1028:
1853:, Supplementary Materials, p. 13. "The hunter-gatherer groups of central Europe apparently largely retreated to northern Europe when the early farmers arrived. From a genetic perspective, there was hardly any admixture between indigenous groups and migrant opopulations in the Early Neolithic, and the same can be said for the Carpatian Basin. It was not until the 4th millennium BCE that there was a population reflux of hunter-gatherer lineages by way of the Funnel Beaker Cultures from southern Scandinavia into central Europe. The encounter of these two worlds that in some ways were ethnically and culturally quite diverse, was characterized by an increase in violent events throughout Europe. However, this general development notwithstanding, certain parallel communities of hunter-gatherers and farmers were also established in some places. The introgression of the Funnel Beaker Culture in the 4th millennium BCE, appears to have marked the beginning of a heterogenous multi-ethnic society at least from a genetic point of view."
905:
676:
1012:
1234:
984:
1222:
1207:
944:
968:
1195:
1040:
837:
399:
885:
648:
695:
861:
1000:
956:
1085:
1115:
1167:
325:
1315:
1070:
1100:
825:
932:
873:
1055:
849:
1155:
1127:
715:
664:
527:
1841:, p. 10. "The H-G legacy resurgence observed in the Bernburg context has been linked to the important admixture demonstrated between H-G and farmers in Scandinavia (in the North European Plain), one millennium earlier, in the context of the emergence of the Funnel Beaker Culture... The Bernburg groups, a late representative of the TRB groups in Central Europe, must have inherited their important frequencies of H-G haplogroups from their northern ancestors.
7115:
29:
426:
been replaced by the Corded Ware culture. Genetic studies suggest that
Funnelbeaker women were incorporated into the Corded Ware culture through intermixing with incoming Corded Ware males, and that people of the Corded Ware culture continued to use Funnelbeaker megaliths as burial grounds. Subsequent cultures of Late Neolithic, Bronze Age, and Iron Age Central Europe display strong maternal genetic affinity with the Funnelbeaker culture.
1183:
1139:
920:
391:(EEF) descent, people of the Funnelbeaker culture had a relatively high amount of hunter-gatherer admixture, particularly in Scandinavia, suggesting that hunter-gatherer populations were partially incorporated into it during its expansion into this region. People of the Funnelbeaker culture often had between 30% and 50% hunter-gatherer ancestry depending on the region.
2123:
together with six flat axes near a large stone. The objects can be dated to the second half of the 4th millennium BCE. They thus belong to a time during which a series of hoards containing metal objects are known in the southern and western Baltic sphere (...) These animal figurines were all made using lost-wax casting.
767:
Flint-axes and vessels were also deposited in streams and lakes near the farmlands, and virtually all of Sweden's 10,000 flint axes that have been found from this culture were probably sacrificed in water. They also constructed large cult centres surrounded by pales, earthworks and moats. The largest
2403:
Although the
Neolithic transition was delayed by more than a millennium relative to Central Europe, it was very abrupt and resulted in a population turnover with limited genetic contribution from local hunter-gatherers. The succeeding Neolithic population, associated with the Funnel Beaker culture,
2122:
Bovine figurines that can be dated to the second half of the 4th millennium BCE are found in another, completely different cultural milieu. One well known example is the yoked team of oxen (Fig. 21) found in Bytýn, woj. wielkopolskie, Poland; it is made of arsenical bronze. The figurines were found
628:
in Poland on the northern edge of the
Beskidy Mountains (northern Carpathian ring), which is indirectly dated to the time span from 3636 to 3373 BCE and is the oldest evidence for covered carriages in Central Europe. They were drawn by cattle, presumably oxen whose remains were found with the pot.
394:
During later phases of the
Neolithic, the Funnelbeaker culture re-expanded out of Scandinavia southwards into Central Europe, establishing several regional varieties. This expansion appears to have been accompanied by significant human migration. The southward expansion of the Funnelbeaker culture
2516:
Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Fischer, Anders; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Ingason, Andrés; Macleod, Ruairidh; Rosengren, Anders; Schulz
Paulsson, Bettina; Jørkov, Marie Louise Schjellerup; Novosolov, Maria; Stenderup, Jesper; Price, T. Douglas; Fischer Mortensen, Morten; Nielsen, Anne Birgitte;
2416:
Seersholm, Frederik Valeur; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Koelman, Julia; Blank, Malou; Svensson, Emma M.; Staring, Jacqueline; Fraser, Magdalena; Pinotti, Thomaz; McColl, Hugh; Gaunitz, Charleen; Ruiz-Bedoya, Tatiana; Granehäll, Lena; Villegas-Ramirez, Berenice; Fischer, Anders; Price, T. Douglas (August
2354:
Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Fischer, Anders; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Ingason, Andrés; Macleod, Ruairidh; Rosengren, Anders; Schulz
Paulsson, Bettina; Jørkov, Marie Louise Schjellerup; Novosolov, Maria; Stenderup, Jesper; Price, T. Douglas; Fischer Mortensen, Morten; Nielsen, Anne Birgitte;
2138:
Seersholm, Frederik Valeur; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Koelman, Julia; Blank, Malou; Svensson, Emma M.; Staring, Jacqueline; Fraser, Magdalena; Pinotti, Thomaz; McColl, Hugh; Gaunitz, Charleen; Ruiz-Bedoya, Tatiana; Granehäll, Lena; Villegas-Ramirez, Berenice; Fischer, Anders; Price, T. Douglas (August
425:
and traced their origins in cultures further east. This period is distinguished by the construction of numerous defensive palisades in
Funnelbeaker territory, which may be a sign of violent conflict between the Funnelbeakers, Corded Ware, and Pitted Ware. By 2650 BCE, the Funnelbeaker culture had
2466:
Lipson, Mark; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Mallick, Swapan; Pósa, Annamária; Stégmár, Balázs; Keerl, Victoria; Rohland, Nadin; Stewardson, Kristin; Ferry, Matthew; Michel, Megan; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Harney, Eadaoin; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Llamas, Bastien (November 2017).
395:
was accompanied by a substantial increase in hunter-gatherer lineages in
Central Europe. The Funnelbeaker communities in Central Europe which emerged were probably quite genetically and ethnically mixed, and archaeological evidence suggests that they were relatively violent.
752:. The megalithic structures of Ireland, France and Portugal are somewhat older and have been connected to earlier archeological cultures of those areas. At graves, the people sacrificed ceramic vessels that contained food along with amber jewelry and flint-axes.
386:
through maritime colonization by
Michelsberg-related groups occurred almost at the same time as the expansion of the Funnelbeaker culture into Scandinavia, suggesting that these events may be connected. Although they were largely of
2001:
1027:
3583:
640:
in northern
Germany cart tracks dating from c. 3400 BCE were discovered underneath a megalithic long barrow. This is the earliest known direct evidence for wheeled vehicles in the world (i.e. not models or images).
675:
3298:
377:
After its establishment, the Funnelbeaker culture rapidly spread into southern Scandinavia and Poland, in what appears to have been a well-organized colonizing venture. In southern Scandinavia it replaced the
904:
1871:
The Danubians were a peaceful folk. The only weapons found in their settlements are disc-shaped mace-heads, such as had been used by the predynastic Egyptians, and occasional flint arrow-heads.
1272:
analysis has found the people who produced the Funnelbeaker culture to be genetically different from earlier hunter-gather inhabitants of the region, and are instead closely related to other
759:
social organisation, with the vast majority of males being ultimately descended from a single male ancestor while the women were mostly unrelated who presumably married into the family.
1511:
792:(or steppe hypothesis), the culture is seen as non-Indo-European, representing a culture of Neolithic origin, as opposed to the Indo-European-language-speaking peoples (see
354:
of Central Europe, being distinguished by increased levels of hunter-gatherer ancestry. Its people were probably descended from farmers migrating into Central Europe out of
1011:
1206:
1299:
A total of 62 males from sites attributed to the Funnelbeaker culture in Scandinavia and Germany have been sequenced for ancient DNA. Most belonged to haplogroup
1233:
2187:
Iversen, R. & Kroonen, G. 2017. Talking Neolithic: Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives on how Indo-European was Implemented in Southern Scandinavia.
7159:
297:(GAC) replaced most of the eastern and subsequently also the southern TRB groups, reducing the TRB area to modern northern Germany and southern Scandinavia.
3569:
3584:
The origin of Neolithic copper on the central Northern European plain and in Southern Scandinavia: Connectivities on a European scale (Brozio et al. 2023)
2321:
983:
884:
624:
The Funnelbeaker Culture preserves the oldest dated evidence of wheeled vehicles in middle Europe. One example is the engraving on a ceramic tureen from
7174:
3464:
3402:
3196:
2701:
490:
5519:
755:
Genetic analysis of several dozen individuals found in the Funnelbeaker passage grave Frälsegården in Sweden suggest that these burials were based on a
694:
316:
The Funnelbeaker culture is named for its characteristic ceramics, beakers and amphorae with funnel-shaped tops, which were found in dolmen burials.
