2396:
2348:
2384:
2312:
2108:
2136:
27:
2324:
193:
2372:
2360:
2336:
2257:, which is ascribed to the Globular Amphora culture. The individuals were all shown to be members of an extended family, and to have been buried with great care by someone who knew them very well. Most of them were female and children. All had been executed by a violent blow to the head, perhaps by invading Corded Ware groups. The older males of the family are missing from the grave, suggesting that they were away or had fled. Of the eight samples of
2034:
2436:"All individuals had been brutally killed by blows to the head, but buried with great care.... From a population genetic viewpoint, the individuals are clearly distinct from neighboring Corded Ware groups because of their lack of steppe-related ancestry. Although the reason for the massacre is unknown, it is possible that it was connected with the expansion of Corded Ware groups, which may have resulted in violent conflict."
2861:
2123:. A variety of grave offerings were left, including animal parts (such as a pig's jaw) or even whole animals, e.g., oxen. Grave gifts include the typical globular amphorae and stone axes. There are also cattle-burials, often in pairs, accompanied by grave gifts. There are also secondary burials in
2094:
The economy was based on raising a variety of livestock, pigs particularly in its earlier phase, in distinction to the
Funnelbeaker culture's preference for cattle. Settlements are sparse, and these normally just contain small clusters pits. No convincing house-plans have yet been excavated. It is
2614:
Papac, Luka; Ernée, Michal; Dobeš, Miroslav; Langová, Michaela; Rohrlach, Adam B.; Aron, Franziska; Neumann, Gunnar U.; Spyrou, Maria A.; Rohland, Nadin; Velemínský, Petr; Kuna, Martin; Brzobohatá, Hana; Culleton, Brendan; Daněček, David; Danielisová, Alžběta (2021-08-27).
2285:. The skeletons showed about 70% EEF ancestry and 30% WHG ancestry, meaning they had no Indo-European WSH-ancestry. The archaeological and genetic evidence collected from the grave indicated that the Globular Amphora culture was
2752:
2012:. West of the Elbe, some globular amphorae are found in megalithic graves. The GAC finds in the steppe area are normally attributed to a rather late expansion between 2950 and 2350 cal. BC from a centre in
2095:
suggested that some of these settlements were not year-round, or indeed may have been temporary. Some evidence, such as paired oxen burials, suggests that the GAC might have made use of cattle-drawn
2675:
Mikhail M. Charniauski et al. (eds.), Eastern exodus of the globular amphora people: 2950-2350 BC. Poznań, Adam
Mickiewicz University, Institute of Prehistory 1996, Baltic-Pontic studies 4.
2300:. They were found to harbour mainly EEF ancestry and about 25-30% WHG ancestry. The 3 Globular Amphora culture males in the study belonged to Y-haplogroup R1b-V88.
2484:
Tassi, F. et al. (2017). Genome diversity in the
Neolithic Globular Amphorae culture and the spread of Indo-European languages. Proc. R. Soc. B 284:20171540.
3448:
2219:
in the east. The authors of the study suggested that the
Globulara Amphora culture was non-Indo-European-speaking, but with cultural influences from Yamnaya.
