266:
187:
542:
757:, and were genetically very different from previous post-LBK cultures of the region, suggesting that the Michelsberg culture emerged through a migration of people from west. They displayed genetic links to other farmers of Western Europe, and carried substantial amounts of hunter-gatherer ancestry. The authors of the study proposed that migrations of people associated with the Michelsberg culture may have been responsible for the resurgence of hunter-gatherer ancestry observed in Central Europe during the Middle Neolithic.
250:
309:(variscite and turquoise) imported from south-western Spain. Jade axes have similarly been found at the Kappellenberg, attesting to an exchange network of prestige goods associated with elites as well as the trade in salt. The Kappellenberg tumulus and jade axes indicate that "a socio-political hierarchisation process linked to the emergence of high-ranking elites" was underway in the Rhine valley at the same time as similar developments were occurring in Brittany (
27:
258:
560:
440:
448:
388:
285:. The settlement has been described as representing "the beginnings of urbanism", already in 4000 BC. The overall site was 45 hectares in size with an internal settlement covering 26 hectares, containing numerous rectangular houses and surrounded by a rampart. A large tumulus (burial mound) was built at the centre of the settlement between 4200–4100 BC, indicating the influence of the
654:
The same may apply to human bones found in the fills of enclosure ditches around MK settlements. It has also been suggested (hypothetically) that partially articulated remains found in such ditches may indicate that graves were placed on the surfaces adjacent to them and later washed into the ditches
423:
The summit plateau, measuring ca 400 x 250m, contained a
Neolithic settlement, enclosed by a curvilinear earthwork. Such earthworks have since been recognised as one of the most widespread and typical types of MK monument. The Michelsberg site itself was unusually well-preserved, its interior yielded
646:
The MK settlement of Aue yielded eight pit graves, six containing a single individual and two containing several. The age profile of those buried is very striking, as it is limited to children under the age of seven and adults over 50 (a considerable age in
Neolithic Europe). In other words, humans
696:). Here, the fill of a pit contained the crouched remains of an adult woman, her legs leaning against a quernstone. She appeared to have been laid onto a carefully placed packing of clay lumps, mixed with pottery and bones. Her death had been caused by some blunt impact on her skull.
635:
Human skeletal remains, frequently disarticulated, have been found inside pits and ditches in many MK earthworks and have had considerable influence on the interpretation of such structures. Their discussion is closely connected with that of similar remains in the ditches of
209:
Shortly after its emergence in northeastern France, the
Michelsberg culture expands rapidly throughout central Germany, northeastern France, eastern Belgium, and the southwestern Netherlands. These areas had previously been occupied by cultures derived from the
214:(LBK), with whom the Michelsberg culture shares surprisingly little cultural or genetic affinity. Archaeological evidence suggests that the Michelsberg expansion was accompanied by violence. The Michelsberg culture has strong affinities to the
512:
There was no indication of a destruction of the site; nor were there any finds suggesting humans meeting a violent end. Some pits contained the remains of food stores. Thus, the abandonment of the site may have had
1435:
647:
of the ages that must have dominated the active social and economic life of the settlement are absent. It has been suggested that their bodies may not have received formal burial, but were disposed of by
666:, as are specific depositions of offerings in some of the ditches, especially at the settlements of Aue and Scheelkopf. Here, ditches contained carefully placed complete vessels, well-preserved
234:. The spread of agriculture into the British Isles by colonists from the continent happens at almost exactly the same time as in Scandinavia, suggesting that the two events are connected.
658:
Occasionally, earthwork ditches contain more structured deposits of human bone, e.g. adult skeletons surrounded by those of children. Such burials are probably connected to the realms of
1072:
Petrequin, Pierre; Cassen, Serge; Errera, Michel; Klassen, Lutz; Sheridan, Alison (2012). "29: Sacred things… the idealised functions of Alpine jade objects in western Europe".
2307:
817:, while the 16 samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to types of the maternal haplogroups H (3 samples), K (9 samples), X (1 sample), T (2 samples) and U (1 sample).
1525:
Immel, Alexander; et al. (November 21, 2019). "Neolithic genomes reveal a distinct ancient HLA allele pool and population transformation in Europe".
408:
plain, its overall height above sea level is 272m. As the hill is defined by steep slopes on three sides, it is a naturally protected or defensible site.
