Bell Beaker culture

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previously reported co-spread of Steppe-related ancestry and Y-chromosome haplogroup R1, we observed that three out of the four Italian Bronze Age males for which a Ychr haplogroup could be determined belong to haplogroup R1 and two of those were of the R1b lineage. This haplogroup does not appear in the Chalcolithic samples. The two Italian R1b lineages belong to the L11 subset of R1b, which is common in modern Western Europe and in ancient male Bell-Beaker burials Our qpAdm results suggest that the Steppe-related ancestry component could have arrived through Late Neolithic/Bell Beaker groups from Central Europe Together with the autosomal affinity of North and Central Italian Bronze Age groups with Late Neolithic Germany, the Ychr data point to a possibly Northern-, trans-alpine-, and potentially Bell-Beaker-associated source of the Italian Steppe-related ancestry.

5451: 5439: 3032: 4361: 3819: 4684: 4211: 5676: 4578: 4624: 5712: 2961: 3490: 3158:. This apparent evidence of migration was in line with archaeological discoveries linking Beaker culture to new farming techniques, mortuary practices, copper-working skills, and other cultural innovations. However, such evidence from skeletal remains was brushed aside as a new movement developed in archaeology from the 1960s, which stressed cultural continuity. Anti-migrationist authors either paid little attention to skeletal evidence or argued that differences could be explained by environmental and cultural influences. Margaret Cox and Simon Mays sum up the position: "Although it can hardly be said that craniometric data provide an unequivocal answer to the problem of the Beaker folk, the balance of the evidence would at present seem to favour a migration hypothesis." 3249:

British Beaker-associated individuals showed strong similarities to central European Beaker-associated individuals in their genetic profile. Both men and women with Steppe ancestry participated in the turnover in Neolithic Britain, as evidenced by the rise of the paternal haplogroup R1b and maternal haplogroups I, R1a and U4. The paternal haplogroup R1b was completely absent in Neolithic individuals, but represented more than 90% of the Y-chromosomes during Copper and Bronze Age Britain. The study also found that the Bell Beaker arrivals in Neolithic Britain had significantly higher genetic variants associated with light skin and eye pigmentation than the local population, but low frequencies of the SNP associated with lactase persistence in modern Europeans.

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b), it is still related. The association of lunula and discs, both types of object that are well known in Ireland (Case, 1977; Cahill, 2015) is unlikely to be coincidental. It has been demonstrated recently in relation to the Coggalbeg, Co. Roscommon find that lunulae and sun discs were sometimes associated in Ireland (Kelly & Cahill, 2010). The pair of gold discs from Oviedo is less well known than the Cabeceiras de Basto finds and although their decoration differs from the Irish discs in detail, they are similar in their shape and size, in having a central cross and central holes, and in having been made as a pair (Macwhite, 1951: 50, lám. viii). These finds seem likely to be broadly contemporary with the Tablada del Rudrón ornaments.

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ancestry source resembled central European Bell Beaker groups, which first contributed ancestry to northern Iberia, followed by a southward spread. According to the authors, "R1b-Z195, the most common Y lineage in BA Iberia, ultimately derives from a common ancestor R1b-P312 in central Europe." The authors propose that the El Argar culture "likely formed from a mixture of new groups arriving from north-central Iberia, which already carried central European steppe-related ancestry (and the predominant Y-chromosome lineage) and local southeastern Iberian CA groups that differed from other regions in Iberian in that they carried excess Iran_N-like ancestry similar to eastern and/or central Mediterranean groups."

5510:: notably axes and chisels. The Danish Beaker period, however, was characterised by the manufacture of lanceolate flint daggers, described as a completely new material form without local antecedents in flint and clearly related to the style of daggers circulating elsewhere in Beaker dominated Europe. Presumably Beaker culture spread from here to the remainder of Denmark, and to other regions in Scandinavia and northern Germany as well. Central and eastern Denmark adopted this dagger fashion and, to a limited degree, also archer's equipment characteristic to Beaker culture, although here Beaker pottery remained less common. This period in Scandinavian prehistory, from 2400-1800 BC, is also known as the 2687: 5298: 3672: 3016: 2456: 2746: 4700: 4615: 4183: 5279: 5020: 3632: 3974: 3297: 8012:

plausible source for the introduction of steppe ancestry into Iberia is consistent with the fact that some of the individuals in the Iberia_CA_Stp group were excavated in Bell Beaker associated contexts. ... For Iberia_BA (Iberia Bronze Age), we added Iberia_CA_Stp to the outgroup set as a possible source. The same Germany_Beaker + Iberia_CA model shows a good fit, but with less ancestry attributed to Germany_Beaker. Another working model is Iberia_CA+Iberia_CA_Stp, suggesting that Iberia_Bronze_Age is a mixture between the local Iberia_CA population and the earliest individuals with steppe ancestry in Iberia.

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Beakers and the introduction of metallurgy. Most LN I metal objects are distinctly influenced by the western European Beaker metal industry, gold sheet ornaments and copper flat axes being the predominant metal objects. The LN I copper flat axes divide into As-Sb-Ni copper, recalling so-called Dutch Bell Beaker copper and the As-Ni copper found occasionally in British and Irish Beaker contexts, the mining region of Dutch Bell Beaker copper being perhaps Brittany; and the Early Bronze Age Singen (As-Sb-Ag-Ni) and Ösenring (As-Sb-Ag) coppers having a central European – probably Alpine – origin.

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Among Bronze Age Europeans, the highest tolerance frequency was found in Corded Ware and the closely-related Scandinavian Bronze Age cultures... The Andronovo culture, which arose in Central Asia during the later Bronze Age, is genetically closely related to the Sintashta peoples, and clearly distinct from both Yamnaya and Afanasievo. Therefore, Andronovo represents a temporal and geographical extension of the Sintashta gene pool... There are many similarities between Sintasthta/Androvono rituals and those described in the Rig Veda and such similarities even extend as far as to the Nordic Bronze Age.

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completely replaced by one lineage, R1b-M269. The most plausible source population for this genetic influx was found to be Germany Bell Beaker. The earliest samples with Steppe ancestry were located in northern Spain and were modelled as deriving 60.2% of their ancestry from Germany Bell Beaker and 39.8% from the Iberian Copper Age, whilst Iberian Bronze Age samples from c. 2000 BC were modelled as 39.6% Germany Bell Beaker and 60.4% Iberia Copper Age. Some Iberian samples had up to 100% Central European Bell Beaker ancestry. A higher percentage of the genetic influx was due to men than women.

4248: 3716: 5220: 5700: 4383:: the bowl tradition and the vase tradition, the bowl tradition being the oldest as it has been found inserted in existing Neolithic (pre-beaker) tombs, both court tombs and passage tombs. The bowl tradition occurs over the whole country except the south-west and feature a majority of pit graves, both in flat cemeteries and mounds, and a high incidence of uncremated skeletons, often in crouched position. The vase tradition has a general distribution and feature almost exclusively cremation. The flexed skeleton of a man 1.88 meters tall in a cist in a slightly oval round 5655: 5423: 3586:

varieties found in nearby sites such as Castanheiro do Vento and Crasto de Palheiros. One non-local Bell Beaker sherd, however, belonging to the upper part of a beaker with a curved neck and thin walls, was found at the bedrock base of this second phase. The technique and patterning are classic forms in the context of pure European and Peninsular corded ware. In the Iberian Peninsula, this AOC type was traditionally restricted to half a dozen scattered sites in the western Pyrenees, the lower Ebro, and the Spanish east coast; especially a vessel at Filomena at

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of flint daggers that were soon distributed to most of Scandinavia. It was later followed by a similar production in southeast Denmark. This period marks the first introduction of metal into Scandinavia, and the dagger production represented an imitation of copper and bronze prototypes. It also represents the introduction of a new more ranked social organization. Large chiefly houses similar to those found in the Unetice Culture appear in south Scandinavia, and speak of a radical reorganization of economy and social organization

4168: 5758: BC, must all in all be characterised as a period of social change. Apel argued that an institutionalised apprenticeship system must have existed. Craftsmanship was transmitted by inheritance in certain families living in the vicinity of abundant resources of high-quality flint. Debbie Olausson's (1997) examinations indicate that flint knapping activities, particularly the manufacture of daggers, reflect a relatively low degree of craft specialisation, probably in the form of a division of labour between households. 3660: 3531: 5054: 2995: 2593: 4672: 3048: 5267: 3732: 4318:

association to later types of Earlier Bronze Age Beaker pottery, indeed spread to Ireland, however, without being incorporated into the same close and specific association of Irish Beaker context. The Wessex/Middle Rhine gold discs bearing "wheel and cross" motifs that were probably sewn to garments, presumably to indicate status and reminiscent of racquet headed pins found in Eastern Europe, enjoy a general distribution throughout the country, however, never in direct association with beakers.

5032: 4919: 4935: 2409: 457: 3207: 2534: 3993:, and the older Corded Ware Culture of "beaker group 1" that is also referred to as Horizon A or Step A. Early Bell Beaker Culture intruded into the region at the end of the Late Copper Age 1, around 2600–2550 BC. Middle Bell Beaker corresponds to Late Copper Age 2 and here an east–west Bell Beaker cultural gradient became visible through the difference in the distribution of the groups of beakers with and without handles, cups and bowls, in the three regions 4597: 4739: 5631: 5533: 3393: 5549:). Concurrent introduction of metallurgy shows that some people must have crossed cultural boundaries. Danish Beakers are contemporary with the earliest Early Bronze Age (EBA) of the East Group of Bell Beakers in central Europe, and with the floruit of Beaker cultures of the West Group in western Europe. The latter comprise Veluwe and Epi-Maritime in Continental northwestern Europe and the Middle Style Beakers (Style 2) in insular western Europe. 4156: 3704: 3253: 40: 4399: 3950: 3320:

suggesting that Steppe-related ancestry could have arrived through Bell Beaker groups from Central Europe, such as 'Germany Bell Beaker'. Three out of the four Italian Bronze Age males for which the paternal haplogroup could be determined belonged to haplogroup R1, and two of those were of the R1b-L11 lineage, which was absent in earlier Chalcolithic samples but is common in modern Western Europe and in ancient male Bell-Beaker burials.

2939: 4140: 4125: 4045: 2665: 4468: 5008: 2980: 4660: 3854: 5743:, often to continue into the early Late Neolithic. Also in northern Jutland, the body of the deceased was normally arranged lying on its back in an extended position, but a typical Bell Beaker contracted position occurs occasionally. Typical to northern Jutland, however, cremations have been reported, also outside the Beaker core area, once within the context of an almost full Bell Beaker equipment. 5724: 2385:, specific types of ornamentation, and (presumably) shared ideological, cultural and religious ideas, as well as social stratification and the emergence of regional elites. A wide range of regional diversity persists within the widespread late Beaker culture, particularly in local burial styles (including incidences of cremation rather than burial), housing styles, economic profile, and local 5470:

Bell Beaker associated objects such as wristguards and small copper trinkets, also found their way into this northern territories of the Corded Ware Culture. Domestic sites with Beakers only appear 200–300 years after the first appearance of Bell Beakers in Europe, at the early part of the Danish Late Neolithic Period (LN I) starting at 2350 BC. These sites are concentrated in

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lunula = small moon), as the necklace is also called because of its shape, have been found in Ireland alone. The Schulenburg gold jewelry consists of almost pure gold, which was probably driven into a thin sheet by hammering a gold rod, then ground and finally polished. The striking similarity to the crescent moon indicates a corresponding symbolic meaning of this gold jewelry.

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completely absent. It is contemporary to Corded Ware in the vicinity, that has been attested by associated finds of middle Corded Ware (chronologically referred to as "beaker group 2" or Step B) and younger Geiselgasteig Corded Ware beakers ("beaker group 3" or Step C). Bell Beaker Culture in Bavaria used a specific type of copper, which is characterised by combinations of

2567:–2600 BC). In contrast to the early Bell Beaker preference for the dagger and bow, the favourite weapon in the Carpathian Basin during the first half of the third millennium was the shaft-hole axe. Here, Bell Beaker people assimilated local pottery forms such as the polypod cup. These "common ware" types of pottery then spread in association with the classic bell beaker. 2843: 2867:

Italy first. The pattern of movements was diverse and complicated, along the Atlantic coast and the northern Mediterranean coast, and sometimes also far inland. The prominent central role of Portugal in the region and the quality of the pottery all across Europe are forwarded as arguments for a new interpretation that denies an ideological dimension.

3800:, as shown by the local presence of elephant ivory objects together with significant Beaker pottery and other finds, this maritime interaction can be shown to have a long tradition. The abundance of different cultural elements that persisted towards the end of the Bronze Age, show a clear continuity of different regional and intrusive traditions. 3804:

point to knowledge of making thread and textiles from wool. However, more details on the strategies for tending and slaughtering the domestic animals involved are forthcoming. Being traditionally associated with the introduction of metallurgy, the first traces of copper working in the Balearics were also clearly associated with Bell Beakers.

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within R-M269, both showed derived SNPs on the branch clustering R-L11 individuals. Although the R-L11 lineage is commonly restricted to Western Europe, it was common in Early Bronze Age populations from Europe and could have reached North Africa with Bronze Age migrations from this region (as implied by the presence of Bell Beaker pottery).

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of central Scandinavia and lowland northern Germany. In Denmark, this mode of building houses is clearly rooted in a Middle Neolithic tradition. In general, Late Neolithic house building styles were shared over large areas of northern and central Europe. Towards the transition to LN II some farm houses became extraordinarily large.

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spread of farming. We reveal sporadic contacts between Iberia and North Africa by ~2500 BCE, and by ~2000 BCE the replacement of 40% of Iberia's ancestry and nearly 100% of its Y-chromosomes by people with Steppe ancestry. ... the lineages common in Copper Age Iberia (I2, G2, H) were nearly completely replaced by one lineage, R1b-M269.

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frequency of the Y-haplogroup R1b, mostly represented by R1b-P312 and its derived R1b-L2 lineage "that diffused across Europe alongside steppe-related ancestry in association with the Bell Beaker complex." According to the authors, the Etruscans carried "a local genetic profile shared with other neighboring populations such as the

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Eulau, both in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, and one individual from early Bronze Age Bulgaria Perhaps the most intriguing aspect of our findings, which is of great archaeological interest and importance, is the observation of a predominantly European haplogroup in an Egyptian individual located in Southern Egypt.

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along with more elaborately decorated textiles. It has been speculated that the male textile patterns might represent quilted armour, known to be particularly effective against the archer's bow. The distinctive patterns of their clothing are also remarkably similar to the decorative motifs on Beaker pottery.

3356:, which could be explained by "the presence of Bell-Beaker pottery in the North African archaeological record" and "the expansion of European Bronze Age populations in North Africa". Serrano et al. 2023 analysed genome-wide data from 49 Guanche individuals, whose ancestry was modelled as comprising 73.3% 3777: BC. However, in several regions, this type of pottery persisted long enough to permit other possibilities. Suárez Otero (1997) postulated this corded Beakers entered the Mediterranean by routes both through the Atlantic coast and eastern France. Bell Beaker pottery has been found in Mallorca and 12519:

that the inhabitants were of special importance. This was likely the residence of a magnate, his family, his farmhands and his livestock, all included in one enormous building. In addition to its practical functions, the house was thus an imposing monument displaying the inhabitant's wealth and power

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The Gristhorpe log-coffin burial is one of 75 recorded in Britain that range in date from the twenty-third to seventeenth centuries BC. They are found throughout Britain from Scotland to the south coast and from East Anglia to Wales. ... the coffin was roughly square cut at the foot end, but the base

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the Pömmelte–Schönebeck complex can be best understood as a sacral landscape in which the two enclosures were focal points standing in dialectic relation to each other. This sacral landscape began to be established in the early 3rd millennium BC with a small sanctuary and a burial of a warrior-leader

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The Cabeceiras de Basto discs were found with a lunula whose similarities to the Irish series were noted by Cardoso in the first publication of the find (Cardoso, 1930: 6-16, fig. 2). Even if the Cabeceiras de Basto lunula is 'a very peripheral cousin of the British lunula' (Taylor, 1980: 24, pl. 23,

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and cinerary urns and finally fell out of use around 1700 BC. The earliest British beakers were similar to those from the Rhine, but later styles are most similar to those from Ireland. In Britain, domestic assemblages from this period are very rare, making it hard to draw conclusions about many

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from these mines with copper artefacts strongly suggests that Ross Island was the sole source of copper in Ireland between the dates 2500–2200 BC. In addition, two thirds of copper artefacts from Britain also display the same chemical and isotopic signature, strongly suggesting that Irish copper

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Beaker culture introduces the practice of burial in single graves, suggesting an Earlier Bronze Age social organisation of family groups. Towards the Later Bronze Age the sites move to potentially fortifiable hilltops, suggesting a more "clan"-type structure. Although the typical Bell Beaker practice

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Beakers are found in large numbers in Ireland, and the technical innovation of ring-built pottery indicates that the makers were also present. Classification of pottery in Ireland and Britain has distinguished a total of seven intrusive beaker groups originating from the continent and three groups of

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whorls prove the sedentary character of the Bell Beaker people, and the durability of their settlements. Some especially well equipped child-burials seem to indicate sense of predestined social position, indicating a socially complex society. However, analysis of grave furnishing, position within the

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Corded Ware, nor to other cultures in the area, and is considered something completely new. The Bell Beaker domestic ware of Southern Germany is not as closely related to the Corded Ware as would be indicated by their burial rites. Settlements link the Southern German Bell Beaker culture to the seven

12539:

From ca. 2300 to 1700 BC a new historical period of cultural integration prevailed in south Scandinavia. It was initiated by the migration of Bell Beaker groups into Jutland, who brought with them new skills in mining and sailing, and who started to mine flint in northern Jutland for mass production

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Two indigenous individuals belong to the R-M269 haplogroup: one from Punta Azul (El Hierro) and one from Guayadeque (Gran Canaria). R-M269 is the most common haplogroup in Western Europe, although it is also found in North Africa in lower frequencies. When ancient individuals were further classified

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We started by modeling the earliest individuals with steppe ancestry in Iberia (Iberia_CA_Stp), dated to ~2500-2000 BCE. ... Only one 2-way model fits the ancestry in Iberia_Copper_Age_Stp: Germany_Beaker (Germany Bell Beaker) + Iberia_CA (Iberia Copper Age). Finding a Bell Beaker-related group as a

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Our genetic time transect in Britain also allowed us to track the frequencies of alleles with known phenotypic effects. Derived alleles at rs16891982 (SLC45A2) and rs12913832 (HERC2/OCA2), which contribute to reduced skin and eye pigmentation in Europeans, dramatically increased in frequency between

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migration played a key role in the further dissemination of the Beaker Complex, a phenomenon we document most clearly in Britain, where the spread of the Beaker Complex introduced high levels of Steppe-related ancestry and was associated with a replacement of ~90% of Britain's gene pool within a few

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Noteworthy was the adoption of European-style woven wool clothes kept together by pins and buttons in contrast to the earlier usage of clothing made of leather and plant fibres. Two-aisled timber houses in Late Neolithic Denmark correspond to similar houses in southern Scandinavia and at least parts

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and in the Late Neolithic Period. Faint traces of Bell Beaker influence can be recognised already in the pottery of the Upper Grave phase of the Single Grave period, and even of the late Ground Grave phase, such as occasional use of AOO-like or zoned decoration and other typical ornamentation, while

5386:

and at the same time incorporating Bell Beaker elements related to those in northern Italy. Kristiansen and Larsson (2005) suggest that migrants from both the Adriatic Cetina culture and the Danube area reached Greece in this period, the latter indicated by close similarities in pottery forms to the

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6% of analysed copper artefacts After 2200 BC there is greater chemical variation in British and Irish copper artefacts, which tallies well with the appearance of other mines in southern Ireland and north Wales. After 2000 BC, other copper sources supersede Ross Island. The latest workings

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The Bell Beaker settlements are still little known, and have proved remarkably difficult for archaeologists to identify. This allows a modern view of them to contradict results of anthropologic research. The late 20th century view is that the Bell Beaker people, far from being the "warlike invaders"

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With some notable exceptions, most Iberian early Bell Beaker "burials" are at or near the coastal regions. As for the settlements and monuments within the Iberian context, Beaker pottery is generally found in association with local Chalcolithic material and appears most of all as an "intrusion" from

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studies of the 2010s have been able to resolve the "migrationist vs. diffusionist" question to some extent. The study by Olalde et al. (2017) found only "limited genetic affinity" between individuals associated with the Beaker complex in Iberia and in Central Europe, suggesting that migration played

2627:

in the period 2400–2200 BC, was associated with early Beaker pottery. Here, the local sulpharsenide ores were smelted to produce the first copper axes used in Britain and Ireland. The same technologies were used in the Tagus region and in the west and south of France. The evidence is sufficient

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each of the trilithons could be considered conjoined deities, pairs of gods, or an early form of the Divine Twins born at the same time from a single union (Darvill 2006, 144–145). The Great Trilithon to the southwest is the largest and most prominent. It is set astride the principal axis and might

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The earliest Bell Beaker individuals occupy a similar position in PCA as Corded Ware individuals, suggesting a degree of genetic continuity. We observe a closer phylogenetic relationship between the Y chromosome lineages found in early Corded Ware and Bell Beaker than in either late Corded Ware or

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hundred years, continuing the east-to-west expansion that had brought Steppe-related ancestry into central and northern Europe 400 years earlier British Beaker Complex-associated individuals show strong similarities to central European Beaker Complex-associated individuals in their genetic profile.

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were "shifted toward populations with steppe-related ancestry from central Europe" compared to preceding Copper Age groups. After 2100 cal BCE, all individuals from all sites carried steppe-related ancestry, in line with R1b-P312 becoming the predominant Y-chromosomal lineage. The major additional

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Investigations in the Mediterranean and France recently moved the discussion to re-emphasise the importance of migration to the Bell Beaker story. Instead of being pictured as a fashion or a simple diffusion of objects and their use, the investigation of over 300 sites showed that human groups

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of Europe to varying degrees. This new knowledge may have come about by any combination of population movements and cultural contact. An example might be as part of a prestige cult related to the production and consumption of beer, or trading links such as those demonstrated by finds made along the

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the Vinge house was approximately 45.5 metres long by 7.2 metres wide, covering an area of approximately 320 m2 ... the monumental size of the Vinge house, compared to common Late Neolithic houses, and its position on the elevated plateau with a wide view in all directions and high visibility show

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this crescent-shaped golden necklace from the beginning of the third millennium BC is extremely rare evidence of contact between early Bronze Age elites in Central Europe and the British Isles, as it is possible that the find was imported from Ireland at the time. To date, 69 golden lunulae (Latin

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European Late Neolithic and Bronze Age cultures such as Corded Ware, Bell Beakers, Unetice, and the Scandinavian cultures are genetically very similar to each other... The close affinity we observe between peoples of Corded Ware and Sintashta cultures suggests similar genetic sources of the two...

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In the statue-stelae of Le Petit-Chasseur, Sion, in the Rhone Valley of Switzerland ... male figures are carved with bows, arrows, axes, bead necklaces, belts, sporran-like pouches and daggers, while the female figures are embellished with lunula-like necklaces and their own distinctive belt types

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A similar picture of cultural integration is featured among Bell Beakers in central Europe, thus challenging previous theories of Bell Beakers as an elitist or purely super-structural phenomenon. The connection with the East Group Beakers of Únětice had intensified considerably in LN II, thus

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At present, no internal chronology for the various Bell Beaker-related styles has been achieved yet for Iberia. Peninsular corded Bell Beakers are usually found in coastal or near coastal regions in three main regions: the western Pyrenees, the lower Ebro and adjacent east coast, and the northwest

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A study by Saupe et al. (2021) found that Bronze Age populations from Northern and Central Italy were characterised by a mix of earlier Chalcolithic ancestry and Steppe-related ancestry. The study found an autosomal affinity of North and Central Italian Bronze Age groups to Late Neolithic Germany,

3165:

Jocelyne Desideri examined the teeth in skeletons from Bell Beaker sites in Northern Spain, Southern France, Switzerland, the Czech Republic and Hungary. Examining dental characteristics that have been independently shown to correlate with genetic relatedness, she found that only in Northern Spain

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These patterns point to a higher contribution of incoming males than females, also supported by a lower proportion of non-local ancestry on the X-chromosome, a paradigm that can be exemplified by a Bronze Age tomb from Castillejo del Bonete containing a male with Steppe ancestry and a female with

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The Beaker group in northern Jutland forms an integrated part of the western European Beaker Culture, while western Jutland provided a link between the Lower Rhine area and northern Jutland. The local fine-ware pottery of Beaker derivation reveal links with other Beaker regions in western Europe,

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are regarded as an obstacle to any colonisation directly from Iberia, or even from France. Their greater concentration in the northern part of the country, which traditionally is regarded as the part of Ireland least blessed with sources of copper, has led many authorities to question the role of

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decoration style in various patterns, using lines of points, incision or impression. Three of them were carbon dated to the first half of the third millennium BC. The site demonstrates a notable absence of more common Bell Beaker pottery styles such as Maritime Herringbone and Maritime Lined

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from central Italy could be modelled as deriving 50% of their ancestry from Central European Bell Beakers (represented by Germany Bell Beaker), with around 25% steppe ancestry. Two Etruscan samples were modelled as having 80% Germany Bell Beaker ancestry. Overall, the Etruscan samples showed ~75%

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Papac et al. (2021) found that the earliest Bell Beaker individuals from Bohemia in the Czech Republic had a similar genetic composition to Corded Ware individuals. A closer phylogenetic relationship was observed between the Y-chromosome lineages found in early Corded Ware and Bell Beaker than in

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Some elements show the influence from the north and east, and other elements reveal the south-east of France to be an important crossroad on an important route of communication and exchange spreading north. A distinctive 'barbed wire' pottery decoration is thought to have migrated through central

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all the Bronze Age groups from North and Central Italy presented here support a scenario in which Chalcolithic-like individuals received a contribution of Steppe-related ancestry, possibly through Late Neolithic/Chalcolithic groups from the north, such as Germany Bell Beaker Consistent with the

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While Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b was completely absent in Neolithic individuals (n=33), it represents more than 90% of the Y-chromosomes during Copper and Bronze Age Britain (n=52) (Fig. 3). The introduction of new mtDNA haplogroups such as I, R1a and U4, which were present in Beaker-associated

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Between the Aegean and Baltic Seas: Prehistory across Borders. Proceedings of the International Conference Bronze and Early Iron Age Interconnections and Contemporary Developments between the Aegean and the Regions of the Balkan Peninsula, Central and Northern Europe, University of Zagreb, 11–14

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Like elsewhere in Europe and in the Mediterranean area, the Bell Beaker culture in Sardinia (2100–1800 BC) is characterised by the typical ceramics decorated with overlaid horizontal bands and associated finds: brassards, V-pierced buttons etc.; for the first time gold items appeared on the

4420:

Irish Beaker intrusions do not attest the overall "Beaker package" of innovations that, once fully developed, swept Europe elsewhere, leaving Ireland behind. The Irish Beaker period is characterised by the earliness of Beaker intrusions, by isolation and by influences and surviving traditions of

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Previously some archaeologists considered the Bell-beaker people to have lived only within a limited territory of the Carpathian Basin and for a short time, without mixing with the local population. Although there are very few evaluable anthropological finds, the appearance of the characteristic

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Although a broadly parallel evolution with early, middle, and younger Bell Beaker Culture was detected, the Southern Germany middle Bell Beaker development of metope decorations and stamp and furrow engraving techniques do not appear on beakers in Austria-Western Hungary, and handled beakers are

3803:

The presence of perforated Beaker pottery, traditionally considered to be used for making cheese, at Son Ferrandell-Oleza and at Coval Simó confirms the introduction of production and conservation of dairy. Also, the presence of spindles at sites like Son Ferrandell-Oleza or Es Velar d'Aprop

3248:

in 2018 confirmed a massive population turnover in western Europe associated with the Bell Beaker culture. In Britain the spread of the Bell Beaker culture introduced high levels of Steppe-related ancestry and was associated with a replacement of ~90% of the gene pool within a few hundred years.

