3177:
36:
531:
65:
45:
56:
751:, many of those found to date have been of a size associated, in the Solar System, with giant planets. Because these large planets are inferred to share more in common with Jupiter than with the other giant planets, some have claimed that "jovian planet" is a more accurate term for them. Many of the exoplanets are much closer to their parent stars and hence much hotter than the giant planets in the Solar System, making it possible that some of those planets are a type not observed in the Solar System. Considering the relative
768:
lower in the atmosphere, and have an internal downdraft. They are low-pressure regions. These structures are somewhat analogous to the high and low-pressure cells in Earth's atmosphere, but they have a very different structure—latitudinal bands that circle the entire planet, as opposed to small confined cells of pressure. This appears to be a result of the rapid rotation and underlying symmetry of the planet. There are no oceans or landmasses to cause local heating and the rotation speed is much higher than that of Earth.
4651:
432:
4627:
3153:
3165:
4639:
710:
4615:
3399:
580:, have a hydrogen-rich atmosphere that extends from the cloud tops down to about 80% (Uranus) or 85% (Neptune) of their radius. Below this, they are predominantly "icy", i.e. consisting mostly of water, methane, and ammonia. There is also some rock and gas, but various proportions of ice–rock–gas could mimic pure ice, so that the exact proportions are unknown.
755:(approximately 98% hydrogen and helium) it would be surprising to find a predominantly rocky planet more massive than Jupiter. On the other hand, models of planetary-system formation have suggested that giant planets would be inhibited from forming as close to their stars as many of the extrasolar giant planets have been observed to orbit.
586:
Unlike the other giant planets, Uranus has an extreme tilt that causes its seasons to be severely pronounced. The two planets also have other subtle but important differences. Uranus has more hydrogen and helium than
Neptune despite being less massive overall. Neptune is therefore denser and has much
510:
Giant planets are commonly said to lack solid surfaces, but it is more accurate to say that they lack surfaces altogether since the gases that form them simply become thinner and thinner with increasing distance from the planets' centers, eventually becoming indistinguishable from the interplanetary
1594:
767:
are due to counter-circulating streams of material called zones and belts, encircling the planet parallel to its equator. The zones are the lighter bands, and are at higher altitudes in the atmosphere. They have an internal updraft and are high-pressure regions. The belts are the darker bands, are
557:
Jupiter and Saturn's outermost portion of the hydrogen atmosphere has many layers of visible clouds that are mostly composed of water and ammonia. The layer of metallic hydrogen makes up the bulk of each planet, and is referred to as "metallic" because the very high pressure turns hydrogen into an
647:
The original suggestion of massive solid planets forming around 5-120 solar mass stars, presented in earlier literature, lacks substantial supporting evidence or citations to planetary formation theories. The study in question primarily focused on simulating mass-radius relationships for rocky
265:
and was originally used to refer to all giant planets. Arguably it is something of a misnomer, because throughout most of the volume of these planets the pressure is so high that matter is not in gaseous form. Other than the upper layers of the atmosphere, all matter is likely beyond the
341:
they mean hydrogen and helium. The many ways in which Uranus and
Neptune differ from Jupiter and Saturn have led some to use the term only for planets similar to the latter two. With this terminology in mind, some astronomers have started referring to Uranus and Neptune as
648:
planets, including hypothetical super-massive solid planets, but did not investigate whether planetary formation theories actually support the existence of such objects. The authors of that study acknowledged that "Such massive exoplanets are not yet known to exist."
1439:
Libby-Roberts, Jessica E.; Berta-Thompson, Zachory K.; Desert, Jean-Michel; Masuda, Kento; Morley, Caroline V.; Lopez, Eric D.; Deck, Katherine M.; Fabrycky, Daniel; Fortney, Jonathan J.; Line, Michael R.; Sanchis-Ojeda, Roberto; Winn, Joshua N. (2020-01-20).
644:). Studies have shown that the ratio of protoplanetary disk mass to stellar mass decreases rapidly for stars above 10 solar masses, falling to less than 10^-4. Furthermore, no protoplanetary disks have been observed around O-type stars to date.