4158:
2917:
1221:
802:
postulated that the political relationship between the aboriginal and intrusive cultures resulted in quick and smooth cultural morphosis into the
647:
5916:
5657:
5253:
4007:
722:
Houses were centered on a monumental grave, a symbol of social cohesion. Burial practices were varied depending on region and changed over time.
744:
The Funnelbeaker culture marks the appearance of megalithic tombs at the coasts of the Baltic and of the North sea, an example of which are the
574:
was grown on small patches that were fast depleted, due to which the population frequently moved small distances. There was also mining (in the
3279:
1503:
2041:"The earliest evidence of wheels and wagons in Neolithic Central Europe and the Early Bronze Age of the northern Pontic areas (3500–2200 BCE)"
3860:
1166:
5872:
5381:
2206:
The Kurgan Culture and the Indo-Europeanization of Europe: Selected Articles From 1952 to 1993 (Journal of Indo-European studies monograph)
943:
967:
7194:
7169:
7164:
1492:
1194:
773:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7154:
6025:
5704:
5155:
4075:
3610:
2806:"Ancient mitochondrial DNA from the northern fringe of the Neolithic farming expansion in Europe sheds light on the dispersion process"
2629:"Multi-scale ancient DNA analyses confirm the western origin of Michelsberg farmers and document probable practices of human sacrifice"
1412:
860:
7199:
2908:
1962:
The Earliest Wheel Finds, their Archeology and Indo-European Terminology in Time and Space, and Early Migrations around the Caucasus.
813:
was a purely local development of the Funnelbeaker culture, but genetic evidence has since demonstrated that this was not the case.
7072:
7090:
1566:
836:
382:, which had maintained a Mesolithic lifestyle for about 1500 years after farming arrived in Central Europe. The emergence of the
1630:
538:, the settlements are located near those of the previous Ertebølle culture on the coast. It was characterized by single-family
1039:
7149:
2904:"The Neolithic Pitted Ware culture foragers were culturally but not genetically influenced by the Battle Axe culture herders"
2747:
2065:
1969:
1674:
663:
4151:
1084:
2855:"The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon"
872:
685:
293:. Especially in the southern and eastern groups, local sequences of variants emerged. In the late 4th millennium BCE, the
1559:
1154:
1948:
955:
6171:
5282:
4188:
3377:
3254:
2238:
2214:
2092:
2056:
3770:
1452:
1099:
6133:
5489:
5376:
3840:
2859:
2810:
1114:
999:
741:. Originally, the structures were probably covered with a mound of earth and the entrance was blocked by a stone.
7095:
6303:
5901:
5292:
4330:
4144:
2189:
895:
701:
7085:
6353:
6158:
6018:
3730:
3603:
1426:
1069:
910:
227:
350:. The Michelsberg culture is archaeologically and genetically strongly differentiated from the preceding post-
7139:
5514:
5044:
4304:
4106:
3508:"Goth migration induced changes in the matrilineal genetic structure of the central-east European population"
583:
257:(TRB-N, roughly the area that previously belonged to the Ertebølle-Ellerbek complex), a western group in the
4372:
1941:
The horse, the wheel, and language: how Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world.
1054:
6234:
5509:
5049:
4522:
3307:
2057:
The horse, the wheel, and language: how Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world
1864:
1293:
258:
4198:
2757:"Ancient DNA Reveals Lack of Continuity between Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers and Contemporary Scandinavians"
2002:"The Neolithic burial sequence at Flintbek LA 3, north Germany, and its cart tracks: a precise chronology"
1303:
while a smaller number belonged to R1b-V88, Q-FTF30 and G2a. MtDNA haplogroups included U, H, T, R and K.
931:
586:), which was traded into regions lacking the stone, such as the Scandinavian hinterland. The culture used
7100:
6113:
4475:
1355:
342:. Archaeological evidence strongly suggests that it originated through a migration of colonists from the
824:
398:
6266:
6261:
5777:
5578:
3361:
1623:
1591:
3740:
1444:
1182:
1138:
7144:
7118:
6298:
6205:
6198:
6176:
6011:
5583:
5398:
3815:
3661:
3596:
2688:"Ancient DNA Reveals Key Stages in the Formation of Central European Mitochondrial Genetic Diversity"
1659:
1126:
2404:
persisted for only about 1,000 years before immigrants with eastern Steppe-derived ancestry arrived.
1264:
848:
6338:
6323:
6138:
6123:
5772:
4864:
4409:
4111:
3760:
1983:"3400 BCE: The oldest evidence for the use of the wheel and wagon originates from Northern Germany"
1699:
411:
294:
120:
4936:
4931:
1654:
1256:
772:. It comprises 85,000 m and is estimated to have taken 8000 workdays. Another cult centre at
410:
From the middle of the 4th millennium BCE, the Funnelbeaker culture was gradually replaced by the
242:
in the north. The TRB introduced farming and husbandry as major food sources to the pottery-using
6453:
6343:
6333:
6328:
6148:
6128:
6085:
5889:
5799:
4971:
4738:
4557:
4490:
4222:
4047:
3246:
1684:
422:
383:
3588:
1260:
6855:
6288:
6283:
6210:
6105:
5977:
5851:
5457:
5348:
5336:
5032:
4773:
4612:
4249:
4183:
4167:
4057:
3677:
3666:
1709:
1644:
1524:
1273:
1250:
535:
351:
328:
195:
104:
79:
3889:
6153:
6043:
5716:
5652:
5526:
5219:
5145:
4919:
4914:
4852:
4791:
4728:
4676:
4669:
4215:
3914:
3643:
3512:
3073:
1679:
1616:
388:
5101:
4070:
3294:"Megalithic tombs in western and northern Neolithic Europe were linked to a kindred society"
1539:
919:
745:
403:
6244:
6215:
6118:
5982:
5933:
5928:
5911:
5906:
5884:
5674:
5388:
5241:
5133:
5037:
4830:
4515:
4314:
4257:
4116:
4080:
3937:
3525:
3468:
3406:
3311:
3286:
3143:
3126:"Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers"
3086:
3029:
2972:
2705:
2646:
2589:
2469:"Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers"
2277:
1982:
301:
4485:
3705:
1440:
1284:
from European hunter-gatherer groups. Genetic analysis suggests that there was some minor
379:
239:
99:
8:
7080:
6293:
5972:
5637:
5442:
5275:
4808:
4681:
4562:
4537:
3982:
3855:
3820:
3656:
3451:"Genomic Diversity and Admixture Differs for Stone-Age Scandinavian Foragers and Farmers"
1689:
1669:
1473:
1435:
1404:
1289:
810:
418:
343:
270:
140:
130:
125:
89:
53:
3866:
3810:
3765:
3725:
3715:
3529:
3472:
3410:
3315:
3147:
3090:
3033:
2976:
2709:
2650:
2593:
2551:
2451:
2389:
2356:
2281:
2233:, onder redactie van J.H.F. Bloemers & T. van Dorp 1991. De Haan/Open Universiteit.