2371:
218:
of central France. Archaeological evidence strongly suggests that colonists from the
Michelsberg culture played an instrumental role in establishing the
194:
The
Michelsberg culture emerges in northeastern France c. 4400 BC. Genetic evidence suggests that it originated through a migration of peoples from the
166:
The
Michelsberg culture belongs to the Central European Late Neolithic. Its distribution covered much of West Central Europe, along both sides of the
1728:
Beihefte zu den Veröffentlichungen für
Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege in Baden-Württemberg, Bd. 90. Verlag Regionalkultur, Ubstadt-Weiher 1998.
2175:
534:
in
Central Europe are generally quite volatile. The abandonment of a settlement may be part of a broader economic and social system. Thus, the
1258:
1192:
962:
2028:
297:) were built c. 4500 BC for elite males described by some researchers as 'divine kings'. The Castellic mounds contained large quantities of
2366:
2356:
1492:
2361:
2351:
2243:
1778:
1372:"Multi-scale ancient DNA analyses confirm the western origin of Michelsberg farmers and document probable practices of human sacrifice"
813:
examined the remains of 18 individuals ascribed to the
Michelsberg culture. The 2 samples of Y-DNA belonged to the paternal haplogroup
1001:
674:. The latter had been neatly separated from the skulls, perhaps reflecting a special symbolic significance ascribed to that animal.
1312:
677:
A hitherto unknown aspect to MK burial practice is suggested by the recent discovery of MK burials in the Blätterhof cave near
525:, the area would not have easily supported agriculture any more, forcing human communities (and their livestock) to relocate.
2346:
1751:
1733:
517:. A common suggestion is the drying up of the Rhine's arms which used to flow by the bottom of the hill, due to an extensive
282:
581:
265:
1259:"The onset of urbanisation in the Rhine-Main region 6000 years ago – the hilltop site of Kapellenberg at Hofheim/Taunus"
1193:"The onset of urbanisation in the Rhine-Main region 6000 years ago – the hilltop site of Kapellenberg at Hofheim/Taunus"
987:
963:"The onset of urbanisation in the Rhine-Main region 6000 years ago - the hilltop site of Kapellenberg at Hofheim/Taunus"
1083:
1670:. Kolloquium Hemmenhofen 21.‒23. Februar 1997. Materialhefte zur Archäologie in Baden-Württemberg 43 (Stuttgart 1998).
1718:
1700:
1660:
1615:
1508:
607:
1938:
589:
2008:
420:
material took place in 1884, systematic excavation began in 1889. Further works took place in the 1950s and 1960s.
1746:
624:
have only been recognised rarely. There is no indication of organised burial grounds, as known from the earlier
1898:
1771:
585:
1655:(Forschungen und Berichte zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Baden-Württemberg, Band 3/1) Stuttgart: Theiss 2005.
2274:
1668:
Die
Michelsberger Kultur und ihre Randgebiete - Probleme der Entstehung, Chronologie und des Siedlungswesens
1444:
148:
800:
788:
1684:
1908:
1983:
1829:
1764:
1047:
753:(2 samples). The examined individuals displayed genetic links to earlier farming populations of the
2279:
1928:
570:
349:
274:
144:
2215:
1607:
1500:
804:
574:
231:
80:
1756:
2225:
1845:
1834:
1643:
Die Entwicklung der Keramik beim Übergang vom Mittel- zum Jungneolithikum im süddeutschen Raum.
625:
211:
203:
136:
2057:
2082:
1811:
514:
2238:
709:
186:
143:. Its dates are c. 4400–3500 BC. Its conventional name is derived from that of an important
2284:
2248:
2105:
1918:
1559:
1542:"Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers"
1526:
1448:
1389:
796:
792:
764:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
651:, in which case the skeletal remains from rubbish pits may be the result of such activity.
640:
294:
290:
219:
104:
1873:
705:
332:
Research so far tends to characterise MK as a culture that avoided or rejected the use of
160:
8:
2150:
2023:
1988:
1824:
1120:"Real and ideal European maritime transfersalong the Atlantic coast during the Neolithic"
637:
522:
61:
2034:
1978:
1933:
1893:
1883:
1563:
1452:
1393:
831:
215:
2170:
2039:
1888:
1580:
1541:
1471:
1431:"Ancient genomes from present-day France unveil 7,000 years of its demographic history"
1430:
1412:
1371:
1240:
1174:
767:
site in modern-day Germany, ascribed to the Michelsberg culture and its successor, the
237:
The Michelsberg culture ends about c. 3500 BC. It is succeeded in its core area by the
2072:
1913:
1100:
2295:
1729:
1714:
1696:
1656:
1611:
1585:
1504:
1476:
1417:
1244:
1178:
1079:
1075:
JADE – Grandes Haches Alpines du Néolithique Européen, Ve et IVe Millénaires av. J.C.