3289:
1978:
3142:
1942:
3473:
3468:
3458:
3453:
3443:
1140:
3463:
3433:
3357:
2892:
2865:
2055:
2159:
into
Central Europe. In this context and given its area of occupation, this culture has been claimed as the underlying culture of a
3438:
2250:
2242:. According to admixture analysis they also had approximately 70% EEF ancestry and 30% WHG ancestry, some of them with negligible
2395:
2534:
1949:
1921:
800:
2347:
2222:
Mathieson et al. (2018) included a genetic analysis of eight males of the
Globular Amphora culture. Three of them carried
1906:
2469:
1971:
1928:
859:
2155:
hypothesis point to these distinctive burial practices and state this may represent one of the earliest migrations of
3428:
2081:
192:
3052:
2063:
3122:
2811:
1935:
699:
210:
3012:
2885:
2059:
1791:
1566:
970:
2383:
3388:
1964:
1536:
805:
742:
543:
429:
2761:
1224:
727:
538:
533:
528:
423:
130:
origin, though this is contradicted by newer genetic studies that show a connection to the earlier wave of
2311:
2580:
1541:
1036:
737:
616:
602:
583:
3483:
3478:
2497:
2151:, hypothesized by Gimbutas is also seen as a highly intrusive cultural element. The supporters of the
879:
837:
437:
80:
3022:
3097:
2943:
2878:
2524:
1581:
1546:
1219:
523:
3393:
2044:
1841:
1731:
1551:
914:
865:
761:
563:
518:
513:
433:
2498:"Prehistoric Mobility and Diet in the West Eurasian Steppes 3500 to 300 BC (Claudia Gerling 2015)"
3329:
2243:
2208:
2048:
1736:
1463:
573:
568:
558:
202:
127:
2870:
3339:
2959:
2948:
2323:
2216:
2204:
1726:
1698:
1482:
1384:
1150:
996:
620:
458:
350:
289:
244:
184:
176:
135:
131:
115:
3171:
3196:
2925:
2371:
2282:
1873:
1702:
610:
606:
591:
587:
3352:
2289:
and kinship-oriented, which appears to have been the norm for Late
Neolithic communities in
2227:
2223:
3398:
3362:
3219:
3032:
2765:
2708:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2156:
1819:
1784:
1097:
780:
732:
669:
639:
597:
577:
441:
295:
162:
72:
2987:
965:
8:
3264:
3137:
3102:
2938:
2617:"Dynamic changes in genomic and social structures in third millennium BCE central Europe"
1092:
1087:
983:
907:
872:
795:
785:
644:
345:
340:
309:
150:
90:
47:
3148:
3092:
3047:
3007:
2997:
2769:
2712:
3284:
3153:
3002:
2837:
2806:
2788:
2747:
2729:
2690:
2649:
1798:
1749:
1683:
1667:
1292:
945:
684:
370:
275:
270:
3186:
3027:
2359:
169:
because of the characteristic pottery, globular-shaped pots with two to four handles.
3409:
2842:
2793:
2734:
2654:
2636:
2616:
2530:
2465:
2417:
2335:
2262:
2231:
1812:
1778:
1770:
1714:
1708:
1690:
1661:
1640:
1626:
1618:
1388:
1249:
1189:
1171:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1069:
1064:
893:
756:
405:
398:
391:
377:
363:
323:
302:
239:
231:
3112:
2553:, Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, London and Chicago, 1997., "Globular Amphora culture"
3383:
3279:
3191:
3072:
3057:
2901:
2832:
2824:
2783:
2773:
2724:
2716:
2695:
2644:
2628:
2505:
2160:
1806:
1756:
1573:
1379:
1267:
1207:
1184:
1127:
1122:
1059:
1046:
1041:
1031:
704:
317:
265:
257:
250:
3181:
2143:
The inclusion of animals in the grave is seen as an intrusive cultural element by
3244:
3117:
3077:
2933:
2704:
2457:
2412:
2296:
Papac et al. (2021) examined 3 Globular
Amphora individuals from Vlineves in the
2212:
2144:
1887:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1827:
1763:
1742:
1720:
1305:
1194:
1117:
1026:
959:
900:
766:
498:
483:
473:
468:
384:
356:
166:
123:
107:
76:
3158:
3067:
3062:
3017:
2982:
2972:
2753:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2297:
2290:
2168:
1632:
1499:
1374:
932:
886:
854:
790:
281:
119:
37:
3127:
2917:
3422:
3324:
3319:
3304:
3299:
3274:
3176:
3166:
3132:
3087:
3082:
3037:
2992:
2977:
2967:
2820:
2678:
2640:
2239:
2235:
2107:
1892:
1356:
1272:
989:
847:
709:
463:
158:
154:
2778:
2485:
679:
153:
in its central area. Somewhat to the south and west, it was bordered by the
3347:
3309:
3294:
3239:
3107:
2906:
2846:
2828:
2797:
2748:"Unraveling ancestry, kinship, and violence in a Late Neolithic mass grave"
2738:
2658:
2632:
2135:
1511:
1349:
823:
694:
493:
488:
478:
26:
2509:
3367:
3254:
3214:
2286:
1487:
1473:
1437:
1145:
2720:
674:
2116:
1450:
1364:
1242:
1007:
3314:
1653:
1430:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1394:
1262:
2033:
3259:
2124:
2013:
2005:
1996:
The
Globular Amphora culture was located in an area defined by the
1596:
1587:
1478:
1279:
1254:
1158:
649:
225:
2900:
2017:
2009:
2001:
1646:
1610:
1603:
1401:
1021:
654:
139:
3269:
3234:
3229:
2860:
2254:
2152:
2148:
1369:
1323:
842:
659:
143:
2265:. The fifteen mtDNA samples consisted of various subclades of
3249:
2258:
2180:
2164:
2096:
1468:
1342:
1336:
1318:
689:
664:
3224:
2120:
1997:
1860:
2589:, Extended Data Figure 2: Supervised ADMIXTURE analysis.