2173:
1460:
1456:
1448:
6463:
6315:
6254:
6143:
6075:
6051:
5923:
5826:
5728:
5541:
4723:
4453:
4419:
4002:
3871:
3720:
3546:
3507:
3494:
3430:
3334:
3293:
3213:
3182:
3164:
3125:
3107:
3068:
3050:
3011:
2993:
2962:
2944:
2885:
2854:
2836:
2805:
2792:
2726:
2687:
2669:
2628:
2610:
2576:
2571:
2501:
2298:
2267:
2253:
2021:
1694:
1519:
990:
3904:
3745:
3388:
2945:"Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe"
2254:"Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe"
1793:
1791:
1789:
1649:
502:
324:
6239:
6090:
6065:
5965:
5955:
5945:
5894:
5551:
5469:
4763:
4748:
4733:
4713:
4604:
4583:
4394:
4237:
4127:
3551:
3498:
3486:
3455:
3422:
3393:
3373:
3339:
3273:
3250:
3218:
3187:
3169:
3112:
3055:
2998:
2931:
2890:
2841:
2784:
2731:
2692:
2674:
2615:
2538:
2518:
2488:
2438:
2418:
2394:
2376:
2303:
2234:
2210:
2160:
2140:
2088:
2061:
2025:
1965:
1944:
1496:
1465:
1300:
1281:
789:
3830:
3434:
1314:
489:
Variants of the Funnelbeaker culture in or near the Elbe catchment area include the
235:
84:
6662:
6034:
5960:
5867:
5610:
5393:
5193:
5113:
5069:
4869:
4691:
4542:
4502:
4101:
3997:
3909:
3790:
3775:
3619:
3541:
3533:
3476:
3414:
3365:
3329:
3319:
3242:
Ancient Scandinavia: An Archaeological History from the First Humans to the Vikings
3236:
3208:
3200:
3159:
3151:
3130:
3102:
3094:
3045:
3037:
3016:
2988:
2980:
2949:
2921:
2880:
2872:
2831:
2823:
2796:
2774:
2721:
2713:
2664:
2654:
2605:
2597:
2546:
2530:
2496:
2480:
2446:
2430:
2384:
2368:
2293:
2285:
2258:
2168:
2152:
2013:
1786:
1704:
1547:
1288:
between the producers of the Funnelbeaker culture and those of the hunter-gatherer
1213:
681:
219:
49:
5452:
5408:
3899:
1417:
249:
The TRB techno-complex is divided into a northern group including modern northern
6271:
6249:
6193:
6163:
6047:
5841:
5811:
5573:
5501:
5479:
5437:
5332:
5302:
5167:
5162:
4813:
4696:
4267:
3962:
3835:
3795:
3651:
3521:
3355:
3351:
3240:
3139:
3082:
3025:
2958:
2761:
2659:
2585:
2204:
2082:
1664:
1374:
1370:
799:
730:
539:
494:
243:
223:
180:
164:
94:
3876:
3389:"Origins and Genetic Legacy of Neolithic Farmers and Hunter-Gatherers in Europe"
2572:"A massacre of early Neolithic farmers in the high Pyrenees at Els Trocs, Spain"
6945:
6729:
6393:
6080:
5950:
5877:
5699:
5664:
5595:
5484:
5356:
5064:
4649:
4639:
4460:
4441:
3785:
3780:
3735:
3700:
3690:
3537:
3299:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3098:
2601:
2534:
2434:
2372:
2156:
1883:
1366:
1362:
756:
347:
172:
3845:
3635:
2779:
2756:
2468:
2017:
7133:
6704:
6667:
6627:
6493:
6222:
6181:
5836:
5821:
5767:
5745:
5642:
5630:
5546:
5415:
5297:
5258:
5246:
5234:
4946:
4857:
4786:
4527:
4470:
4448:
4357:
4289:
4284:
4262:
4042:
4037:
4022:
4017:
3992:
3894:
3884:
3850:
3805:
3800:
3755:
3710:
3695:
3685:
2868:
2819:
2742:
2542:
2519:"100 ancient genomes show repeated population turnovers in Neolithic Denmark"
2492:
2442:
2380:
2357:"100 ancient genomes show repeated population turnovers in Neolithic Denmark"
2164:
1552:
1543:
1533:
1488:
1469:
1431:
1421:
1378:
1145:
793:
734:
654:
625:
510:
367:
231:
135:
6806:
4377:
3481:
3450:
3418:
3324:
3204:
2717:
714:
6398:
6388:
6371:
6188:
5755:
5711:
5692:
5647:
5447:
5371:
5128:
5123:
5079:
4706:
4588:
4552:
4532:
4384:
4362:
4274:
4065:
4027:
4012:
3957:
3825:
3624:
3555:
3490:
3426:
3343:
3222:
3173:
3116:
3059:
3002:
2935:
2894:
2876:
2845:
2827:
2788:
2735:
2678:
2619:
2398:
2307:
1480:
1325:
611:
359:
5804:
3369:
526:
285:, and south-central groups (TRB-MES, Altmark) around the middle and upper
6880:
6838:
6761:
6674:
6542:
6532:
6443:
6227:
5794:
5784:
5740:
5735:
5687:
5625:
5588:
5561:
5462:
5432:
5307:
5229:
5150:
5138:
4899:
4884:
4874:
4845:
4803:
4718:
4686:
4634:
4567:
4404:
4279:
4136:
4085:
3972:
3932:
1397:
1269:
891:
803:
451:
447:
254:
3155:
3041:
2984:
2484:
2419:"Repeated plague infections across six generations of Neolithic Farmers"
2289:
2141:"Repeated plague infections across six generations of Neolithic Farmers"
7057:
6845:
6828:
6776:
6766:
6751:
6719:
6709:
6587:
6537:
6413:
6408:
6376:
6095:
5938:
5831:
5789:
5605:
5568:
5531:
5427:
5014:
4926:
4753:
4654:
4627:
4547:
4345:
4299:
4210:
4178:
2926:
2903:
2770:
1601:
1582:
1393:
974:
723:
207:
28:
3572:, "Die jüngere Steinzeit auf Bornholm", München & Ravensburg 2008.
370:
coast. Connections between the Funnelbeakers and these farmers of the
358:
and modern-day France, who in turn were descended from farmers of the
7052:
7047:
7037:
6970:
6875:
6771:
6734:
6724:
6684:
6637:
6632:
6582:
6522:
6448:
6438:
6418:
6381:
6366:
5846:
5615:
5600:
5198:
5183:
5108:
5091:
5009:
4894:
4835:
4825:
4820:
4743:
4622:
4510:
4436:
4203:
4193:
4032:
1385:
1342:
1337:
1285:
1276:, who ultimately traced most of their ancestry from early farmers in
467:
282:
262:
203:
2040:
1091:
7025:
7010:
6990:
6975:
6955:
6930:
6915:
6910:
6890:
6860:
6850:
6801:
6791:
6786:
6617:
6602:
6577:
6557:
6527:
6517:
6512:
6483:
6478:
6468:
6403:
6361:
6070:
6003:
5620:
5556:
5403:
5361:
5096:
5004:
4879:
4701:
4664:
4644:
3977:
2967:
2633:
2272:
2109:
1972:, with a representative chronological and geographical information.
1774:
1606:
1515:
1277:
1173:
1061:
637:
506:
371:
305:
2337:
2335:
575:
414:
on its southeastern fringes, and began to decline in Scandinavia.
7042:
7030:
7020:
6995:
6985:
6980:
6960:
6950:
6925:
6865:
6823:
6796:
6714:
6647:
6642:
6622:
6612:
6567:
6562:
6552:
6547:
6488:
6473:
6423:
5682:
5474:
5420:
5366:
5188:
4994:
4904:
4758:
4659:
4617:
4480:
4399:
4352:
4340:
3618:
1076:
1046:
749:
591:
483:
475:
459:
455:
443:
439:
363:
274:
250:
215:
1106:
809:
In the past, a number of other archaeologists proposed that the
335:
The Funnelbeaker culture emerged in northern modern-day Germany
7062:
7015:
7000:
6965:
6940:
6905:
6900:
6833:
6818:
6756:
6694:
6679:
6657:
6607:
6597:
6592:
6505:
6500:
6458:
6428:
5750:
5287:
5265:
5118:
5054:
4999:
4389:
4367:
4335:
4309:
3987:
3952:
3947:
2465:
2332:
1529:
738:
595:
587:
571:
555:
479:
471:
463:
355:
199:
39:
3266:
Megaliths and Funnel Beakers: Societies in Change 4100–2700 BC
3183:"The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia"
1921:
1810:
1808:
1806:
550:
The Funnelbeaker culture was dominated by animal husbandry of
6935:
6920:
6895:
6885:
6870:
6813:
6781:
6746:
6741:
6699:
6689:
6572:
6433:
6276:
5816:
5536:
5270:
5224:
5086:
4941:
4889:
4465:
4431:
3967:
2515:
2353:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1586:
1018:
619:
615:
579:
567:
551:
498:
290:
3562:
Wade, Nicholas, "The Twists and Turns of History, and DNA",
2415:
2137:
7005:
6652:
5762:
5723:
5203:
5059:
4989:
4909:
4781:
4294:
3942:
2642:
1803:
777:
629:
Today it is housed in the Archaeological Museum of Cracow (
563:
482:
and the area between Dnister and Western Bug headwaters in
435:
286:
278:
266:
211:
3181:
Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; et al. (September 6, 2019).
2060:. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. p. 66.
1894:
534:
With the exception of some inland settlements such as the
5074:
4840:
4798:
1820:
1738:
769:
599:
559:
3357:
The First Farmers of Europe: An Evolutionary Perspective
1750:
733:
inside long barrows, but were later made in the form of
421:
appeared in Northern Europe. Its peoples were of marked
3231:
Das Neolithikum in Mitteleuropa, Kulturen - Wirtschaft
1318:
Diachronic map of Neolithic migrations c. 5000–4000 BCE
1762:
1728:
1726:
1724:
3292:
Sánchez-Quinto, Federico; et al. (May 7, 2019).
3291:
1964:
Series Minor 43. Budapest: Archaeolingua Alapítvány.
1780:
304:(EGK) at about 2800 BCE. The north-central European
300:
The younger TRB in these areas was superseded by the
566:, but there was also hunting and fishing. Primitive
3465:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
3403:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
3197:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
2804:Malmström, Helena; et al. (January 19, 2015).