2800:

including analysis of pollen, associated with the spread of beakers, certainly suggests increased growing of barley, which may be associated with beer brewing. Noting the distribution of Beakers was highest in areas of transport routes, including fording sites, river valleys and mountain passes,

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Takabuti belonged to mitochondrial haplogroup H4a1. in the archaeological record H4a1 has been reported in sixth–fourteenth century CE remains sourced from the Canary Islands, and three additional ancient DNA samples, two from Bell Beaker and Unetice contexts (2500–1575 BCE) at Quedlinburg and

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We assembled genome-wide data from 271 ancient Iberians of whom 176 are from the largely unsampled period after 2000 BCE, thereby providing a high resolution time transect of the Peninsula. We document high genetic substructure between northwestern and southeastern hunter-gatherers prior to the

5560:

The interaction between the Beaker groups on the Veluwe Plain and in Jutland must, at least initially, have been quite intensive. All-over ornamented (AOO) and All-over-corded (AOC), and particularly Maritime style beakers are featured, although from a fairly late context and possibly rather of

5517:

The spread of metallurgy in Denmark is also intimately related to the Beaker representation in northern Jutland. The LN I metalwork is distributed throughout most of Denmark, but a concentration of early copper and gold coincides with this core region, hence suggesting a connection between

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2400–2000 BC. They are essentially broad blades that were mounted horizontally on a meter long handle, giving greater reach and impact than any known contemporary weapon. They were subsequently widely adopted in other parts of Europe, possibly showing a change in the technology of warfare.

3340:

samples belonged to the R1b-M269 Y-haplogroup, consistent with "the arrival of Steppe ancestry, via migration of Steppe pastoralists or intermediary populations in the preceding Bronze Age." The Iron Age Roman population showed a clear ancestry shift from the earlier Copper Age, modelled as an

2446:

More recent analyses of the "Beaker phenomenon", published since the 2000s, have persisted in describing the origin of the "Beaker phenomenon" as arising from a synthesis of elements, representing "an idea and style uniting different regions with different cultural traditions and background."

4079:

type in the populations of some later cultures (e.g. Kisapostag and Gáta–Wieselburg cultures) suggested a mixture with the local population contradicting such archaeological theories. According to archaeology, the populational groups of the Bell-beakers also took part in the formation of the

3292:

Furtwängler et al. (2020) analysed 96 ancient genomes from Switzerland, Southern Germany, and the Alsace region in France, covering the Middle/Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age. They confirmed that R1b arrived in the region during the transitory Bell Beaker period (2800-1800 BC), along with

4317:

beakers. However, many of the features or innovations of Beaker society in Britain never reached Ireland. Instead, quite different customs predominated in the Irish record that were apparently influenced by the traditions of the earlier inhabitants. Some features that are found elsewhere in

3315:

Olalde et al. (2018) analysed three Bell Beaker-associated individuals (one male and two females) from northern Italy (Parma), dating from 2200 to 1930 BC. Two of the individuals were found to have around 25% Early Bronze Age Steppe-related ancestry whilst one had none. The male belonged to

3275:

The earliest Bell Beaker samples in Iberia lacked Steppe ancestry, but between ~2500 and 2000 BC there was a replacement of 40% of Iberia's ancestry and nearly 100% of its Y-chromosomes by people with Steppe ancestry. Y-chromosome lineages common in Copper Age Iberia (I2, G2, H) were nearly

3161:

Non-metrical research concerning the Beaker people in Britain also cautiously pointed in the direction of migration. Subsequent studies, such as one concerning the Carpathian Basin, and a non-metrical analysis of skeletons in central-southern Germany, have also identified marked typological

2416:

The Bell Beaker artefacts (at least in their early phase) are not distributed across a contiguous area, as is usual for archaeological cultures, but are found in insular concentrations scattered across Europe. Their presence is not associated with a characteristic type of architecture or of

8297:

Furtwängler, Anja; Rohrlach, A. B.; Lamnidis, Thiseas C.; Papac, Luka; Neumann, Gunnar U.; Siebke, Inga; Reiter, Ella; Steuri, Noah; Hald, Jürgen; Denaire, Anthony; Schnitzler, Bernadette; Wahl, Joachim; Ramstein, Marianne; Schuenemann, Verena J.; Stockhammer, Philipp W. (20 April 2020).

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The burial ritual which typified Bell Beaker sites appears to be intrusive to Western Europe, from Central Europe. Individual inhumations, often under tumuli with the inclusion of weapons contrast markedly to the preceding Neolithic traditions of often collective, weaponless burials in

4338:

seem to have entered Ireland by cultural diffusion only, after the first intrusions, and unlike English and Continental Beaker burials never made it to the graves. The same lack of typical Beaker association applies to the about thirty found stone battle axes. A gold ornament found in

4851:

a significantly higher level of labour mobilisation was achieved following the arrival of Beaker people in Britain. The amount of effort that went into building Silbury Hill was "massively more than Stonehenge", and its dates coincide exactly with the appearance of Beaker burials.

11545:

There are cases where the practice of building a barrow could be carried to extreme lengths. The pyramids of the Old Kingdom of Egypt are essentially barrows, of a special sort; maybe Silbury Hill near Marlborough in southern England was a burial mound, though this has never been

4084:, which could be confirmed with the anthropological Bell Beaker series in Moravia and Germany. In accordance with anthropological evidence, it has been concluded the Bell Beakers intruded in an already established form the southern part of Germany as much as the East Group area. 5579:, and southern Norway. In northern central Poland Beaker-like representations even occur in a contemporary EBA setting. The frequent occurrence of Beaker pottery in settlements points at a large-scaled form of social identity or cultural identity, or perhaps an ethnic identity. 6575:

Heyd, Volker (1998). "Die Glockenbecherkultur in Süddeutschland– Zum Stand der Forschung einer Regionalprovinzentlang der Donau" [Bell Beaker Culture in Southern Germany, State of research for a regional province along the Danube]. In Benz, M.; van Willigen, S. (eds.).

2357:

In its early phase, the Bell Beaker culture can be seen as the western contemporary of the Corded Ware culture of Central Europe. From about 2400 BC the Beaker folk culture expanded eastwards, into the Corded Ware horizon. In parts of Central and Eastern Europe, as far east as

4379:" and cinerary urns (encrusted, collared and cordoned) of the Irish Earlier Bronze Age have strong roots in the western European Beaker tradition. Recently, the concept of these food vessels was discarded and replaced by a concept of two different traditions that rely on 3218:

two male skeletons from a German Bell Beaker site dated to 2600–2500 BC at Kromsdorf, one of which tested positive for M269 but negative for its U106 subclade (note that the P312 subclade was not tested for), while for the other skeleton the M269 test was unclear.

4333:

that accepted a riveted handle. Flint arrow-heads and copper-blade daggers with handle tangs, found in association with Beaker pottery in many other parts of Europe, have a date later than the initial phase of Beaker People activity in Ireland. Also the typical Beaker

4110:, indicating that Pömmelte served as a monument for "ceremonies linked to calendrical rites and seasonal feasting". The Pömmelte and Schönebeck enclosures formed parts of a 'sacral landscape' with origins in an early 3rd millennium BC sanctuary and elite burial of the 3279:

These results confirm the earlier findings of Patterson et al. (2012) who detected "a signal of gene flow from populations related to present-day northern Europeans into Spain around 2000 BC", which was hypothesised to be a "genetic signal of the Bell Beaker culture".

2889:

a limited role in its early spread. However, the same study found that the further dissemination of the mature Beaker complex was very strongly linked to migration. This is true especially for Britain, where the spread of the Beaker culture introduced high levels of

12000: 3793:, also assessed to be directly related to the late Cogotas complex. In most of the areas of the mainland, Boquique pottery falls into the latter stages of the Bell Beaker complex, as well. Along with other evidence during the earlier Beaker period in the Balearics, 4837:, near to Stonehenge, have similarly been dated to the early Beaker period or just before the Beaker period. Some researchers have suggested that Woodhenge may have been a monumental roofed building, though it is usually thought to have been an open-air structure. 7323:

Genome-wide data have revealed high proportions of Steppe-related ancestry in Beaker Complex-associated individuals from Germany and the Czech Republic, showing that they derived from mixtures of populations from the Steppe and the preceding Neolithic farmers of

3344:

According to Chintalapatia et al. (2022) a majority of Bronze Age samples from Sardinia lacked steppe-related ancestry, though evidence for steppe-related ancestry was found in a few individuals. This ancestry is estimated to have arrived in Sardinia ~2600 BC.

2878:, suggests that 18–25% of all graves were occupied by people who came from a considerable distance outside the area. This was true of children and adults, indicative of some significant migration wave. Given the similarities with readings from people living on 11923:

cautiously be identified with a pair of deities representing day and night, the sun and moon, summer and winter, life and death, perhaps even the prehistoric equivalents of the twins Apollo and Artemis as they are known in later pantheons across the Old World.

4313:

purely insular character having evolved from them. Five out of seven of the intrusive Beaker groups also appear in Ireland: the European bell group, the All-over cord beakers, the Scottish/North Rhine beakers, the Northern British/Middle Rhine beakers and the

4543:

in Spain. According to Cahill, pairs of gold discs found with lunulae may therefore represent "the day and night sun", symbolising the movement of the sun from day to night and from east to west. The double-sun motif has also been linked to the mythological

7603:

An analysis using MyTrueAncestry.com to compare the genomes of the Bell Beaker people from Germany, France and Britain with those of modern Europeans showed that the closest match in terms of genetic distance were British, Dutch, German, Danish and Swedish

5770:

The cultural concepts originally adopted from Beaker groups at the lower Rhine blended or integrated with local Late Neolithic Culture. For a while the region was set apart from central and eastern Denmark, that evidently related more closely to the early

4278: BC. The beaker pottery of Ireland was rarely used as a grave good, but is often found in domestic assemblages from the period. This stands in contrast to the rest of Europe where it is frequently found in both roles. The inhabitants of Ireland used 12173:

and lid had been rounded off at the head end. ... In 1834 the excavators identified 'a rude figure of a human face' carved into the lid. This carving, now much degraded, is surrounded by a cut which flares, possibly to indicate shoulders. (Melton 2015)

2628:

to support the suggestion that the initial spread of Maritime Bell Beakers along the Atlantic and into the Mediterranean, using sea routes that had long been in operation, was directly associated with the quest for copper and other rare raw materials.

2615:

was unknown in the early or southern Bell Beaker zone, and so must have been adopted from Corded Ware in the contact zone of the Lower Rhine, and transmitted westwards along the exchange networks from the Rhine to the Loire, and northwards across the

4013:

area for all subsequent Bell Beaker periods. This middle Bell Beaker Culture is the main period when almost all the cemeteries in Southern Germany begin. Younger Bell Beaker Culture of Early Bronze Age shows analogies to the Proto-Únětice Culture in

2708:, along with a characteristic group of other artefacts, known as the Bell Beaker "package", the explanation for the Beaker culture until the last decades of the 20th century was to interpret it as the migration of one group of people across Europe. 3283:

Villalba-Mouco et al. (2021) analysed genome-wide data from 136 southern Iberian individuals dating from the Late Neolithic (3300 cal BCE) to the Late Bronze Age (1200/1000 cal BCE). They found that Bronze Age populations, including those from the

3542:(Galicia and northern Portugal). A corded-zoned Maritime variety (C/ZM), proposed to be a hybrid between AOC and Maritime Herringbone, was mainly found in burial contexts and expanded westward, especially along the mountain systems of the Meseta. 3620:

2600–2200 BC. The complex of concentric rings, known as 'La Loma del Real Tesoro II' may have been used for holding rituals. Circular earth and timber enclosures are also known from Germany, Ireland and the Netherlands in this period, as well as

12445: 9865:[The transition from the Copper Age to the Early Bronze Age at the north-western edge of the Carpathian basin culture historical and palaeometallurgical considerations]. In Bartelheim, Martin; Pernicka, Ernst; Krause, Rüdiger (eds.). 3112:(2013) notes that the Beaker culture was associated with a hypothetical cluster of Indo-European dialects termed "North-West Indo-European," a cluster which includes the (predecessors of) Celtic, Italic, Germanic and Balto-Slavic branches. 5250: 3234:, a lineage associated with the arrival of Steppe migrants in central Europe after 3000 BC. Bell Beaker individuals from Germany analysed by Haak et al. (2015) were found to have less Steppe ancestry than the earlier Corded Ware culture. 2767:

British and American archaeology since the 1960s have been sceptical about prehistoric migration in general, so the idea of "Bell Beaker Folk" lost ground. A theory of cultural contact de-emphasizing population movement was presented by

9420:

Haplogroup R1b1a1b isolated in the studied samples is also uncharacteristic of the modern Egyptian population; its frequency in the population is less than 1%, while it is found in approximately half of the male population of Western

5482:

peninsula, largely contemporary to the local Upper Grave Period. In east central Sweden and western Sweden, barbed wire decoration characterised the period 2460–1990 BC, linked to another Beaker derivation of northwestern Europe.

3312:' (c. 2300–1700 BCE) clustered with central and western European Late Neolithic-Bronze Age individuals dominated by males with lineages of R1b-M269/L51, matching the appearance of Bell Beaker material culture in Denmark at this time. 4806:

and Iberia, but it is not thought they were exploited so early as these areas did not have bronze until after it was well established in Britain and Ireland. Gold was also exported from Cornwall to Ireland and continental Europe.

4395:", although the differences between Irish finds and e.g. the British combination of "round barrows with crouched, unburnt burials" make it difficult to establishes the exact nature of the Beaker People's colonization of Ireland. 3921:

were presented at the Riva del Garda conference in 1998, some 100 km south-east of the Csepel Beaker sub-group (modern Hungary). Bell Beaker related material has now been uncovered in a line from the Baltic Sea down to the

4353:

Beaker People in the introduction of metallurgy to Ireland. However, indications of their use of stream sediment copper, low in traces of lead and arsenic, and Beaker finds connected to mining and metalworking at Ross Island,

5313: 3564: BC revealed the remains of a tower, some pavings, and structures for burning. After a break of one or two centuries, Bell Beaker pottery was introduced in a second building phase that lasted to the Early Bronze Age, 11435: 7887:

the Neolithic period and the Beaker and Bronze Age periods (Extended Data Fig. 7). Thus, the arrival of migrants associated with the Beaker Complex significantly altered the pigmentation phenotypes of British populations.

4343:

that closely resembles a pair of ear-rings from Ermegeira, Portugal, has a composition that suggests it was imported. Incidental finds suggest links to non-British Beaker territories, like a fragment of a bronze blade in

3411:

valley to Portugal, North Africa, and Sicily, even penetrating northern and central Italy. Its remains have been found in what is now Portugal, Spain, France (excluding the central massif), Ireland and Great Britain, the

11572:

on the British Isles the Bell Beaker communities have created monuments such as the late phase of construction of Stonehenge shrine or a giant burial mound of Silbury Hill, which are comparable with Egyptian temples and

6385:

Jeunesse, C. 2014. "Pratiques funéraires campaniformes en Europe – Faut-il remettre en cause la dichotomie Nord-Sud ? La question de la réutilisation des sépultures monumentales dans l'Europe du 3e millénaire", in

12874: 11285: 4846:

According to Bayliss (2007), the "aggrandisement" of both Stonehenge and Silbury Hill occurred "in close relation to the appearance of novel material culture and practices" introduced by Beaker people. According to

3305:

either late Corded Ware or Yamnaya and Bell Beaker. R1b-L151 was the most common Y-lineage among early Corded Ware males in Bohemia, and was ancestral to R1b-P312, the dominant Y-lineage found in Bell Beaker males.

5399:

in Britain. According to Galaty et al. (2015) a 'warrior culture' including "ideas related to warrior aristocracy" spread from Europe to Greece through contact with the Cetina culture, along with the tradition of

4479:

As well as exporting raw copper/bronze, there were some technical and cultural developments in Ireland that had an important impact on other areas of Europe. Irish food vessels were adopted in northern Britain in

5613:

used to determine "important moments including festival and harvest days". Wooden longhouses and other burial mounds were found in the immediate vicinity of the site. A glass bead from Mesopotamia dating from

4527:. Cahill (2015) connects them to a "great solar cult" stretching across western and central Europe to Scandinavia. Cahill suggests that the central part of the lunulae (which is left undecorated) represents a 10294:

Spatzier, André (2019). "The enclosure complex Pömmelte–Schönebeck: The dialectic of two circular monuments of the late 3rd to early 2nd millennium BC in Central Germany". In Bertemes, F.; Meller, H. (eds.).

10202:

3075: 5353:

kept almost intact its cultural and social characteristics, while in the south-west there was a strong integration with local cultures. The only known single bell-shaped glass in eastern Sicily was found in

3873:

traditions into a cultural package and as such did not always and evenly abandon all local traditions. More recent extensive DNA evidence, however, suggests a significant replacement of earlier populations.

10184: 5168: BC. There is virtually no evidence in Sardinia of external contacts in the early second millennia, apart from late Beakers and close parallels between Bonnannaro pottery and that of the North Italian 2809:

cultures, creating local styles. Close analysis of the bronze tools associated with beaker use suggests an early Iberian source for the copper, followed subsequently by Central European and Bohemian ores.

12186: 11737: 5935:

Olalde, Iñigo; Brace, Selina; Allentoft, Morten E.; Armit, Ian; Kristiansen, Kristian; Booth, Thomas; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Mittnik, Alissa; Altena, Eveline (March 2018).

7523:

The Y-chromosome composition of Beaker-associated males was dominated by R1b-M269 (Supplementary Table 4), a lineage associated with the arrival of Steppe migrants in central Europe after 3000 BCE.

9469:

Müller, Johannes; van Willigen, Samuel (2001). "New radiocarbon evidence for European Bell Beakers and the consequences for the diffusion of the Bell Beaker Phenomenon". In Nicolis, Franco (ed.).

4329:

near Ross Lough, County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. The flat, triangular-shaped copper blade was 171 mm (6.73 in) long, with bevelled edges and a pointed tip, and featured an integral

11137:

Kristiansen, Kristian (2011). "Bridging India and Scandinavia: Institutional Transmission and Elite Conquest during the Bronze Age". In Wilkinson, Toby C.; Sherratt, Susan; Bennet, John (eds.).

9894:

O'Connor, Brendan (2010). "From Dorchester to Dieskau – some aspects of relations between Britain and Central Europe during the Early Bronze Age". In Meller, Harald; Bertemes, Francoise (eds.).

2362:, a sequence occurs from Corded Ware to Bell Beaker. This period marks a period of cultural contact in Atlantic and Western Europe following a prolonged period of relative isolation during the 3647: 12984:

Müller, Johannes; Hinz, Martin; Ulrich, Markus (2015). "6. Bell Beakers – Chronology, innovation and memory: A multivariate approach". In Maria Pilar Prieto Martinez; Laure Salanova (eds.).

3581:

The second building phase was dominated by a highly coherent group of pottery within the regional Chalcolithic styles, representing Maritime Bell Beakers of the local (northern Portuguese),

5206:(1900–1800 BC). In these various phases is observable the succession of two components of different geographical origin: the first "Franco-Iberian" and the second "Central European". 5561:

Epi-maritime style, equivalent to the situation in the north of the Netherlands, where Maritime ornamentation continued after it ceased in the central region of Veluwe and were succeeded

3150:

studies found that the Beaker people appeared to be of a different physical type than those earlier populations in the same geographic areas. They were described as tall, heavy boned and

3789:

1750–1300 cal BC) the local Beaker context became associated with the distinctive ornamented Boquique pottery demonstrating clear maritime links with the (megalithic) coastal regions of

2718:

interpreted the artefacts as belonging to a mobile cultural elite imposing itself over the indigenous substrate populations. Similarly, Sangmeister (1972) interpreted the "Beaker folk" (

8412:

Yamnaya and Bell Beaker. R1b-L151 is the most common Y-lineage among early Corded Ware males (6 of 11, 55%) and one branch ancestral to R1b-P312, the dominant Y-lineage in Bell Beaker.

2611:

A review in 2014 revealed that single burial, communal burial, and reuse of Neolithic burial sites are found throughout the Bell Beaker zone. This overturns a previous conviction that

8488: 3513:. A review of radiocarbon dates for Bell Beaker across Europe found that some of the earliest were found in Portugal, where the range from Zambujal and Cerro de la Virgen (Spain) ran 2545:

Another expansion brought Bell Beaker to Csepel Island in Hungary by about 2500 BC. In the Carpathian Basin, the Bell Beaker culture came in contact with communities such as the

7170:

Gallagher, A.; Gunther, M. M.; Bruchhaus, H. (2009). "Population continuity, demic diffusion and Neolithic origins in central-southern Germany: The evidence from body proportions".

2714:

interpreted the presence of its characteristic artefact as the intrusion of "missionaries" expanding from Iberia along the Atlantic coast, spreading knowledge of copper metallurgy.

416: 6603:

Settlement and economy in the third and second millennia BC: Papers delivered at a conference organised by the Department of Adult Education, University of Newcastle upon Tyne

6507:

Bell Beakers Today : pottery, people, culture, symbols in prehistoric Europe : proceedings of the International Colloquium Riva del Garda (Trento, Italy) 11–16 May 1998

9471:

Bell Beakers today: Pottery, people, culture, symbols in prehistoric Europe: Proceedings of the international colloquium Riva del Garda (Trento, Italy), 11–16 May 1998, Volume 1

3098:

As the Beaker culture left no written records, all theories regarding the language or languages they spoke remain conjectural. It has been suggested as a candidate for an early

2932:

copper ores, others have some organic residues associated with food, and still others were employed as funerary urns. They were used as status display amongst disparate elites.

2443:

precursors in northern Africa, arguing the Maritime style emerged as a result of seaborne contacts between Iberia and Morocco in the first half of the third millennium BC.

7037:"Almagro-Gorbea – La lengua de los Celtas y otros pueblos indoeuropeos de la península ibérica", 2001 p. 95. In Almagro-Gorbea, M., Mariné, M. and Álvarez-Sanchís, J. R. (eds) 2960: 2369:

In its mature phase, the Bell Beaker culture is understood as not only a collection of characteristic artefact types, but a complex cultural phenomenon involving metalwork in

5153:), demonstrating continuing relationships with the western Mediterranean. Elsewhere, Beaker material has been found stratigraphically above Monte Claro and at the end of the 3031: 2395:). Nonetheless, according to Lemercier (2018) the mature phase of the Beaker culture represents "the appearance of a kind of Bell Beaker civilization of continental scale". 11293: 9643:

Bartelheim, M.; Bueno Ramírez, P. And Kunst, M. (Eds.): Key Resources and Socio-Cultural Developments in the Iberian Chalcolithic, 257-272. Tübingen. University of Tübingen

2585:), forming a contact zone with the Bell Beaker culture. From there, the Bell Beaker culture spread further into Eastern Europe, replacing the Corded Ware culture up to the 12235: 5506:

Northern Jutland has abundant sources of high quality flint, which had previously attracted industrious mining, large-scale production, and the comprehensive exchange of

4025:

During the Bell Beaker period, a border ran through southern Germany, which culturally divided a northern from a southern area. The northern area was oriented around the

3715: 2424:

The origin of the "Bell Beaker" artefacts has been traced to the early 3rd millennium, with early examples of the "maritime" Bell Beaker design having been found at the

11027: 10718:

Male sizes range between 157 and 191 cm (62 and 75 in), to average 174 cm (69 in), comparable to the current male population: Flanagan 1998, p. 116

3222:

Two studies published in 2015 (Haak et al. 2015, Mathieson et al. 2015) found that Bell Beaker individuals from Germany and the Czech Republic had high proportions of

9591:

Analysis of the Economic Foundations Supporting the Social Supremacy of the Beaker Groups: Proceedings of the XVII UISPP World Congress (1-7 September, Burgos, Spain)

6109:

Analysis of the Economic Foundations Supporting the Social Supremacy of the Beaker Groups: Proceedings of the XVII UISPP World Congress (1-7 September, Burgos, Spain)

5188:). The different styles and decorations of the ceramics which succeed through the time allow to split the Beaker culture in Sardinia into three chronological phases: 3241:. Among modern populations, Bell Beaker people from Germany, France and Britain were closest genetically to modern British, Dutch, German, Danish and Swedish people. 2920:

The beakers are suggested to have been designed for the consumption of alcohol, and the introduction of the substance to Europe may have fuelled the beakers' spread.

5675: 2813:

AOO and AOC Beakers appear to have evolved continually from a pre-Beaker period in the lower Rhine and North Sea regions, at least for Northern and Central Europe.

9535:

Current researches on bell beakers : proceedings of 15th International Bell Beaker: From Atlantic to Ural, 5th-9th May 2011, Poio (Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain)

5329: 4459:

was a major export to Britain. Traces of Ross Island copper can be found even further afield; in the Netherlands it makes up 12% of analysed copper artefacts, and

11120:

Lahelma, Antti (2017). "The Circumpolar Context of the 'Sun Ship' Motif in South Scandinavian Rock Art". In Skoglund, Peter; Ling, Johan; Bertilsson, Ulf (eds.).

4683: 4210: 4429:

the find of the extended skeleton of a woman accompanied by the remains of a red deer and a small seven-year-old stallion is noteworthy, including the hint to a

4033:

river system and was mainly settled by the homogeneous Bell Beaker East Group. This latter group overlapped with the Corded Ware Culture and other groups of the

3901:

The relationship to the western Bell Beakers groups, and the contemporary cultures of the Carpathian basin to the south east, is much less. Research in northern

3336:

and its environs despite the cultural and linguistic differences between the two neighboring groups." Antonio et al. (2019) similarly found that 5 out of 7 male

12552: 3671: 3166:

and the Czech Republic were there demonstrable links between immediately previous populations and Bell Beaker populations. Elsewhere there was a discontinuity.