2597:
2595:
2249:
Schroeder et al. (2019) examined 15 skeletons from the
2183:. The majority of the samples belonged to subclades of
2613:
2592:
2568:
161:. It occupied much of the same area as the earlier
2203:. The remains were found to be closely related to
2179:Tassi et al. (2017) extracted fifteen samples of
3420:
2556:
2004:on the east, extending southwards to the middle
2464:. University of California Press. p. 188.
2456:
3449:Archaeological cultures in the Czech Republic
2886:
2115:The GAC is primarily known from its burials.
1972:
2807:"The Genomic History of Southeastern Europe"
2691:"The Genomic History of Southeastern Europe"
2062:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2893:
2879:
2529:. Princeton University Press. p. 69.
1979:
1965:
1943:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
25:
2836:
2787:
2777:
2745:
2728:
2688:
2648:
2601:
2586:
2574:
2486:https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1540
2082:Learn how and when to remove this message
2134:
2106:
16:Archaeological culture in Central Europe
2522:
2261:extracted, all were found to belong to
3421:
2805:Tassi, Francesca (November 27, 2017).
2211:, with little genetic relation to the
2000:catchment on the west and that of the
2874:
2804:
2689:Mathieson, Iain (February 21, 2018).
2683:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
2562:
2551:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
1950:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
1922:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
2060:adding citations to reliable sources
2027:
1907:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European
13:
3474:Archaeological cultures in Ukraine
3469:Archaeological cultures in Romania
3459:Archaeological cultures in Moldova
3454:Archaeological cultures in Germany
3444:Archaeological cultures in Belarus
2812:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
2526:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
2226:and a subclade of it; two carried
1929:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
14:
3495:
3464:Archaeological cultures in Poland
3434:Archaeological cultures of Europe
3410:↓ Bronze Age Europe ↓
2918:↑ Mesolithic Europe ↑
2854:
2130:
2859:
2394:
2382:
2370:
2358:
2346:
2334:
2322:
2310:
2032:
1936:Journal of Indo-European Studies
700:Bible translations into Armenian
191:
3439:Chalcolithic cultures of Europe
2607:
2549:J. P. Mallory and D. Q. Adams,
2430:
211:List of Indo-European languages
2681:, "Globular Amphora Culture",
2543:
2516:
2490:
2478:
2450:
114:(KAK); c. 3400–2800 BC, is an
1:
3389:Secondary products revolution
2746:Schroeder, H (May 28, 2019).
2443:
1537:Proto-Indo-European mythology
806:Paleolithic continuity theory
2762:National Academy of Sciences
1225:Northern Black Polished Ware
424:Proto-Indo-European language
7:
2406:
2174:
2008:and eastwards to reach the
1542:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
157:. To the northeast was the
10:
3500:
2669:
2303:
2102:
2023:
838:Domestication of the horse
81:Cucuteni-Trypillia culture
3407:
3376:
3338:
3205:
2958:
2944:First Temperate Neolithic
2924:
2915:
2685:, Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997.
1991:
1547:Historical Vedic religion
824:Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
165:. The name was coined by
86:
68:
53:
43:
33:
24:
3429:Globular Amphora culture
2866:Globular amphora culture
2423:
2209:Western Hunter-Gatherers
2139:Globular Amphora pottery
1552:Ancient Iranian religion
915:Novotitarovskaya culture
762:Indo-European migrations
100:Globular Amphora culture
20:Globular Amphora culture
3330:Unchambered long barrow
2779:10.1073/pnas.1820210116
2523:Anthony, David (2007).