2755:Malmström, Helena; et al. (November 3, 2009).
2702:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
1721:
669:
Wheeled vehicle representation on the Bronocice pot
493:in northern Germany as well as the cultures of the
202:. It developed as a technological merger of local
16:
North-central European culture around 4300–2800 BCE
3010:Mathieson, Iain; et al. (February 21, 2018).
2853:Malmström, Helena; et al. (October 9, 2019).
2114:Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle
1943:Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 67.
3180:
3069:"The genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region"
3067:Mittnik, Alissa; et al. (January 30, 2018).
2053:
7131:
3387:Skoglund, Pontus; et al. (April 27, 2012).
3009:
2918:American Association of Physical Anthropologists
2901:
2852:
2803:
2754:
2686:Brandt, Guido; et al. (December 10, 2013).
2341:
1915:
1212:Model of a Funnelbeaker culture house, Germany.
3505:
3448:
3386:
2902:Malmström, Helena; et al. (June 4, 2020).
2209:. Institute for the Study of Man. p. 316.
1927:
718:Klekkende Høj barrow, Denmark, c. 3500-2800 BCE
3449:Skoglund, Pontus; et al. (May 16, 2014).
3124:Lipson, Mark; et al. (November 8, 2017).
3066:
2570:Alt, Kurt W.; et al. (February 7, 2020).
1884:"A Nordic Porphyry Macehead, Neolithic period"
1512:Periodisation of the Indus Valley civilisation
530:Reconstruction of a Funnelbeaker culture house
7160:Archaeological cultures in the Czech Republic
6019:
4152:
3604:
3268:, Drieendertigste Kroon-Voordracht, Amsterdam
3123:
2943:Haak, Wolfgang; et al. (March 2, 2015).
2685:
1814:
1797:
1624:
362:cultures who had migrated westwards from the
3012:"The genomic history of southeastern Europe"
509:(all TRB-MES IV) whose centres were in
6050:origin primarily identified as speakers of
2942:
2626:
2231:Pre- & protohistorie van de lage landen
1838:
1768:
1756:
1160:Tustrup jaettestue passage grave in Denmark
7175:Archaeological cultures in the Netherlands
6026:
6012:
4166:
4159:
4145:
3611:
3597:
3278:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2569:
2087:. Princeton University Press. p. 67.
1850:
1631:
1617:
1413:Metallurgy during the Copper Age in Europe
27:
3545:
3506:Stolarek, I.; et al. (May 1, 2019).
3480:
3333:
3323:
3212:
3163:
3106:
3049:
2992:
2966:
2925:
2909:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2884:
2835:
2778:
2725:
2668:
2658:
2627:Beau, Alice; et al. (July 5, 2017).
2609:
2550:
2500:
2450:
2388:
2355:Ulfeldt Hede, Mikkel (January 10, 2024).
2297:
2271:
2172:
2038:
1800:, pp. 3–4, Supplementary Data, p. 3.
308:were built primarily during the TRB era.
2202:
1313:
713:
525:
397:
374:coast is supported by genetic evidence.
323:
7091:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
3350:
2110:"Gold and silver in the Maikop Culture"
2080:
1999:
1903:
1826:
1744:
7132:
3263:
2107:
1862:
913:copper artefacts, Germany, c. 3800 BCE
729:The oldest graves consisted of wooden
497:(TRB-MES II and III; MES = Mittelelbe-
6007:
5330:
4969:
4235:
4140:
3592:
3235:
2748:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
2517:Ulfeldt Hede, Mikkel (January 2024).
2133:
2131:
1732:
1675:Prehistory and protohistory of Poland
417:In the early 3rd millennium BCE, the
218:rivers. These predecessors were the (
6033:
5331:
2251:
1265:Single Grave culture § Genetics
796:) who later intruded from the east.
1844:
1257:Pitted Ware culture § Genetics
866:Pottery, stone axe, copper necklace
273:, an eastern group centered on the
210:techno-complexes between the lower
13:
7195:Archaeological cultures in Ukraine
7170:Archaeological cultures in Germany
7165:Archaeological cultures in Denmark
2860:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
2811:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
2128:
2084:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
1939:Compare Anthony, David A. (2007).
1261:Battle Axe culture § Genetics
516:
446:with a western extension into the
14:
7211:
7190:Archaeological cultures in Sweden
7185:Archaeological cultures in Poland
7180:Archaeological cultures in Norway
7155:Archaeological cultures of Europe
5283:Megalithic architectural elements
4128:↓ Bronze Age Europe ↓
3636:↑ Mesolithic Europe ↑
3577:
1866:The Dawn of European Civilization
1176:passage grave in northern Germany
878:Gold armring, Germany, c.3500 BCE
7200:5th-millennium BC establishments
7114:
7113:
4970:
2252:Haak, Wolfgang (June 11, 2015).
1239:House model, Poland, c. 3500 BCE
1232:
1220:
1205:
1193:
1181:
1165:
1153:
1137:
1125:
1113:
1098:
1083:
1068:
1053:
1038:
1026:
1010:
998:
982:
966:
954:
942:
930:
918:
903:
883:
871:
859:
847:
835:
823:
693:
674:
662:
646:
631:Muzeum Archeologiczne w Krakowie
277:catchment, roughly ranging from
7096:Christianization of Scandinavia
5902:Evolutionary origin of religion
3360:. Cambridge World Archaeology.
2509:
2459:
2409:
2347:
2314:
2244:
2223:
2196:
2190:American Journal of Archaeology
2181:
2101:
2074:
2047:
2032:
1993:
1975:
1954:
1933:
1876:
1856:
1188:Denghoog passage grave interior
429:
311:
7086:Christianization of the Franks
6159:Continental Germanic mythology
2193:, vol. 121, no. 4, p. 511–525.
1832:
1292:(which descended from earlier
521:
230:(STK) groups/Late Lengyel and
228:Stroke-ornamented ware culture
1:
5515:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
5045:British megalith architecture
4107:Secondary products revolution
1033:Excavated long barrow, Poland
726:seems to have been the rule.
605:
336:
188:
63:
7150:Neolithic cultures of Europe
5510:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
5050:Nordic megalith architecture
3308:National Academy of Sciences
2660:10.1371/journal.pone.0179742
1960:Holm, Hans J. J. G. (2019):
1863:Childe, Vere Gordon (1925).
1715:
1680:Stone Age Poland § Neolithic
1227:House reconstruction, Poland
783:
169:Trichter(-rand-)becherkultur
153:Funnel(-neck-)beaker culture
7:
7101:Christianization of Iceland
1869:. Kegan Paul. p. 100.
1309:
1244:
762:
657:, Poland, c. 3500-3350 BCE.
474:) in the north, and to the
10:
7216:
5658:British Isles and Brittany
5579:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
3538:10.1038/s41598-019-43183-w
3362:Cambridge University Press
3099:10.1038/s41467-018-02825-9
2602:10.1038/s41598-020-58483-9
2562:
2535:10.1038/s41586-023-06862-3
2435:10.1038/s41586-024-07651-2
2373:10.1038/s41586-023-06862-3
2326:National Museum of Denmark
2157:10.1038/s41586-024-07651-2
2054:Anthony, David A. (2007).
1781:Sánchez-Quinto et al. 2019
1592:Domestication of the horse
1453:Gumelniţa–Karanovo culture
1427:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
1294:Scandinavian hunter-gather
1274:European Neolithic farmers
1254:
1248:
1105:Passage grave at Hulehøj,
949:Various artefacts, Germany
816:
609:
578:region) and collection of
545:
319:
192: 4300–2800 BCE
67: 4300 BCE – 2800 BCE
7109:
7071:
6352:
6314:
6104:
6058:
6041:
5860:
5673:
5500:
5347:
5343:
5326:
5212:
5176:
5025:
4982:
4978:
4965:
4772:
4603:
4576:
4501:
4427:
4418:
4323:
4248:
4244:
4236:
4231:
4174:
4125:
4094:
4056:
3923:
3676:
3662:First Temperate Neolithic
3642:
3633:
3264:Müller, Johannes (2011),
2780:10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.017
2751:, Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997.
2203:Gimbutas, Marija (1997).
2039:Bockmeyer, Sarah (2016).
2018:10.1017/S0003598X00068289
1090:Oval or Long dolmen near
1021:, Poland. Reconstruction.
925:Amber necklaces, Denmark.
780:comprises 30,000 m.
768:one is found at Sarup on
709:
240:Ertebølle-Ellerbek groups
238:in the southwest and the
113:
72:
59:
45:
35:
26:
6339:North Germanic languages
6324:Germanic parent language
1329:Eneolithic, Aeneolithic,
688:, Poland, 4th mill. BCE.