9294:"Biological Sexing of a 4000-Year-Old Egyptian Mummy Head to Assess the Potential of Nuclear DNA Recovery from the Most Damaged and Limited Forensic Specimens" 9619: 5845:, formed after the incursion of the Yamna people into the Vučedol milieu and the interaction of these peoples for three or four centuries, from circa 3000 BC. 4623: 3237:

Allentoft et al. (2015) found the people of the Bell Beaker culture to be closely genetically related to the Corded Ware culture, the Unetice culture and the

5711: 5552: 3818: 3444: 3015: 2656:, variously described as due to migration, possibly of small groups of warriors, craftsmen or traders, or due to the diffusion of ideas and object exchange. 3895: 3894:

and the Hungarian Bell Beaker-Csepel group being the most important. In 2002, one of the largest Bell Beaker cemeteries in Central Europe was discovered at

2325:. The Bell Beaker phenomenon shows substantial regional variation, and a study from 2018 found that it was associated with genetically diverse populations. 7205:

Jocelyne Desideri, Europe during the Third Millennium BC and Bell Beaker Culture Phenomenon: peopling history through dental non-metric traits study (2008)

5886:

1:11: "So, the Beaker Complex in terms of the British Isles is from...around 2450 BC, when we see in Britain the appearance of single inhumation graves..."

4348:

that has been likened to the "palmella" points of Iberia, even though the relative scarcity of beakers, and Beaker-compatible material of any kind, in the

12531:

Kristiansen, Kristian (2009). "Proto-Indo-European Languages and Institutions: An Archaeological Approach". In van der Linden, M.; Jones-Bley, C. (eds.).

8481:

Kristiansen, Kristian (2009). "Proto-Indo-European Languages and Institutions: An Archaeological Approach". In van der Linden, M.; Jones-Bley, C. (eds.).

5775:

across the Baltic Sea. Before the turn of the millennium the typical Beaker features had gone, their total duration being 200–300 years at the most.

5297: 5739:

In eastern Denmark and Scania one-person graves occur primarily in flat grave cemeteries. This is a continuation of the burial custom characterising the

4814:, which had its Neolithic form elaborated extensively. Many barrows surround it and an unusual number of 'rich' burials can be found nearby, such as the 12039: 11527:

Harding, Anthony (2012). "The Tumulus in European Prehistory: Covering the Body, Housing the Soul". In Borgna, Elizabetta; Müller Celka, Sylvie (eds.).

6309:

Seaborne Contacts between the Aegean, the Balkans and the Central Mediterranean in the 3rd Millennium BC – The Unfolding of the Mediterranean World

5278: 4577: 3910: 3451:(Riesenbecher)). The new international trade routes opened by the Beaker people became firmly established and the culture was succeeded by a number of 10910:

Atlantic halberds are characteristic weapons of the beginning of the Early Bronze Age in western Europe ... Some scholars support an origin in Ireland

3293:

Steppe-related ancestry. The vast majority of Bell Beaker R1b samples belonged to the U152 > L2 clade (11 out of 14; the other being P312 or L51).

2293:

BC, with the appearance of single burial graves, until as late as 1800 BC, but in continental Europe only until 2300 BC, when it was succeeded by the

4182: 3687: 3616:

In 2016 archaeologists discovered a large circular earthwork enclosure in southern Spain near Carmona (Sevilla), dating from the Bell Beaker period,

12643:

The form and decoration of the Danish lunulae are dependent on Anglo-Irish lunulae, which can be attributed to the Beaker Culture of western Europe.

12489:

The form and decoration of the Danish lunulae are dependent on Anglo-Irish lunulae, which can be attributed to the Beaker Culture of western Europe.

5571:

Clusters of Late Neolithic Beaker presence similar to northern Jutland appear as pockets or "islands" of Beaker Culture in northern Europe, such as

5391:

cultures. New and more intensive exchange of goods subsequently developed after 1900 BC between Greece and Bell Beaker-derived cultures such as the

7112:

A Test of Non-metrical Analysis as Applied to the 'Beaker Problem' – Natasha Grace Bartels, University of Albeda, Department of Anthropology, 1998

6738:

Lemercier, Olivier (2004). "Historical model of settling and spread of Bell Beakers Culture in the mediterranean France". In Czebreszuk, J. (ed.).

2893:, resulting in a near-complete transformation of the local gene pool within a few centuries, to the point of replacement of about 90% of the local 4222: 13581: 9675:"Assembling the Dead, Gathering the Living: Radiocarbon Dating and Bayesian Modelling for Copper Age Valencina de la Concepción (Seville, Spain)" 5609:. At the centre of the enclosure there was a burial mound containing numerous burials. According to the excavators the enclosure functioned as a 4985: 4969: 4699: 4072: 3448: 2775:

Under the "pots, not people" theory, the Beaker culture was seen as a 'package' of knowledge (including religious beliefs, as well as methods of

11530:

Ancestral Landscapes: Burial mounds in the Copper and Bronze Ages. Proceedings of the International Conference held in Udine, May 15th-18th 2008

4641: 4487: BC and this roughly coincides with a decline in the use of beakers in Britain. The 'bronze halberd' (not to be confused with the medieval 4198: 3785:

or Ibiza. Collective burials in dolmen structures in Ibiza could be contrasted against the individual burials in Mallorca. In its latest phase (

9897:

Der Griff nach den Sternen - Wie Europas Eliten zu Macht und Reichtum kamen, 591-602. Halle: Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle

6962: 2242: 2519:. This was a long-established route reflected in early stone axe distributions, and via this network, Maritime Bell Beakers first reached the 13434: 7207: 6368: 3631: 12444:

Galaty, Michael; Tomas, Helen; Parkinson, William (2015). "9 - Bronze Age European Elites: From the Aegean to the Adriatic and Back Again".

11156:"Provenance of the gold of the Early Bronze Age Nebra Sky Disk, central Germany: geochemical characterization of natural gold from Cornwall" 5699: 2206: 9863:"Der Übergang Kupferzeit / Frühbronzezeit am Nordwestrand des Karpatenbeckens – Kulturgeschichtliche und paläometallurgische Betrachtungen" 5019: 7816:

populations from continental Europe but not in Neolithic Britain (Supplementary Table 3), suggests that both men and women were involved.

1404: 423: 10615:

Sheridan, Alison; Northover, Peter (1993). "A Beaker Period copper dagger blade from the Sillees River near Ross Lough, Co. Fermanagh".

6072: 5320: 4918: 13649: 13184: 6896:

Sherratt, A. G. (1987). "Cups that cheered: The introduction of alcohol to prehistoric Europe". In Waldren, W.; Kennard, R. C. (eds.).

4571:(northern Spain) dating from the Bell Beaker period, was similarly found to be of non-local origin and possibly from southern Britain. 4425:

of crouched burial has been observed, cremation was readily adopted in accordance with the previous tradition of the autochthons. In a

3850:, may be included as a third component. Their development, diffusion and long range changes are determined by the great river systems. 12934:"The Transformation of Europe in the Third Millennium BC: the example of 'Le Petit-Chasseur I + III' (Sion, Valais, Switzerland)" 9777:

Waldren, William H. (2003). "Evidence of Iberian Bronze Age 'Boquique' Pottery in the Balearic Islands: Trade, Marriage or Culture?".

3557:, central Portugal. The site was located on the summit of a spur. A short-lived first occupation of pre-Bell Beaker building phase at 12393:"When the West Meets the East: The Eastern Periphery of the Bell Beaker Phenomenon and Its Relation with the Aegean Early Bronze Age" 9799: 5654: 4433:-like religion. A few burials seem to indicate social status, though in other contexts an emphasis to special skills is more likely. 2994: 2928:

content have been identified from certain examples. However, not all Beakers were drinking cups. Some were used as reduction pots to

4360: 2917:

type, decorated with bands filled with impressions made with a comb or cord. Later, other characteristic regional styles developed.

11699:"Holding on to the past: Southern British evidence for mummification and retention of the dead in the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age" 10855:

Northover, J.P. (1999). Hauptmann, A.; Pernicka, E.; Rehren, T.; Yalçin, Ü. (eds.). "The earliest metalworking in South Britain".

9495: 5450: 5438: 3443:

Beaker-type vessels remained in use longest in the British Isles; late beakers in other areas are classified as early Bronze Age (

5234: 5077:. The bell-shaped vases appear in these areas of central and northern Italy as "foreign elements" integrated in the pre-existing 4131: 3361: 12894:

Fitzpatrick, A. P. (2013). "The arrival of the Beaker Set in Britain and Ireland". In Koch, John T.; Cunliffe, Barry W. (eds.).

12232: 7130: 4843:

was also built in the early Bell Beaker period. It may have originally been a burial mound, though this has never been proven.

4559:, providing a further link between these artefacts. Cornwall was also the likely source of gold used to make artefacts from the 2729:

Heyd (1998) concluded that the Bell Beaker culture was intrusive to southern Germany, and existed contemporarily with the local

266: 6505:

Ambert, P. (2001). "La place de la métallurgie campaniforme dans la première métallurgie française". In Nicolis, Franco (ed.).

5687: 13082:

Case, H. (2001). "The Beaker Culture in Britain and Ireland: Groups, European Contacts and Chronology". In Nicolis, F. (ed.).

11047: 6923:"Sobre la función y el significado de la cerámica campaniforme a la luz de los análisis de contenidos trabajos de prehistoria" 4242: 3550: 13114: 11538: 10384:

Pasztor, Emilia; Barna, Judit (2015). "Neolithic Longhouses and Bronze Age Houses in Central Europe". In Ruggles, CLN (ed.).

9354: 6278: 5855: 4767:-related people, eventually resulting in a near total turnover of the British population. The Beaker-culture declined in use 3489: 3226:, showing that they derived from mixtures of populations from the Steppe (such as Corded Ware and Yamnaya) and the preceding 2351: 2213: 2185: 9496:"An all-over corded Bell Beaker in northern Portugal: Castelo Velho de Freixo de Numão (Vila Nova de Foz Côa): some remarks" 7226:"Emerging genetic patterns of the European neolithic: Perspectives from a late neolithic bell beaker burial site in Germany" 10836:

Northover, J.P.N.; O'Brien, W.; Stos, S. (2001). "Lead isotopes and metal circulation in Beaker/Early Bronze Age Ireland".

5219: 4167: 3403:

Bell Beaker people took advantage of transport by sea and rivers, creating a cultural spread extending from Ireland to the

1064: 4118:

in England. According to excavators the two monuments were built by "the same culture" with "the same view of the world".

3598:

2823–2658 BC. All pottery was locally made. The lack or presence of Bell Beaker elements is the basis for the division of

12854:

Case, Humphrey (2007). "Beakers and the Beaker Culture". In Burgess, Christopher; Topping, Peter; Lynch, Frances (eds.).

12760: 3059: 2722:) as small groups of highly mobile traders and artisans. Christian Strahm (1995) used the term "Bell Beaker phenomenon" ( 2170: 12113: 3694: 2644:) was introduced as a term for the artefact type at the beginning of the 20th century, recognition of an archaeological 2439:

beakers that have impressed decoration and which are found widely around the Tagus estuary in Portugal. Turek sees late

13100: 4297:

The advent of the Bronze Age Beaker culture in Ireland is accompanied by the destruction of smaller satellite tombs at

2235: 2192: 1123: 6455:

Needham, S. (2009). "Encompassing the Sea: "Maritories" and Bronze Age Maritime Interactions". In Clark, Peter (ed.).

5374:

2200–2000 BC. According to Heyd (2013) and Maran (1998) this is explained by the movement of people from the Adriatic

4802: BC and widely traded throughout Britain and into Ireland. Other possible European sources of tin are located in 4512:

in Europe. However, neither of these items were deposited in graves and they tend to be found isolated and at random.

4092: 3770:, generally considered the most ancient Bell Beaker pottery, possibly indicating an even earlier Beaker settlement at 13064: 12974: 12922: 12903: 12884: 12863: 12844: 12615: 12463: 12428: 12375: 12301: 12049: 10993: 10306: 10214: 10086: 10046: 9946: 9878: 9599: 9542: 9478: 9361:

The haplogroup for three of the investigated mummies, namely Tutankhamun, KV55 (Akhenaten) and Amenhotep III, was R1b

9185: 7097: 7060: 6905: 6880: 6747: 6722: 6610: 6585: 6539: 6530:

Lemercier, Olivier (2012). "The Mediterranean France beakers transition". In Fokkens, Harry; Nicolis, Franco (eds.).

6514: 6489: 6464: 6439: 6236: 6117: 5779:

triggering a new social transformation and innovations in metallurgy that would announce the actual beginning of the

4904:

were recovered, dating from as early as 2030 BC. These are the oldest known sewn-plank boats in the world outside of

3638: 456: 13344: 13158:

Evidence of a patrilineal descent system for western Eurasian Bell Beaker communities - Phys,org - January 29, 2024

12001:"The Boats from North Ferriby, Yorkshire, England, with a review of the origins of the sewn boats of the Bronze Age" 4934: 4555:

Scientific analyses have shown that gold used to make both the Irish lunulae and the Nebra sky disc originated from

2421:

However, the Bell Beaker culture does appear to coalesce into a coherent archaeological culture in its later phase.

13414: 13157: 6771:

Price, T. Douglas; Grupe, Gisela; Schröter, Peter (1998). "Migration in the Bell Beaker period of central Europe".

5465:

In Denmark, large areas of forested land were cleared to be used for pasture and the growing of cereals during the

3341:

introduction of ~30 to 40% steppe ancestry, which was indicative of "large-scale immigration before the Iron Age."

2412:

Bell Beaker artefacts from Spain: ceramics, metal daggers, axe and javelin points, stone wristguards and arrowheads

2199: 963: 11193: 4290:

were re-used). The preferred method of burial seems to have been single graves and cists in the east, or in small

3578: BC, after which the site was covered with layers of stone and clay, apparently deliberately, and abandoned. 3131: 13141: 10166: 9656:

Armbruster, Barbara (2015). "Early gold technology as an indicator of circulation processes in Atlantic Europe".

5266: 3957:

The Bell Beaker culture settlements in southern Germany and in the East-Group show evidence of mixed farming and

3838:

with its regional groups and the Eastern Group of the Bell Beaker Culture – form the background to the Late

474: 8646:"Ancient genomes reveal structural shifts after the arrival of Steppe-related ancestry in the Italian Peninsula" 13304: 13177: 12364:

Heyd, Volker (2013). "Chapter 3. Europe 2500 to 2200 BC: Between expiring ideologies and emerging complexity".

12351: 10411:

What was life like in the Early Bronze Age? (Digital reconstruction of a Unetice culture longhouse, c. 2200 BC)

10255:"The ring sanctuary of Pömmelte, Germany: a monumental, multi-layered metaphor of the late third millennium BC" 10122:"The ring sanctuary of Pömmelte, Germany: a monumental, multi-layered metaphor of the late third millennium BC" 9747: 9453: 8242:"Genomic transformation and social organization during the Copper Age–Bronze Age transition in southern Iberia" 5257: 4864: 3659: 2055: 1830: 1234: 6601:

Burgess, C.; Shennan, S. (1976). "The Beaker Phenomenon: some suggestions". In Burgess, C.; Miket, R. (eds.).

6229:

Le phénomène campaniforme dans l'Europe du 3ème millénaire avant notre ère: Synthèse et nouvelles perspectives

5624:

Three gold lunulae have been found in Denmark dating from the Bell Beaker period, and one in the Netherlands.

5382:. The Cetina culture was a "syncretistic Bell Beaker culture", splitting off from the Adriatic variant of the 3970:

cemetery, and size and deepness of grave pits did not lead to any strong conclusions on the social divisions.

3731: 208: 13680: 12055: 5598: 5527: 5145:. From the late third millennium BC on, comb-impressed Beaker ware, as well as other Beaker material in 4102:

BC. The main entrances of the Pömmelte enclosure were oriented towards sunrise and sunset midway between the

3103: 2769: 2649: 2468: 2228: 1800: 1069: 1006: 807: 693: 17: 11271:"THE BEAKER PHENOMENON? Understanding the character and context of social practices in Ireland 2500-2000 BC" 6231:. British Archaeological Reports, international series, 1470 (in French). Oxford: Archaeopress. p. 33. 5349:

from Sardinia and spread mainly in the north-west and south-west of the island. In the northwest and in the

4286:

of the Irish Neolithic were no longer being constructed during the Early Bronze Age (although some, such as

3546:

the third millennium in burial monuments whose origin may go back to the fourth or fifth millennia BC.

13720: 12896:

Celtic from the West 2 : rethinking the Bronze Age and the arrival of Indo-European in Atlantic Europe

9394:

Yatsishina, E. B.; et al. (2020). "Paleogenetic Study of Ancient Mummies at the Kurchatov Institute".

5630: 4671: 4139: 3085: 3047: 2745: 2686: 2471:

were maritime. A southern move led to the Mediterranean where 'enclaves' were established in south-western

1488: 991: 802: 797: 792: 687: 12167: 9911: 6390:, P. Lefranc, A. Denaire and C. Jeunesse (eds.), BAR International Series 2633, 211. Oxford: Archaeopress. 2945: 2455: 316: 12392: 12223:

Le grandi avventure dell'archeologia Vol. 5: Europa e Italia protostorica – Curcio editore, pp. 1585–1586

11307:

Needham, S. (2005). "Transforming Beaker Culture in North-West Europe: processes of fusion and fission".

10232:"Princes, Armies, Sanctuaries - The emergence of complex authority in the Central German Únětice culture" 9382:

Tutankhamun belongs to the haplogroup R-M269, which more than 50% of all men in Western Europe belong to.

9116:"Mitogenomes illuminate the origin and migration patterns of the indigenous people of the Canary Islands" 5621:

BC was also found in the enclosure, indicating that long-distance contacts already existed at this time.

1805: 1300: 1001: 880: 866: 847: 393: 11436:"The timber circle at Sarn-y-Bryn-Caled, Welshpool, Powys: ritual and sacrifice in Bronze Age mid-Wales" 11221:"The gold discs of the Archaeological Museum of Asturias: some observations on prehistoric goldsmithing" 11099: 10922:

O'Flaherty, R. (2007). "A weapon of choice: experiments with a replica Irish early Bronze Age halberd".

5154: 4155: 12420: 11961: 5241: 5181: 5120: 4124: 3372:

respectively. Bell Beaker-related haplogroups identified in the Guanches include Y-DNA R1b-M269, mtDNA

2971: 1143: 1101: 701: 409: 13314: 11962:"Seascapes and Landscapes—the Siting of the Ferriby Boat Finds in the Context of Prehistoric Pilotage" 11468: 11123:

North Meets South: Theoretical Aspects on the Northern and Southern Rock Art Traditions in Scandinavia

9180: 3762:

Radiocarbon dating currently indicates a 1,200-year duration for the use of the Beaker pottery on the

3348:

In a 2020 review Fregel et al. identified European Bronze Age ancestry (including Steppe ancestry) in

2938: 2435:

century BC. The inspiration for the Maritime Bell Beaker is argued to have been the small and earlier

13389: 13235: 13170: 11787:"The Early Bronze Age Log Coffin Burials of Britain: The Origins and Development of a Burial Rite(s)" 9181:"Genetic studies on the prehispanic population buried in Punta Azul cave (El Hierro, Canary Islands)" 9074: 8891: 7026:

Celtic From the West 2: Rethinking the Bronze Age and the Arrival of Indo–European in Atlantic Europe

6307: 5288: 4614: 4596: 4392: 1845: 1810: 1483: 787: 320: 168: 12987:

The Bell Beaker Transition in Europe: Mobility and local evolution during the 3rd millennium BC

11893: 6925:[Function and significance of bell beaker pottery according to data from residue analyses]. 4829:

circular enclosure in central Germany, which was built by Bell Beaker people around 2300 BC. Large

4528: 3506: 3154:. The early studies on the Beakers which were based on the analysis of their skeletal remains, were 2801:

Beaker 'folk' were suggested to be originally bronze traders, who subsequently settled within local

122: 13685: 13334: 9589: 7113: 6107: 3990: 3973: 3834:

started after 2500 BC. Two great coexisting and separate Central European cultures – the

3678: 2105: 1995: 1815: 1346: 1178: 1129: 1025: 827: 782: 777: 697: 353: 12806: 7204: 6900:. The Oxford International Conference 1986. Oxford: British Archaeology Reports. pp. 81–114. 6430:

Lanting, J. N.; van der Waals, J. D. (1976). "Beaker culture relations in the Lower Rhine Basin".

6400:

Salinova, Laure (2000). "La question du campaniforme en France et dans les Iles Anglo-Normandes".

3296: 2750: 324: 180: 13621: 11488:"The return of the Beaker folk? Rethinking migration and population change in British prehistory" 5793: 3703: 2890: 2000: 1727: 837: 832: 822: 466: 114: 13162: 12149: 12131: 12095: 12077: 8026:"The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years, Supplementary Materials" 7965:"The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years, Supplementary Materials" 7594: 3989:. Late Copper Age 1 was defined in southern Germany by the connection of the late Cham Culture, 3890:

regional provinces of the Eastern Group, represented by many settlement traces, especially from

2297:. The culture was widely dispersed throughout Western Europe, being present in many regions of 130: 13631: 13251: 13240: 9938: 9930: 8200: 6922: 6898:

Bell Beakers of the Western Mediterranean: Definition, interpretation, theory and new site data

4437: 4380: 4229: 3227: 3223: 3215: 3193: 3175: 2979: 2894: 2871: 2624: 2268: 1990: 1962: 1746: 1648: 1414: 1260: 884: 722: 614: 553: 508: 448: 440: 13463: 10871: 9659:

The Bell Beaker transition in Europe: Mobility and local evolution during the 3rd millenium BC

9530:"Unity and Circulation: what underlies the homogeneity of Galician bell beaker ceramic style?" 3189: 13488: 13217: 12807:"A Review of the Early Late Neolithic Period in Denmark: Practice, Identity and Connectivity" 12505: 11528: 10957:

Schuhmacher, T.X. (2002). "Some remarks on the origin and chronology of halberds in Europe".

6995: 6317:, eds. I. Galanaki, H. Tomas, Y. Galanakis and R. Laffineur, Aegaeum 27 (2007) 3–21, note 55. 5511: 4909: 4881:

across Northern Europe in the third millennium BC. Darvill has suggested that the Stonehenge

4795:

pebbles and traded in this raw, unrefined state. It was used to turn copper into bronze from

4403: 3324: 2859:

actually moved in a process that involved explorations, contacts, settlement, diffusion, and

2737:

Atlantic/Western Europe. Such an arrangement is rather derivative of Corded Ware traditions.

2705: 2137: 1966: 874: 870: 855: 851: 13644: 13086:. Vol. 2. Torento: Servizio Beni Culturali Ufficio Beni Archeologici. pp. 361–377. 12915:

Background To Beakers: inquiries in regional cultural backgrounds of the Bell Beaker complex

12876:

Celtic from the West Chapter 1: Celticization from the West: The Contribution of Archaeology

11894:"Houses of the Holy: Architecture and Meaning in the Structure of Stonehenge, Wiltshire, UK" 11194:"Where did the gold from the time of Stonehenge come from? Analysing the Bush Barrow dagger" 6532:

Background To Beakers: inquiries in regional cultural backgrounds of the Bell Beaker complex

4114:. The Pömmelte enclosure also has an almost identical diameter and a similar ground plan to 3830:

of the Bell Beakers, J. Müller and S. Willingen established that the Bell Beaker Culture in

3185: 13690: 13654: 13511: 13324: 13147:

Historical model of settling and spread of Bell Beakers Culture in the mediterranean France

13014: 12253:

Bingia'e Monti - Gonnostramatza. Un sito archeologico tra l'età del Rame e l'età del Bronzo

11710: 11167: 10391: 9975: 9244: 9198: 9133: 9013: 8944: 8785: 8728: 8657: 8592: 8525: 8437: 8376: 8311: 8253: 8151: 8094: 8037: 7976: 7915: 7843: 7772: 7701: 7634: 7548: 7480: 7421: 7362: 7280: 6819: 6651: 6340: 6027: 5951: 5772: 5466: 5392: 5007: 3847: 3737: 3456: 3377: 3099: 2882:

soils, the general direction of the local movement is from the northeast to the southwest.

