:
132:
129:
128:
127:
126:
107:
102:
101:
97:
96:
94:Medieval music
90:
89:
72:Feast of Fools
37:Carmina Burana
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4008:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3868:
3864:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3824:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3776:Peter Abelard
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3746:
3744:
3739:
3737:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3705:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3546:British Isles
3544:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3408:Musical forms
3406:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3325:
3324:W. de Wycombe
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3191:Baude Cordier
3189:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3159:Ars subtilior
3155:
3151:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3015:Maestro Piero
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2948:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2936:P. des Molins
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
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1182:public domain
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564:rail where a
563:
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516:. They wrote
515:
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198:Ars subtilior
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3655:Architecture
3527:
3479:Geisslerlied
3457:Formes fixes
3379:Notker Labeo
3344:Anonymous IV
3319:Leonel Power
3304:Thomas Fabri
3294:
3157:
2978:Predecessors
2896:
2802:Jehan Bretel
2638:Jaufre Rudel
2504:
2413:Odo of Cluny
2293:
2203:Objectivists
2163:The Movement
2028:Ego-Futurism
2018:Dymock poets
1993:Cyclic Poets
1988:Culteranismo
1617:Architecture
1589:Great Famine
1579:Universities
1519:Hussite Wars
1436:Great Schism
1323:Papal States
1227:
1215:
1194:
1163:
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965:
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896:
887:
875:
868:Goodrum 1995
863:
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850:
838:
826:
806:
801:, p. 9.
799:Goodrum 1995
777:
757:
752:
732:
725:
694:
689:
681:
676:
662:Tuna (music)
614:
610:
608:
605:Significance
576:
571:
551:
534:
530:
522:
511:
507:
494:
468:
466:
461:
433:
431:
386:
370:
331:Geisslerlied
309:Formes fixes
196:
184:
155:
115: /
111: /
74:, or church
49:
47:
35:
3853:Ecce gratum
3796:Minnesinger
3645:Middle Ages
3640:Early music
3602:Derivations
3435:Chansonnier
2807:Jehan Erart
2752:Colin Muset
2658:Peire Vidal
2506:Ars antiqua
2263:Sung poetry
2248:Sons of Ben
2173:Neotericism
2153:Misty Poets
2118:Ä°kinci Yeni
1968:Conceptismo
1943:Cairo poets
1918:Auden Group
1846:WikiProject
1773:Medievalism
1612:Agriculture
1476:Manorialism
1471:Communalism
1466:Monasticism
1383:Reconquista
1373:Kievan Rus'
1106:(2): 9–12.
880:Zeydel 1966
843:Zeydel 1966
811:Zeydel 1966
776:"Goliard."
541: 1115
514:troubadours
477:Innocent II
292:Major forms
157:Ars antiqua
113:Instruments
68:Middle Ages
3950:Categories
3927:(album by
3670:Philosophy
3665:Literature
3633:Background
3539:Traditions
2906:F. Andrieu
2762:Gace Brulé
2602:Castelloza
2568:Trobairitz
2563:Troubadour
2455:St. Godric
2268:Surrealism
2223:Précieuses
2218:La Pléiade
2128:Lake Poets
2003:Deep image
1958:Chhayavaad
1768:Land terms
1722:Technology
1702:Philosophy
1682:Literature
1647:Demography
1348:Viking Age
1089:October 3,
1031:References
1020:2023-02-21
946:2018-07-16
924:2018-07-16
902:2021-01-29
598:philosophy
595:scholastic
581:and Latin
462:gailliard,
170:Troubadour
141:Saint Gall
3924:O Fortuna
3894:O Fortuna
3878:Carl Orff
3846:O Fortuna
3583:Lithuania
3447:Conductus
3337:Theorists
3309:Roy Henry
3236:Rodericus
3127:Sant Omer
2862:Minnesang
2273:Symbolism
2168:NĂ©gritude
2103:Imaginism
2083:The Group
2053:Gay Saber
2043:Fugitives
2023:Ecopoetry
1923:The Beats
1753:Dark Ages
1662:Household
1657:Hastilude
1426:Feudalism
1147:cite book
1112:0009-5028
1077:"Goliard"
650:Goliardia
619:, and by
475:and Pope
428:Etymology
304:Conductus
279:Dunstaple
229:Hildegard
180:Minnesang
121:Theorists
109:Composers
58:satirical
3771:Archpoet
3704:Category
3609:Bardcore
3588:Portugal
3556:Scotland
3529:Planctus
3513:Madrigal
3452:Estampie
3415:Antiphon
2970:Trecento
2898:Ars nova
2857:Goliards
2714:Trouvère
2688:Sordello
2668:Perdigon
2643:Marcabru
2138:Marinism
1978:Créolité
1836:Category
1803:Timeline
1692:Minstrel
1687:Medicine
1569:Chivalry
1524:Burgundy
1446:Crusades
1230:, 1966 .
1137:July 16,
1133:. GieĂźen
1120:23550442
963:(1949).
627:See also
611:jongleur
554:St. Remy
509:church.
485:minstrel
372:Planctus
356:Madrigal
192:Trecento
186:Ars nova
175:Trouvère
100:Overview
86:a series
84:Part of
50:goliards
3929:Rhydian
3918:Goliard
3906:Related
3764:Authors
3573:Germany
3551:England
3523:Organum
3501:Tydorel
3472:Virelai
3467:Rondeau
3462:Ballade
3430:Chanson
3206:Egidius
3201:Egardus
2921:Grimace
2852:Casella
2530:PĂ©rotin
2405:Hucbald
2392:Tuotilo
2283:Zutiste
2108:Imagism
2078:Goliard
1903:Acmeism
1888:Schools
1746:Related
1732:Warfare
1727:Theatre
1717:Slavery
1712:Science
1667:Hunting
1632:Cuisine
1605:Culture
1544:Castile
1539:England
1220:, 1927.
1191:Goliard
1184::
621:Chaucer
589:). The
562:chancel
469:goliard
452:in the
442:Goliath
366:Organum
324:Virelai
319:Rondeau
314:Ballade
274:Ciconia
269:Landini
264:Machaut
244:PĂ©rotin
239:Walther
234:Bernart
151:Goliard
76:liturgy
18:Goliard
3714:Portal
3660:Poetry
3568:France
3563:Cyprus
3278:Others
3261:Trebor
3246:Solage
3168:Borlet
2663:Peirol
2566:&
2525:LĂ©onin
2208:Others
2198:Oberiu
1892:poetry
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1707:Poetry
1534:France
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1046:
1011:
973:
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701:
591:jargon
566:cantor
444:, the
254:Franco
219:Notker
117:Theory
64:poetry
54:clergy
3593:Spain
3578:Italy
3518:Motet
3442:Chant
3425:Carol
3420:Canso
2048:Garip
2038:Flarf
1737:Women
1697:Music
1652:Domes
1642:Dance
1529:Milan
1116:JSTOR
833:>.
784:>.
669:Notes
583:hymns
454:Bible
450:David
446:giant
434:gula,
361:Motet
346:Lauda
299:Canso
259:Vitry
224:Guido
61:Latin
1998:Dada
1153:link
1139:2018
1108:ISSN
1091:2014
1063:ISBN
1044:ISBN
1009:ISBN
984:2016
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3650:Art
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