459:. They may have a condensed "core" of heavier elements, delivered during the formation process. This core may be partially or completely dissolved and dispersed throughout the hydrogen/helium envelope. In "traditional" giant planets such as
506:
because they have very high surface temperatures. Hot
Jupiters were, until the advent of space-borne telescopes, the most common form of exoplanet known, due to the relative ease of detecting them with ground-based instruments.
245:) are debated. One school of thought is based on planetary formation; the other, on the physics of the interior of planets. Part of the debate concerns whether brown dwarfs must, by definition, have experienced
583:
Uranus and
Neptune have very hazy atmospheric layers with small amounts of methane, giving them light aquamarine colors. Both have magnetic fields that are sharply inclined to their axes of rotation.
4392:
4387:
4382:
1164:
Wright, J. T.; Fakhouri, O.; Marcy, G. W.; Han, E.; Feng, Y.; Johnson, John Asher; Howard, A. W.; Fischer, D. A.; Valenti, J. A.; Anderson, J.; Piskunov, N. (2010). "The
Exoplanet Orbit Database".
4377:
999:
Bodenheimer, P.; D'Angelo, G.; Lissauer, J. J.; Fortney, J. J.; Saumon, D. (2013). "Deuterium
Burning in Massive Giant Planets and Low-mass Brown Dwarfs Formed by Core-nucleated Accretion".
964:
278:
near its center, but much of its volume is hydrogen, helium, and traces of other gases above their critical points. The observable atmospheres of all these planets (at less than a unit
651:
Given these considerations, the formation and existence of massive solid planets around very massive stars remain speculative and require further research and observational evidence.
398:) cutoff is a rule of thumb rather than something of precise physical significance. Larger objects will burn most of their deuterium and smaller ones will burn only a little, and the
633:
the gas in the disk, leaving just the heavy elements. For comparison, Neptune's mass equals 17 Earth masses, Jupiter has 318 Earth masses, and the 13 Jupiter-mass limit used in the
3080:
2654:
910:
D'Angelo, G.; Weidenschilling, S. J.; Lissauer, J. J.; Bodenheimer, P. (2021). "Growth of
Jupiter: Formation in disks of gas and solids and evolution to the present epoch".
4372:
3050:
558:
electrical conductor. The core is thought to consist of heavier elements at such high temperatures (20,000 K) and pressures that their properties are poorly understood.
4534:
4399:
2851:
411:
value is somewhere in between. The amount of deuterium burnt depends not only on the mass but also on the composition of the planet, especially on the amount of
640:
However, it is important to note that more recent research has called into question the likelihood of massive solid planet formation around very massive stars(
282:) are quite thin compared to their radii, only extending perhaps one percent of the way to the center. Thus, the observable parts are gaseous (in contrast to
837:
4426:
4211:
4206:
4367:
3830:
3087:
4134:
2639:
267:
201:, but many astronomers now apply the term only to Jupiter and Saturn, classifying Uranus and Neptune, which have different compositions, as
4105:
3688:
2784:
975:
1052:
Spiegel, David S.; Burrows, Adam; Milsom, John A. (2011-01-20). "The
Deuterium-Burning Mass Limit for Brown Dwarfs and Giant Planets".
1605:
4421:
3965:
3373:
2550:
4141:
771:
There are smaller structures as well: spots of different sizes and colors. On
Jupiter, the most noticeable of these features is the
4404:
4241:
3970:
546:, have heavier elements making up between 3 and 13 percent of their mass. Gas giants are thought to consist of an outer layer of
4088:
4574:
4117:
2705:
2350:
2335:
2315:
1627:
1574:
805:
1623:
1608:
4549:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4122:
2649:
2382:
2345:
2340:
1617:
1363:
1140:
775:, which has been present for at least 300 years. These structures are huge storms. Some such spots are thunderheads as well.
511:
medium. Therefore, landing on a giant planet may or may not be possible, depending on the size and composition of its core.
467:(the gas giants) hydrogen and helium make up most of the mass of the planet, whereas they only make up an outer envelope on
4231:
4221:
3075:
3012:
2666:
2387:
2325:
2320:
1616:
301:
as shorthands for classes of elements and compounds commonly found as planetary constituents, irrespective of the matter's
3955:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1603:
4267:
4201:
3315:
3229:
2330:
3634:
1621:
1613:
229:
4559:
4409:
4216:
4093:
1610:
752:
606:
seems can also exist, though their formation mechanisms and occurrence remain subjects of ongoing research and debate.