2612: 2333: 2272: 2083: 2048: 1361: 1044: 996: 933: 903: 861: 841: 705: 559: 341: 295: 220: 200: 188: 152: 110: 13279: 13123: 11818: 11640: 11624: 11100:"Rock Art and Religion The sun journey in Indo-European mythology and Bronze Age rock art" 10409: 9796: 8841:"The spatiotemporal patterns of major human admixture events during the European Holocene" 5096:), while in central Italy, bell-shaped glasses were found in the tomb of Fosso Conicchio ( 3909:

with the adjacent Northern European plain. Typical Bell Beaker fragments from the site of

3181: 1229: 8: 13556: 13429: 13394: 13230: 11179: 10329: 8365:"Dynamic changes in genomic and social structures in third millennium BCE central Europe" 6388:

Données récentes sur les pratiques funéraires néolithiques de la Plaine du Rhin supérieur

6016:"Dynamic changes in genomic and social structures in third millennium BCE central Europe" 5804: 5780: 5379: 5146: 4848: 4520: 4111: 3886: 3610: 3510: 3484: 3468: 3397: 3038: 2730: 2691: 2596: 2571: 2538: 2329: 2276: 1351: 1247: 1171: 1136: 1059: 1049: 908: 609: 604: 573: 369: 336: 258: 106: 61: 13440: 13384: 13339: 13299: 13289: 13018: 11714: 11270: 11171: 10395: 10061: 9979: 9510: 9248: 9202: 9137: 9046: 9017: 9001: 8977: 8948: 8932: 8789: 8732: 8717:"The origin and legacy of the Etruscans through a 2000-year archeogenomic time transect" 8661: 8596: 8529: 8458: 8441: 8425: 8380: 8315: 8257: 8155: 8098: 8041: 7980: 7919: 7847: 7776: 7705: 7638: 7552: 7484: 7425: 7366: 7284: 6823: 6655: 6344: 6031: 5955: 5031: 4247: 3201: 2842: 278: 13576: 13445: 13294: 13152: 13035: 12996: 12953: 12206: 12041:

The Dover Bronze Age Boat in Context: Society and Water Transport in Prehistoric Europe

12020: 11981: 11913: 11857: 11767: 11679: 11606: 11509: 11386: 11324: 11252: 10939: 10901: 10624: 10456: 10366: 10276: 10143: 9996: 9963: 9699: 9674: 9411: 9320: 9293: 9265: 9232: 9156: 9115: 8867: 8840: 8816: 8773: 8749: 8716: 8693: 8621: 8578: 8554: 8511: 8397: 8364: 8340: 8299: 8274: 8241: 8225: 8172: 8139: 8115: 8082: 8058: 8025: 7997: 7964: 7936: 7903: 7872: 7829: 7801: 7758: 7730: 7687: 7663: 7620: 7572: 7509: 7466: 7442: 7407: 7383: 7352: 7340: 7309: 7266: 6868: 6840: 6807: 6788: 6740:

Similar but Different: Bell Beakers in Europe, Poznań Symposium, Poland, 26–29 May 2002

6672: 6639: 6048: 6015: 5980: 5937: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5740: 5576: 5422: 5304: 5284: 4941: 4716: 4556: 4388: 4345: 4189: 3982: 3966: 3827: 2792: 2754: 2460: 2283: 2062: 2013: 1947: 1931: 1556: 1209: 948: 634: 539: 534: 312: 282: 176: 156: 92: 13478: 13319: 12534:

Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph Series, No. 56: Departure from the Homeland

11450: 10019:

Anthropology of skeletal remains of Bell – Beaker people from Moravia (Czech Republic)

8484:

Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph Series, No. 56: Departure from the Homeland

7341:"Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe" 5388: 5383: 4019: 3594:(southern Portugal), a similar vessel was found having a date ultimately corrected to 2704:

Given the unusual form and fabric of Beaker pottery, and its abrupt appearance in the

2546: 274: 270: 138: 13701: 13146: 13096: 13060: 13040: 12970: 12957: 12918: 12899: 12880: 12859: 12840: 12459: 12424: 12371: 12347: 12318: 12297: 12282:

Ceramiche. Storia, linguaggio e prospettive in Sardegna, Maria Rosaria Manunza, p. 26

12045: 12024: 11985: 11977: 11917: 11861: 11683: 11610: 11534: 11513: 11390: 11328: 11256: 11220: 11009: 10989: 10943: 10905: 10385: 10370: 10302: 10280: 10210: 10147: 10082: 10042: 10001: 9942: 9874: 9790: 9759: 9704: 9595: 9538: 9474: 9449: 9415: 9350: 9344: 9325: 9270: 9161: 9096: 9051: 8982: 8913: 8872: 8821: 8754: 8697: 8685: 8626: 8608: 8559: 8541: 8463: 8402: 8345: 8327: 8279: 8177: 8120: 8063: 8002: 7941: 7877: 7859: 7806: 7788: 7735: 7717: 7668: 7650: 7564: 7514: 7496: 7447: 7388: 7314: 7296: 7247: 7187: 7145: 7093: 7066: 7056: 6944: 6901: 6876: 6845: 6792: 6755: 6743: 6718: 6677: 6606: 6581: 6535: 6510: 6485: 6460: 6435: 6274: 6268: 6267:

Garrido Pena, Rafael (January 2014). "Bell Beakers in Iberia". In Almagro, M. (ed.).

6232: 6113: 6053: 5985: 5967: 5723: 5413: 5158: 5082: 5078: 5062: 4976: 4925: 4659: 4536: 4509: 4430: 4335: 4173: 3502: 3472: 3464: 3238: 3231: 3139: 3000: 2788: 2648:

has long been controversial. Its spread has been one of the central questions of the

2604: 2298: 2076: 2042: 2034: 1978: 1972: 1954: 1925: 1904: 1890: 1882: 1652: 1513: 1453: 1435: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1333: 1328: 1157: 1020: 669: 662: 655: 641: 627: 587: 566: 503: 495: 389: 385: 365: 361: 349: 332: 299: 250: 231: 212: 164: 160: 65: 13404: 12506:"Mansion on the Hill – A Monumental Late Neolithic House at Vinge, Zealand, Denmark" 12210: 11771: 10350: 6580:. British Archaeological Report S690 (in German). Oxford: Hadrian. pp. 87–106. 5601:", the enclosure consisted of earth banks and ditches with entrances aligned to the 5209:

It appears likely that Sardinia was the intermediary that brought Beaker culture to

3230:

of Europe. The Y-chromosome composition of Beaker-associated males was dominated by

13675: 13571: 13483: 13364: 13349: 13193: 13030: 13022: 13001: 12945: 12451: 12198: 12012: 11973: 11905: 11847: 11798: 11757: 11749: 11718: 11669: 11598: 11499: 11378: 11351: 11316: 11242: 11232: 11175: 10966: 10931: 10891: 10883: 10358: 10266: 10133: 9991: 9983: 9964:"Neolithic mitochondrial haplogroup H genomes and the genetic origins of Europeans" 9786: 9694: 9686: 9403: 9315: 9305: 9260: 9252: 9233:"The first reported case of the rare mitochondrial haplotype H4a1 in ancient Egypt" 9206: 9151: 9141: 9086: 9041: 9031: 9021: 8972: 8962: 8952: 8903: 8862: 8852: 8811: 8801: 8793: 8744: 8736: 8675: 8665: 8616: 8600: 8583: 8549: 8533: 8516: 8453: 8445: 8392: 8384: 8335: 8319: 8300:"Ancient genomes reveal social and genetic structure of Late Neolithic Switzerland" 8269: 8261: 8220: 8212: 8167: 8159: 8110: 8102: 8053: 8045: 7992: 7984: 7931: 7923: 7867: 7851: 7834: 7796: 7780: 7763: 7725: 7709: 7692: 7658: 7642: 7625: 7576: 7556: 7504: 7488: 7471: 7437: 7429: 7412: 7378: 7370: 7304: 7288: 7271: 7237: 7179: 7007: 6934: 6835: 6827: 6780: 6710: 6702: 6698:

Stereotype:The role of grave sets in Corded Ware and Bell Beaker funerary practices

6667: 6659: 6409: 6348: 6146: 6043: 6035: 5975: 5959: 5942: 5660: 5471: 5417: 5355: 5108: 5048: 4860: 4549: 4455: 4081: 4067:. This same type of copper was spread over the area of the Bell Beaker East Group. 3986: 3958: 3882: 3843: 3763: 3554: 2374: 2363: 2070: 2020: 1837: 1643: 1531: 1471: 1448: 1391: 1386: 1323: 1310: 1305: 1295: 968: 581: 529: 521: 514: 397: 381: 377: 373: 357: 307: 262: 254: 118: 13473: 13057:

Ancient Europe from the Beginnings of Agriculture to Classical Antiquity: a Survey

12251: 11909: 11698: 9639:"Chalcolithic enclosures in the lower Guadalquivir Basin: La Loma del Real Tesoro" 9343:

Gad, Yehia (2020). "Maternal and paternal lineages in King Tutankhamun's family".

4095:

in central Germany. These were important ritual sites which remained in use until

3750: 3590:, Castellón (Spain), has parallels with the decoration. In Porto Torrão, at inner 172: 13536: 13409: 13369: 13225: 13010: 12455: 12414: 12365: 12239: 11722: 10298:

Der Aufbruch zu neuen Horizonten. NeueSichtweisen zur europäischen Frühbronzezeit

10206:

Der Aufbruch zu neuen Horizonten. NeueSichtweisen zur europäischen Frühbronzezeit

9803: 9146: 7211: 5838: 5799: 5053: 4957: 4870: 4815: 4516: 3813: 3530: 3404: 3364:

on average. Germany Bell Beaker ancestry reached 16.2% and 17.9% in samples from

3257: 3151: 2885: 2715: 2617: 2600: 2557: 2294: 2151: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2091: 2027: 2006: 1984: 1569: 1458: 1381: 1290: 1223: 1164: 1030: 762: 747: 737: 732: 648: 620: 328: 303: 192: 184: 13450: 11559: 11286:"Ancient DNA reveals impact of the "Beaker Phenomenon" on prehistoric Europeans" 11237: 9746:

Trias, Manuel Calvo; Ayuso, Víctor M. Guerrero; Simonet, Bartomeu Salvà (2002).

8216: 6270:

Iberia. Protohistory of the far west of Europe: from Neolithic to Roman conquest

5642: 4041:. Nevertheless, southern Germany shows some independent developments of itself. 3766:, between about 2475 and 1300 BC. Some evidence exists of all-corded pottery in 2592: 13359: 13354: 13309: 13274: 13264: 13052: 11455:

Reports of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London, XXIX

10102: 9256: 9026: 8957: 8449: 8323: 7536: 7183: 6663: 5841:

characterized the Bell Beaker culture complex as an amalgam of the Vučedol and

5610: 5396: 5375: 5225: 5185: 5169: 5150: 5104: 4897: 4874: 4830: 4532: 4314: 4064: 4034: 4006: 3905:

shifted the north-eastern frontier of this complex to the western parts of the

3831: 3357: 3353: 1896: 1763: 1638: 1196: 1150: 1118: 1054: 545: 345: 204: 196: 142: 126: 13419: 13209: 12202: 12187:"Gristhorpe Man: an Early Bronze Age log-coffin burial scientifically defined" 12016: 11876: 11753: 11738:"Gristhorpe Man: an Early Bronze Age log-coffin burial scientifically defined" 11602: 11382: 11355: 11320: 11140:

Interweaving Worlds: Systemic Interactions in Eurasia, 7th to 1st Millennia BC

10935: 10454:

Needham, S. (1996). "Chronology and periodisation in the British Bronze Age".

9690: 9407: 9210: 8670: 8645: 7131:"Anthropological sketch of the prehistoric population of the Carpathian Basin" 7070: 6784: 6353: 6328: 6135:"Think and Act. Local Data and Global Perspectives in Bell Beaker Archaeology" 5879: 3981:

The Late Copper Age is regarded as a continuous culture system connecting the

13714: 13616: 13611: 13596: 13591: 13566: 13468: 13458: 13424: 13379: 13374: 13329: 13284: 13269: 13259: 13109: 10673: 9763: 8612: 8545: 8426:"100 ancient genomes show repeated population turnovers in Neolithic Denmark" 8331: 7863: 7792: 7721: 7654: 7500: 7300: 6948: 6939: 6696: 6640:"The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes" 5971: 5842: 4991: 4893: 4856: 4515:

In some cases gold lunulae have been found with pairs of gold discs, e.g. at

4326: 4306: 4029:

and the Bell Beaker West Group, while the southern area occupied much of the

3906: 3866: 3413: 3381: 3308:

Allentoft et al. (2024) found that individuals from Denmark dating from the '

3135: 3109: 3081: 3066: 2967: 2860: 2711: 2672: 2386: 2343: 2306: 2156: 1620: 1536: 1253: 1111: 973: 727: 286: 134: 13093:

The Oxford Handbook of European Bronze Age (Oxford Handbooks in Archaeology)

12655: 11935: 10970: 10018: 8797: 8163: 8106: 8049: 7988: 7927: 6976: 6509:(in French). Trento, Italy: Provincia Autonoma di Trento. pp. 577–588. 6413: 2787:

working) and artefacts (including copper daggers, v-perforated buttons, and

2328:

The Bell Beaker culture was partly preceded by and contemporaneous with the

943: 13639: 13601: 13586: 13531: 13399: 13198: 13044: 11417: 10005: 9708: 9329: 9274: 9165: 9100: 9055: 8986: 8917: 8876: 8825: 8758: 8740: 8689: 8630: 8563: 8467: 8406: 8388: 8349: 8283: 8265: 8181: 8124: 8067: 8006: 7945: 7881: 7810: 7739: 7672: 7568: 7518: 7451: 7392: 7318: 7251: 7191: 6864: 6849: 6681: 6375:

Ancient Europe, 8000 B.C. to A.D. 1000: Encyclopedia of the Barbarian World

6057: 6039: 5989: 4840: 4725: 4545: 4540: 4505: 4354: 4330: 4283: 4076: 3918: 3599: 3534: 3494: 3429: 3373: 3365: 3337: 3333: 3155: 3120: 3116: 2806: 2480: 2408: 1775: 1613: 1087: 958: 757: 752: 742: 13084:

Bell Beakers Today: pottery people, culture, symbols in prehistoric Europe

12997:"The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe" 11674: 11657: 11504: 11487: 9373: 9091: 8908: 8579:"The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe" 8512:"The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe" 7830:"The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe" 7759:"The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe" 7688:"The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe" 7621:"The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe" 7467:"The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe" 7267:"The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe" 6808:"The Beaker Phenomenon And The Genomic Transformation Of Northwest Europe" 6605:. Vol. 33. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports. pp. 309–331. 5938:"The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe" 3432:(Austria), Hungary and the Czech Republic, with Mediterranean outposts on 13659: 13546: 13506: 10271: 10254: 10138: 10121: 9310: 7011: 6150: 5572: 5546: 4878: 4819: 4792: 4772: 4764: 4560: 4524: 4472: 4467: 4441: 4376: 4340: 4279: 4251: 4146: 4010: 3857: 3835: 3606: 3460: 3206: 3147: 2985: 2653: 2533: 2520: 1751: 1737: 1701: 1409: 216: 13026: 12949: 11852: 11835: 11587:"The world recreated: redating Silbury Hill in its monumental landscape" 10896: 10628: 9036: 8967: 8857: 8806: 8680: 8604: 8537: 7855: 7784: 7713: 7646: 7560: 7492: 7433: 7374: 7292: 6831: 5963: 4826: 4088: 4048: 2508: 938: 11803: 11786: 11247: 11077:"'Here comes the sun....: solar symbolism in Early Bronze Age Ireland'" 10887: 10161: 10159: 10157: 9987: 9567:"'Here comes the sun....: solar symbolism in Early Bronze Age Ireland'" 8140:"The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years" 8083:"The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years" 7904:"The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years" 7242: 7225: 6714: 5594: 5532: 5367: 5070: 4905: 4811: 4742: 4738: 4564: 4436:

One of the most important sites in Ireland during the Beaker period is

4291: 4115: 4038: 3927: 3839: 3778: 3622: 3587: 3452: 3392: 3261: 2797: 1714: 1628: 1506: 1271: 12856:

Beyond Stonehenge: Essays on the Bronze Age in honour of Colin Burgess

11762: 9724:"Ciempozuelos beaker geometric patterns: a glimpse into their meaning" 7614: 7612: 6706: 6578:

Some New Approaches to the Bell Beaker 'Phenomenon': Lost Paradise...?

6073:"Arsenic Bronze. An archaeological introduction into a key innovation" 4776:

aspects of society. Most British beakers come from funerary contexts.

3252: 3197: 2491:, probably via ancient western Alpine trade routes used to distribute 39: 13606: 10700: 10035:

Siedlungen der Glockenbecherkultur in Süddeutschland und Mitteleuropa

6484:. Galway: Department of Archaeology, National University of Ireland. 5479: 5142: 5066: 4901: 4886: 4882: 4834: 4398: 4302: 4287: 3962: 3949: 3870: 3790: 3755: 3440:; there is less certain evidence for direct penetration in the east. 3369: 2909:(AOO), patterned all over with impressions, of which a subset is the 2802: 2668: 2484: 2440: 1917: 1694: 1686: 1679: 1672: 1658: 1526: 12985: 11586: 11121: 11076: 10429: 10362: 10296: 10231: 10204: 10154: 10062:

The Eastern Border of the Bell Beaker-Phenomenon – Volker Heyd, 2004

9723: 9657: 9638: 9566: 9002:"The genomic history of the indigenous people of the Canary Islands" 8933:"The genomic history of the indigenous people of the Canary Islands" 8774:"Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean" 6134: 5751:

The introductory phase of the manufacture and use of flint daggers,

13551: 12933: 12674: 12634: 12480: 11155: 11138: 9895: 9873:] (in German). Rahden: Verlag Marie Leidorf. pp. 185–228. 9862: 9529: 9194: 9120: 7609: 7357: 5602: 5475: 5427: 5138: 4803: 4784: 4460: 4103: 3923: 3767: 3591: 3433: 3360:, 6.9% Morocco Early Neolithic, 13.4% Germany Bell Beaker and 6.4% 3349: 3285: 2929: 2870:

Genetic findings also lend support to the migratory hypothesis. An

2500: 2496: 2314: 1860: 1851: 1742: 1543: 1518: 1422: 913: 489: 96: 12693: 12532: 12319:"Monte d'Accoddi and the end of the Neolithic in Sardinia (Italy)" 8482: 5507: 3725:

made of stone slabs from older statue-menhirs. Spain, 2879-2589 BC

3471:

in the British Isles and the Atlantic coast of Europe, and by the

3408: 13192: 12447:

The Cambridge Prehistory of the Bronze and Iron Age Mediterranean

9075:"The demography of the Canary Islands from a genetic perspective" 8892:"The demography of the Canary Islands from a genetic perspective" 5606: 5521: 5401: 5350: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5097: 5089: 5074: 4760: 4488: 4426: 4107: 4044: 4015: 3998: 3994: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3891: 3878: 3782: 3571: BC. A third building phase followed directly and lasted to 2875: 2664: 2586: 2492: 2382: 2322: 2310: 1910: 1874: 1867: 1665: 1285: 918: 9588:

Doce, Elisa; von Lettow-Vorbeck, Corina, eds. (September 2014).

8296: 7024:

J.P. Mallory, 'The Indo-Europeanization of Atlantic Europe', in

6742:. Poznań, Poland: Adam Mickiewicz University. pp. 193–203. 6273:. Universidad de Burgos. Fundación Atapuerca. pp. 113–124. 6198: 6196: 6106:

Doce, Elisa; von Lettow-Vorbeck, Corina, eds. (September 2014).

4391:, was described in the 1942 excavation report as "typifying the 44:

Distribution of the area of influence of the Bell Beaker culture

13561: 13526: 13521: 11820:

Mike Parker Pearson, 'The New Archaeology of Stonehenge' (2021)

11642:

Mike Parker Pearson, 'The New Archaeology of Stonehenge' (2021)

11626:

Mike Parker Pearson, 'The New Archaeology of Stonehenge' (2021)

10721: 9748:"Los orígenes del poblamiento balear: una discusión no acabada" 6558:, Freiburger Arch. Studien 2 (Freiburg 1995) 4-14, pp. 386–396. 5996: 5542: 5346: 5210: 5125:

Sardinia has been in contact with extra-insular communities in

5093: 4548:, as have ritual depositions of twinned objects, including two 4322: 4298: 4243:

Prehistoric Ireland § Copper and Bronze Ages (2500–500 BC)

4030: 4002: 3914: 3902: 3853: 3437: 3425: 3329: 3022: 2833: 2780: 2776: 2503:

was linked closely to the riverine and landward route, via the

2476: 2418: 2370: 2359: 2318: 2302: 1633: 1587: 1106: 923: 9435:- Barry Cunliffe, Oxford University Press (1994), pp. 250–254. 6457:

Bronze Age Connections: Cultural Contact in Prehistoric Europe

3380:. These haplogroups have also been identified in mummies from 13541: 9961: 6619: 6208: 6193: 4788: 4779:

Britain's only unique export in this period is thought to be

4451: BC (O'Brien 2004). A comparison of chemical traces and 4384: 4026: 3421: 2879: 2849: 2516: 2512: 2504: 2488: 2472: 2425: 1732: 1606: 1600: 1582: 953: 928: 10793: 10781: 7408:"Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians" 6245: 5491: 4721: 4464:

from the Ross Island mines is dated to around 1700 BC.

3475:, a culture of Scandinavia and northernmost Germany–Poland. 13516: 11560:"The Beaker World and Otherness of the Early Civilizations" 10301:. Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle. pp. 421–443. 10209:. Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle. pp. 421–443. 10039:

Bell Beaker settlements in South Germany and Central Europe

9129: 6087: 5590: 5177: 4452: 4444:

from here are the earliest known in Ireland, starting from

3722: 3417: 2925: 2921: 2784: 2378: 2124: 11878:

Keeping Time at Stonehenge: A Megalithic Calendar Revealed

11585:

Bayliss, Alex; McAvoy, Fachtna; Whittle, Alisdair (2007).

11028:"Gold lunula and discs from Cabeceiras de Basto, Portugal" 10644: 10642: 10640: 10638: 10593: 10557: 10547: 10545: 10532: 10530: 10528: 10515: 10513: 10488: 10486: 7028:, eds J. T. Koch and B. Cunliffe (Oxford, 2013), pp. 17–40 5568: BC by beakers of the Veluwe and Epi-Maritime style. 4825:

Close similarities have been noted between Stonehenge and

2826: 12616:"Dutch unveil 4,000-year-old 'Stonehenge'-like discovery" 9346:

Guardian of Ancient Egypt: Essays in Honor of Zahi Hawass

7169: 6181: 5934: 5454:

Late Neolithic/ Early Bronze Age house remains, Denmark,

5088:

Graves with Beaker artefacts have been discovered in the

4780: 2623:

The earliest copper production in Ireland, identified at

2495:

axes. A northern move incorporated the southern coast of

12635:"A Review of the Early Late Neolithic Period in Denmark" 12481:"A Review of the Early Late Neolithic Period in Denmark" 10835: 10817: 10805: 10769: 10757: 10733: 10688: 9533:. In Prieto Martínez, M. Pilar; Salanova, Laure (eds.). 9473:. Trento: Provincia Autonoma di Trento. pp. 59–80. 6295:

The Civilization of the Goddess: the world of Old Europe

6169: 5366:

Bell Beaker artefacts appear in mainland Greece and the

4523:

in Portugal. Both lunulae and discs have been linked to

4305:, marking an end to the Neolithic culture of megalithic 4087:

Around 2300 BC, large circular enclosures were built at

4005:

catchment area of Southern Germany, and the Upper Rhine/

2726:) as a compromise in order to avoid the term "culture". 11397: 10745: 10654: 10635: 10581: 10569: 10542: 10525: 10510: 10498: 10483: 6482:

Ross Island: Mining, Metal and Society in Early Ireland

5161:(1800–1600 BC), for which C-14 dates calibrate to 3520:, in contrast to the rather later range for Andalusia ( 3210:

Bell Beaker burial from Shrewton, England, 2470–2210 BC

2905:

The two main international bell beaker styles are: the

11342:

Case, H. (1993). "Beakers: Deconstruction and After".

10351:"Bell Beaker copper-alloy daggers from central Europe" 9620:"First Bell Beaker earthwork enclosure found in Spain" 9587: 9526: 8362: 6434:. Bussum-Haarlem: Fibula-Van Dishoeck. pp. 1–80. 6105: 6013: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5904: 4892:

Another site of particular interest in this period is

4531:, which she compares to the gold boat depicted on the 4080:

Gáta-Wieselburg culture on the western fringes of the

3115:

Earlier theories suggested a link to the hypothesised

12233:

Il complesso culturale di "Fosso Conicchio" (Viterbo)

9637:

Sanjuán, Leonardo García; Bartelheim, Martin (2017).

7092:. London: Greenwich Medical Media. pp. 281–283. 7041:, pp. 115–121. Ávila: Diputación Provincial de Ávila. 5889: 5149:

contexts, has been found (mostly in burials, such as

3822:

Bell Beaker dress with gold ornaments, Czech Republic

3653:

Bracelet, metal dagger, awl and javelin points, Spain

2450: 12443: 11584: 11154:

Ehser, Gregor; Borg; Pernicka, Ernst (August 2011).

10872:"Atlantic halberds as Bell Beaker weapons in Iberia" 9179:

Ordóñez, Alejandra C.; et al. (February 2017).

6429: 5857:

Eurogenes Blog: Hungarian Yamnaya > Bell Beakers?