2253:mass grave in southern
2244:Eastern Hunter-Gatherer
1053:Northern/Eastern Steppe
2949:Linear Pottery culture
2829:10.1098/rspb.2017.1540
2633:10.1126/sciadv.abi6941
2217:Western Steppe Herders
2205:Early European Farmers
2140:
2112:
1524:Religion and mythology
1483:Medieval Scandinavians
774:Alternative and fringe
136:Western Steppe Herders
132:Early European Farmers
116:archaeological culture
111:
2868:at Wikimedia Commons
2510:10.1515/9783110311211
2317:Globular Amphora tomb
2138:
2110:
1874:Indo-European studies
1237:Peoples and societies
149:The GAC preceded the
3399:Proto-Indo-Europeans
3363:Neolithic long house
3220:Causewayed enclosure
2462:The Living Goddesses
2246:and Yamnaya traces.
2189:Haplogroup H (mtDNA)
2056:improve this section
781:Anatolian hypothesis
733:Proto-Indo-Europeans
640:Hittite inscriptions
185:Indo-European topics
163:Funnelbeaker culture
112:Kugelamphoren-Kultur
73:Funnelbeaker culture
3265:Megalithic entrance
3143:Starčevo–Körös–Criș
2939:Corded Ware culture
2770:2019PNAS..11610705S
2721:10.1038/nature25778
2713:2018Natur.555..197M
1037:Multi-cordoned ware
908:Mikhaylovka culture
796:Indigenous Aryanism
786:Armenian hypothesis
645:Hieroglyphic Luwian
151:Corded Ware culture
91:Corded Ware culture
21:
3285:Rectangular dolmen
3053:Gumelnița–Karanovo
3013:Cucuteni–Trypillia
2224:haplogroup I2a2a1b
2147:. The practice of
2141:
2113:
617:Proto-Indo-Iranian
603:Proto-Balto-Slavic
584:Proto-Italo-Celtic
142:and south-western
34:Geographical range
19:
3484:3rd millennium BC
3479:4th millennium BC
3416:
3415:
3353:Lithic industries
2910:
2864:Media related to
2536:978-0-691-14818-2
2418:Havelland culture
2353:Stone cist burial
2092:
2091:
2084:
1989:
1988:
1250:Anatolian peoples
1220:Painted Grey Ware
1108:Nordic Bronze Age
757:Kurgan hypothesis
710:Old Irish glosses
675:Gaulish epigraphy
96:
95:
3491:
3384:Danubian culture
3280:Polygonal dolmen
3123:Seine–Oise–Marne
3043:Globular Amphora
2904:
2902:Neolithic Europe
2895:
2888:
2881:
2872:
2871:
2863:
2850:
2840:
2801:
2791:
2781:
2742:
2732:
2663:
2662:
2652:
2621:Science Advances
2611:
2605:
2599:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2454:
2437:
2434:
2401:Pottery and axes
2398:
2386:
2374:
2362:
2350:
2338:
2326:
2314:
2238:and one carried
2119:was in a pit or
2111:Globular Amphora
2087:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2067:
2036:
2028:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1822:
1815:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1670:
1656:
1649:
1635:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1590:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1380:Germanic peoples
1370:Hellenic peoples
1359:
1352:
1345:
1268:Mycenaean Greeks
1257:
1185:Thraco-Cimmerian
1083:Globular Amphora
1060:Abashevo culture
999:
992:
962:
917:
910:
903:
896:
889:
882:
875:
868:
705:Tocharian script
408:
401:
394:
387:
380:
373:
366:
359:
326:
312:
305:
298:
284:
260:
253:
234:
195:
172:
171:
60:3400 BCE –
29:
22:
18:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3403:
3372:
3334:
3245:Guardian stones
3207:
3201:
3163:
3023:Decea Mureşului
2954:
2934:Cardium pottery
2920:
2911:
2905:(including the
2899:
2857:
2764:: 10705–10710.