584:Świętokrzyskie Mountains
434:The TRB ranges from the
412:Globular Amphora culture
295:Globular Amphora culture
121:Globular Amphora culture
6344:West Germanic languages
6334:East Germanic languages
6329:Proto-Germanic language
6149:Proto-Germanic folklore
6086:Romano-Germanic culture
5890:Evolutionary musicology
5293:Oldest extant buildings
5220:Archaeological features
4739:Prepared-core technique
4048:Unchambered long barrow
3482:10.1126/science.1253448
3419:10.1126/science.1216304
3325:10.1073/pnas.1818037116
3247:Oxford University Press
3205:10.1126/science.aat7487
2718:10.1126/science.1241844
2081:Anthony, David (2007).
2000:Mischka, Doris (2011).
1685:Scandinavian prehistory
1665:Cardium Pottery culture
1445:Decea Mureşului culture
1200:Long barrow grave model
1132:Dolmen in Mols, Denmark
1120:Klekkende Høj, interior
505:and Walternienburg and
491:Tiefstich pottery group
423:steppe-related ancestry
384:Neolithic British Isles
352:Linear Pottery cultures
269:that originated in the
5852:Unchambered long cairn
5700:Mound Builders culture
5033:Neolithic architecture
4168:Prehistoric technology
3667:Linear Pottery culture
2877:10.1098/rspb.2019.1528
2828:10.1098/rstb.2013.0373
2108:Hansen, Svend (2014).
1710:Invention of the wheel
1645:Linear Pottery culture
1319:
1296:groups) to the north.
1251:Early European Farmers
898:, Germany, c. 4000 BCE
788:In the context of the
719:
704:, Germany, c. 4000 BCE
542:houses c. 12 m x 6 m.
536:Alvastra pile-dwelling
531:
407:
332:
196:archaeological culture
184:
176:
168:
105:Dnieper-Donets culture
80:Linear Pottery culture
6154:Anglo-Saxon mythology
6044:Ethnolinguistic group
5527:List of Stone Age art
4729:Microblade technology
4677:Langdale axe industry
4275:Ard / plough
3513:Nature Communications
3370:10.1017/9781108386029
3229:Joachim Preuß. 1996.
3074:Nature Communications
2342:Malmström et al. 2020
1916:Malmström et al. 2019
1660:Pit–Comb Ware culture
1317:
1249:Further information:
989:Double-axe made from
717:
529:
401:
389:Early European Farmer
327:
7140:Funnelbeaker culture
5934:Prehistoric medicine
5929:Prehistoric counting
5912:Prehistoric religion
5907:Paleolithic religion
5885:Behavioral modernity
5242:Causewayed enclosure
5134:Abri de la Madeleine
4258:Neolithic Revolution
4117:Proto-Indo-Europeans
4081:Neolithic long house
3938:Causewayed enclosure
3287:Nationalencyklopedin
1928:Stolarek et al. 2019
961:Ceramic cup, Germany
937:Pottery, Netherlands
302:Single Grave culture
246:north of this line.
177:Trechterbekercultuur
22:Funnelbeaker culture
7081:Gothic Christianity
5973:Prehistoric warfare
4719:Magdalenian culture
4682:Levallois technique
4613:Earliest toolmaking
3983:Megalithic entrance
3861:Starčevo–Körös–Criș
3657:Corded Ware culture
3530:2019NatSR...9.6737S
3473:2014Sci...344..747S
3411:2012Sci...336..466S
3316:2019PNAS..116.9469S
3156:10.1038/nature24476
3148:2017Natur.551..368L
3091:2018NatCo...9..442M
3042:10.1038/nature25778
3034:2018Natur.555..197M
2985:10.1038/nature14317
2977:2015Natur.522..207H
2710:2013Sci...342..257B
2651:2017PLoSO..1279742B
2594:2020NatSR..10.2131A
2485:10.1038/nature24476
2290:10.1038/nature14317
2282:2015Natur.522..207H
1906:, pp. 179–181.
1829:, pp. 183–184.
1747:, pp. 160–163.
1690:Prehistoric Germany
1670:Vlaardingen culture
1474:Monte Claro culture
1290:Pitted Ware culture
811:Corded Ware culture
804:Corded Ware culture
419:Corded Ware culture
344:Michelsberg culture
331:, Denmark, 3200 BCE
329:Skarpsalling vessel
271:Swifterbant culture
141:Pitted Ware culture
131:Bell Beaker culture
126:Corded Ware culture
90:Michelsberg culture
23:
6464:Germani cisrhenani
6172:Funerary practices
6076:Pre-Roman Iron Age
6052:Germanic languages
5924:Origin of language
5917:Spiritual drug use
5827:Rectangular dolmen
5729:Dartmoor kistvaens
5542:Carved stone balls
5254:Circular enclosure
5213:Other architecture
5156:Alp pile dwellings
4744:Solutrean industry
4655:Gravettian culture
4305:Secondary products
4003:Rectangular dolmen
3771:Gumelnița–Karanovo
3731:Cucuteni–Trypillia
3570:Pedersen, Hilthart
3564:The New York Times
2927:10.1002/ajpa.24079
2577:Scientific Reports
1815:Brandt et al. 2013
1798:Brandt et al. 2013
1695:Prehistoric Europe
1525:Ahar–Banas culture
1520:Hakra Ware culture
1394:Ghassulian culture
1320:
911:Neuenkirchen Hoard
746:Sieben Steinhäuser
720:
684:ox figurines from
532:
408:
402:Disc-shaped stone
333:
234:in the southeast,
36:Geographical range
21:
7127:
7126:
6299:Gothic and Vandal
6091:Germanic Iron Age
6066:Nordic Bronze Age
6048:Northern European
6001:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5946:Prehistoric music
5895:music archaeology
5552:Cup and ring mark
5377:Clothing/textiles
5322:
5321:
5318:
5317:
4961:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4764:Yubetsu technique
4749:Striking platform
4714:Lithic technology
4599:
4598:
4584:Game drive system
4503:Projectile points
4395:Mortar and pestle
4134:
4133:
4071:Lithic industries
3628:
3237:Price, T. Douglas
2745:, "TRB Culture",
2529:(7994): 329–337.
2479:(7680): 368–372.
2429:(8023): 114–121.
2367:(7994): 329–337.
2322:"Neolithic Amber"
2266:(7555): 207–211.
2151:(8023): 114–121.
2067:978-0-691-05887-0
1970:978-615-5766-30-5
1655:Schönfeld culture
1641:
1640:
1497:Afanasevo culture
1466:Remedello culture
1441:Cernavodă culture
1358:(2600 BC–1600 AD)
790:Kurgan hypothesis
380:Ertebølle culture
198:in north-central
149:
148:
100:Ertebølle culture
7207:
7145:Nordic Stone Age
7117:
7116:
7073:Christianization
6663:Ripuarian Franks
6035:Germanic peoples
6028:
6021:
6014:
6005:
6004:
5961:Divje Babe flute
5868:Archaeoastronomy
5611:Petrosomatoglyph
5345:
5344:
5328:
5327:
5177:Water management
4980:
4979:
4967:
4966:
4870:Denticulate tool
4692:Lithic reduction
4425:
4424:
4246:
4245:
4233:
4232:
4161:
4154:
4147:
4138:
4137:
4102:Danubian culture
3998:Polygonal dolmen
3841:Seine–Oise–Marne
3761:Globular Amphora
3622:
3620:Neolithic Europe
3613:
3606:
3599:
3590:
3589:
3559:
3549:
3502:
3484:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3383:
3352:Shennan, Stephen
3347:
3337:
3327:
3283:
3277:
3269:
3260:
3226:
3216:
3177:
3167:
3120:
3110:
3063:
3053:
3006:
2996:
2970:
2939:
2929:
2898:
2888:
2849:
2839:
2800:
2782:
2739:
2729:
2682:
2672:
2662:
2623:
2613:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2392:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2330:
2329:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2301:
2275:
2248:
2242:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2200:
2194:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2135:
2126:
2125:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2012:(329): 742–758.