4810:

The most famous site in Britain from this period is

3093: 11448: 9349:. Czech Institute of Egyptology. pp. 497–518. 7090:

Human Osteology in Archaeology and Forensic Science

6963:"Gold artefacts of the Bell Beaker culture, Iberia" 6262: 6260: 5901: 5765: 3602:and Vila Nova cultures into two periods: I and II. 3509:and even intrudes in the earliest centuries of the 2342:was coined for its distinctive style of beakers by 12499: 12497: 12413:Kristiansen, Kristian; Larsson, Thomas B. (2005). 12412: 10434:Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle 9528: 9468: 6770: 6220: 5495:Reconstruction of a building at Østbirk, Denmark, 5157:period in association with the related Bronze Age 3846:. The Makó-Kosihy-Čaka culture, indigenous to the 2275:drinking vessel used at the very beginning of the 12294:Ancient Stones: The Prehistoric Dolmens of Sicily 11418:"Beakers in Britain. The Beaker package reviewed" 11153: 10614: 10253:Spatzier, Andre; Bertemes, Francois (June 2018). 10120:Spatzier, Andre; Bertemes, Francois (June 2018). 9745: 9636: 7031: 5442:Late Neolithic/ Early Bronze Age house, Denmark, 4204:Outline of an Early Bronze Age longhouse, Germany 3877:Bell Beaker domestic ware has no predecessors in 3407:and south along the Atlantic coast and along the 13712: 12983: 12694:"Bow-shaped pendants of the Bell Beaker culture" 12450:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 157–177. 12296:. Abingdon: Brazen Head Publishing. p. 32. 11218: 11070: 11068: 11041: 11039: 11037: 10449: 10447: 10445: 10443: 10252: 10119: 10032: 6257: 6251: 6157: 3613:, Portugal, dating from the Bell Beaker period. 3549:Very early dates for Bell Beakers were found in 2913:(AOC), patterned with cord-impressions, and the 2816: 12494: 11998: 10387:Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy 9955: 9922: 7334: 7332: 6996:"Bell Beaker Archers: Warriors or an Ideology?" 5582:In 2023 a large circular enclosure dating from 5335:Anthropomorphic stele, Saint-Martin-de-Corléans 4705:Model of an early Bronze Age house, County Down 4364:Gold lunula and discs from Coggalbeg, Ireland, 13090: 12913:Fokkens, Harry; Nicolis, Franco, eds. (2012). 12912: 12759: 12367:The Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age 10921: 10430:"Benzingerode longhouse reconstruction, p.192" 10028: 10026: 9672: 9464: 9462: 8239: 7018: 6625: 6600: 6594: 6523: 6402:Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 6214: 6202: 6093: 5522:Connections with other parts of Beaker culture 5486: 3869:(1940), added rather than replaced local late 2631: 2570:The Rhine was on the western edge of the vast 2332:, and in north-central Europe preceded by the 13178: 12338: 12336: 12273:Giovanni Ugas-L'alba dei Nuraghi (2005) p. 12 11966:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 11300: 11065: 11034: 10440: 10331:Concepts of cosmos in the world of Stonehenge 10177: 10066: 10055: 9871:The beginnings of metallurgy in the old world 9867:Die Anfänge der Metallurgie in der alten Welt 9854: 9558: 8839:Chintalapatia, Manjusha; et al. (2022). 8838: 8240:Villalba-Mouco, Vanessa; et al. (2021). 7124: 7122: 7120: 6875:. Vol. 4: Europe. Springer. p. 24. 6863:García, Xavier C. (2001). "Bell Breaker". In 6570: 6568: 6566: 6564: 6226: 4282:as a grave good instead. The large, communal 3162:differences with the pre-Beaker inhabitants. 2556:–2200 BC), which had evolved partly from the 2236: 417: 13151:All Bell Beaker scientific articles on line 12931: 11449:Wainwright, G. J.; Longworth, I. H. (1971). 11369:Charles, J. A. (1975). "Where is the Tin?". 10869: 10383: 9893: 9860: 7329: 7050: 6266: 6175: 6003:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology 5556:Bronze Age house reconstruction, Netherlands 5103:The Bell Beaker culture was followed by the 4912:from southern England, dating from 1550 BC. 2390: 2337: 12893: 12530: 12370:. Oxford University Press. pp. 47–67. 11136: 11097: 10988:. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 21. 10956: 10474: 10023: 9459: 9438: 9433:The Oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe 9114:Fregel, Rosa; et al. (20 March 2019). 8480: 7595:"Bell Beaker phenomenon (c. 2900-1800 BCE)" 7537:"Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia" 6920: 6479: 6326: 6187: 4539:, as well as to depictions on pottery from 3316:Y-haplogroup R1b1a1a2a1a2 (R1b-M269/P312). 13185: 13171: 12333: 11703:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 11485: 9655: 9393: 7117: 7055:. British Museum Press. pp. 172–172. 7051:Garrow, Duncan; Wilkin, Neil (June 2022). 6561: 6425: 6423: 5928: 4928:with gold studs, copper dagger and toggle. 4535:and to depictions of solar boats from the 4504:Ireland has the greatest concentration of 2428:estuary in Portugal, radiocarbon dated to 2243: 2229: 2207:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 424: 410: 38: 13091:Harding, Anthony; Fokkens, Harry (2013). 13034: 12839:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 12804: 12691: 12632: 12503: 12478: 11851: 11802: 11761: 11673: 11503: 11451:"Durrington Walls: Excavations 1966–1968" 11246: 11236: 10895: 10854: 10270: 10137: 10113: 10033:Heyd, V.; Husty, L.; Kreiner, L. (2004). 9995: 9861:Bertemes, François; Heyd, Volker (2002). 9698: 9319: 9309: 9264: 9155: 9145: 9090: 9045: 9035: 9025: 9012:(4641): Supplementary Information, p.13. 8976: 8966: 8956: 8907: 8866: 8856: 8815: 8805: 8748: 8679: 8669: 8620: 8577:Olalde, Iñigo; et al. (March 2018). 8553: 8510:Olalde, Iñigo; et al. (March 2018). 8457: 8423: 8396: 8339: 8273: 8224: 8198: 8171: 8114: 8057: 7996: 7935: 7871: 7828:Olalde, Iñigo; et al. (March 2018). 7800: 7757:Olalde, Iñigo; et al. (March 2018). 7729: 7686:Olalde, Iñigo; et al. (March 2018). 7662: 7619:Olalde, Iñigo; et al. (March 2018). 7534: 7508: 7465:Olalde, Iñigo; et al. (March 2018). 7441: 7405: 7382: 7356: 7308: 7265:Olalde, Iñigo; et al. (March 2018). 7241: 7230:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 6938: 6839: 6737: 6731: 6671: 6529: 6352: 6132: 6047: 5979: 5705:Beaker, dagger, wristguard and arrowheads 4873:has argued that Stonehenge represented a 4783:. It was probably gathered in streams in 3930:, including the modern states comprising 3885:, shows no genetic relation to the local 2313:, and was also present in the islands of 12964: 12872: 10823: 10811: 10799: 10787: 10775: 10763: 10751: 10739: 10727: 10706: 10694: 10660: 10648: 10610: 10608: 10599: 10587: 10575: 10563: 10551: 10536: 10519: 10504: 10492: 10293: 10201: 10095: 10041:] (in German). Büchenbach: Faustus. 9935:Oxford Concise Dictionary of Archaeology 9291: 8187:ancestry similar to Copper Age Iberians. 7128: 6895: 6766: 6764: 6399: 6329:"Chronology and Bell Beaker common ware" 5922: 5551: 5531: 5490: 5449: 5437: 5421: 5052: 4771:2200–2100 BC with the emergence of 4737: 4720: 4466: 4397: 4359: 4294:in the west. Cremation was also common. 4246: 4043: 3972: 3948: 3852: 3817: 3749: 3529: 3488: 3391: 3323:Posth et al. (2021) found that Iron Age 3295: 3251: 3205: 3130: 3126: 2900: 2874:of 86 people from Bell Beaker graves in 2744: 2685: 2663: 2591: 2537:Reconstruction of a Bell Beaker burial, 2532: 2454: 2407: 2398: 2346:in 1900. The term's English translation 12879:. Oxbow Books, Oxford. pp. 27–31. 12834: 12672: 12291: 11959: 11891: 11874: 11833: 11526: 11403: 11368: 11306: 11283: 11119: 11045: 10453: 10348: 10103:"Aerial view of the Pommelte enclosure" 10079:The Late Copper age in Southern Germany 9928: 9776: 9178: 8999: 8930: 8772:Antonio, Margaret; et al. (2019). 8771: 7087: 6694: 6637: 6556:Das Glockenbecher-Phänomen, ein Seminar 6534:. Leiden: Sidestone. pp. 117–156. 6454: 6420: 5895: 5880:"What do we know about the Beaker Folk" 3946:, North Macedonia and parts of Greece. 3084:fragment depicting patterned clothing, 14: 13713: 13121: 13051: 12994: 12967:Ancient Ireland, Life before the Celts 12408: 12406: 12184: 12005:Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 11999:Wright, E.V.; Churchill, D.M. (1965). 11791:Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 11735: 11415: 11344:Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 11309:Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 11219:Fernandez Moreno, José Javier (2018). 11074: 10859:. Bochum: Dt. Bergbau-Museum: 211–225. 10477:Newgrange: Archaeology, Art and Legend 10324: 10322: 10229: 9962:Brotherton, Paul; et al. (2013). 9721: 9564: 9230: 9113: 9072: 8889: 8576: 8509: 8491:from the original on 29 September 2022 8137: 8080: 8023: 7962: 7901: 7827: 7756: 7685: 7618: 7464: 7264: 7106: 6862: 6805: 6504: 6070: 4889:or an early form of the Divine Twins. 4568: 4491:) was a weapon in use in Ireland from 2772:and Stephen Shennan in the mid-1970s. 2499:. The enclave established in southern 13166: 13115:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 12837:The prehistory of Britain and Ireland 12675:"The Bronze Age in the Low Countries" 12037: 11784: 11696: 11658:"Mummification in Bronze Age Britain" 11655: 11557: 11284:Köljing, Cecilia (21 February 2018). 10983: 10676:. A History of Ireland in 100 Objects 10605: 9493: 8714: 8643: 8424:Allentoft, M.E.; et al. (2024). 8199:Patterson, Nick; et al. (2012). 7897: 7895: 6761: 5878:Armit, Ian, and David Reich, (2022). 2848:Illustration of a Bell Beaker period 2740: 2214:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary 2186:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 82:2800-2300 BC (Central Western Europe) 13081: 12853: 12390: 12363: 11936:"Bronze Age boat 'oldest in Europe'" 11341: 11048:"Bronze Age Ireland's Taste in Gold" 10349:Clément, Nicolas (27 January 2020). 10075:Die Spätkupferzeit in Süddeutschland 10072: 9537:. Santiago de Compostela: Copynino. 8201:"Ancient Admixture in Human History" 7406:Mathieson, Iain (24 December 2015). 7338: 6993: 6574: 6432:Glockenbechersimposion Oberried 1974 6163: 6133:Lemercier, Olivier (December 2018). 6007: 5872: 5746: 5042: 4357:, provide an escape to such doubts. 4301:and collapses of the great cairn at 4188:House reconstruction, Csepel group, 3505:defines the late phase of the local 3478: 3424:, with an extension along the upper 3387: 27:Archaeological culture, 2800–1800 BC 12858:. Oxford: Oxbow. pp. 237–254. 12741:Nielsen 2000, pp. 161 ff. 12403: 10319: 9937:. Oxford University Press. p. 9342: 9000:Serrano, J.G.; et al. (2023). 8931:Serrano, J.G.; et al. (2023). 8715:Posth, Cosimo; et al. (2021). 8138:Olalde, Iñigo; et al. (2019). 8081:Olalde, Iñigo; et al. (2019). 8024:Olalde, Iñigo; et al. (2019). 7963:Olalde, Iñigo; et al. (2019). 7902:Olalde, Iñigo; et al. (2019). 7223: 7088:Cox, Margaret; Mays, Simon (2000). 6981:A History of Ireland in 100 Objects 5734: 5589:BC was discovered near the town of 5378:into Greece at the transition from 3745: 2381:, long-distance exchange networks, 2171:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European 24: 13142:BBC – History – Bronze Age Britain 13124:"Making of Europe unlocked by DNA" 13075: 12714:Apel 2001, 42, p. 323 ff 11533:. Maison de l'Orient. p. 23. 9292:Loreille, O.; et al. (2018). 9073:Fregel, Rosa; et al. (2020). 8890:Fregel, Rosa; et al. (2020). 7892: 7679: 6977:"Pair of Gold Discs, 2200-2000 BC" 5882:, in: Antiquity Journal, Youtube, 5636:Bell Beaker artefacts, Netherlands 5025:Log coffin burial, reconstruction. 4499: 4387:with "food vessel" at Cornaclery, 3953:Gold diadem and jewellery, Germany 3501:The Bell Beaker phenomenon in the 2451:Expansion and Corded Ware contacts 2305:, and northward to the islands of 2193:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language 25: 13732: 13702:↓ Bronze Age Europe ↓ 13210:↑ Mesolithic Europe ↑ 13135: 12316: 11486:Armit, Ian; Reich, David (2021). 11010:"Under the Protection of Lunules" 10185:"The World of the Nebra Sky Disc" 10167:"Stonehenge's Continental Cousin" 10081:] (in German). Bonn: Habelt. 9736:(Waldren and Van Strydonck 1996). 9673:García Sanjuán, Leonardo (2018). 9446:Historia de España 1: Prehistoria 9186:Journal of Archaeological Science 8644:Saupe, Tina; et al. (2021). 8363:Papac, Luka; et al. (2021). 6459:. Oxford: Oxbow. pp. 12–37. 6014:Papac, Luka; et al. (2021). 5092:area, like that of Ca' di Marco ( 4759:2500 BC, with migrations of 4471:Reconstruction of a halberd from 3807: 3609:with two gold discs was found in 3190:Hallstatt culture § Genetics 3094:Postulated linguistic connections 2832:Illustration of early Bronze Age 12969:. Dublin: Gill & MacMillan. 12798: 12789: 12780: 12771: 12753: 12744: 12735: 12726: 12717: 12708: 12685: 12666: 12648: 12626: 12608: 12599: 12590: 12581: 12572: 12563: 12545: 12524: 12510:Journal of Neolithic Archaeology 12472: 12437: 12384: 12357: 12310: 12285: 12276: 12267: 12244: 12226: 12217: 12178: 12160: 12142: 12124: 12106: 12088: 12070: 12031: 11992: 11978:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2005.00042.x 11953: 11928: 11885: 11868: 11827: 11811: 11778: 11729: 11690: 11649: 11633: 11617: 11578: 11551: 11520: 11479: 11461: 11442: 11428: 11409: 11362: 11335: 11277: 11263: 11212: 11186: 11180:10.1127/0935-1221/2011/0023-2140 11147: 11143:. Oxbow Books. pp. 243–265. 11130: 11126:. Oxbow Books. pp. 144–171. 11113: 11091: 11020: 11002: 10986:Exploring the World of the Celts 10977: 10950: 10915: 10863: 10848: 10829: 10712: 10666: 10468: 10422: 10402: 10377: 10342: 10287: 10246: 10223: 10195: 10189:Halle State Museum of Prehistory 10012: 9904: 9887: 9845: 9836: 9827: 9818: 9815:(Waldren 1979 and Waldren 1998), 9809: 9791:10.1046/j.1468-0092.2003.00193.x 9770: 9739: 9730: 9715: 9666: 9662:. Oxbow Books. pp. 140–149. 9649: 9630: 9612: 9581: 7000:Journal of Neolithic Archaeology 6806:Olalde, I.; et al. (2017). 6139:Journal of Neolithic Archaeology 5766:End of a distinct Beaker culture 5722: 5710: 5698: 5693:Bell Beaker ceramic, Netherlands 5686: 5674: 5653: 5641: 5629: 5328: 5312: 5296: 5277: 5272:Pottery, wristguards and daggers 5265: 5249: 5233: 5218: 5030: 5018: 5006: 4984: 4968: 4956: 4933: 4917: 4698: 4682: 4670: 4658: 4640: 4622: 4613: 4595: 4576: 4552:buried with the Nebra sky disc. 4321:In 1984, a Beaker period copper 4221: 4209: 4197: 4181: 4166: 4154: 4138: 4123: 3730: 3714: 3702: 3695:Castro of Vila Nova de São Pedro 3686: 3670: 3658: 3646: 3630: 3551:Castelo Velho de Freixo de Numão 3309: 3300:Burial mounds (barrows), Britain 3186:Urnfield culture § Genetics 3074: 3058: 3046: 3030: 3014: 2993: 2978: 2959: 2937: 2841: 2825: 2515:Valley, and thence to the lower 2200:Journal of Indo-European Studies 964:Bible translations into Armenian 455: 12995:Olalde, I. (21 February 2018). 12932:Harrison, R.; Heyd, V. (2007). 9722:Valera, António Carlos (2015). 9527:Prieto Martínez, M. P. (2013). 9520: 9494:Jorge, Susana Oliveira (2002). 9487: 9426: 9387: 9366: 9336: 9285: 9224: 9172: 9107: 9066: 8993: 8924: 8883: 8832: 8765: 8708: 8637: 8591:(7695): Supplementary Table 4. 8570: 8503: 8474: 8417: 8356: 8290: 8233: 8192: 8131: 8074: 8017: 7956: 7821: 7750: 7587: 7528: 7458: 7399: 7339:Haak, Wolfgang (2 March 2015). 7258: 7217: 7198: 7163: 7129:Zoffmann, Zsuzsanna K. (2000). 7081: 7044: 6994:Ryan, Jessica (December 2018). 6987: 6969: 6955: 6914: 6889: 6856: 6799: 6688: 6631: 6548: 6498: 6473: 6448: 6393: 6379: 6361: 6320: 6300: 6287: 6126: 5848: 5832: 5256:Animal tooth necklace from the 5065:'s most affected areas are the 4567:. Gold used to make discs from 4216:Pottery and implements, Germany 4161:Gold discs from Eythra, Germany 3781:, but has not been observed in 3194:La Tène culture § Genetics 3182:Unetice culture § Genetics 2301:and stretching eastward to the 2279:, arising from around 2800 BC. 475:List of Indo-European languages 13122:Rincon, Paul (23 April 2013). 12605:Prescott & Walderhaug 1995 12416:The Rise of Bronze Age Society 11160:European Journal of Mineralogy 11098:Kristiansen, Kristian (2012). 10479:. London: Thames & Hudson. 9912:"Gold lunula from Schulenburg" 9503:Journal of Iberian Archaeology 7535:Allentoft, ME (11 June 2015). 6370:Bell Beakers From West to East 6327:Piguet, M.; Besse, M. (2009). 6252:Müller, Hinz & Ulrich 2015 6099: 6064: 5407: 5258:necropolis of Is Loccis-Santus 4855:Beaker people also introduced 4755:Beakers arrived in Britain in 3826:In their large-scale study on 3665:Ceramic dish from Ciempozuelos 3202:Italic peoples § Genetics 2282:Bell Beaker culture lasted in 2271:named after the inverted-bell 13: 1: 13681:Secondary products revolution 12898:. Oxford: Oxbow. p. 44. 12723:Bender Jørgensen 1992, p. 114 12698:Acta Archaeologica Carpathica 12346:, Palermo: Sellerio Editore. 11910:10.1080/1751696X.2016.1171496 11422:Préhistoires méditerranéennes 10959:Oxford Journal of Archaeology 10876:Oxford Journal of Archaeology 10870:Garrido-Pena, Rafael (2022). 10617:Ulster Journal of Archaeology 10355:Préhistoires Méditerranéennes 9779:Oxford Journal of Archaeology 9374:"The Tutankhamun DNA Project" 7224:Lee, E.; et al. (2012). 5866: 5752: 5664: 5615: 5599:Stonehenge of the Netherlands 5583: 5562: 5528:Prehistory of the Netherlands 5496: 5455: 5443: 5431: 5371: 5345:The Beaker was introduced in 5162: 4995: 4945: 4796: 4768: 4756: 4746: 4729: 4690: 4648: 4630: 4603: 4584: 4492: 4481: 4445: 4407: 4365: 4325:blade was recovered from the 4272: 4271: BC and fell out of use 4265: 4255: 4096: 4052: 4051:circular enclosure, Germany, 3794: 3786: 3771: 3617: 3595: 3572: 3565: 3558: 3521: 3514: 3265: 3004: 2949: 2817:Renewed emphasis on migration 2791:) adopted and adapted by the 2758: 2749:Bell Beakers from Thuringia ( 2695: 2676: 2650:migrationism vs. diffusionism 2575: 2561: 2550: 2524: 2429: 2287: 1801:Proto-Indo-European mythology 1070:Paleolithic continuity theory 241: 75: 12456:10.1017/CHO9781139028387.013 12397:Aegean and Balkan Prehistory 11836:"Keeping time at Stonehenge" 11723:10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.05.034 11075:Cahill, Mary (Spring 2015). 10857:The Beginnings of Metallurgy 10838:Journal of Irish Archaeology 10709:, pp. 104–105, 111–114. 9594:. Archaeopress. p. 48. 9565:Cahill, Mary (Spring 2015). 9231:Drosou, Konstantina (2020). 9147:10.1371/journal.pone.0209125 7144:(1–4): 75–79. Archived from 6227:Vander Linden, Marc (2006). 5681:Bow-shaped pendant, Germany. 5069:, in particular the area of 2796:seaways of Atlantic Europe. 2659: 1489:Northern Black Polished Ware 688:Proto-Indo-European language 7: 13095:. Oxford University Press. 12965:Flanagan, Laurence (1998). 12938:Praehistorische Zeitschrift 12344:La Sicilia nella Preistoria 12168:"Gristhorpe Man log coffin" 11238:10.14201/zephyrus2018826592 10314:of the Corded Ware Culture. 9679:Journal of World Prehistory 8217:10.1534/genetics.112.145037 7138:Acta Biologica Szegediensis 7006:(Special Issue 4): 97–122. 6921:Guerra Doce, Elisa (2006). 5786: 5487:Stone and copper arms trade 5114: 4264:Beakers arrived in Ireland 3985:to the western edge of the 3898:(Moravia, Czech Republic). 3860:from Lower Saxony, Germany. 3214:Lee et al. (2012) detected 3169: 3142:, Switzerland, 2700–2150 BC 2632:Migration vs. acculturation 2467:The initial moves from the 1806:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism 394:Multi-cordoned ware culture 53:Europe and Northwest Africa 10: 13737: 12827: 12777:Thorpe & Richards 1984 12557:National Museum of Denmark 12421:Cambridge University Press 11960:Chapman, Henry P. (2021). 9396:Nanotechnologies in Russia 9257:10.1038/s41598-020-74114-9 9027:10.1038/s41467-023-40198-w 8958:10.1038/s41467-023-40198-w 8450:10.1038/s41586-023-06862-3 8324:10.1038/s41467-020-15560-x 7184:10.1016/j.jchb.2008.05.006 6873:Encyclopedia of Prehistory 6664:10.1038/s41586-021-04018-9 6626:Fokkens & Nicolis 2012 6215:Fokkens & Nicolis 2012 6203:Fokkens & Nicolis 2012 6145:(Special Issue 4): 77–96. 6094:Fokkens & Nicolis 2012 5741:Scanian Battle-axe Culture 5545:group at the Lower Rhine ( 5525: 5411: 5395:in central Europe and the 5242:necropolis of Anghelu Ruju 5121:Beaker culture in Sardinia 5118: 5057:Bell Beaker sites in Italy 5046: 4885:may have also represented 4714: 4710: 4240: 4236: 3811: 3482: 3179: 3173: 3102:, or as the origin of the 3003:with gold studs, England, 2872:strontium isotope analysis 2403: 2321:and some coastal areas in 1102:Domestication of the horse 13699: 13668: 13630: 13497: 13250: 13236:First Temperate Neolithic 13216: 13207: 13112:(1997) "Beaker Culture". 12835:Bradley, Richard (2007). 12805:Vandkilde, Helle (2005). 12692:Ružičková, Pavla (2009). 12633:Vandkilde, Helle (2007). 12479:Vandkilde, Helle (2007). 12342:Tusa, Sebastiano (1999). 12203:10.1017/S0003598X00100237 12118:National Museums Scotland 12017:10.1017/S0079497X00014687 11892:Darvill, Timothy (2016). 11875:Darvill, Timothy (2023). 11834:Darvill, Timothy (2022). 11754:10.1017/S0003598X00100237 11656:Booth, Thomas J. (2015). 11603:10.1017/S0003598X00094825 11383:10.1017/S0003598X00063201 11356:10.1017/s0079497x00003807 11321:10.1017/s0079497x00001006 10936:10.1017/s0003598x00095284 9691:10.1007/s10963-018-9114-2 9509:: 107–123. Archived from 9408:10.1134/S1995078020050183 9211:10.1016/j.jas.2016.11.004 8671:10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.022 6785:10.1017/S0003598X00086683 6695:Wentink, Karsten (2020). 6480:O'Brien, William (2004). 6354:10.1017/S0033822200056125 5361: 5340: 5289:necropolis of Santu Pedru 5001:, model and replica tools 4908:. A later example is the 4022:of the Carpathian Basin. 3961:, and indicators such as 3455:cultures, among them the 1811:Historical Vedic religion 1088:Chalcolithic (Copper Age) 321:Armorican Tumulus culture 169:Armorican Tumulus culture 148: 102: 88: 71: 57: 49: 37: 12873:Cunliffe, Barry (2010). 12660:National Museum, Denmark 12504:Johannsen, Jens (2017). 11558:Turek, Jan (June 2016). 11290:University of Gothenburg 11014:D&M Magazine, Europe 9079:Human Molecular Genetics 8896:Human Molecular Genetics 6940:10.3989/tp.2006.v63.i1.5 6554:Christian Strahm (ed.), 6176:Harrison & Heyd 2007 5826: 5536:Bell Beaker, Netherlands 5380:Early Helladic II to III 5321:Saint-Martin-de-Corléans 5013:Gold discs and ornaments 4900:, where Europe's oldest 4877:, marking the spread of 4677:Gold discs, 2500-2000 BC 3991:Globular Amphora culture 3467:in the Netherlands, the 3416:and Germany between the 3396:All Over Corded beaker, 3053:Flint arrowheads, France 1816:Ancient Iranian religion 1179:Novotitarovskaya culture 1026:Indo-European migrations 354:Proto-Villanovan culture 13622:Unchambered long barrow 12812:. www.jungstein.SITE.de 12679:Oxford Handbooks Online 12673:Fokkens, Harry (2013). 12323:Documenta Praehistorica 11046:Urbanus, Jason (2015). 10971:10.1111/1468-0092.00162 10230:Meller, Harald (2019). 9851:(Carreras y Covas 1984) 9444:F. Jordá Cerdá et al., 8798:10.1126/science.aay6826 8164:10.1126/science.aav4040 8107:10.1126/science.aav4040 8050:10.1126/science.aav4040 7989:10.1126/science.aav4040 7928:10.1126/science.aav4040 7053:The World of Stonehenge 6927:Trabajos de Prehistoria 6638:Librado, Pablo (2021). 6414:10.3406/bspf.1997.10872 5860:, for a number of maps. 5717:Copper axe, Netherlands 5319:Anthropomorphic stele, 5182:tomb of Bingia 'e Monti 3709:Gold pendants, Portugal 3459:in Central Europe, the 3224:Steppe-related ancestry 2891:steppe-related ancestry 2652:debate in 20th-century 1317:Northern/Eastern Steppe 115:Neolithic British Isles 13241:Linear Pottery culture 12750:cf. Shennan 1976; 1977 12656:"Gold lunula, Denmark" 12553:"The Hindsgavl Dagger" 12185:Melton, Nigel (2015). 11736:Melton, Nigel (2015). 11469:"History of Woodhenge" 10730:, pp. 84–85, 116. 