2705:Nature Research
2672:
2667:
2666:
2612:
2608:
2600:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2573:
2569:
2561:
2557:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2521:
2517:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2458:Marija Gimbutas
2455:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2413:Unetice culture
2409:
2402:
2399:
2390:
2387:
2378:
2375:
2366:
2363:
2354:
2351:
2342:
2339:
2330:
2329:Copper ornament
2327:
2318:
2315:
2306:
2213:Yamnaya culture
2177:
2145:Marija Gimbutas
2133:
2105:
2088:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2053:
2037:
2026:
1994:
1985:
1956:
1955:
1888:Marija Gimbutas
1876:
1866:
1865:
1857:Winter solstice
1847:Horse sacrifice
1818:
1811:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1694:
1679:
1666:
1652:
1645:
1631:
1622:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1586:
1577:
1556:
1525:
1517:
1516:
1459:
1446:
1421:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1332:
1314:
1301:
1288:
1259:
1253:
1238:
1230:
1229:
1203:
1180:
1167:
1155:
1136:
1078:
1055:
1017:
1010:
1004:
995:
988:
979:
977:Northern Europe
958:
954:
941:
928:
913:
906:
899:
892:
885:
878:
871:
864:
860:Steppe cultures
833:
826:
819:
811:
810:
801:Baltic homeland
775:
771:
767:Eurasian nomads
751:
747:
723:
715:
714:
685:Runic epigraphy
680:Latin epigraphy
635:
627:
626:
564:Proto-Anatolian
548:
503:
499:Thraco-Illyrian
484:Graeco-Phrygian
474:Graeco-Armenian
469:Graeco-Albanian
448:
426:
413:
404:
397:
390:
383:
376:
369:
362:
355:
322:
308:
301:
294:
280:
256:
249:
230:
215:
207:
205:
167:Gustaf Kossinna
134:rather than to
124:Marija Gimbutas
77:Lengyel culture
17:
12:
11:
5:
3497:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3344:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2930:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2898:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2875:
2856:
2855:External links
2853:
2852:
2851:
2802:
2743:
2686:
2676:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2606:
2602:Schroeder 2019
2591:
2587:Mathieson 2018
2579:
2575:Mathieson 2018
2567:
2555:
2542:
2535:
2515:
2489:
2477:
2471:978-0520229150
2470:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2298:Czech Republic
2291:Central Europe
2234:; one carried
2230:; one carried
2176:
2173:
2157:Indo-Europeans
2132:
2131:Interpretation
2129:
2104:
2101:
2090:
2089:
2040:
2038:
2031:
2025:
2022:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1917:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1842:Fire sacrifice
1838:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1816:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1687:
1686:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1650:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1633:Zoroastrianism
1615:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1503:
1502:
1500:Medieval India
1491:
1490:
1485:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1454:
1453:
1441:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1382:
1377:
1375:Italic peoples
1372:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1309:
1308:
1296:
1295:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1211:
1210:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1175:
1174:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1153:
1151:Gandhara grave
1148:
1143:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1012:
1011:
1003:
1002:
1001:
1000:
997:Middle Dnieper
993:
974:
973:
968:
963:
952:Eastern Europe
949:
948:
936:
935:
923:
922:
921:
920:
919:
918:
911:
897:
890:
883:
880:Dnieper–Donets
876:
869:
857:
855:Kurgan culture
852:
851:
850:
840:
828:
827:
820:
817:
816:
813:
812:
809:
808:
803:
798:
793:
791:Beech argument
788:
783:
777:
776:
770:
769:
764:
759:
753:
752:
746:
745:
740:
735:
730:
724:
721:
720:
717:
716:
713:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
636:
633:
632:
629:
628:
625:
624:
614:
600:
595:
581:
574:Proto-Germanic
571:
569:Proto-Armenian
566:
561:
559:Proto-Albanian
555:
554:
547:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
510:
509:
502:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
455:
454:
447:
446:
445:
444:
420:
419:
412:
411:
410:
409:
402:
395:
388:
381:
374:
367:
360:
348:
343:
337:
336:
330:
329:
328:
327:
315:
314:
313:
306:
299:
287:
286:
285:
273:
268:
263:
262:
261:
254:
242:
237:
236:
235:
222:
221:
214:
213:
206:
201:
200:
197:
196:
188:
187:
181:
180:
120:Central Europe
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
70:
66:
65:
55:
51:
50:
45:
41:
40:
38:Central Europe
35:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3496:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3411:
3406:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3325:Tor enclosure
3323:
3321:
3320:Timber circle
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3305:Statue menhir