1997:
1991:
1990:
1979:
1973:
1958:
1952:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1892:
1891:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1839:Beau et al. 2017
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1801:
1795:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1769:Beau et al. 2017
1766:
1760:
1757:Beau et al. 2017
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1705:Neolithic Europe
1633:
1626:
1619:
1548:Anarta tradition
1516:Bhirrana culture
1461:Coțofeni culture
1457:Petreşti culture
1449:Gorneşti culture
1322:
1321:
1236:
1224:
1209:
1197:
1185:
1169:
1157:
1141:
1129:
1117:
1102:
1087:
1075:Dolmen in North
1072:
1060:Round dolmen in
1057:
1042:
1030:
1014:
1002:
986:
970:
958:
946:
934:
922:
907:
887:
875:
863:
854:Pottery, Germany
851:
842:Pottery, Germany
839:
830:Pottery, Denmark
827:
731:chambered cairns
700:Copper axe from
697:
682:Arsenical bronze
678:
666:
650:
341:
338:
244:hunter-gatherers
193:
190:
185:Tragtbægerkultur
68:
65:
31:
24:
20:
7215:
7214:
7210:
7209:
7208:
7206:
7205:
7204:
7130:
7129:
7128:
7123:
7105:
7067:
6348:
6310:
6272:Gothic alphabet
6164:Norse mythology
6100:
6054:
6037:
6032:
6002:
5989:
5856:
5842:Stone box grave
5812:Megalithic tomb
5717:Cotswold-Severn
5669:
5574:Guardian stones
5502:Prehistoric art
5496:
5339:
5314:
5303:Timber trackway
5208:
5172:
5168:Wattle and daub
5021:
5000:Standing stones
4974:
4953:
4768:
4595:
4572:
4497:
4414:
4324:Food processing
4319:
4268:New World crops
4240:
4227:
4170:
4165:
4135:
4130:
4121:
4090:
4052:
3963:Guardian stones
3925:
3919:
3881:
3741:Decea Mureşului
3672:
3652:Cardium pottery
3638:
3629:
3623:(including the
3617:
3580:
3575:
3566:March 12, 2006.
3522:Nature Research
3439:
3437:
3380:
3271:
3270:
3257:
3140:Nature Research
3083:Nature Research
3026:Nature Research
2959:Nature Research
2762:Current Biology
2586:Nature Research
2565:
2560:
2514:
2510:
2464:
2460:
2414:
2410:
2352:
2348:
2344:, pp. 8–9.
2340:
2333:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2249:
2245:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2201:
2197:
2186:
2182:
2136:
2129:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2052:
2048:
2037:
2033:
1998:
1994:
1987:Kiel University
1981:
1980:
1976:
1959:
1955:
1938:
1934:
1930:, pp. 5–8.
1926:
1922:
1914:
1910:
1902:
1895:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1861:
1857:
1851:Alt et al. 2020
1849:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1817:, pp. 3–4.
1813:
1804:
1796:
1787:
1783:, pp. 2–4.
1779:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1722:
1718:
1650:Salzmünde group
1637:
1604:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1580:
1572:
1571:
1540:Savalda Culture
1375:C-Group culture
1371:A-Group culture
1352:
1340:
1330:
1328:
1312:
1306:
1267:
1253:
1247:
1240:
1237:
1228:
1225:
1216:
1210:
1201:
1198:
1189:
1186:
1177:
1170:
1161:
1158:
1149:
1142:
1133:
1130:
1121:
1118:
1109:
1103:
1094:
1088:
1079:
1073:
1064:
1058:
1049:
1043:
1034:
1031:
1022:
1015:
1006:
1005:Pottery, Poland
1003:
994:
987:
978:
971:
962:
959:
950:
947:
938:
935:
926:
923:
914:
908:
899:
888:
879:
876:
867:
864:
855:
852:
843:
840:
831:
828:
819:
800:Marija Gimbutas
786:
765:
712:
705:
698:
689:
679:
670:
667:
658:
651:
622:
608:
548:
524:
519:
517:Characteristics
495:Baalberge group
432:
340: 4100 BCE
339:
322:
314:
191:
145:
109:
95:Lengyel culture
66:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7213:
7203:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7121:
7110:
7107:
7106:
7104:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7077:
7075:
7069:
7068:
7066:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7034:
7033:
7028:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6842:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6811:
6810:
6809:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6738:
6737:
6732:
6730:Thracian Goths
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6671:
6670:
6665:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6509:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6497:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6385:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6358:
6356:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6320:
6318:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6308:
6307:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6286:
6281:
6280:
6279:
6274:
6264:
6259:
6258:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6237:
6232:
6231:
6230:
6220:
6219:
6218:
6213:
6203:
6202:
6201:
6196:
6186:
6185:
6184:
6179:
6169:
6168:
6167:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6110:
6108:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6081:Roman Iron Age
6078:
6073:
6068:
6062:
6060:
6056:
6055:
6042:
6039:
6038:
6031:
6030:
6023:
6016:
6008:
5999:
5998:
5995:
5994:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5987:
5986:
5985:
5975:
5970:
5969:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5951:Alligator drum
5943:
5942:
5941:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5920:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5899:
5898:
5897:
5887:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5878:lunar calendar
5875:
5864:
5862:
5861:Other cultural
5858:
5857:
5855:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5808:
5807:
5802:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5781:
5780:
5775:
5765:
5760:
5759:
5758:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5732:
5731:
5721:
5720:
5719:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5697:
5696:
5695:
5690:
5679:
5677:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5667:
5665:Venus figurine
5662:
5661:
5660:
5655:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5634:
5633:
5628:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5596:Megalithic art
5593:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5565:
5564:
5554:
5549:
5547:Cave paintings
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5523:
5522:
5512:
5506:
5504:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5494:
5493:
5492:
5487:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5466:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5430:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5413:
5412:
5411:
5406:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5353:
5351:
5349:Material goods
5341:
5340:
5324:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5311:
5310:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5268:
5263:
5262:
5261:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5227:
5222:
5216:
5214:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5180:
5178:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5148:
5143:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5105:
5104:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5072:
5067:
5065:Cliff dwelling
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5017:
5012:
5007:
4997:
4992:
4986:
4984:
4976:
4975:
4963:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4843:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4817:
4816:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4784:
4778:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4673:
4672:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4650:Fire hardening
4647:
4642:
4640:Clovis culture
4637:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4609:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4563:Manis Mastodon
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4507:
4505:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4463:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4442:throwing stick
4434:
4428:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4338:
4333:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4254:
4252:
4242:
4241:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4164:
4163:
4156:
4149:
4141:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4062:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3929:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3682:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3648:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3616:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3579:
3578:External links
3576:
3574:
3573:
3567:
3560:
3503:
3446:
3384:
3378:
3348:
3289:
3284:
3261:
3255:
3233:
3227:
3178:
3121:
3064:
3007:
2940:
2899:
2850:
2801:
2752:
2740:
2683:
2624:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2508:
2458:
2408:
2346:
2331:
2313:
2243:
2222:
2215:
2195:
2180:
2127:
2120:(2): 389–410.
2100:
2093:
2073:
2066:
2046:
2031:
1992:
1974:
1953:
1949:978-0691058870
1932:
1920:
1908:
1893:
1875:
1855:
1843:
1831:
1819:
1802:
1785:
1773:
1761:
1749:
1737:
1735:, p. 114.
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
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1677:
1672:
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1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1628:
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1613:
1610:
1609:
1597:
1596:
1581:
1579:Related topics
1578:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1569:(6500–1000 BC)
1562:(5000–2900 BC)
1556:
1555:
1550:
1537:
1530:Kaytha culture
1527:
1522:
1506:(4300–1800 BC)
1500:
1499:
1483:(3700–1700 BC)
1477:
1476:
1463:
1438:
1429:
1424:
1415:
1407:(5500–2200 BC)
1401:
1400:
1388:(6000–3500 BC)
1382:
1381:
1367:Gerzeh culture
1363:Naqada culture
1353:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1333:
1332:
1311:
1308:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1219:
1217:
1211:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1180:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1152:
1150:
1148:in Netherlands
1143:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1112:
1110:
1104:
1097:
1095:
1089:
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1080:
1074:
1067:
1065:
1059:
1052:
1050:
1044:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1007:
1004:
997:
995:
988:
981:
979:
972:
965:
963:
960:
953:
951:
948:
941:
939:
936:
929:
927:
924:
917:
915:
909:
902:
900:
889:
882:
880:
877:
870:
868:
865:
858:
856:
853:
846:
844:
841:
834:
832:
829:
822:
818:
815:
785:
782:
764:
761:
735:passage graves
711:
708:
707:
706:
699:
692:
690:
680:
673:
671:
668:
661:
659:
652:
645:
607:
604:
547:
544:
523:
520:
518:
515:
450:, to southern
431:
428:
348:Central Europe
321:
318:
313:
310:
147:
146:
144:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
117:
115:
111:
110:
108:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
85:Rössen culture
82:
76:
74:
70:
69:
61:
57:
56:
47:
43:
42:
37:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7212:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7137:
7135:
7120:
7112:
7111:
7108:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7078:
7076:
7074:
7070:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7023:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6816:
6815:
6812:
6808:
6805:
6804:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6705:Crimean Goths
6703:
6702:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6669:
6668:Salian Franks
6666:
6664:
6661:
6660:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6466:
6465:
6462:
6461:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6364:
6363:
6360:
6359:
6357:
6355:
6351:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6317:
6313:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6291:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6269:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6229:
6226:
6225:
6224:
6221:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6207:
6204:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6191:
6190:
6187:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6174:
6173:
6170:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6146:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6111:
6109:
6107:
6106:Early culture
6103:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6040:
6036:
6029:
6024:
6022:
6017:
6015:
6010:
6009:
6006:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5948:
5947:
5944:
5940:
5937:
5936:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5900:
5896:
5893:
5892:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5869:
5866:
5865:
5863:
5859:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5837:Simple dolmen
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5822:Passage grave
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5769:
5768:Gallery grave
5766:
5764:
5761:
5757:
5754:
5753:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5725:
5722:
5718:
5715:
5714:
5713:
5710:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5701:
5698:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5684:
5683:Burial mounds
5681:
5680:
5678:
5676:
5672:
5666:
5663:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5643:Statue menhir
5641:
5639:
5636:
5632:
5631:Stone carving
5629:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5503:
5499:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5470:Sewing needle
5468:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5414:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5329:
5325:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5298:Timber circle
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5255:
5252:
5248:
5247:Tor enclosure
5245:
5244:
5243:
5240:
5236:
5235:fulacht fiadh
5233:
5232:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5211:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5024:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4968:
4964:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4851:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4471:spear-thrower
4469:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4449:Bow and arrow
4447:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4358:Grinding slab
4356:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4290:Domestication
4288:
4286:
4285:Digging stick
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4263:Founder crops
4261:
4260:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4234:
4230:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4205:
4204:New Stone Age
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4169:
4162:
4157:
4155:
4150:
4148:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4129:
4124:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4043:Tor enclosure
4041:
4039:
4038:Timber circle
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4023:Statue menhir
4021:
4019:
4018:Simple dolmen
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3993:Passage grave
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3922:
3916:
3915:Windmill Hill
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3816:Pit–Comb Ware
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3632:
3626:
3621:
3614:
3609:
3607:
3602:
3600:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3381:
3379:9781108422925
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3310:: 9469–9474.