10674:"Coggalbeg Gold Hoard" 10475:O'Kelly, M.J. (1982). 10390:. pp. 1307–1315. 9624:University of Tübingen 8741:10.1126/sciadv.abi7673 8389:10.1126/sciadv.abi6941 8266:10.1126/sciadv.abi7038 6071:Hansen, Svend (2017). 6040:10.1126/sciadv.abi6941 5661:Hindsgavl flint dagger 5557: 5541:most specifically the 5537: 5503: 5462: 5447: 5435: 5303:Bell Beaker bowl from 5109:Proto-Apennine culture 5058: 4752: 4735: 4476: 4413: 4372: 4261: 4059: 3978: 3954: 3938:, Serbia, Montenegro, 3861: 3823: 3759: 3693:Metal javelin points, 3538: 3498: 3400: 3358:Morocco Late Neolithic 3301: 3272: 3211: 3176:Western Steppe Herders 3143: 3025:and wristguard, Spain. 2764: 2724:Glockenbecher-Phänomen 2701: 2683: 2608: 2542: 2464: 2413: 2391: 2338: 2269:archaeological culture 2265:Bell Beaker phenomenon 1788:Religion and mythology 1747:Medieval Scandinavians 1038:Alternative and fringe 209:Middle Helladic Greece 84:2450-1800 BC (Britain) 12917:. Leiden: Sidestone. 12578:Kühn 1979, pl. 11; 18 12391:Heyd, Volker (2008). 12317:Melis, Maria Grazia. 12136:British Museum online 12038:Clark, Peter (2004). 11697:Smith, Allen (2016). 11675:10.15184/aqy.2015.111 11564:Musaica Archaeologica 11505:10.15184/aqy.2021.129 11416:Gibson, Alex (2020). 10984:James, Simon (1993). 10073:Heyd, Volker (2000). 9968:Nature Communications 9006:Nature Communications 8937:Nature Communications 8656:(12): 2576–2591.E12. 8304:Nature Communications 6869:Peregrine, Peter Neal 6306:Joseph Maran (2007), 5555: 5535: 5494: 5453: 5441: 5425: 5200:(2000–1900 BC), 5194:(2100–2000 BC), 5056: 4741: 4724: 4715:Further information: 4629:Bell Beaker ceramic, 4470: 4401: 4363: 4250: 4241:Further information: 4130:Bell Beaker from the 4047: 3976: 3952: 3865:as once described by 3856: 3821: 3753: 3679:Vila Nova de Cerveira 3677:Gold wristguard from 3533: 3492: 3483:Further information: 3395: 3299: 3255: 3244:A study published in 3209: 3198:Celts § Genetics 3174:Further information: 3136:Anthropomorphic stele 3134: 3127:Physical anthropology 3100:Indo-European culture 2901:Bell Beaker artifacts 2798:Palynological studies 2748: 2706:archaeological record 2689: 2667: 2595: 2536: 2458: 2411: 2399:Origins and expansion 2138:Indo-European studies 1501:Peoples and societies 13691:Proto-Indo-Europeans 13655:Neolithic long house 13512:Causewayed enclosure 12767:. Thames and Hudson. 12537:. pp. 111–140. 12292:Piccolo, S. (2013). 12238:4 March 2016 at the 10272:10.15184/aqy.2018.92 10139:10.15184/aqy.2018.92 9929:Darvill, T. (2002). 9311:10.3390/genes9030135 8487:. pp. 111–140. 7210:26 July 2011 at the 7012:10.12766/jna.2018S.6 6151:10.12766/jna.2018S.5 5597:. Described as the " 5467:Single Grave culture 3977:Bell Beaker, Germany 3738:Dolmen de la Pastora 3447:in the Netherlands, 2334:Funnelbeaker culture 2323:north-western Africa 2259:, also known as the 1045:Anatolian hypothesis 997:Proto-Indo-Europeans 904:Hittite inscriptions 449:Indo-European topics 342:Nuragic civilization 221:Mierzanowice culture 189:Levantine Bronze Age 111:Funnelbeaker culture 13721:Bell Beaker culture 13557:Megalithic entrance 13435:Starčevo–Körös–Criș 13231:Corded Ware culture 13118:, Fitzroy Dearborn. 13059:. Chicago: Aldine. 13027:10.1038/nature25738 13019:2018Natur.555..190O 12950:10.1515/pz.2007.010 12569:Struve 1955, pl. 22 11853:10.15184/aqy.2022.5 11715:2016JArSR..10..744S 11172:2011EJMin..23..895E 11081:Archaeology Ireland 11016:. 2019. p. 19. 10802:, pp. 105–106. 10790:, pp. 96, 151. 10396:2015hae..book.....R 9980:2013NatCo...4.1764. 9802:6 June 2009 at the 9795:Available from the 9571:Archaeology Ireland 9516:on 24 January 2005. 9249:2020NatSR..1017037D 9203:2017JArSc..78...20O 9138:2019PLoSO..1409125F 9092:10.1093/hmg/ddaa262 9018:2023NatCo..14.4641S 8949:2023NatCo..14.4641S 8909:10.1093/hmg/ddaa262 8858:10.7554/eLife.77625 8790:2019Sci...366..708A 8733:2021SciA....7.7673P 8662:2021CBio...31E2576S 8605:10.1038/nature25738 8597:2018Natur.555..190O 8538:10.1038/nature25738 8530:2018Natur.555..190O 8442:2024Natur.625..329A 8381:2021SciA....7.6941P 8316:2020NatCo..11.1915F 8258:2021SciA....7.7038V 8156:2019Sci...363.1230O 8150:(6432): 1230–1234. 8099:2019Sci...363.1230O 8093:(6432): 1230–1234. 8042:2019Sci...363.1230O 8036:(6432): 1230–1234. 7981:2019Sci...363.1230O 7920:2019Sci...363.1230O 7914:(6432): 1230–1234. 7856:10.1038/nature25738 7848:2018Natur.555..190O 7785:10.1038/nature25738 7777:2018Natur.555..190O 7714:10.1038/nature25738 7706:2018Natur.555..190O 7647:10.1038/nature25738 7639:2018Natur.555..190O 7561:10.1038/nature14507 7553:2015Natur.522..167A 7493:10.1038/nature25738 7485:2018Natur.555..190O 7434:10.1038/nature16152 7426:2015Natur.528..499M 7375:10.1038/nature14317 7367:2015Natur.522..207H 7293:10.1038/nature25738 7285:2018Natur.555..190O 6965:. 22 November 2019. 6832:10.1038/nature25738 6824:2018Natur.555..190O 6754:Available from the 6701:. Sidestone Press. 6656:2021Natur.598..634L 6367:Janusz Czebreszuk, 6345:2009Radcb..51..817P 6032:2021SciA....7.6941P 5964:10.1038/nature25738 5956:2018Natur.555..190O 5805:Prehistoric Britain 5781:Northern Bronze Age 5729:Copper axe, Denmark 5593:in the province of 4865:cranial deformation 4849:Mike Parker Pearson 4833:in Britain such as 4521:Cabeceiras de Basto 4393:race of Beaker Folk 4315:Wessex/Middle Rhine 4176:from Central Europe 4112:Corded Ware culture 3798: 2400–2000 BC 3611:Cabeceiras de Basto 3525: 2500–2200 BC 3518: 2900–2500 BC 3485:Chalcolithic Iberia 3469:Atlantic Bronze Age 3445:Barbed Wire Beakers 2907:All Over Ornamented 2762: 2500-2200 BC 2731:Corded Ware culture 2646:Bell Beaker culture 2330:Corded Ware culture 2277:European Bronze Age 2261:Bell Beaker complex 2257:Bell Beaker culture 1301:Multi-cordoned ware 1172:Mikhaylovka culture 1060:Indigenous Aryanism 1050:Armenian hypothesis 909:Hieroglyphic Luwian 370:Bronze Age Caucasus 337:Atlantic Bronze Age 292:Bell Beaker culture 123:Chalcolithic Iberia 107:Corded Ware culture 79: 2800–1800 BC 34: 33:Bell Beaker culture 13577:Rectangular dolmen 13345:Gumelnița–Karanovo 13305:Cucuteni–Trypillia 12732:Ebbesen 1995; 2004 11804:10.1017/ppr.2023.5 11785:Jones, A. (2023). 11668:(347): 1155–1173. 11498:(384): 1464–1477. 10888:10.1111/ojoa.12250 10457:Acta Archaeologica 10236:Acta Archaeologica 9988:10.1038/ncomms2656 9842:(Waldren 1998: 94) 9824:(Waldren 1998: 95) 9237:Scientific Reports 7243:10.1002/ajpa.22074 5854:See Anthrogenica, 5820:Cornish Bronze Age 5815:Bronze Age Britain 5810:Prehistoric Iberia 5577:Schleswig-Holstein 5558: 5538: 5504: 5463: 5448: 5436: 5059: 4753: 4736: 4717:Bronze Age Britain 4510:stone wrist-guards 4477: 4414: 4389:County Londonderry 4373: 4346:County Londonderry 4262: 4254:from Blessington, 4174:Stone wrist-guards 4145:Metal dagger from 4060: 3983:Upper Rhine valley 3979: 3955: 3862: 3828:radiocarbon dating 3824: 3760: 3539: 3499: 3401: 3302: 3273: 3212: 3144: 3104:Vasconic substrate 2988:, Brittany, France 2966:Votive dagger and 2793:indigenous peoples 2789:stone wrist-guards 2765: 2741:Cultural diffusion 2720:Glockenbecherleute 2702: 2684: 2609: 2543: 2465: 2461:Castro of Zambujal 2414: 2350:was introduced by 881:Proto-Indo-Iranian 867:Proto-Balto-Slavic 848:Proto-Italo-Celtic 313:Bronze Age Britain 283:Wietenberg culture 267:Bronze Age Balkans 177:Bronze Age Ireland 157:Bronze Age Britain 131:Chalcolithic Italy 93:Castro of Zambujal 50:Geographical range 32: 13708: 13707: 13645:Lithic industries 13202: 11540:978-2-35668-022-8 10602:, pp. 86–88. 10566:, pp. 94–95. 9797:author's web site 9402:(9–10): 524–531. 9356:978-80-7308-979-5 8784:(6466): 708–714. 8524:(7695): 190–196. 8436:(7994): 329–337. 7842:(7695): 190–196. 7771:(7695): 190–196. 7700:(7695): 190–196. 7633:(7695): 190–196. 7547:(7555): 167–172. 7479:(7695): 190–196. 7420:(7583): 499–503. 7351:(7555): 207–211. 7279:(7695): 190–196. 7039:Celtas y Vettones 6818:(7695): 190–196. 6756:author's web site 6707:10.59641/ba84e5a2 6650:(7882): 634–640. 6280:978-84-92681-91-4 5950:(7695): 190–196. 5747:Social transition 5426:Gold lunula from 5414:Nordic Bronze Age 5159:Bonnanaro culture 5063:Italian Peninsula 5043:Italian Peninsula 4940:Gold lunula from 4879:solar cosmologies 4665:Stone wristguards 4537:Nordic Bronze Age 4402:Timber circle at 4075:(flattened back) 3503:Iberian Peninsula 3493:Bell Beaker from 3479:Iberian Peninsula 3473:Nordic Bronze Age 3465:Hilversum culture 3388:Extent and impact 3239:Nordic Bronze Age 3228:Neolithic farmers 3041:, c. 2200-2000 BC 3001:Stone wrist-guard 2970:-shaped pendant, 2895:Neolithic-derived 2690:Gold lunula from 2507:, and across the 2253: 2252: 1514:Anatolian peoples 1484:Painted Grey Ware 1372:Nordic Bronze Age 1021:Kurgan hypothesis 974:Old Irish glosses 939:Gaulish epigraphy 434: 433: 390:Andronovo culture 386:Sintashta culture 366:Golasecca culture 362:Canegrate culture 350:Terramare culture 333:Hilversum culture 325:Bronze Age Iberia 317:Bronze Age France 300:Nordic Bronze Age 226: 225: 213:Hilversum culture 181:Bronze Age Iberia 165:Bronze Age France 161:Nordic Bronze Age 16:(Redirected from 13728: 13676:Danubian culture 13572:Polygonal dolmen 13415:Seine–Oise–Marne 13335:Globular Amphora 13196: 13194:Neolithic Europe 13187: 13180: 13173: 13164: 13163: 13131: 13106: 13087: 13070: 13048: 13038: 12991: 12980: 12961: 12928: 12909: 12890: 12869: 12850: 12822: 12821: 12819: 12817: 12811: 12802: 12796: 12793: 12787: 12784: 12778: 12775: 12769: 12768: 12757: 12751: 12748: 12742: 12739: 12733: 12730: 12724: 12721: 12715: 12712: 12706: 12705: 12689: 12683: 12682: 12670: 12664: 12663: 12652: 12646: 12645: 12630: 12624: 12623: 12612: 12606: 12603: 12597: 12594: 12588: 12585: 12579: 12576: 12570: 12567: 12561: 12560: 12549: 12543: 12542: 12528: 12522: 12521: 12501: 12492: 12491: 12476: 12470: 12469: 12441: 12435: 12434: 12410: 12401: 12400: 12388: 12382: 12381: 12361: 12355: 12340: 12331: 12330: 12314: 12308: 12307: 12289: 12283: 12280: 12274: 12271: 12265: 12264: 12263: 12261: 12248: 12242: 12230: 12224: 12221: 12215: 12214: 12197:(325): 796–815. 12182: 12176: 12175: 12164: 12158: 12157: 12146: 12140: 12139: 12128: 12122: 12121: 12110: 12104: 12103: 12092: 12086: 12085: 12074: 12068: 12067: 12065: 12063: 12058:on 27 April 2023 12054:. Archived from 12035: 12029: 12028: 11996: 11990: 11989: 11957: 11951: 11950: 11948: 11946: 11932: 11926: 11925: 11889: 11883: 11882: 11872: 11866: 11865: 11855: 11846:(386): 319–335. 11831: 11825: 11824: 11815: 11809: 11808: 11806: 11782: 11776: 11775: 11765: 11748:(325): 796–815. 11733: 11727: 11726: 11694: 11688: 11687: 11677: 11653: 11647: 11646: 11637: 11631: 11630: 11621: 11615: 11614: 11582: 11576: 11575: 11555: 11549: 11548: 11524: 11518: 11517: 11507: 11483: 11477: 11476: 11473:English Heritage 11465: 11459: 11458: 11446: 11440: 11439: 11432: 11426: 11425: 11413: 11407: 11401: 11395: 11394: 11366: 11360: 11359: 11339: 11333: 11332: 11304: 11298: 11297: 11292:. Archived from 11281: 11275: 11274: 11267: 11261: 11260: 11250: 11240: 11216: 11210: 11209: 11207: 11205: 11198:Wiltshire Museum 11190: 11184: 11183: 11151: 11145: 11144: 11134: 11128: 11127: 11117: 11111: 11110: 11104: 11095: 11089: 11088: 11072: 11063: 11062: 11060: 11058: 11043: 11032: 11031: 11024: 11018: 11017: 11006: 11000: 10999: 10981: 10975: 10974: 10954: 10948: 10947: 10930:(312): 425–434. 10919: 10913: 10912: 10899: 10867: 10861: 10860: 10852: 10846: 10845: 10833: 10827: 10821: 10815: 10809: 10803: 10797: 10791: 10785: 10779: 10773: 10767: 10761: 10755: 10749: 10743: 10737: 10731: 10725: 10719: 10716: 10710: 10704: 10698: 10692: 10686: 10685: 10683: 10681: 10670: 10664: 10658: 10652: 10646: 10633: 10632: 10612: 10603: 10597: 10591: 10585: 10579: 10573: 10567: 10561: 10555: 10549: 10540: 10534: 10523: 10517: 10508: 10502: 10496: 10490: 10481: 10480: 10472: 10466: 10465: 10451: 10438: 10437: 10426: 10420: 10419: 10406: 10400: 10399: 10381: 10375: 10374: 10346: 10340: 10339: 10326: 10317: 10316: 10291: 10285: 10284: 10274: 10265:(363): 655–673. 10250: 10244: 10243: 10227: 10221: 10220: 10199: 10193: 10192: 10181: 10175: 10174: 10163: 10152: 10151: 10141: 10132:(363): 655–673. 10117: 10111: 10110: 10099: 10093: 10092: 10070: 10064: 10059: 10053: 10052: 10030: 10021: 10016: 10010: 10009: 9999: 9959: 9953: 9952: 9931:"Beaker culture" 9926: 9920: 9919: 9908: 9902: 9901: 9891: 9885: 9884: 9858: 9852: 9849: 9843: 9840: 9834: 9831: 9825: 9822: 9816: 9813: 9807: 9794: 9774: 9768: 9767: 9743: 9737: 9734: 9728: 9727: 9719: 9713: 9712: 9702: 9670: 9664: 9663: 9653: 9647: 9646: 9634: 9628: 9627: 9616: 9610: 9609: 9585: 9579: 9578: 9562: 9556: 9555: 9553: 9551: 9532: 9524: 9518: 9517: 9515: 9500: 9491: 9485: 9484: 9466: 9457: 9442: 9436: 9430: 9424: 9423: 9391: 9385: 9384: 9370: 9364: 9363: 9340: 9334: 9333: 9323: 9313: 9289: 9283: 9282: 9268: 9228: 9222: 9221: 9219: 9217: 9176: 9170: 9169: 9159: 9149: 9111: 9105: 9104: 9094: 9070: 9064: 9063: 9049: 9039: 9029: 8997: 8991: 8990: 8980: 8970: 8960: 8928: 8922: 8921: 8911: 8887: 8881: 8880: 8870: 8860: 8836: 8830: 8829: 8819: 8809: 8769: 8763: 8762: 8752: 8727:(39): eabi7673. 8721:Science Advances 8712: 8706: 8705: 8683: 8673: 8641: 8635: 8634: 8624: 8574: 8568: 8567: 8557: 8507: 8501: 8500: 8498: 8496: 8478: 8472: 8471: 8461: 8421: 8415: 8414: 8400: 8369:Science Advances 8360: 8354: 8353: 8343: 8294: 8288: 8287: 8277: 8252:(47): eabi7038. 8246:Science Advances 8237: 8231: 8230: 8228: 8196: 8190: 8189: 8175: 8135: 8129: 8128: 8118: 8078: 8072: 8071: 8061: 8021: 8015: 8014: 8000: 7960: 7954: 7953: 7939: 7899: 7890: 7889: 7875: 7825: 7819: 7818: 7804: 7754: 7748: 7747: 7733: 7683: 7677: 7676: 7666: 7616: 7607: 7606: 7591: 7585: 7584: 7532: 7526: 7525: 7512: 7462: 7456: 7455: 7445: 7403: 7397: 7396: 7386: 7360: 7336: 7327: 7326: 7312: 7262: 7256: 7255: 7245: 7221: 7215: 7202: 7196: 7195: 7167: 7161: 7160: 7158: 7156: 7150: 7135: 7126: 7115: 7110: 7104: 7103: 7085: 7079: 7078: 7048: 7042: 7035: 7029: 7022: 7016: 7015: 6991: 6985: 6984: 6973: 6967: 6966: 6959: 6953: 6952: 6942: 6918: 6912: 6911: 6893: 6887: 6886: 6860: 6854: 6853: 6843: 6803: 6797: 6796: 6779:(276): 405–411. 6768: 6759: 6753: 6735: 6729: 6728: 6692: 6686: 6685: 6675: 6635: 6629: 6623: 6617: 6616: 6598: 6592: 6591: 6572: 6559: 6552: 6546: 6545: 6527: 6521: 6520: 6502: 6496: 6495: 6477: 6471: 6470: 6452: 6446: 6445: 6427: 6418: 6417: 6397: 6391: 6383: 6377: 6365: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6324: 6318: 6304: 6298: 6291: 6285: 6284: 6264: 6255: 6249: 6243: 6242: 6224: 6218: 6212: 6206: 6200: 6191: 6188:Fitzpatrick 2013 6185: 6179: 6173: 6167: 6161: 6155: 6154: 6130: 6124: 6123: 6112:. Archaeopress. 6103: 6097: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6068: 6062: 6061: 6051: 6020:Science Advances 6011: 6005: 6000: 5994: 5993: 5983: 5932: 5926: 5920: 5899: 5893: 5887: 5876: 5861: 5852: 5846: 5836: 5796:(disambiguation) 5757: 5754: 5735:Burial practices 5726: 5714: 5702: 5690: 5678: 5669: 5666: 5657: 5645: 5633: 5620: 5617: 5588: 5585: 5567: 5564: 5501: 5498: 5472:northern Jutland 5460: 5457: 5445: 5433: 5418:Nordic Stone Age 5373: 5332: 5316: 5300: 5281: 5269: 5253: 5237: 5222: 5167: 5164: 5049:Copper Age Italy 5034: 5022: 5010: 5000: 4997: 4988: 4972: 4960: 4950: 4947: 4937: 4921: 4902:sewn-plank boats 4801: 4798: 4770: 4758: 4751: 4748: 4734: 4731: 4702: 4692: 4686: 4674: 4662: 4653: 4650: 4647:Gold ornaments, 4644: 4635: 4632: 4626: 4617: 4608: 4605: 4599: 4589: 4586: 4580: 4569:western Asturias 4494: 4486: 4483: 4456:isotope analysis 4450: 4447: 4416:In general, the 4412: 4409: 4370: 4367: 4277: 4274: 4270: 4267: 4260: 4257: 4225: 4213: 4201: 4185: 4170: 4158: 4142: 4127: 4101: 4098: 4082:Carpathian Basin 4057: 4054: 3987:Carpathian Basin 3959:animal husbandry 3911:Ostrikovac-Djura 3896:Hoštice za Hanou 3883:Southern Germany 3844:Early Bronze Age 3799: 3796: 3788: 3776: 3773: 3764:Balearic Islands 3746:Balearic Islands 3734: 3718: 3706: 3690: 3674: 3662: 3650: 3639:western Asturias 3637:Gold discs from 3634: 3619: 3597: 3577: 3574: 3570: 3567: 3563: 3560: 3526: 3523: 3519: 3516: 3405:Carpathian Basin 3286:El Argar culture 3270: 3267: 3078: 3062: 3050: 3034: 3018: 3009: 3006: 2997: 2982: 2963: 2954: 2951: 2941: 2845: 2829: 2763: 2760: 2700: 2697: 2681: 2678: 2584: 2580: 2577: 2572:Corded Ware zone 2566: 2563: 2555: 2552: 2529: 2526: 2434: 2431: 2394: 2375:arsenical bronze 2341: 2292: 2289: 2245: 2238: 2231: 2086: 2079: 2065: 2058: 2051: 2037: 2030: 2023: 2016: 2009: 1934: 1920: 1913: 1899: 1877: 1870: 1863: 1854: 1689: 1682: 1675: 1668: 1661: 1644:Germanic peoples 1634:Hellenic peoples 1623: 1616: 1609: 1532:Mycenaean Greeks 1521: 1449:Thraco-Cimmerian 1347:Globular Amphora 1324:Abashevo culture 1263: 1256: 1226: 1181: 1174: 1167: 1160: 1153: 1146: 1139: 1132: 969:Tocharian script 672: 665: 658: 651: 644: 637: 630: 623: 590: 576: 569: 562: 548: 524: 517: 498: 459: 436: 435: 426: 419: 412: 398:Srubnaya culture 382:Abashevo culture 378:Poltavka culture 374:Catacomb culture 358:Apennine culture 308:Urnfield culture 279:Ottomány culture 246: 243: 228: 227: 119:Neolithic France 80: 77: 66:Early Bronze Age 42: 35: 31: 21: 13736: 13735: 13731: 13730: 13729: 13727: 13726: 13725: 13711: 13710: 13709: 13704: 13695: 13664: 13626: 13537:Guardian stones 13499: 13493: 13455: 13315:Decea Mureşului 13246: 13226:Cardium pottery 13212: 13203: 13197:(including the 13191: 13138: 13103: 13078: 13076:Further reading 13073: 13067: 13011:Nature Research 12977: 12925: 12906: 12887: 12866: 12847: 12830: 12825: 12815: 12813: 12809: 12803: 12799: 12794: 12790: 12785: 12781: 12776: 12772: 12765:The Beaker Folk 12758: 12754: 12749: 12745: 12740: 12736: 12731: 12727: 12722: 12718: 12713: 12709: 12690: 12686: 12671: 12667: 12654: 12653: 12649: 12631: 12627: 12622:. 21 June 2023. 12614: 12613: 12609: 12604: 12600: 12595: 12591: 12587:Myhre 1978-1979 12586: 12582: 12577: 12573: 12568: 12564: 12551: 12550: 12546: 12529: 12525: 12502: 12495: 12477: 12473: 12466: 12442: 12438: 12431: 12423:. p. 120. 12411: 12404: 12389: 12385: 12378: 12362: 12358: 12341: 12334: 12315: 12311: 12304: 12290: 12286: 12281: 12277: 12272: 12268: 12259: 12257: 12250: 12249: 12245: 12240:Wayback Machine 12231: 12227: 12222: 12218: 12183: 12179: 12166: 12165: 12161: 12148: 12147: 12143: 12130: 12129: 12125: 12112: 12111: 12107: 12094: 12093: 12089: 12076: 12075: 12071: 12061: 12059: 12052: 12044:. Oxbow Books. 12036: 12032: 11997: 11993: 11958: 11954: 11944: 11942: 11934: 11933: 11929: 11890: 11886: 11873: 11869: 11832: 11828: 11817: 11816: 11812: 11783: 11779: 11734: 11730: 11695: 11691: 11654: 11650: 11639: 11638: 11634: 11623: 11622: 11618: 11583: 11579: 11556: 11552: 11541: 11525: 11521: 11484: 11480: 11467: 11466: 11462: 11447: 11443: 11434: 11433: 11429: 11414: 11410: 11402: 11398: 11367: 11363: 11340: 11336: 11305: 11301: 11296:on 23 May 2019. 11282: 11278: 11269: 11268: 11264: 11217: 11213: 11203: 11201: 11192: 11191: 11187: 11152: 11148: 11135: 11131: 11118: 11114: 11102: 11096: 11092: 11073: 11066: 11056: 11054: 11044: 11035: 11026: 11025: 11021: 11008: 11007: 11003: 10996: 10982: 10978: 10955: 10951: 10920: 10916: 10868: 10864: 10853: 10849: 10834: 10830: 10822: 10818: 10810: 10806: 10798: 10794: 10786: 10782: 10774: 10770: 10762: 10758: 10750: 10746: 10738: 10734: 10726: 10722: 10717: 10713: 10705: 10701: 10693: 10689: 10679: 10677: 10672: 10671: 10667: 10659: 10655: 10647: 10636: 10613: 10606: 10598: 10594: 10586: 10582: 10574: 10570: 10562: 10558: 10550: 10543: 10535: 10526: 10518: 10511: 10503: 10499: 10491: 10484: 10473: 10469: 10452: 10441: 10428: 10427: 10423: 10408: 10407: 10403: 10382: 10378: 10363:10.4000/pm.2167 10347: 10343: 10328: 10327: 10320: 10309: 10292: 10288: 10251: 10247: 10228: 10224: 10217: 10200: 10196: 10183: 10182: 10178: 10173:. January 2021. 10165: 10164: 10155: 10118: 10114: 10101: 10100: 10096: 10089: 10071: 10067: 10060: 10056: 10049: 10031: 10024: 10017: 10013: 9960: 9956: 9949: 9927: 9923: 9910: 9909: 9905: 9892: 9888: 9881: 9859: 9855: 9850: 9846: 9841: 9837: 9832: 9828: 9823: 9819: 9814: 9810: 9804:Wayback Machine 9775: 9771: 9744: 9740: 9735: 9731: 9720: 9716: 9671: 9667: 9654: 9650: 9635: 9631: 9618: 9617: 9613: 9602: 9586: 9582: 9563: 9559: 9549: 9547: 9545: 9525: 9521: 9513: 9498: 9492: 9488: 9481: 9467: 9460: 9443: 9439: 9431: 9427: 9392: 9388: 9372: 9371: 9367: 9357: 9341: 9337: 9290: 9286: 9229: 9225: 9215: 9213: 9177: 9173: 9112: 9108: 9085:(R1): R64–R71. 9071: 9067: 8998: 8994: 8929: 8925: 8902:(R1): R64–R71. 8888: 8884: 8837: 8833: 8770: 8766: 8713: 8709: 8650:Current Biology 8642: 8638: 8575: 8571: 8508: 8504: 8494: 8492: 8479: 8475: 8422: 8418: 8361: 8357: 8295: 8291: 8238: 8234: 8197: 8193: 8136: 8132: 8079: 8075: 8022: 8018: 7975:(6432): 64–65. 7961: 7957: 7900: 7893: 7826: 7822: 7755: 7751: 7684: 7680: 7617: 7610: 7593: 7592: 7588: 7533: 7529: 7463: 7459: 7404: 7400: 7337: 7330: 7263: 7259: 7222: 7218: 7212:Wayback Machine 7203: 7199: 7168: 7164: 7154: 7152: 7151:on 8 March 2016 7148: 7133: 7127: 7118: 7111: 7107: 7100: 7086: 7082: 7063: 7049: 7045: 7036: 7032: 7023: 7019: 6992: 6988: 6975: 6974: 6970: 6961: 6960: 6956: 6919: 6915: 6908: 6894: 6890: 6883: 6861: 6857: 6804: 6800: 6769: 6762: 6750: 6736: 6732: 6725: 6693: 6689: 6636: 6632: 6624: 6620: 6613: 6599: 6595: 6588: 6573: 6562: 6553: 6549: 6542: 6528: 6524: 6517: 6503: 6499: 6492: 6478: 6474: 6467: 6453: 6449: 6442: 6428: 6421: 6398: 6394: 6384: 6380: 6366: 6362: 6325: 6321: 6305: 6301: 6292: 6288: 6281: 6265: 6258: 6250: 6246: 6239: 6225: 6221: 6213: 6209: 6201: 6194: 6186: 6182: 6174: 6170: 6162: 6158: 6131: 6127: 6120: 6104: 6100: 6092: 6088: 6077:Eurasia Antiqua 6069: 6065: 6012: 6008: 6001: 5997: 5933: 5929: 5921: 5902: 5894: 5890: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5864: 5853: 5849: 5839:Marija Gimbutas 5837: 5833: 5829: 5824: 5800:Amesbury Archer 5789: 5773:Únětice culture 5768: 5755: 5749: 5737: 5730: 5727: 5718: 5715: 5706: 5703: 5694: 5691: 5682: 5679: 5670: 5667: 5658: 5649: 5646: 5637: 5634: 5618: 5586: 5565: 5530: 5524: 5499: 5489: 5458: 5420: 5410: 5393:Unetice culture 5384:Vučedol culture 5364: 5343: 5336: 5333: 5324: 5317: 5308: 5305:Monte d'Accoddi 5301: 5292: 5282: 5273: 5270: 5261: 5254: 5245: 5238: 5229: 5223: 5165: 5123: 5117: 5051: 5045: 5038: 5035: 5026: 5023: 5014: 5011: 5002: 4998: 4989: 4980: 4979:, 2400-2000 BC. 4973: 4964: 4961: 4952: 4948: 4938: 4929: 4922: 4871:Timothy Darvill 4816:Amesbury Archer 4799: 4749: 4732: 4719: 4713: 4706: 4703: 4694: 4687: 4678: 4675: 4666: 4663: 4654: 4651: 4645: 4636: 4633: 4627: 4618: 4609: 4606: 4602:Bronze dagger, 4600: 4591: 4587: 4581: 4519:in Ireland and 4502: 4500:Solar symbolism 4484: 4448: 4410: 4368: 4275: 4268: 4258: 4245: 4239: 4232: 4226: 4217: 4214: 4205: 4202: 4193: 4186: 4177: 4171: 4162: 4159: 4150: 4143: 4134: 4128: 4099: 4055: 4020:Nagyrév Culture 3887:Late Copper Age 3816: 3814:Unetice culture 3810: 3797: 3774: 3748: 3741: 3735: 3726: 3719: 3710: 3707: 3698: 3691: 3682: 3675: 3666: 3663: 3654: 3651: 3642: 3635: 3575: 3568: 3561: 3524: 3517: 3487: 3481: 3457:Únětice culture 3390: 3268: 3258:Amesbury Archer 3204: 3178: 3172: 3129: 3096: 3089: 3079: 3070: 3069:reconstruction. 3063: 3054: 3051: 3042: 3035: 3026: 3019: 3010: 3007: 2998: 2989: 2983: 2974: 2964: 2955: 2952: 2942: 2911:All Over Corded 2903: 2886:Archaeogenetics 2863:/assimilation. 2856: 2855: 2854: 2853: 2852: 2846: 2838: 2837: 2830: 2819: 2761: 2743: 2716:Stephen Shennan 2698: 2679: 2669:Sewn-plank boat 2662: 2634: 2618:English Channel 2582: 2578: 2564: 2558:Yamnaya culture 2553: 2547:Vučedol culture 2527: 2453: 2432: 2419:burial customs. 