814:
784:
1998:
629:
541:
286:
90:
2269:
2165:
2077:
1958:
1943:
1787:
1688:
1653:
Das Erdwerk der Michelsbergerkultur auf dem Hetzenberg bei Heilbronn-Neckargartach.
1603:
Ancient Scandinavia: An Archaeological History from the First Humans to the Vikings
1597:
1575:
1567:
1546:
1466:
1456:
1407:
1397:
1230:
1164:
1131:
826:
768:
471:
238:
133:
108:
57:
2067:
2130:
2003:
1963:
1819:
1678:
1674:
1601:
1555:
1488:
1402:
429:
223:
125:
2044:
455:
Michelsberg pottery is characterised by undecorated pointy-based tulip beakers.
230:. The Michelsberg culture also displays close affinities to the cultures of the
1953:
1948:
1903:
1868:
1858:
1436:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
776:
140:
41:
2013:
1803:
1027:
787:, while the 4 samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to the maternal haplogroups
2340:
2322:
2309:
2210:
2205:
2190:
2185:
2160:
2062:
2052:
2018:
1973:
1968:
1923:
1878:
1863:
1853:
1633:
Die Michelsberger Kultur. Ihre Funde in zeitlicher und räumlicher Gliederung.
780:
475:
314:
310:
283:
Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Leibniz Archaeological Research Institute
281:(one of the largest of the Michelsberg culture) has been investigated by the
249:
199:
175:
94:
1461:
1029:
Young Neolithic mega sites of the Michelsberg culture in west-central Europe
538:
area appears to contain several earthworks from different phases within MK.
289:
in Brittany, where giant burial mounds containing megalithic tombs (such as
2233:
2195:
2180:
2125:
1993:
1792:
1589:
1480:
1421:
425:
302:
112:
1726:
Der Michaelsberg. Naturkunde und Geschichte des Untergrombacher Hausbergs.
1692:
1321:, Sup Table 1, Sample Information, Rows 121–124, Bla16, Bla28, Bla5, Bla8.
1219:"A later fifth-millennium cal BC tumulus at Hofheim-Kapellenberg, Germany"
1153:"A later fifth-millennium cal BC tumulus at Hofheim-Kapellenberg, Germany"
404:, near the suburb of Untergrombach. The hill rises steeply 160m above the
2253:
2140:
2100:
1235:
1218:
1169:
1152:
754:
667:
648:
528:
467:
354:
321:
227:
195:
1571:
1666:
Jörg Biel, Helmut Schlichtherle, Michael Strobel u. Andrea Zeeb (ed.),
718:
682:
447:
417:
156:
306:
26:
2200:
436:
structures. Remains of a pathway were found in the East of the site.
405:
382:
359:
337:
278:
257:
152:
1119:
1073:
763:
examined the remains of 4 individuals buried c. 4000–3000 BC at the
559:
2145:
1637:
Berichte der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission 48, 1967 (1968) 1-350.
1531:
1376:
689:
535:
531:
401:
375:
1647:
Berichte der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission 50, 1969 (1971) 1–95.
1136:
1786:
1336:
807:(WHG) ancestry, with one individual displaying as much as c. 75%
671:
518:
506:
439:
370:
171:
45:
37:
387:
2155:
2120:
2115:
1276:
693:
663:
621:
478:
459:
433:
365:
333:
2135:
772:
722:
678:
486:
463:
167:
1288:
1071:
885:
883:
881:
2110:
1711:
Die Keramik der Michelsberger Grabenanlage von Bruchsal Aue
1385:
1002:"Kapellenberg – a Stone Age Pompeii in the Rhine-Main area"
659:
498:
490:
298:
1324:
803:. The individuals carried the high amount of about 40–50%
151:(short for Michaelsberg) hill near Untergrombach, between
1300:
988:"Digital reconstruction of the Kappellenberg, c. 3700 BC"
931:
919:
878:
849:
847:
502:
494:
482:
1680:
The First Farmers of Europe: An Evolutionary Perspective
400:
Michelsberg hill is about 4 km southeast of modern
943:
868:
866:
864:
862:
844:
685:. Here, a full age profile appears to be represented.