3309:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3256:9780190231972
3252:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3199:: 1230–1234.
3198:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2869:Royal Society
2866:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2820:Royal Society
2817:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2743:J. P. Mallory
2741:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2512:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2462:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2412:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2350:
2343:
2338:
2336:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2247:
2240:
2239:90-269-4448-9
2236:
2232:
2226:
2218:
2216:9780941694568
2212:
2208:
2207:
2199:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2132:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2096:
2094:9780691148182
2090:
2086:
2085:
2077:
2069:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2050:
2042:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1929:
1924:
1917:
1912:
1905:
1900:
1898:
1889:
1888:Christies.com
1885:
1879:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1859:
1852:
1847:
1840:
1835:
1828:
1823:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1782:
1777:
1770:
1765:
1759:, p. 10.
1758:
1753:
1746:
1741:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1720:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1544:Jorwe culture
1541:
1538:
1535:
1534:Malwa culture
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1489:Botai culture
1487:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1475:
1471:
1470:Gaudo culture
1467:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1432:Yamna culture
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1422:Varna culture
1419:
1418:Vinča culture
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1380:
1379:Kerma culture
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1331:or Copper Age
1327:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1235:
1230:
1223:
1218:
1215:
1214:Bomann-Museum
1208:
1203:
1196:
1191:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1172:Model of the
1168:
1163:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1135:
1128:
1123:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1101:
1096:
1093:
1086:
1081:
1078:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1056:
1051:
1048:
1041:
1036:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1008:
1001:
996:
992:
985:
980:
976:
969:
964:
957:
952:
945:
940:
933:
928:
921:
916:
912:
906:
901:
897:
893:
886:
881:
874:
869:
862:
857:
850:
845:
838:
833:
826:
821:
820:
814:
812:
807:
805:
801:
797:
795:
794:Yamna culture
791:
781:
779:
775:
771:
760:
758:
753:
751:
747:
742:
740:
736:
732:
727:
725:
716:
703:
696:
691:
687:
683:
677:
672:
665:
660:
656:
655:Bronocice Pot
649:
644:
643:
642:
639:
634:
632:
627:
621:
617:
613:
603:
601:
597:
594:, especially
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
543:
541:
537:
528:
514:
512:
511:Saxony-Anhalt
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
487:
486:in the east.
485:
481:
478:catchment in
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
438:catchment in
437:
427:
424:
420:
415:
413:
405:
400:
396:
392:
390:
385:
381:
375:
373:
369:
368:Mediterranean
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
330:
326:
317:
309:
307:
303:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
253:and southern
252:
247:
245:
241:
237:
236:Rössen groups
233:
232:Baden-Boleráz
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
142:
139:
137:
136:Baden culture
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
118:
116:
112:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
77:
75:
71:
62:
58:
55:
51:
48:
44:
41:
38:
34:
30:
25:
19:
6399:Anglo-Saxons
6389:Adrabaecampi
6372:Bucinobantes
6114:Architecture
5778:wedge-shaped
5763:Funeral pyre
5756:Great dolmen
5712:Chamber tomb
5693:Round barrow
5648:Stone circle
5520:Blombos Cave
5448:Grooved ware
5372:Chalcolithic
5276:Thornborough
5194:Flush toilet
5129:Blombos Cave
5124:Rock shelter
5080:Quiggly hole
4972:Architecture
4947:illustration
4589:Buffalo jump
4410:Storage pits
4373:Aşıklı Höyük
4363:Ground stone
4199:Subdivisions
4066:Grooved ware
4028:Stone circle
4013:Round barrow
3958:Great dolmen
3926:architecture
3751:Funnelbeaker
3750:
3625:Chalcolithic
3563:
3517:
3511:
3460:
3454:
3438:. Retrieved
3398:
3392:
3356:
3303:
3297:
3265:
3241:
3230:
3192:
3186:
3135:
3129:
3078:
3072:
3021:
3015:
2954:
2948:
2913:
2907:
2871:: 20191528.
2864:
2858:
2815:
2809:
2766:
2760:
2746:
2697:
2691:
2645:: e0179742.
2638:
2632:
2581:
2575:
2526:
2522:
2511:
2476:
2472:
2461:
2426:
2422:
2411:
2402:
2364:
2360:
2349:
2325:
2316:
2263:
2257:
2246:
2230:
2229:For example
2225:
2205:
2198:
2188:
2183:
2148:
2144:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2083:
2076:
2055:
2049:
2034:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1986:
1977:
1961:
1956:
1940:
1935:
1923:
1918:, p. 1.
1911:
1904:Shennan 2018
1887:
1878:
1870:
1865:
1858:
1846:
1834:
1827:Shennan 2018
1822:
1776:
1764:
1752:
1745:Shennan 2018
1740:
1565:
1558:
1557:
1553:Ajay culture
1502:
1501:
1493:BMAC culture
1481:Central Asia
1479:
1478:
1403:
1402:
1384:
1383:
1354:
1326:Chalcolithic
1305:
1298:
1280:, with some
1268:
1017:Burial with
808:
798:
787:
766:
754:
748:in northern
743:
728:
721:
635:
630:
623:
612:Bullock cart
549:
533:
488:
433:
430:Distribution
416:
409:
393:
376:
360:Cardial Ware
334:
315:
312:Nomenclature
299:
261:between the
248:
226:-influenced
160:
156:
152:
150:
54:Chalcolithic
18:
6839:Nahanarvali
6762:Hilleviones
6675:Frisiavones
6543:Cananefates
6533:Burgundians
6444:Banochaemae
6294:Anglo-Saxon
6245:Anglo-Saxon
6211:Anglo-Saxon
6194:Anglo-Saxon
6177:Anglo-Saxon
5800:unchambered
5795:Long barrow
5785:Grave goods
5741:Court cairn
5736:Clava cairn
5688:Bowl barrow
5626:Rock cupule
5569:Golden hats
5562:Hill figure
5463:Unstan ware
5443:Cord-marked
5308:Sweet Track
5230:Burnt mound
5151:Stilt house
5139:Sibudu Cave
4932:Tally stick
4900:Quern-stone
4885:Hammerstone
4875:Fire plough
4846:Pesse canoe
4804:Bannerstone
4774:Other tools
4687:Lithic core
4635:Aurignacian
4523:Bare Island
4405:Quern-stone
4086:Unstan ware
3973:Long barrow
3933:Bank barrow
3890:Tiszapolgár
3856:Sredny Stog
3821:Pitted Ware
3467:: 747–750.
3405:: 466–469.
3142:: 368–372.
3028:: 197–203.
2961:: 207–211.
2920:: 638–649.
2773:: 1758–62.
2704:: 257–261.
2241:, NUGI 644.
1567:Mesoamerica
1436:Corded Ware
1398:Uruk period
1270:Ancient DNA
757:patrilineal
633:), Poland.