2406: 2401: 2352:John Abercromby 2303:Danubian plains 2295:Unetice culture 2290: 2249: 2220: 2219: 2152:Marija Gimbutas 2140: 2130: 2129: 2121:Winter solstice 2111:Horse sacrifice 2082: 2075: 2061: 2054: 2047: 2033: 2026: 2019: 2012: 2005: 1958: 1943: 1930: 1916: 1909: 1895: 1886: 1873: 1866: 1859: 1850: 1841: 1820: 1789: 1781: 1780: 1723: 1710: 1685: 1678: 1671: 1664: 1657: 1619: 1612: 1605: 1596: 1578: 1565: 1552: 1523: 1517: 1502: 1494: 1493: 1467: 1444: 1431: 1419: 1400: 1342: 1319: 1281: 1274: 1268: 1259: 1252: 1243: 1241:Northern Europe 1222: 1218: 1205: 1192: 1177: 1170: 1163: 1156: 1149: 1142: 1135: 1128: 1124:Steppe cultures 1097: 1090: 1083: 1075: 1074: 1065:Baltic homeland 1039: 1035: 1031:Eurasian nomads 1015: 1011: 987: 979: 978: 949:Runic epigraphy 944:Latin epigraphy 899: 891: 890: 828:Proto-Anatolian 812: 767: 763:Thraco-Illyrian 748:Graeco-Phrygian 738:Graeco-Armenian 733:Graeco-Albanian 712: 690: 677: 668: 661: 654: 647: 640: 633: 626: 619: 586: 572: 565: 558: 544: 520: 513: 494: 479: 471: 469: 430: 401: 400: 329:Argaric culture 304:Tumulus culture 296:Únětice culture 275:Nagyrév culture 271:Vučedol culture 248: 244: 201:Nuragic culture 193:Pyrenean Bronze 185:Argaric culture 153:Únětice culture 139:Vučedol culture 83: 81: 78: 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13734: 13724: 13723: 13706: 13705: 13700: 13697: 13696: 13694: 13693: 13688: 13683: 13678: 13672: 13670: 13666: 13665: 13663: 13662: 13657: 13652: 13647: 13642: 13636: 13634: 13628: 13627: 13625: 13624: 13619: 13614: 13609: 13604: 13599: 13594: 13589: 13584: 13579: 13574: 13569: 13564: 13559: 13554: 13549: 13544: 13539: 13534: 13529: 13524: 13519: 13514: 13509: 13503: 13501: 13495: 13494: 13492: 13491: 13486: 13481: 13476: 13471: 13466: 13461: 13456: 13454: 13453: 13448: 13443: 13437: 13432: 13427: 13422: 13417: 13412: 13407: 13402: 13397: 13392: 13387: 13382: 13377: 13372: 13367: 13362: 13357: 13352: 13347: 13342: 13337: 13332: 13327: 13322: 13317: 13312: 13307: 13302: 13297: 13292: 13287: 13282: 13277: 13272: 13267: 13262: 13256: 13254: 13248: 13247: 13245: 13244: 13238: 13233: 13228: 13222: 13220: 13214: 13213: 13208: 13205: 13204: 13190: 13189: 13182: 13175: 13167: 13161: 13160: 13155: 13149: 13144: 13137: 13136:External links 13134: 13133: 13132: 13119: 13107: 13102:978-0199572861 13101: 13088: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13071: 13065: 13053:Piggot, Stuart 13049: 12992: 12981: 12975: 12962: 12944:(2): 129–214. 12929: 12923: 12910: 12904: 12891: 12885: 12870: 12864: 12851: 12845: 12831: 12829: 12826: 12824: 12823: 12797: 12788: 12779: 12770: 12761:Harrison, R.J. 12752: 12743: 12734: 12725: 12716: 12707: 12684: 12665: 12647: 12625: 12607: 12598: 12589: 12580: 12571: 12562: 12544: 12523: 12493: 12471: 12464: 12436: 12429: 12402: 12383: 12376: 12356: 12332: 12309: 12302: 12284: 12275: 12266: 12243: 12225: 12216: 12177: 12159: 12154:British Museum 12141: 12123: 12105: 12100:British Museum 12087: 12082:British Museum 12069: 12050: 12030: 11991: 11952: 11927: 11884: 11867: 11826: 11810: 11777: 11728: 11689: 11648: 11632: 11616: 11597:(311): 26–53. 11577: 11570:(1): 155–162. 11550: 11539: 11519: 11478: 11460: 11441: 11427: 11408: 11406:, p. 146. 11396: 11377:(193): 19–24. 11361: 11334: 11299: 11276: 11273:. p. 193. 11262: 11211: 11185: 11166:(6): 895–910. 11146: 11129: 11112: 11107:Adoranten 2012 11090: 11064: 11033: 11019: 11001: 10994: 10976: 10965:(3): 263–288. 10949: 10914: 10882:(3): 252–277. 10862: 10847: 10828: 10826:, p. 155. 10816: 10814:, p. 156. 10804: 10792: 10780: 10778:, p. 158. 10768: 10766:, p. 150. 10756: 10744: 10742:, p. 133. 10732: 10720: 10711: 10699: 10697:, p. 104. 10687: 10665: 10653: 10634: 10619:. 3rd series. 10604: 10592: 10580: 10568: 10556: 10541: 10524: 10509: 10497: 10482: 10467: 10439: 10421: 10401: 10376: 10341: 10336:British Museum 10318: 10307: 10286: 10245: 10222: 10215: 10194: 10176: 10153: 10112: 10094: 10087: 10065: 10054: 10047: 10022: 10011: 9954: 9947: 9921: 9903: 9886: 9879: 9853: 9844: 9835: 9826: 9817: 9808: 9785:(4): 357–374. 9769: 9754:(in Spanish). 9738: 9729: 9714: 9685:(2): 179–313. 9665: 9648: 9629: 9611: 9600: 9580: 9557: 9543: 9519: 9486: 9479: 9458: 9437: 9425: 9386: 9365: 9355: 9335: 9284: 9223: 9171: 9106: 9065: 8992: 8943:(4641): 4641. 8923: 8882: 8831: 8764: 8707: 8636: 8569: 8502: 8473: 8416: 8355: 8289: 8232: 8191: 8130: 8073: 8016: 7955: 7891: 7820: 7749: 7678: 7608: 7586: 7527: 7457: 7398: 7328: 7257: 7236:(4): 571–579. 7216: 7197: 7162: 7116: 7105: 7098: 7080: 7061: 7043: 7030: 7017: 6986: 6968: 6954: 6929:(in Spanish). 6913: 6906: 6888: 6881: 6855: 6798: 6760: 6748: 6730: 6723: 6687: 6630: 6628:, p. 172. 6618: 6611: 6593: 6586: 6560: 6547: 6540: 6522: 6515: 6497: 6490: 6472: 6465: 6447: 6440: 6419: 6408:(2): 259–264. 6392: 6378: 6360: 6339:(2): 817–830. 6319: 6299: 6286: 6279: 6256: 6244: 6237: 6219: 6217:, p. 200. 6207: 6205:, p. 201. 6192: 6180: 6168: 6156: 6125: 6118: 6098: 6086: 6063: 6006: 5995: 5927: 5900: 5898:, p. 144. 5888: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5862: 5847: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5767: 5764: 5748: 5745: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5731: 5728: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5673: 5671: 5668: 1900 BC 5659: 5652: 5650: 5648:Amber, Denmark 5647: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5628: 5611:solar calendar 5523: 5520: 5488: 5485: 5409: 5406: 5402:tumulus burial 5397:Wessex culture 5376:Cetina culture 5363: 5360: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5334: 5327: 5325: 5318: 5311: 5309: 5302: 5295: 5293: 5283: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5264: 5262: 5255: 5248: 5246: 5239: 5232: 5230: 5228:tomb, Sardinia 5226:Domus de Janas 5224: 5217: 5186:Gonnostramatza 5170:Polada culture 5151:Domus de Janas 5116: 5113: 5105:Polada culture 5044: 5041: 5040: 5039: 5036: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5005: 5003: 4999: 2000 BC 4990: 4983: 4981: 4974: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4955: 4953: 4949: 2400 BC 4939: 4932: 4930: 4923: 4916: 4898:Humber Estuary 4875:solar calendar 4831:timber circles 4818:and the later 4750: 2500 BC 4733: 2400 BC 4712: 4709: 4708: 4707: 4704: 4697: 4695: 4688: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4657: 4655: 4652: 2200 BC 4646: 4639: 4637: 4634: 2200 BC 4628: 4621: 4619: 4612: 4610: 4607: 1900 BC 4601: 4594: 4592: 4582: 4575: 4533:Nebra sky disc 4501: 4498: 4440:. A series of 4411: 2000 BC 4375:The featured " 4369: 2300 BC 4259: 2400 BC 4238: 4235: 4234: 4233: 4227: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4196: 4194: 4187: 4180: 4178: 4172: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4153: 4151: 4144: 4137: 4135: 4132:Czech Republic 4129: 4122: 4065:trace elements 4056: 2300 BC 4035:Late Neolithic 4018:and the Early 4007:lake Constance 3832:Central Europe 3809: 3808:Central Europe 3806: 3747: 3744: 3743: 3742: 3736: 3729: 3727: 3720: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3701: 3699: 3692: 3685: 3683: 3676: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3645: 3643: 3636: 3629: 3480: 3477: 3389: 3386: 3354:Canary Islands 3338:Iron Age Roman 3171: 3168: 3152:brachycephalic 3128: 3125: 3095: 3092: 3091: 3090: 3080: 3073: 3071: 3064: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3045: 3043: 3036: 3029: 3027: 3021:Metal dagger, 3020: 3013: 3011: 3008: 2200 BC 2999: 2992: 2990: 2984: 2977: 2975: 2972:Czech Republic 2965: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2500 BC 2943: 2936: 2902: 2899: 2847: 2840: 2839: 2831: 2824: 2823: 2822: 2821: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2742: 2739: 2699: 2000 BC 2661: 2658: 2633: 2630: 2583: 2350 BC 2511:Valley to the 2452: 2449: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2392:Begleitkeramik 2251: 2250: 2248: 2247: 2240: 2233: 2225: 2222: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2210: 2203: 2196: 2189: 2181: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2167: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2154: 2148: 2147: 2141: 2136: 2135: 2132: 2131: 2128: 2127: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2106:Fire sacrifice 2102: 2101: 2095: 2094: 2089: 2088: 2087: 2080: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2059: 2052: 2040: 2039: 2038: 2031: 2024: 2017: 2010: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1951: 1950: 1938: 1937: 1936: 1935: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1914: 1902: 1901: 1900: 1897:Zoroastrianism 1879: 1878: 1871: 1864: 1857: 1856: 1855: 1834: 1833: 1827: 1826: 1819: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1797: 1796: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1767: 1766: 1764:Medieval India 1755: 1754: 1749: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1718: 1717: 1705: 1704: 1698: 1697: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1683: 1676: 1669: 1662: 1646: 1641: 1639:Italic peoples 1636: 1631: 1626: 1625: 1624: 1617: 1610: 1591: 1590: 1585: 1573: 1572: 1560: 1559: 1547: 1546: 1540: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1510: 1509: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1486: 1475: 1474: 1462: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1439: 1438: 1426: 1425: 1418: 1417: 1415:Gandhara grave 1412: 1407: 1395: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1337: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1314: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1276: 1275: 1267: 1266: 1265: 1264: 1261:Middle Dnieper 1257: 1238: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1216:Eastern Europe 1213: 1212: 1200: 1199: 1187: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1175: 1161: 1154: 1147: 1144:Dnieper–Donets 1140: 1133: 1121: 1119:Kurgan culture 1116: 1115: 1114: 1104: 1092: 1091: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1055:Beech argument 1052: 1047: 1041: 1040: 1034: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1017: 1016: 1010: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 988: 985: 984: 981: 980: 977: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 900: 897: 896: 893: 892: 889: 888: 878: 864: 859: 845: 838:Proto-Germanic 835: 833:Proto-Armenian 830: 825: 823:Proto-Albanian 819: 818: 811: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 774: 773: 766: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 719: 718: 711: 710: 709: 708: 684: 683: 676: 675: 674: 673: 666: 659: 652: 645: 638: 631: 624: 612: 607: 601: 600: 594: 593: 592: 591: 579: 578: 577: 570: 563: 551: 550: 549: 537: 532: 527: 526: 525: 518: 506: 501: 500: 499: 486: 485: 478: 477: 470: 465: 464: 461: 460: 452: 451: 445: 444: 432: 431: 429: 428: 421: 414: 406: 403: 402: 346:Polada culture 249: 239: 238: 235: 234: 224: 223: 205:Cetina culture 197:Polada culture 150: 146: 145: 143:Horgen culture 127:Veraza culture 104: 100: 99: 90: 86: 85: 73: 69: 68: 59: 55: 54: 51: 47: 46: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13733: 13722: 13719: 13718: 13716: 13703: 13698: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13673: 13671: 13667: 13661: 13658: 13656: 13653: 13651: 13648: 13646: 13643: 13641: 13638: 13637: 13635: 13633: 13629: 13623: 13620: 13618: 13617:Tor enclosure 13615: 13613: 13612:Timber circle 13610: 13608: 13605: 13603: 13600: 13598: 13597:Statue menhir 13595: 13593: 13592:Simple dolmen 13590: 13588: 13585: 13583: 13580: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13570: 13568: 13567:Passage grave 13565: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13540: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13530: 13528: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13518: 13515: 13513: 13510: 13508: 13505: 13504: 13502: 13496: 13490: 13489:Windmill Hill 13487: 13485: 13482: 13480: 13477: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13467: 13465: 13462: 13460: 13457: 13452: 13449: 13447: 13444: 13442: 13439: 13438: 13436: 13433: 13431: 13428: 13426: 13423: 13421: 13418: 13416: 13413: 13411: 13408: 13406: 13403: 13401: 13398: 13396: 13393: 13391: 13390:Pit–Comb Ware 13388: 13386: 13383: 13381: 13378: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13368: 13366: 13363: 13361: 13358: 13356: 13353: 13351: 13348: 13346: 13343: 13341: 13338: 13336: 13333: 13331: 13328: 13326: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13316: 13313: 13311: 13308: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13298: 13296: 13293: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13268: 13266: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13257: 13255: 13253: 13249: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13224: 13223: 13221: 13219: 13215: 13211: 13206: 13200: 13195: 13188: 13183: 13181: 13176: 13174: 13169: 13168: 13165: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13150: 13148: 13145: 13143: 13140: 13139: 13129: 13125: 13120: 13117: 13116: 13111: 13108: 13104: 13098: 13094: 13089: 13085: 13080: 13079: 13068: 13066:9780202330020 13062: 13058: 13054: 13050: 13046: 13042: 13037: 13032: 13028: 13024: 13020: 13016: 13012: 13008: 13004: 13003: 12998: 12993: 12989: 12988: 12982: 12978: 12976:9780717124336 12972: 12968: 12963: 12959: 12955: 12951: 12947: 12943: 12939: 12935: 12930: 12926: 12924:9789088900846 12920: 12916: 12911: 12907: 12905:9781842175293 12901: 12897: 12892: 12888: 12886:9781842174104 12882: 12878: 12877: 12871: 12867: 12865:9781842172155 12861: 12857: 12852: 12848: 12846:9780521848114 12842: 12838: 12833: 12832: 12808: 12801: 12792: 12783: 12774: 12766: 12762: 12756: 12747: 12738: 12729: 12720: 12711: 12703: 12699: 12695: 12688: 12680: 12676: 12669: 12661: 12657: 12651: 12644: 12640: 12636: 12629: 12621: 12617: 12611: 12602: 12593: 12584: 12575: 12566: 12558: 12554: 12548: 12541: 12536: 12535: 12527: 12520: 12515: 12511: 12507: 12500: 12498: 12490: 12486: 12482: 12475: 12467: 12465:9781139028387 12461: 12457: 12453: 12449: 12448: 12440: 12432: 12430:9780521843638 12426: 12422: 12418: 12417: 12409: 12407: 12398: 12394: 12387: 12379: 12377:9780199572861 12373: 12369: 12368: 12360: 12353: 12349: 12345: 12339: 12337: 12328: 12324: 12320: 12313: 12305: 12303:9780956510624 12299: 12295: 12288: 12279: 12270: 12255: 12254: 12247: 12241: 12237: 12234: 12229: 12220: 12212: 12208: 12204: 12200: 12196: 12192: 12188: 12181: 12174: 12169: 12163: 12155: 12151: 12145: 12137: 12133: 12132:"Gold lunula" 12127: 12119: 12115: 12114:"Gold lunula" 12109: 12101: 12097: 12091: 12083: 12079: 12078:"wrist-guard" 12073: 12057: 12053: 12051:9781842171394 12047: 12043: 12042: 12034: 12026: 12022: 12018: 12014: 12010: 12006: 12002: 11995: 11987: 11983: 11979: 11975: 11971: 11967: 11963: 11956: 11941: 11937: 11931: 11924: 11919: 11915: 11911: 11907: 11904:(2): 89–121. 11903: 11899: 11898:Time and Mind 11895: 11888: 11880: 11879: 11871: 11863: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11845: 11841: 11837: 11830: 11822: 11821: 11814: 11805: 11800: 11796: 11792: 11788: 11781: 11773: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11755: 11751: 11747: 11743: 11739: 11732: 11724: 11720: 11716: 11712: 11708: 11704: 11700: 11693: 11685: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11667: 11663: 11659: 11652: 11644: 11643: 11636: 11628: 11627: 11620: 11612: 11608: 11604: 11600: 11596: 11592: 11588: 11581: 11574: 11569: 11565: 11561: 11554: 11547: 11542: 11536: 11532: 11531: 11523: 11515: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11497: 11493: 11489: 11482: 11474: 11470: 11464: 11456: 11452: 11445: 11437: 11431: 11423: 11419: 11412: 11405: 11400: 11392: 11388: 11384: 11380: 11376: 11372: 11365: 11357: 11353: 11349: 11345: 11338: 11330: 11326: 11322: 11318: 11314: 11310: 11303: 11295: 11291: 11287: 11280: 11272: 11266: 11258: 11254: 11249: 11244: 11239: 11234: 11231:(65): 65–92. 11230: 11226: 11222: 11215: 11199: 11195: 11189: 11181: 11177: 11173: 11169: 11165: 11161: 11157: 11150: 11142: 11141: 11133: 11125: 11124: 11116: 11108: 11101: 11094: 11086: 11082: 11078: 11071: 11069: 11053: 11049: 11042: 11040: 11038: 11029: 11023: 11015: 11011: 11005: 10997: 10995:9780500279984 10991: 10987: 10980: 10972: 10968: 10964: 10960: 10953: 10945: 10941: 10937: 10933: 10929: 10925: 10918: 10911: 10907: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10889: 10885: 10881: 10877: 10873: 10866: 10858: 10851: 10843: 10839: 10832: 10825: 10824:Flanagan 1998 10820: 10813: 10812:Flanagan 1998 10808: 10801: 10800:Flanagan 1998 10796: 10789: 10788:Flanagan 1998 10784: 10777: 10776:Flanagan 1998 10772: 10765: 10764:Flanagan 1998 10760: 10754:, p. 91. 10753: 10752:Flanagan 1998 10748: 10741: 10740:Flanagan 1998 10736: 10729: 10728:Flanagan 1998 10724: 10715: 10708: 10707:Flanagan 1998 10703: 10696: 10695:Flanagan 1998 10691: 10675: 10669: 10663:, p. 89. 10662: 10661:Flanagan 1998 10657: 10651:, p. 88. 10650: 10649:Flanagan 1998 10645: 10643: 10641: 10639: 10630: 10626: 10622: 10618: 10611: 10609: 10601: 10600:Flanagan 1998 10596: 10590:, p. 85. 10589: 10588:Flanagan 1998 10584: 10578:, p. 84. 10577: 10576:Flanagan 1998 10572: 10565: 10564:Flanagan 1998 10560: 10554:, p. 81. 10553: 10552:Flanagan 1998 10548: 10546: 10539:, p. 82. 10538: 10537:Flanagan 1998 10533: 10531: 10529: 10522:, p. 78. 10521: 10520:Flanagan 1998 10516: 10514: 10507:, p. 99. 10506: 10505:Flanagan 1998 10501: 10495:, p. 71. 10494: 10493:Flanagan 1998 10489: 10487: 10478: 10471: 10463: 10459: 10458: 10450: 10448: 10446: 10444: 10435: 10431: 10425: 10417: 10413: 10412: 10405: 10397: 10393: 10389: 10388: 10380: 10372: 10368: 10364: 10360: 10356: 10352: 10345: 10337: 10333: 10332: 10325: 10323: 10315: 10310: 10308:9783948618032 10304: 10300: 10299: 10290: 10282: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10264: 10260: 10256: 10249: 10241: 10237: 10233: 10226: 10218: 10216:9783948618032 10212: 10208: 10207: 10198: 10190: 10186: 10180: 10172: 10168: 10162: 10160: 10158: 10149: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10131: 10127: 10123: 10116: 10108: 10104: 10098: 10090: 10088:9783774930483 10084: 10080: 10076: 10069: 10063: 10058: 10050: 10048:9783933474278 10044: 10040: 10036: 10029: 10027: 10020: 10015: 10007: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9989: 9985: 9981: 9977: 9973: 9969: 9965: 9958: 9950: 9948:9780192116499 9944: 9940: 9936: 9932: 9925: 9918: 9913: 9907: 9899: 9898: 9890: 9882: 9880:9783896468710 9876: 9872: 9868: 9864: 9857: 9848: 9839: 9830: 9821: 9812: 9805: 9801: 9798: 9792: 9788: 9784: 9780: 9773: 9765: 9761: 9757: 9753: 9749: 9742: 9733: 9725: 9718: 9710: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9692: 9688: 9684: 9680: 9676: 9669: 9661: 9660: 9652: 9644: 9640: 9633: 9625: 9621: 9615: 9608: 9603: 9601:9781784913076 9597: 9593: 9592: 9584: 9576: 9572: 9568: 9561: 9546: 9544:9788494153709 9540: 9536: 9531: 9523: 9512: 9508: 9504: 9497: 9490: 9482: 9480:9788886602433 9476: 9472: 9465: 9463: 9455: 9451: 9447: 9441: 9434: 9429: 9422: 9417: 9413: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9397: 9390: 9383: 9379: 9375: 9369: 9362: 9358: 9352: 9348: 9347: 9339: 9331: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9303: 9299: 9295: 9288: 9281: 9276: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9258: 9254: 9250: 9246: 9242: 9238: 9234: 9227: 9212: 9208: 9204: 9200: 9196: 9192: 9188: 9187: 9182: 9175: 9167: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9131: 9127: 9123: 9122: 9117: 9110: 9102: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9084: 9080: 9076: 9069: 9062: 9057: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9019: 9015: 9011: 9007: 9003: 8996: 8988: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8950: 8946: 8942: 8938: 8934: 8927: 8919: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8901: 8897: 8893: 8886: 8878: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8842: 8835: 8827: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8768: 8760: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8742: 8738: 8734: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8711: 8704: 8699: 8695: 8691: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8663: 8659: 8655: 8651: 8647: 8640: 8632: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8585: 8580: 8573: 8565: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8547: 8543: 8539: 8535: 8531: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8518: 8513: 8506: 8490: 8486: 8485: 8477: 8469: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8451: 8447: 8443: 8439: 8435: 8431: 8427: 8420: 8413: 8408: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8359: 8351: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8293: 8285: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8259: 8255: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8236: 8227: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8195: 8188: 8183: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8134: 8126: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8077: 8069: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8020: 8013: 8008: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7990: 7986: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7959: 7952: 7947: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7898: 7896: 7888: 7883: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7836: 7831: 7824: 7817: 7812: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7766: 7765: 7760: 7753: 7746: 7741: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7694: 7689: 7682: 7674: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7627: 7622: 7615: 7613: 7605: 7600: 7596: 7590: 7583: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7531: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7473: 7468: 7461: 7453: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7414: 7409: 7402: 7394: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7335: 7333: 7325: 7320: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7273: 7268: 7261: 7253: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7220: 7213: 7209: 7206: 7201: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7178:(2): 95–126. 7177: 7173: 7166: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7132: 7125: 7123: 7121: 7114: 7109: 7101: 7099:9781841100463 7095: 7091: 7084: 7077: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7062:9780714123493 7058: 7054: 7047: 7040: 7034: 7027: 7021: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6990: 6982: 6978: 6972: 6964: 6958: 6950: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6917: 6909: 6907:9780860544265 6903: 6899: 6892: 6884: 6882:9780306462559 6878: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6865:Ember, Melvin 6859: 6851: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6802: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6767: 6765: 6757: 6751: 6749:9788385215257 6745: 6741: 6734: 6726: 6724:9789088909382 6720: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6699: 6691: 6683: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6634: 6627: 6622: 6614: 6612:9780904531527 6608: 6604: 6597: 6589: 6587:9780860549284 6583: 6579: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6557: 6551: 6543: 6541:9789088900846 6537: 6533: 6526: 6518: 6516:9788886602433 6512: 6508: 6501: 6493: 6491:9780953562039 6487: 6483: 6476: 6468: 6466:9781842173480 6462: 6458: 6451: 6443: 6441:9789022836194 6437: 6433: 6426: 6424: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6404:(in French). 