324:
might have housed up to several thousand inhabitants.
895:
717:
examined the remains 22 Michelsberg people buried at
241:, with which it displays strong signs of continuity.
834:(4500–3500 BC), a contemporaneous culture in France.
391:
Model of houses and ramparts on the Michelsberg hill
859:
1364:Archäologische Nachrichten aus Baden 58, 1998, 3–6
907:
383:The type site: Michelsberg hill near Untergrombach
261:Map of the Kappellenberg ramparts and burial mound
1747:German-language page on the Michelsberg type site
190:The type site at Michaelsberg (Michelsberg) today
2338:
202:farmers expanding from the southwest and of the
775:extracted belonged to the paternal haplogroups
725:extracted belonged to the maternal haplogroups
1540:Lipson, Mark; et al. (November 8, 2017).
1429:Brunel, Samantha; et al. (June 9, 2020).
198:. Its people appear to trace their origins to
1772:
1539:
1428:
1342:
1330:
1318:
810:
760:
505:suggest that the MK diet was supplemented by
340:-Klingenberg, do indicate use of that metal.
1524:
1497:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology
949:
301:axes (the jade originally imported from the
1369:
1360:Ein Weg aus der Jungsteinzeit nachgewiesen?
1306:
1294:
1282:
853:
714:
588:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2372:Archaeological cultures in the Netherlands
1779:
1765:
1216:
1150:
1025:
174:, was produced in the 1960s by the German
25:
1579:
1530:
1470:
1460:
1411:
1401:
1370:Beau, Alice; et al. (July 5, 2017).
1234:
1168:
1135:
1098:
608:Learn how and when to remove this message
1101:"Alpine jades in the European Neolithic"
688:An unusual burial was found at Rosheim (
540:
446:
438:
386:
264:
256:
248:
226:, which brought agriculture to southern
185:
1673:
1487:
937:
925:
913:
901:
889:
273:Since 2008 the fortified settlement of
269:Topography of the Kappellenbrg ramparts
2339:
1117:
1034:European Association of Archaeologists
424:numerous settlement-related pits. The
1760:
1596:
872:
451:Michelsberg culture ceramics, 3600 BC
586:adding citations to reliable sources
553:
497:have also been identified. Bones of
79:tulip beakers, hilltop settlements,
13:
2367:Archaeological cultures in Germany
2357:Archaeological cultures in Belgium
1752:Basic description of MK in English
1263:Romisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum
1197:Romisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum
1052:Romisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum
1006:Romisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum
967:Romisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum
343:
170:. A detailed chronology, based on
16:Central European Neolithic culture
14:
2383:
2362:Archaeological cultures in France
2352:Archaeological cultures of Europe
2296:↓ Bronze Age Europe ↓
1804:↑ Mesolithic Europe ↑
1740:
710:Wartberg culture § Genetics
558:
549:
336:, but occasional finds, e.g. at
1683:. Cambridge World Archaeology.
1351:
1251:
1210:
1185:
1144:
1111:
1105:Rivista di Scienze Preistoriche
1092:
1065:
1040:
1019:
994:
980:
706:Cardium pottery § Genetics
305:), as well jewellery made from
955:
244:
1:
2275:Secondary products revolution
1626:Deutschland in der Steinzeit.
838:
2347:Neolithic cultures of Europe
1445:National Academy of Sciences
1403:10.1371/journal.pone.0179742
721:, France. The 21 samples of
7:
1217:Gronenborn, Detlef (2020).
1151:Gronenborn, Detlef (2020).
1026:Gronenborn, Detlef (2018).
820:
699:
395:
10:
2388:
1724:Hassler, Michael (Hrsg.):
1685:Cambridge University Press
1099:Petrequin, Pierre (2020).
703:
545:Pottery and grinding stone
521:. As the result of such a
327:
181:
2293:
2262:
2224:
2091:
1844:
1830:First Temperate Neolithic
1810:
1801:
474:is indicated by bones of
416:The first discoveries of
130:Michelsberger Kultur (MK)
100:
86:
75:
67:
52:
33:
24:
1713:, Theiss Verlag (2002),
1048:"Tumulus and stone axes"
411:
2216:Unchambered long barrow
1608:Oxford University Press
1501:Oxford University Press
1462:10.1073/pnas.1918034117
1124:Documenta Praehistorica
805:Western Hunter-Gatherer
313:) and the Paris basin (
232:Neolithic British Isles
1835:Linear Pottery culture
1358:Rolf-Heiner Behrends:
1118:Cassen, Serge (2019).