522:Settlements
452:Scandinavia
448:Netherlands
259:Netherlands
255:Scandinavia
214:and middle
155:, in short
114:Followed by
73:Preceded by
7134:Categories
7058:Vinoviloth
6846:Marcomanni
6829:Helveconae
6807:Heaðobards
6777:Istvaeones
6767:Ingaevones
6752:Hermunduri
6720:Ostrogoths
6710:Greuthungi
6588:Chattuarii
6414:Angrivarii
6409:Ampsivarii
6377:Lentienses
6206:Literature
6096:Viking Age
5939:trepanning
5832:Ring cairn
5790:Jar burial
5773:transepted
5705:U.S. sites
5606:Petroglyph
5532:Bird stone
5490:wine press
5163:Stone roof
5146:Roundhouse
5038:long house
5015:Stonehenge
4983:Ceremonial
4927:Stone tool
4754:Tool stone
4724:Metallurgy
4628:Mousterian
4605:Toolmaking
4543:Cumberland
4516:Transverse
4486:Schöningen
4378:Qesem cave
4346:Earth oven
4300:Irrigation
4211:Technology
4179:Prehistory
4112:Old Europe
4076:Metallurgy
4058:Technology
3924:Monumental
3721:Cortaillod
2968:1502.02783
2771:Cell Press
2273:1502.02783
1733:Price 2015
1700:Old Europe
1602:Bronze Age
1583:Metallurgy
1504:South Asia
1255:See also:
1144:Dolmen at
1045:Dolmen in
975:double-axe
896:Lüstringen
724:Inhumation
702:Lüstringen
610:See also:
606:Technology
580:flintstone
366:along the
265:and lower
208:mesolithic
194:), was an
7053:Vidivarii
7048:Victohali
7038:Vangiones
6971:Thuringii
6876:Nuithones
6772:Irminones
6735:Visigoths
6725:Thervingi
6685:Gambrivii
6638:Dulgubnii
6633:Dauciones
6583:Chasuarii
6523:Brondings
6449:Bastarnae
6439:Baiuvarii
6419:Armalausi
6382:Raetovari
6316:Languages
6284:Symbology
6144:Folklore
6139:Festivals
5983:symbolism
5847:Tor cairn
5805:Grønsalen
5746:Cremation
5638:Sculpture
5616:Pictogram
5601:Petroform
5421:amber use
5389:Cosmetics
5199:Reservoir
5184:Check dam
5114:Pueblitos
5109:Pit-house
5092:Longhouse
5026:Dwellings
4895:Microlith
4826:Bow drill
4821:Bone tool
4814:prismatic
4623:Acheulean
4538:Cresswell
4511:Arrowhead
4437:Boomerang
4353:Granaries
4315:Terracing
4194:Stone Age
4033:Stone row
3706:Cernavodă
3499:206556994
2543:1476-4687
2493:1476-4687
2443:1476-4687
2381:1476-4687
2165:1476-4687
2026:140571057
2006:Antiquity
1716:Footnotes
1386:West Asia
1351:By region
1343:Neolithic
1338:Stone Age
1286:gene flow
1282:admixture
977:, Germany
784:Ethnicity
626:Bronocice
503:Salzmünde
468:Oslofjord
404:maceheads
306:megaliths
263:Zuiderzee
204:neolithic
50:Neolithic
7119:Category
7026:Hasdingi
7011:Usipetes
6991:Tubantes
6976:Toxandri
6956:Tencteri
6931:Suarines
6916:Sicambri
6911:Semnones
6891:Reudigni
6861:Mattiaci
6851:Marsacii
6802:Lombards
6792:Lacringi
6787:Juthungi
6618:Corconti
6603:Cherusci
6578:Charudes
6558:Chaedini
6528:Bructeri
6513:Bateinoi
6484:Eburones
6479:Condrusi
6474:Caeroesi
6469:Atuatuci
6404:Ambrones
6367:Brisgavi
6362:Alemanni
6240:Paganism
6129:Clothing
6124:Calendar
6071:Germania
5621:Rock art
5584:painting
5557:Geoglyph
5382:timeline
5362:Beadwork
5102:Mehrgarh
5097:Mudbrick
5005:megalith
4880:Fire-saw
4702:debitage
4697:analysis
4665:Hand axe
4645:Cupstone
4223:Glossary
4184:Timeline
4095:Concepts
3978:Megalith
3910:Wartberg
3867:Starčevo
3811:Petrești
3791:Karanovo
3776:Hamangia
3766:Gornești
3726:Coțofeni
3716:Chasséen
3678:Cultures
3644:Horizons
3556:31043639
3524:: 6737.
3520:(6737).
3491:24762536
3463:(6185).
3440:July 16,
3435:13371609
3427:22539720
3401:(6080).
3354:(2018).
3344:30988179
3274:citation
3239:(2015).
3223:31488661
3195:(6457).
3174:29144465
3138:(7680).
3117:29382937
3060:29466330
3024:(7695).
3003:25731166
2957:(7555).
2936:32497286
2895:31594508
2867:(1912).
2846:25487325
2818:(1660).
2789:19781941
2736:24115443
2700:(6155).
2679:28678860
2634:PLOS One
2620:32034181
2588:: 2131.
2584:(2131).
2552:10781617
2452:11291285
2399:38200294
2390:10781617
2308:25731166
2174:11291285
1607:Iron Age
1310:See also
1278:Anatolia
1245:Genetics
1174:Denghoog
1062:Gribskov
993:, Sweden
991:porphyry
763:Religion
638:Flintbek
507:Bernburg
466:and the
372:Atlantic
220:Danubian
7043:Varisci
7031:Silingi
7021:Vandals
6996:Tulingi
6986:Triboci
6981:Treveri
6961:Teutons
6951:Taifals
6926:Sitones
6866:Nemetes
6824:Helisii
6797:Lemovii
6715:Gutones
6648:Firaesi
6643:Favonae
6623:Cugerni
6613:Cobandi
6568:Chamavi
6563:Chaemae
6553:Casuari
6548:Caritni
6518:Betasii
6489:Paemani
6424:Auiones
6289:Warfare
6267:Scripts
6235:Numbers
6059:History
5978:Symbols
5589:pigment
5475:Weaving
5438:Cardium
5433:Pottery
5428:Mirrors
5416:Jewelry
5357:Baskets
5337:culture
5189:Cistern
4995:Pyramid
4937:Weapons
4915:Scraper
4905:Racloir
4865:Cleaver
4853:Chopper
4759:Uniface
4670:Grooves
4660:Hafting
4618:Oldowan
4577:Systems
4528:Cascade
4491:woomera
4481:harpoon
4454:history
4420:Hunting
4400:Pottery
4341:Cooking
4250:Farming
4216:history
4189:Outline
3905:Vučedol
3836:Rzucewo
3796:Lengyel
3746:Dudești
3547:6494872
3526:Bibcode
3469:Bibcode
3456:Science
3407:Bibcode
3394:Science
3335:6511028
3312:Bibcode
3214:6822619
3188:Science
3165:5973800
3144:Bibcode
3108:5789860
3087:Bibcode
3085:: 442.
3081:(442).
3051:6091220
3030:Bibcode
2994:5048219
2973:Bibcode
2886:6790770
2837:4275881
2797:9487217
2727:4039305
2706:Bibcode
2693:Science
2670:5497962
2647:Bibcode
2611:7005801
2590:Bibcode
2563:Sources
2502:5973800
2417:2024).
2299:5048219
2278:Bibcode
2139:2024).
1989:. 2022.
1077:Zealand
1047:Harhoog
1019:poppies
890:Copper
817:Gallery
750:Germany
739:dolmens
596:daggers
592:Silesia
546:Economy
501:), the
484:Ukraine
476:Vistula
460:Uppland
456:Denmark
444:Bohemia
440:Germany
364:Balkans
320:History
275:Vistula
251:Germany
224:Lengyel
216:Vistula
7063:Warini
7016:Vagoth
7001:Tungri
6966:Thelir
6946:Swedes
6941:Sunici
6906:Saxons
6901:Rugini
6834:Manimi
6819:Diduni
6757:Heruli
6695:Gepids
6680:Frisii
6658:Franks
6608:Cimbri
6598:Chauci
6593:Chatti
6506:Nervii
6501:Morini
6459:Belgae
6454:Batavi
6429:Avarpi
6394:Angles
6354:Groups
6304:Viking
6250:Gothic
6228:Gothic
6134:Family
5956:flutes
5751:Dolmen
5675:Burial
5485:winery
5458:Linear
5288:Midden
5266:Cursus
5259:Goseck
5119:Pueblo
5070:Dugout
5055:Burdei
4734:Mining
4558:Lamoka
4553:Folsom
4533:Clovis
4390:Metate
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3831:Rössen
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