6403: 6396: 6389: 6382: 6376: 6372: 6371: 6364: 6355: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6323: 6316: 6311: 6310: 6303: 6297:, 1991:372ff. 6296: 6290: 6282: 6276: 6272: 6271: 6263: 6261: 6253: 6248: 6240: 6238:9781841719061 6234: 6230: 6223: 6216: 6211: 6204: 6199: 6197: 6190:, p. 44. 6189: 6184: 6177: 6172: 6165: 6160: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6129: 6121: 6119:9781784913076 6115: 6111: 6110: 6102: 6096:, p. 82. 6095: 6090: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6067: 6059: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6010: 6004: 5999: 5991: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5944: 5939: 5931: 5924: 5923:Cunliffe 2010 5919: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5897: 5892: 5885: 5881: 5875: 5871: 5859: 5858: 5851: 5844: 5843:Yamna culture 5840: 5835: 5831: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5795: 5792: 5791: 5784: 5782: 5776: 5774: 5763: 5759: 5744: 5742: 5725: 5720: 5713: 5708: 5701: 5696: 5689: 5684: 5677: 5672: 5662: 5656: 5651: 5644: 5639: 5632: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5622: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5580: 5578: 5574: 5569: 5554: 5550: 5548: 5544: 5534: 5529: 5519: 5515: 5513: 5512:Dagger Period 5509: 5508:flint objects 5493: 5484: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5468: 5452: 5440: 5434:2350-1950 BC. 5429: 5424: 5419: 5415: 5405: 5403: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5369: 5359: 5357: 5352: 5348: 5331: 5326: 5322: 5315: 5310: 5306: 5299: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5275: 5268: 5263: 5259: 5252: 5247: 5243: 5236: 5231: 5227: 5221: 5216: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5207: 5205: 5204: 5199: 5198: 5193: 5192: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5173: 5171: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5122: 5112: 5110: 5106: 5101: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5086: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5055: 5050: 5033: 5028: 5021: 5016: 5009: 5004: 4993: 4987: 4982: 4978: 4975:Gold lunula, 4971: 4966: 4963:Metal daggers 4959: 4954: 4943: 4936: 4931: 4927: 4920: 4915: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4890: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4857:mummification 4853: 4850: 4844: 4842: 4838: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4823: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4808: 4805: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4777: 4774: 4766: 4762: 4744: 4740: 4727: 4723: 4718: 4701: 4696: 4685: 4680: 4673: 4668: 4661: 4656: 4643: 4638: 4625: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4598: 4593: 4583:Gold lunula, 4579: 4574: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4551: 4547: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4513: 4511: 4507: 4497: 4490: 4474: 4469: 4465: 4462: 4457: 4454: 4443: 4439: 4434: 4432: 4428: 4422: 4421:autochthons. 4419: 4405: 4400: 4396: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4362: 4358: 4356: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4328: 4327:Sillees River 4324: 4319: 4316: 4310: 4308: 4307:passage tombs 4304: 4300: 4295: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4284:passage tombs 4281: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4231: 4228:Stone stele, 4224: 4219: 4212: 4207: 4200: 4195: 4191: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4169: 4164: 4157: 4152: 4148: 4141: 4136: 4133: 4126: 4121: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4094: 4090: 4085: 4083: 4078: 4074: 4073:planoccipital 4068: 4066: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4023: 4021: 4017: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3975: 3971: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3951: 3947: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3897: 3893: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3872: 3868: 3867:Gordon Childe 3859: 3855: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3820: 3815: 3805: 3801: 3792: 3784: 3780: 3769: 3765: 3757: 3752: 3739: 3733: 3728: 3724: 3717: 3712: 3705: 3700: 3696: 3689: 3684: 3680: 3673: 3668: 3661: 3656: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3633: 3628: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3614: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3601: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3543: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3449:Giant Beakers 3446: 3441: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3414:Low Countries 3410: 3406: 3399: 3394: 3385: 3383: 3382:Ancient Egypt 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3342: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3311: 3310:Dagger Period 3306: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3287: 3281: 3277: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3247: 3242: 3240: 3235: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3217: 3208: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3177: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3111: 3110:James Mallory 3107: 3105: 3101: 3087: 3083: 3077: 3072: 3068: 3061: 3056: 3049: 3044: 3040: 3033: 3028: 3024: 3017: 3012: 3002: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2981: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2962: 2957: 2947: 2944:Bell Beaker, 2940: 2935: 2934: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2898: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2862: 2861:acculturation 2851: 2844: 2836:from Britain. 2835: 2834:horse bridles 2828: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2771: 2770:Colin Burgess 2756: 2753:) and Tököl ( 2752: 2747: 2738: 2734: 2732: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2712:Gordon Childe 2709: 2707: 2693: 2688: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2642:Glockenbecher 2639: 2629: 2626: 2621: 2619: 2614: 2613:single burial 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2588: 2573: 2568: 2559: 2548: 2540: 2535: 2531: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2483:and into the 2482: 2481:Golfe du Lion 2478: 2475:and southern 2474: 2470: 2469:Tagus estuary 2462: 2459:Model of the 2457: 2448: 2444: 2442: 2438: 2427: 2422: 2420: 2410: 2396: 2393: 2388: 2387:ceramic wares 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2344:Paul Reinecke 2340: 2339:Glockenbecher 2335: 2331: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2307:Great Britain 2304: 2300: 2296: 2285: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2246: 2241: 2239: 2234: 2232: 2227: 2226: 2224: 2223: 2216: 2215: 2211: 2209: 2208: 2204: 2202: 2201: 2197: 2195: 2194: 2190: 2188: 2187: 2183: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2158: 2157:J. P. Mallory 2155: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2139: 2134: 2133: 2126: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2085: 2081: 2078: 2074: 2073: 2072: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2057: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2045: 2044: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2029: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2015: 2011: 2008: 2004: 2003: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1959: 1957: 1956: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1942: 1933: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1908: 1907: 1906: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1887: 1885: 1884: 1876: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1848: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1842: 1840: 1839: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1821: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1795: 1794:Reconstructed 1792: 1791: 1785: 1784: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1771: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1760: 1759: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1722: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1709: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1688: 1684: 1681: 1677: 1674: 1670: 1667: 1663: 1660: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1622: 1621:Insular Celts 1618: 1615: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1597: 1595: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1579: 1577: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1566: 1564: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1551: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1537:Indo-Iranians 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1498: 1497: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1468: 1466: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1445: 1443: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1432: 1430: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1399: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1343: 1341: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1320: 1318: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1280: 1279:Pontic Steppe 1273: 1270: 1269: 1262: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1244: 1242: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1221: 1220: 1219: 1217: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1206: 1204: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1193: 1191: 1180: 1176: 1173: 1169: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1159: 1155: 1152: 1148: 1145: 1141: 1138: 1134: 1131: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1113: 1112:Kurgan stelae 1110: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1096: 1095:Pontic Steppe 1089: 1086: 1085: 1079: 1078: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1012: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 989: 983: 982: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 901: 895: 894: 886: 885:Proto-Iranian 882: 879: 876: 872: 868: 865: 863: 860: 857: 853: 849: 846: 843: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 820: 817: 814: 813: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 775: 772: 769: 768: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 728:Daco-Thracian 726: 724: 721: 720: 717: 714: 713: 707: 703: 699: 695: 692: 691: 689: 686: 685: 682: 681:Reconstructed 679: 678: 671: 667: 664: 660: 657: 653: 650: 646: 643: 639: 636: 632: 629: 625: 622: 618: 617: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 602: 599: 596: 595: 589: 585: 584: 583: 580: 575: 571: 568: 564: 561: 557: 556: 555: 552: 547: 543: 542: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 523: 519: 516: 512: 511: 510: 507: 505: 502: 497: 493: 492: 491: 488: 487: 484: 481: 480: 476: 473: 472: 468: 463: 462: 458: 454: 453: 450: 447: 446: 442: 438: 437: 427: 422: 420: 415: 413: 408: 407: 405: 404: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 368: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 288: 287:Vatya culture 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 237: 236: 233: 230: 229: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 173:Rhône culture 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 151: 147: 144: 140: 136: 135:Baden culture 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 105: 101: 98: 94: 91: 87: 74: 70: 67: 63: 60: 56: 52: 48: 41: 36: 30: 19: 18:Glockenbecher 13640:Grooved ware 13602:Stone circle 13587:Round barrow 13532:Great dolmen 13500:architecture 13325:Funnelbeaker 13199:Chalcolithic 13127: 13113: 13110:Mallory J.P. 13092: 13083: 13056: 13006: 13000: 12986: 12966: 12941: 12937: 12914: 12895: 12875: 12855: 12836: 12814:. 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Retrieved 9190: 9184: 9174: 9132:: e0209125. 9125: 9119: 9109: 9082: 9078: 9068: 9059: 9037:10553/124288 9009: 9005: 8995: 8968:10553/124288 8940: 8936: 8926: 8899: 8895: 8885: 8848: 8844: 8834: 8807:2318/1715466 8781: 8777: 8767: 8724: 8720: 8710: 8701: 8681:11585/827581 8653: 8649: 8639: 8588: 8582: 8572: 8521: 8515: 8505: 8493:. Retrieved 8483: 8476: 8433: 8429: 8419: 8410: 8372: 8368: 8358: 8307: 8303: 8292: 8249: 8245: 8235: 8208: 8204: 8194: 8185: 8147: 8143: 8133: 8090: 8086: 8076: 8033: 8029: 8019: 8010: 7972: 7968: 7958: 7949: 7911: 7907: 7885: 7839: 7833: 7823: 7814: 7768: 7762: 7752: 7743: 7697: 7691: 7681: 7630: 7624: 7602: 7598: 7589: 7580: 7544: 7540: 7530: 7522: 7476: 7470: 7460: 7417: 7411: 7401: 7348: 7344: 7322: 7276: 7270: 7260: 7233: 7229: 7219: 7200: 7175: 7171: 7165: 7155:16 September 7153:. Retrieved 7146:the original 7141: 7137: 7108: 7089: 7083: 7074: 7052: 7046: 7038: 7033: 7025: 7020: 7003: 6999: 6989: 6980: 6971: 6957: 6933:(1): 69–84. 6930: 6926: 6916: 6897: 6891: 6872: 6858: 6815: 6811: 6801: 6776: 6772: 6739: 6733: 6697: 6690: 6647: 6643: 6633: 6621: 6602: 6596: 6577: 6555: 6550: 6531: 6525: 6506: 6500: 6481: 6475: 6456: 6450: 6431: 6405: 6401: 6395: 6387: 6381: 6374: 6369: 6363: 6336: 6332: 6322: 6313: 6308: 6302: 6294: 6289: 6269: 6247: 6228: 6222: 6210: 6183: 6171: 6159: 6142: 6138: 6128: 6108: 6101: 6089: 6080: 6076: 6066: 6023: 6019: 6009: 6002: 5998: 5947: 5941: 5930: 5896:Bradley 2007 5891: 5883: 5874: 5856: 5850: 5834: 5777: 5769: 5760: 5750: 5738: 5623: 5581: 5570: 5559: 5539: 5516: 5505: 5464: 5365: 5344: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5196: 5195: 5190: 5189: 5174: 5155:Chalcolithic 5124: 5102: 5087: 5060: 4992:Ferriby boat 4891: 4869: 4867:to Britain. 4859:, burial in 4854: 4845: 4841:Silbury Hill 4839: 4824: 4809: 4778: 4773:food vessels 4754: 4726:Silbury Hill 4693:2300-2000 BC 4689:Copper axe, 4554: 4546:Divine Twins 4541:Los Millares 4514: 4506:gold lunulae 4503: 4478: 4442:copper mines 4435: 4423: 4417: 4415: 4377:food vessels 4374: 4355:County Kerry 4349: 4320: 4311: 4296: 4280:food vessels 4263: 4086: 4069: 4061: 4024: 3980: 3956: 3900: 3876: 3863: 3825: 3802: 3761: 3758:on the base. 3754:Beaker with 3721:Barrow with 3625:in England. 3615: 3604: 3600:Los Millares 3582: 3580: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3535:Los Millares 3507:Chalcolithic 3500: 3495:Ciempozuelos 3442: 3430:Vienna Basin 3402: 3366:Gran Canaria 3347: 3343: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3307: 3303: 3291: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3245: 3243: 3236: 3221: 3213: 3164: 3160: 3156:craniometric 3148:craniometric 3145: 3121:Proto-Celtic 3117:Italo-Celtic 3114: 3108: 3097: 3088:, c. 2500 BC 3065:Bell Beaker 3037:Gold discs, 2919: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2904: 2884: 2869: 2865: 2857: 2812: 2807:Chalcolithic 2774: 2766: 2735: 2728: 2723: 2719: 2710: 2703: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2635: 2622: 2620:to Britain. 2610: 2569: 2544: 2466: 2445: 2436: 2423: 2415: 2368: 2356: 2347: 2327: 2281: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2254: 2212: 2205: 2198: 2191: 2184: 2178:Publications 2177: 2163: 2144: 2098: 1981: 1975: 1969: 1963:Paleo-Balkan 1953: 1952: 1940: 1939: 1881: 1880: 1836: 1835: 1823: 1793: 1776:Greater Iran 1769: 1768: 1757: 1756: 1720: 1719: 1707: 1706: 1649:Paleo-Balkan 1614:Celtiberians 1593: 1592: 1575: 1574: 1562: 1561: 1549: 1548: 1477: 1476: 1464: 1463: 1441: 1440: 1428: 1427: 1397: 1396: 1356: 1339: 1338: 1316: 1315: 1278: 1277: 1240: 1239: 1215: 1214: 1202: 1201: 1189: 1188: 1130:Bug–Dniester 1094: 1093: 959:Gothic Bible 875:Proto-Baltic 871:Proto-Slavic 856:Proto-Italic 852:Proto-Celtic 815: 770: 758:Italo-Celtic 753:Indo-Hittite 743:Graeco-Aryan 716:Hypothetical 715: 680: 615:Paleo-Balkan 597: 554:Indo-Iranian 509:Balto-Slavic 482: 340: 311: 291: 290: 269: 62:Chalcolithic 29: 13660:Unstan ware 13547:Long barrow 13507:Bank barrow 13464:Tiszapolgár 13430:Sredny Stog 13395:Pitted Ware 13153:free access 13013:: 190–196. 12795:Strahm 1998 12596:Jacobs 1991 12354:pp. 310–311 11709:: 744–756. 11350:: 241–268. 11315:: 171–217. 11248:10651/50763 11087:(1): 26–33. 11052:Archaeology 10242:(1): 39–79. 10171:Archaeology 9758:: 159–191. 9577:(1): 26–33. 8310:(1): 1915. 7599:Eupedia.com 6715:1887/123270 6333:Radiocarbon 5756: 2350 5663:, Denmark, 5619: 2000 5587: 2000 5573:Mecklenburg 5566: 2300 5547:Netherlands 5500: 1800 5478:and on the 5474:around the 5459: 1900 5430:, Denmark, 5408:Scandinavia 5387:Mokrin and 5166: 2250 5147:Monte Claro 4926:wrist-guard 4861:log coffins 4820:Bush Barrow 4800: 2200 4793:cassiterite 4765:Corded Ware 4745:, England, 4728:, England, 4588: 2000 4561:Bush Barrow 4525:sun worship 4485: 2200 4449: 2500 4438:Ross Island 4406:, Ireland, 4341:County Down 4336:wristguards 4292:wedge tombs 4276: 1700 4269: 2500 4252:Gold lunula 4230:Switzerland 4147:Brandenburg 4100: 1900 4091:and nearby 4011:Switzerland 3858:Gold lunula 3848:Carpathians 3836:Corded Ware 3775: 2700 3681:, Portugal. 3607:gold lunula 3576: 1300 3569: 1800 3562: 3000 3461:Elp culture 3269: 2300 3264:, England, 3146:Historical 3123:languages. 3086:Switzerland 3023:gold diadem 2986:Gold lunula 2680: 2000 2675:, Britain, 2654:archaeology 2638:Bell Beaker 2625:Ross Island 2597:Corded Ware 2579: 3100 2565: 3300 2554: 3000 2528: 2600 2521:Lower Rhine 2479:around the 2433: 28th 2348:Bell Beaker 2336:. The name 2291: 2450 2056:Continental 2049:Anglo-Saxon 1752:Middle Ages 1702:Middle Ages 1557:Indo-Aryans 1550:Indo-Aryans 1357:Bell Beaker 1352:Corded ware 1248:Corded ware 1137:Sredny Stog 1082:Archaeology 862:Proto-Greek 842:Proto-Norse 245: 3200 217:Elp culture 149:Followed by 103:Preceded by 89:Major sites 13686:Old Europe 13650:Metallurgy 13632:Technology 13498:Monumental 13295:Cortaillod 12786:Lohof 1994 12352:8838914400 12260:7 February 12150:"ornament" 11763:10036/4426 10464:: 121–140. 9454:842491015X 9304:(3): 135. 8851:: e77625. 7358:1502.02783 7071:1297081545 6315:April 2005 6293:Gimbutas, 5867:References 5595:Gelderland 5526:See also: 5412:See also: 5291:, Sardinia 5260:, Sardinia 5244:, Sardinia 5141:since the 5119:See also: 5085:cultures. 5071:Lake Garda 5047:See also: 4910:Dover Boat 4883:trilithons 4812:Stonehenge 4743:Stonehenge 4565:Stonehenge 4529:solar boat 4350:south-west 4149:, Germany. 4116:Stonehenge 4093:Schönebeck 4039:Bronze Age 4037:and early 3963:millstones 3934:, Poland, 3928:Ionian Sea 3840:Copper Age 3812:See also: 3779:Formentera 3697:, Portugal 3623:Stonehenge 3588:Villarreal 3511:Bronze Age 3453:Bronze Age 3376:and mtDNA 3262:Stonehenge 3180:See also: 2897:lineages. 2589:(Poland). 2581: – c. 2530: BC. 2463:, Portugal 2164:Institutes 2084:Lithuanian 1838:Indo-Aryan 1824:Historical 1758:Indo-Aryan 1715:Tocharians 1629:Cimmerians 1507:Bronze Age 1398:South Asia 1272:Bronze Age 1210:Afanasievo 1014:Mainstream 778:Vocabulary 698:Sound laws 560:Indo-Aryan 232:Bronze Age 13607:Stone row 13280:Cernavodă 12958:161404297 12816:12 August 12191:Antiquity 12025:130511731 11986:162318244 11918:164201703 11862:247336130 11840:Antiquity 11797:: 51–81. 11742:Antiquity 11684:161304254 11662:Antiquity 11611:161443252 11591:Antiquity 11573:pyramids. 11514:239626106 11492:Antiquity 11391:162722576 11371:Antiquity 11329:193226917 11257:239596297 10944:160489266 10924:Antiquity 10906:249560008 10623:: 61–69. 10371:248017237 10281:165852387 10259:Antiquity 10148:165852387 10126:Antiquity 9764:1131-6993 9752:Complutum 9550:4 October 9416:232315321 9197:: 20–28. 8698:234471370 8613:1476-4687 8546:1476-4687 8332:2041-1723 7864:1476-4687 7793:1476-4687 7722:1476-4687 7655:1476-4687 7501:1476-4687 7301:1476-4687 6949:0082-5638 6793:161292616 6773:Antiquity 6164:Case 2007 5972:1476-4687 5607:equinoxes 5603:solstices 5480:Djursland 5143:Stone Age 5083:Rinaldone 5079:Remedello 5067:Po Valley 4887:twin gods 4835:Woodhenge 4517:Coggalbeg 4404:Newgrange 4303:Newgrange 4288:Newgrange 4108:equinoxes 4104:solstices 4009:/Eastern 3997:–Western 3871:Neolithic 3791:Catalonia 3756:Sun cross 3428:into the 3370:Lanzarote 3352:from the 3325:Etruscans 2805:or early 2803:Neolithic 2660:Migration 2605:Sintashta 2485:Po Valley 2441:Neolithic 2364:Neolithic 2354:in 1904. 2099:Practices 1918:Yarsanism 1728:Albanians 1708:East Asia 1695:Scythians 1687:Phrygians 1680:Paeonians 1673:Illyrians 1659:Thracians 1576:East Asia 1527:Armenians 1454:Hallstatt 1436:Chernoles 1377:Terramare 1367:Trzciniec 1334:Sintashta 1329:Andronovo 1230:Cernavodă 1203:East Asia 1158:Khvalynsk 898:Philology 808:Particles 694:Phonology 635:Liburnian 610:Tocharian 605:Anatolian 574:Nuristani 467:Languages 263:Mycenaean 247:– 600 BC) 13715:Category 13669:Concepts 13552:Megalith 13484:Wartberg 13441:Starčevo 13385:Petrești 13365:Karanovo 13350:Hamangia 13340:Gornești 13300:Coțofeni 13290:Chasséen 13252:Cultures 13218:Horizons 13128:BBC News 13055:(1965). 13045:29466337 13009:(7695). 12763:(1980). 12704:: 37–72. 12620:phys.org 12236:Archived 12211:53412188 12096:"Lunula" 12062:27 April 12011:: 1–24. 11945:18 March 11940:BBC News 11772:53412188 11225:Zephyrus 11204:26 April 11109:: 69–86. 11057:26 April 10844:: 25–47. 10680:17 March 10629:20568187 10006:23612305 9974:: 1764. 9800:Archived 9709:29962659 9448:, 1986. 9330:29494531 9275:33046824 9195:Elsevier 9166:30893316 9121:PLOS One 9101:33295602 9056:37582830 9047:10427657 8987:37582830 8978:10427657 8918:33295602 8877:35635751 8826:31699931 8759:34559560 8690:33974848 8631:29466337 8564:29466337 8489:Archived 8468:38200294 8459:10781617 8407:34433570 8350:32313080 8284:34788096 8205:Genetics 8182:30872528 8125:30872528 8068:30872528 8007:30872528 7946:30872528 7882:29466337 7811:29466337 7740:29466337 7673:29466337 7569:26062507 7519:29466337 7452:26595274 7393:25731166 7319:29466337 7252:22552938 7208:Archived 7192:19264304 6871:(eds.). 6850:29466337 6682:34671162 6058:34433570 5990:29466337 5787:See also 5476:Limfjord 5446:1900 BC. 5428:Grevinge 5356:Syracuse 5240:Beaker, 5176:island ( 5139:Provence 5115:Sardinia 4942:Cornwall 4924:Beaker, 4827:Pömmelte 4804:Brittany 4785:Cornwall 4557:Cornwall 4461:Brittany 4381:typology 4089:Pömmelte 4049:Pömmelte 3926:and the 3924:Adriatic 3768:Mallorca 3740:, Spain. 3641:, Spain. 3592:Alentejo 3583:penteada 3434:Sardinia 3398:Scotland 3350:Guanches 3232:R1b-M269 3170:Genetics 2915:Maritime 2607:cultures 2509:Gâtinais 2501:Brittany 2497:Armorica 2315:Sardinia 2267:, is an 2145:Scholars 2043:Germanic 2014:Scottish 1979:Thracian 1973:Illyrian 1967:Albanian 1955:European 1948:Armenian 1932:Ossetian 1926:Scythian 1911:Yazidism 1861:Buddhism 1852:Hinduism 1743:Norsemen 1653:Anatolia 1570:Iranians 1563:Iranians 1544:Iron Age 1519:Hittites 1472:Colchian 1465:Caucasus 1423:Iron Age 1392:Lusatian 1387:Urnfield 1311:Srubnaya 1306:Poltavka 1296:Catacomb 1235:Cucuteni 1190:Caucasus 1007:Religion 992:Homeland 934:Behistun 914:Linear B 803:Numerals 798:Pronouns 723:Balkanic 670:Thracian 663:Phrygian 656:Paeonian 642:Messapic 628:Illyrian 540:Hellenic 535:Germanic 504:Armenian 496:Albanian 490:Albanoid 441:a series 439:Part of 255:Cycladic 240:Europe ( 97:Portugal 13479:Vučedol 13410:Rzucewo 13370:Lengyel 13320:Dudești 13036:5973796 13015:Bibcode 12828:Sources 11711:Bibcode 11546:proven. 11438:. 1992. 11168:Bibcode 10436:. 2019. 10416:Terra X 10392:Bibcode 10338:. 2022. 10109:. 2020. 9997:3978205 9976:Bibcode 9700:5984651 9626:. 2016. 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