546:
452:
444:
392:
270:
262:
254:
212:Linear Pottery culture
204:Linear Pottery culture
191:
129:
1693:10.1017/9781108386029
1493:"Michelsberg Culture"
641:Causewayed enclosures
544:
515:environmental reasons
450:
442:
390:
268:
260:
252:
189:
2323:49.08778°N 8.56167°E
2285:Proto-Indo-Europeans
2249:Neolithic long house
2106:Causewayed enclosure
1236:10.15184/aqy.2020.79
1170:10.15184/aqy.2020.79
1078:pp. 1356–1357.
626:Linear pottery (LBK)
582:improve this section
220:Funnelbeaker culture
105:Funnelbeaker culture
2319: /
2151:Megalithic entrance
2029:Starčevo–Körös–Criș
1825:Corded Ware culture
1572:10.1038/nature24476
1564:2017Natur.551..368L
1453:2020PNAS..11712791B
1394:2017PLoSO..1279742B
940:, pp. 183–184.
928:, pp. 161–164.
892:, pp. 142–146.
771:. The 3 samples of
620:Formal Michelsberg
532:settlement patterns
443:Tulip-shaped beaker
206:of Central Europe.
122:Michelsberg culture
21:
20:Michelsberg culture
2171:Rectangular dolmen
1939:Gumelnița–Karanovo
1899:Cucuteni–Trypillia
1343:Brunel et al. 2020
1331:Lipson et al. 2017
1319:Lipson et al. 2017
1107:. LXX, S1: 99–107.
811:Brunel et al. 2020
761:Lipson et al. 2017
547:
453:
445:
393:
320:The settlement at
271:
263:
255:
253:Neolithic jade axe
192:
132:) is an important
44:, especially West
34:Geographical range
19:
2328:49.08778; 8.56167
2302:
2301:
2239:Lithic industries
1796:
1734:978-3-929366-78-5
1598:Price, T. Douglas
1297:, pp. 1, 12.
950:Immel et al. 2019
670:and the horns of
618:
617:
610:
523:change in climate
311:Castellic culture
287:Castellic culture
277:near Hofheim and
161:Baden-Württemberg
118:
117:
2379:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2270:Danubian culture
2166:Polygonal dolmen
2009:Seine–Oise–Marne
1929:Globular Amphora
1790:
1788:Neolithic Europe
1781:
1774:
1767:
1758:
1757:
1709:Susanne Reiter,
1706:
1675:Shennan, Stephen
1621:
1593:
1583:
1536:
1534:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1489:Darvill, Timothy
1484:
1474:
1464:
1425:
1415:
1405:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1307:Beau et al. 2017
1304:
1298:
1295:Beau et al. 2017
1292:
1286:
1283:Beau et al. 2017
1280:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1238:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1172:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1012:
998:
992:
991:
984:
978:
977:
975:
973:
959:
953:
947:
941:
935:
929:
923:
917:
911:
905:
899:
893:
887:
876:
870:
857:
854:Beau et al. 2017
851:
832:Chasséen culture
827:Wartberg culture
769:Wartberg culture
749:(3 samples) and
715:Beau et al. 2017
655:due to erosion.
613:
606:
602:
599:
593:
562:
554:
472:Animal husbandry
239:Wartberg culture
216:Chasséen culture
109:Wartberg culture
29:
22:
18:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2337:
2336:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2298:
2289:
2258:
2220:
2131:Guardian stones
2093:
2087:
2049:
1909:Decea Mureşului
1840:
1820:Cardium pottery
1806:
1797:
1791:(including the
1785:
1743:
1738:
1703:
1618:
1556:Nature Research
1515:
1513:
1511:
1447:: 12791–12798.
1354:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1293:
1289:
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1215:
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1201:
1199:
1191:
1190:
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1112:
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1066:
1056:
1054:
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1024:
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1008:
1000:
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995:
986:
985:
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961:
960:
956:
948:
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614:
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597:
594:
579:
563:
552:
414:
398:
385:
346:
344:Important sites
330:
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224:Northern Europe
184:
107:
76:Characteristics
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2097:
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2060:
2055:
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2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
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1951:
1946:
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1936:
1931:
1926:
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1916:
1911:
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1876:
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1866:
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1827:
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1816:
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1808:
1807:
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1742:
1741:External links
1739:
1737:
1736:
1722:
1707:
1701:
1671:
1664:
1649:
1639:
1629:
1624:Ernst Probst:
1622:
1616:
1594:
1537:
1532:10.1101/851188
1522:
1509:
1499:(3 ed.).