3303:
3301:
3300:Simple dolmen
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3275:Passage grave
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3197:Windmill Hill
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3098:Pit–Comb Ware
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2903:
2896:
2891:
2889:
2884:
2882:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2862:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2821:Royal Society
2818:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2679:J. P. Mallory
2677:
2674:
2673:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2610:
2603:
2598:
2596:
2588:
2583:
2576:
2571:
2564:
2559:
2552:
2546:
2538:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2519:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2473:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2449:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2397:
2392:
2385:
2380:
2377:Cattle burial
2373:
2368:
2361:
2356:
2349:
2344:
2337:
2332:
2325:
2320:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2191:, along with
2190:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2137:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2109:
2100:
2098:
2086:
2083:
2075:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2041:This section
2039:
2035:
2030:
2029:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1982:
1977:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1893:J. P. Mallory
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1530:Reconstructed
1528:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1358:
1357:Insular Celts
1354:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1273:Indo-Iranians
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1015:Pontic Steppe
1009:
1006:
1005:
998:
994:
991:
987:
986:
985:
982:
981:
980:
978:
972:
969:
967:
964:
961:
957:
956:
955:
953:
947:
944:
943:
942:
940:
934:
931:
930:
929:
927:
916:
912:
909:
905:
904:
902:
898:
895:
891:
888:
884:
881:
877:
874:
870:
867:
863:
862:
861:
858:
856:
853:
849:
848:Kurgan stelae
846:
845:
844:
841:
839:
836:
835:
834:
832:
831:Pontic Steppe
825:
822:
821:
815:
814:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
778:
773:
772:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
754:
749:
748:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
725:
719:
718:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
631:
630:
622:
621:Proto-Iranian
618:
615:
612:
608:
604:
601:
599:
596:
593:
589:
585:
582:
579:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
556:
553:
550:
549:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
511:
508:
505:
504:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
464:Daco-Thracian
462:
460:
457:
456:
453:
450:
449:
443:
439:
435:
431:
428:
427:
425:
422:
421:
418:
417:Reconstructed
415:
414:
407:
403:
400:
396:
393:
389:
386:
382:
379:
375:
372:
368:
365:
361:
358:
354:
353:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
338:
335:
332:
331:
325:
321:
320:
319:
316:
311:
307:
304:
300:
297:
293:
292:
291:
288:
283:
279:
278:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
259:
255:
252:
248:
247:
246:
243:
241:
238:
233:
229:
228:
227:
224:
223:
220:
217:
216:
212:
209:
208:
204:
199:
198:
194:
190:
189:
186:
183:
182:
178:
174:
173:
170:
168:
164:
160:
159:Narva culture
156:
155:Baden culture
152:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
128:Indo-European
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
74:
71:
67:
63:
59:
56:
52:
49:
46:
42:
39:
36:
32:
28:
23:
3348:Grooved ware
3310:Stone circle
3295:Round barrow
3240:Great dolmen
3208:architecture
3042:
3033:Funnelbeaker
2907:Chalcolithic
2858:
2816:
2810:
2757:
2751:
2700:
2694:
2682:
2624:
2620:
2609:
2582:
2570:
2558:
2550:
2545:
2525:
2518:
2501:
2492:
2480:
2461:
2452:
2432:
2295:
2248:
2221:
2178:
2142:
2114:
2093:
2078:
2069:
2054:Please help
2042:
1995:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1914:Publications
1913:
1899:
1880:
1834:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:Paleo-Balkan
1689:
1688:
1676:
1675:
1617:
1616:
1572:
1571:
1559:
1529:
1512:Greater Iran
1505:
1504:
1493:
1492:
1456:
1455:
1443:
1442:
1385:Paleo-Balkan
1350:Celtiberians
1329:
1328:
1311:
1310:
1298:
1297:
1285:
1284:
1213:
1212:
1200:
1199:
1177:
1176:
1164:
1163:
1133:
1132:
1082:
1075:
1074:
1052:
1051:
1014:
1013:
976:
975:
951:
950:
938:
937:
925:
924:
866:Bug–Dniester
830:
829:
695:Gothic Bible
611:Proto-Baltic
607:Proto-Slavic
592:Proto-Italic
588:Proto-Celtic
551:
506:
494:Italo-Celtic
489:Indo-Hittite
479:Graeco-Aryan
452:Hypothetical
451:
416:
351:Paleo-Balkan
333:
290:Indo-Iranian
245:Balto-Slavic
218:
148:
103:
99:
97:
61:
57:
48:Chalcolithic
3368:Unstan ware
3255:Long barrow
3215:Bank barrow
3172:Tiszapolgár
3138:Sredny Stog
3103:Pitted Ware
2707:: 197–203.