1491:, ed. (2009).
1485:
1426:
1367:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1335:
1323:
1311:
1309:, pp. 10.
1299:
1287:
1275:
1250:
1209:
1184:
1143:
1110:
1091:
1085:978-2848674124
1084:
1064:
1039:
1018:
993:
979:
954:
942:
930:
918:
906:
904:, p. 149.
894:
877:
875:, p. 114.
858:
842:
840:
837:
836:
835:
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819:
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698:
616:
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246:
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183:
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145:excavated site
141:Central Europe
116:
115:
102:
98:
97:
91:Rössen culture
88:
84:
83:
77:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
54:
50:
49:
42:Central Europe
35:
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30:
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2229:
2227:
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2217:
2214:
2212:
2211:Tor enclosure
2209:
2207:
2206:Timber circle
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2191:Statue menhir
2189:
2187:
2186:Simple dolmen
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2161:Passage grave
2159:
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2083:Windmill Hill
2081:
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2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
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2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
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1990:
1987:
1985:
1984:Pit–Comb Ware
1982:
1980:
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1661:3-8062-1640-1
1658:
1654:
1651:Robert Koch:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1641:Jens Lüning:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1631:Jens Lüning:
1630:
1628:München 1991.
1627:
1623:
1619:
1617:9780190231972
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748:
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741:(1 samples),
740:
737:(2 samples),
736:
733:(4 samples),
732:
729:(7 samples),
728:
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583:
577:
576:
572:
567:This section
565:
561:
556:
555:
550:Burial habits
543:
539:
537:
533:
530:
526:
524:
520:
516:
510:
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488:
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431:
428:consisted of
427:
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409:
407:
403:
389:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
347:
341:
339:
335:
325:
323:
318:
316:
315:Cerny culture
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
267:
259:
251:
242:
240:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
207:
205:
201:
200:Mediterranean
197:
188:
179:
178:Jens Lüning.
177:
176:archaeologist
173:
169:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
135:
131:
127:
123:
114:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
95:Cerny culture
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
36:
32:
28:
23:
2304:
2234:Grooved ware
2196:Stone circle
2181:Round barrow
2126:Great dolmen
2094:architecture
1919:Funnelbeaker
1793:Chalcolithic
1725:
1710:
1679:
1667:
1652:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1602:
1551:
1545:
1514:. Retrieved
1496:
1440:
1434:
1388:: e0179742.
1381:
1375:
1363:
1359:
1352:Bibliography
1338:
1333:, p. 4.
1326:
1314:
1302:
1290:
1278:
1266:. Retrieved
1262:
1253:
1226:
1222:
1212:
1200:. Retrieved
1196:
1187:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1127:
1123:
1113:
1104:
1094:
1074:
1067:
1055:. Retrieved
1051:
1042:
1033:
1028:
1021:
1009:. Retrieved
1005:
996:
982:
970:. Retrieved
966:
957:
945:
938:Shennan 2018
933:
926:Shennan 2018
921:
914:Darvill 2009
909:
902:Shennan 2018
897:
890:Shennan 2018
809:
765:Blätterhöhle
759:
745:(1 sample),
713:
687:
676:
668:quern-stones
657:
653:
645:
634:
619:
604:
595:
580:Please help
568:
527:
511:
476:domesticated
468:agricultural
466:indicate an
457:
454:
426:architecture
422:
415:
399:
362:-Klingenberg
350:Kapellenberg
331:
319:
303:Italian Alps
295:Saint-Michel
275:Kapellenberg
272:
236:
208:
193:
165:
163:), Germany.
121:
119:
113:Pfyn culture
71:4400–3500 BC
62:Chalcolithic
2326: /
2254:Unstan ware
2141:Long barrow
2101:Bank barrow
2058:Tiszapolgár
2024:Sredny Stog
1989:Pitted Ware
1558:: 368–372.
1345:, Table S1.
1285:, Table S1.