2287:patriarchal
2171:continuum.
1792:Continental
1785:Anglo-Saxon
1488:Middle Ages
1438:Middle Ages
1293:Indo-Aryans
1286:Indo-Aryans
1093:Bell Beaker
1088:Corded ware
984:Corded ware
873:Sredny Stog
818:Archaeology
598:Proto-Greek
578:Proto-Norse
126:assumed an
87:Followed by
69:Preceded by
3423:Categories
3394:Old Europe
3358:Metallurgy
3340:Technology
3206:Monumental
3003:Cortaillod
2563:Tassi 2017
2502:De Gruyter
2444:References
2125:Megalithic
2117:Inhumation
2099:or carts.
1900:Institutes
1820:Lithuanian
1574:Indo-Aryan
1560:Historical
1494:Indo-Aryan
1451:Tocharians
1365:Cimmerians
1243:Bronze Age
1134:South Asia
1008:Bronze Age
946:Afanasievo
750:Mainstream
514:Vocabulary
434:Sound laws
296:Indo-Aryan
3315:Stone row
2988:Cernavodă
2641:2375-2548
2072:July 2017
2043:does not
1835:Practices
1654:Yarsanism
1464:Albanians
1444:East Asia
1431:Scythians
1423:Phrygians
1416:Paeonians
1409:Illyrians
1395:Thracians
1312:East Asia
1263:Armenians
1190:Hallstatt
1172:Chernoles
1113:Terramare
1103:Trzciniec
1070:Sintashta
1065:Andronovo
966:Cernavodă
939:East Asia
894:Khvalynsk
634:Philology
544:Particles
430:Phonology
371:Liburnian
346:Tocharian
341:Anatolian
310:Nuristani
203:Languages
146:steppes.
140:Ukrainian
138:from the
3377:Concepts
3260:Megalith
3192:Wartberg
3149:Starčevo
3093:Petrești
3073:Karanovo
3058:Hamangia
3048:Gornești
3008:Coțofeni
2998:Chasséen
2960:Cultures
2926:Horizons
2847:29167359
2819:(1867).
2798:31061125
2739:29466330
2703:(7695).
2659:34433570
2460:(2001).
2407:See also
2263:I2a-L801
2175:Genetics
2161:Germanic
2127:graves.
2014:Wolhynia
2006:Dniester
1881:Scholars
1779:Germanic
1750:Scottish
1715:Thracian
1709:Illyrian
1703:Albanian
1691:European
1684:Armenian
1668:Ossetian
1662:Scythian
1647:Yazidism
1597:Buddhism
1588:Hinduism
1479:Norsemen
1389:Anatolia
1306:Iranians
1299:Iranians
1280:Iron Age
1255:Hittites
1208:Colchian
1201:Caucasus
1159:Iron Age
1128:Lusatian
1123:Urnfield
1047:Srubnaya
1042:Poltavka
1032:Catacomb
971:Cucuteni
926:Caucasus
743:Religion
728:Homeland
670:Behistun
650:Linear B
539:Numerals
534:Pronouns
459:Balkanic
406:Thracian
399:Phrygian
392:Paeonian
378:Messapic
364:Illyrian
276:Hellenic
271:Germanic
240:Armenian
232:Albanian
226:Albanoid
177:a series
175:Part of
64:2800 BCE
3187:Vučedol
3118:Rzucewo
3078:Lengyel
3028:Dudești
2838:5719168
2789:6561172
2766:Bibcode
2730:6091220
2709:Bibcode
2670:Sources
2650:8386934
2389:Pottery
2341:Pottery
2304:Gallery
2251:Koszyce
2103:Burials
2064:removed
2049:sources
2024:Economy
2018:Podolia
2010:Dnieper
2002:Vistula
1813:Latvian
1771:Cornish
1641:Kurdish
1627:Persian
1619:Iranian
1611:Sikhism
1604:Jainism
1567:Hittite
1506:Iranian
1402:Dacians
1195:Jastorf
1118:Tumulus
1098:Únětice
1027:Yamnaya
1022:Chariot
960:Usatovo
901:Yamnaya
738:Society
722:Origins
655:Rigveda
507:Grammar
334:Extinct
324:Romance
303:Iranian
144:Russian
3290:Rondel
3270:Menhir
3235:Dolmen
3230:Cursus
3128:Sesklo
3113:Rössen
3068:Kakanj
3063:Horgen
3018:Danilo
2983:Butmir
2973:Beaker
2845:
2835:
2796:
2786:
2760:(22).