755:Paris Basin
649:excarnation
529:Prehistoric
493:. Domestic
418:prehistoric
355:Schierstein
322:Schierstein
245:Settlements
228:Scandinavia
196:Paris Basin
149:Michelsberg
101:Followed by
87:Preceded by
2341:Categories
2311:49°05′16″N
2280:Old Europe
2244:Metallurgy
2226:Technology
2092:Monumental
1889:Cortaillod
873:Price 2015
839:References
719:Gougenheim
704:See also:
683:Westphalia
632:cultures.
519:dry period
157:Heidelberg
81:enclosures
2314:8°33′42″E
2201:Stone row
1874:Cernavodă
1245:219743862
1223:Antiquity
1179:219743862
1157:Antiquity
598:July 2022
569:does not
470:economy.
458:Finds of
432:-covered
406:Kraichgau
360:Heilbronn
338:Heilbronn
279:Frankfurt
153:Karlsruhe
134:Neolithic
58:Neolithic
2263:Concepts
2146:Megalith
2078:Wartberg
2035:Starčevo
1979:Petrești
1959:Karanovo
1944:Hamangia
1934:Gornești
1894:Coțofeni
1884:Chasséen
1846:Cultures
1812:Horizons
1677:(2018).
1600:(2015).
1590:29144465
1554:(7680).
1516:July 11,
1481:32457149
1422:28678860
1377:PLOS One
821:See also
700:Genetics
690:Bas-Rhin
536:Bruchsal
402:Bruchsal
396:Location
376:Bruchsal
2073:Vučedol
2004:Rzucewo
1964:Lengyel
1914:Dudești
1581:5973800
1560:Bibcode
1527:bioRxiv
1472:7293694
1449:Bibcode
1413:5497962
1390:Bibcode
1229:(375).
1163:(375).
672:aurochs
638:British
622:burials
590:removed
575:sources
507:hunting
371:Ilsfeld
328:Economy
307:callaïs
182:History
172:pottery
137:culture
46:Germany
38:Belgium
2176:Rondel
2156:Menhir
2121:Dolmen
2116:Cursus
2014:Sesklo
1999:Rössen
1954:Kakanj
1949:Horgen
1904:Danilo
1869:Butmir
1859:Beaker
1732:
1717:
1699:
1659:
1614:
1588:
1578:
1547:Nature
1529:
1507:
1479:
1469:
1443:(23).
1420:
1410:
1268:5 July
1243:
1202:5 July
1177:
1082:
1057:5 July
1011:5 July
972:5 July
801:U5b2b2
793:J1c1b1
789:U5b2a2
708:, and
694:France
664:ritual
630:Rössen
479:cattle
460:barley
434:wooden
366:Urmitz
334:copper
291:Tumiac
126:German
56:Later
53:Period
2136:Henge
2068:Vinča
2063:Varna
2053:Tisza
2040:Körös
2019:Sopot
1974:Neman
1969:Narva
1924:Gaudo
1879:Cerny
1864:Boian
1854:Baden
1837:(LBK)
1384:(7).
1241:S2CID
1175:S2CID
773:Y-DNA
723:mtDNA
679:Hagen
487:sheep
464:emmer
412:Finds
168:Rhine
68:Dates
2111:Cist
2045:Criş
1994:Pfyn
1730:ISBN
1715:ISBN
1697:ISBN
1657:ISBN
1635:In:
1612:ISBN
1586:PMID
1518:2020
1505:ISBN
1477:PMID
1418:PMID
1386:PLOS
1362:In:
1270:2022
1204:2022
1080:ISBN
1059:2022
1013:2022
974:2022
799:and
785:I2a1
783:and
777:R1b1
660:cult
628:and
573:any
571:cite
501:and
499:deer
495:dogs
491:goat
489:and
462:and
430:daub
378:-Aue
299:jade
293:and
155:and
120:The
1689:doi
1645:In
1576:PMC
1568:doi
1552:551
1467:PMC
1457:doi
1441:117
1408:PMC
1398:doi
1231:doi
1165:doi
1132:doi
662:or
584:by
503:fox
483:pig
317:).
222:of
147:on
139:in
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1687:.
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1406:.
1396:.
1382:12
1380:.
1374:.
1261:.
1239:.
1227:94
1225:.
1221:.
1195:.
1173:.
1161:94
1159:.
1155:.
1130:.
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1126:.
1122:.
1103:.
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1004:.
965:.
880:^
861:^
846:^
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