2737:
2727:
2696:Nature
2657:
2647:
2639:
2627:(35).
2533:
2468:
2365:Burial
2255:Poland
2169:Slavic
2165:Baltic
2153:Kurgan
2149:suttee
2097:wagons
1992:Extent
1828:Slavic
1807:Baltic
1757:Breton
1737:Celtic
1721:Dacian
1677:Others
1457:Europe
1330:Europe
1324:Yuezhi
1178:Europe
1165:Steppe
1076:Europe
933:Maykop
887:Samara
843:Kurgan
660:Avesta
442:Ablaut
438:Accent
385:Mysian
357:Dacian
318:Italic
266:Celtic
258:Slavic
251:Baltic
219:Extant
108:German
44:Period
3250:Henge
3182:Vinča
3177:Varna
3167:Tisza
3154:Körös
3133:Sopot
3088:Neman
3083:Narva
3038:Gaudo
2993:Cerny
2978:Boian
2968:Baden
2951:(LBK)
2424:Notes
2259:Y-DNA
2181:mtDNA
1799:Norse
1764:Welsh
1743:Irish
1732:Roman
1727:Greek
1582:Vedic
1474:Slavs
1469:Balts
1343:Gauls
1337:Celts
1319:Wusun
1214:India
990:Baden
690:Ogham
665:Homer
552:Other
529:Nouns
524:Verbs
282:Greek
62:circa
58:circa
54:Dates
3225:Cist
3159:Criş
3108:Pfyn
2843:PMID
2794:PMID
2735:PMID
2655:PMID
2637:ISSN
2531:ISBN
2466:ISBN
2228:I2a2
2207:and
2199:and
2187:and
2121:cist
2047:any
2045:cite
2016:and
1998:Elbe
1861:Yule
1852:Sati
1141:BMAC
519:Root
98:The
2833:PMC
2825:doi
2817:284
2784:PMC
2774:doi
2758:116
2725:PMC
2717:doi
2701:555
2645:PMC
2629:doi
2506:doi
2215:of
2058:by
1146:Yaz
118:in
104:GAC
79:,
3425::
2841:.
2831:.
2823:.
2815:.
2809:.
2792:.
2782:.
2772:.
2756:.
2750:.
2733:.
2723:.
2715:.
2699:.
2693:.
2653:.
2643:.
2635:.
2623:.
2619:.
2594:^
2504:.
2500:.
2293:.
2283:HV
2281:,
2277:,
2273:,
2269:,
2240:CT
2236:BT
2232:I2
2195:,
2020:.
1258:)
609:·
590:·
440:,
436:,
432::
179:on
122:.
110::
106:,
75:,
2909:)
2894:e
2887:t
2880:v
2849:.
2827::
2800:.
2776::
2768::
2741:.
2719::
2711::
2661:.
2631::
2625:7
2604:.
2577:.
2565:.
2539:.
2512:.
2508::
2474:.
2279:K
2275:J
2271:H
2267:T
2201:K
2197:W
2193:J
2185:U
2167:-
2163:-
2085:)
2079:(
2074:)
2070:(
2066:.
2052:.
1980:e
1973:t
1966:v
1859:/
1723:)
1718:·
1712:·
1706:·
1701:(
1481:/
1387:/
1252:(
623:)
619:(
613:)
605:(
594:)
586:(
580:)
576:(
102:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