1628:
1624:
1386:
Seager, S.; Kuchner, M.; Hier-Majumder, C. A.; Militzer, B. (2007). "Mass-Radius
Relationships for Solid Exoplanets".
205:. Both names are potentially misleading; the Solar System's giant planets all consist primarily of fluids above their
4592:
4226:
2478:
2451:
1619:
4287:
4277:
3765:
2866:
1629:
416:
850:
4362:
4313:
4236:
4075:
3378:
744:
206:
2394:
4318:
3045:
2461:
2295:
4544:
4191:
4146:
4025:
4015:
4010:
3995:
3990:
2570:
2466:
17:
4529:
3875:
2983:
4181:
3960:
3070:
2625:
2605:
2500:
1261:
Wilson, Hugh F.; Militzer, Burkhard (2012-03-14). "Rocky core solubility in Jupiter and giant exoplanets".
572:
Ice giants have distinctly different interior compositions from gas giants. The Solar System's ice giants,
3835:
2988:
1626:
35:
4524:
4323:
3145:
2671:
2600:
2565:
1604:
1598:
815:
3982:
2585:
617:
stars; 5–120 solar masses) has been suggested in some earlier studies. The hypothesis proposed that the
4605:
4357:
4352:
4342:
4100:
3760:
3060:
2861:
2744:
2727:
2693:
1625:
1567:
4587:
4337:
4005:
3790:
3674:
2903:
2878:
2688:
875:
D'Angelo, G.; Durisen, R. H.; Lissauer, J. J. (2011). "Giant Planet Formation". In S. Seager. (ed.).
614:
610:
1622:
64:
4681:
4347:
4292:
4153:
4045:
3940:
3700:
3343:
3194:
2799:
4060:
55:
4569:
4272:
4196:
3770:
3308:
2883:
2710:
2357:
2261:
2174:
1874:
1724:
1615:
1606:
1524:
420:
155:
909:
209:, where distinct gas and liquid phases do not exist. Jupiter and Saturn are principally made of
4676:
4282:
4163:
3775:
3725:
2888:
2826:
2774:
2764:
2749:
2700:
2560:
2490:
1912:
1600:
1113:
Schneider, Jean (2016). "III.8 Exoplanets versus brown dwarfs: The CoRoT view and the future".
609:
The possibility of solid planets up to thousands of Earth masses forming around massive stars (
44:
3750:
2809:
1620:
1612:
1609:
4671:
4251:
4020:
3895:
3795:
3629:
3254:
3181:
3055:
2908:
2871:
2759:
2754:
1560:
764:
603:
3820:
2923:
1348:
1222:"Mixing of Condensable Constituents with H–He during the Formation and Evolution of Jupiter"
1220:
Stevenson, David J.; Bodenheimer, Peter; Lissauer, Jack J.; D’Angelo, Gennaro (2022-04-01).
4564:
4539:
4519:
4129:
3800:
3715:
3411:
3338:
2816:
2769:
2426:
1884:
1849:
1844:
1738:
1689:
1662:
1618:
1597:
1463:
1405:
1280:
1183:
1071:
1018:
929:
892:
435:
Cut-away illustrations of the interior of the giant planets. Jupiter is shown with a rocky
167:
1601:
1599:
387:, and these occupy the mass range between that of large giant planets and the lowest-mass
8:
4332:
3880:
3860:
3815:
3785:
3594:
3589:
3388:
3268:
3157:
2995:
2968:
2918:
2722:
2186:
1879:
1731:
1543:
618:
358:
143:
2082:
1961:
1467:
1409:
1284:
1187:
1075:
1022:
998:
933:
896:
4643:
4631:
3928:
3845:
3805:
3720:
3420:
3301:
3248:
3118:
3065:
2943:
2913:
2821:
2634:
1771:
1602:
1489:
1453:
1421:
1395:
1312:
1270:
1199:
1173:
1146:
1118:
1095:
1061:
1034:
1008:
945:
919:
882:
810:
547:
530:
2055:
2018:
1030:
317:. When deep planetary interiors are considered, it may not be far off to say that, by
4176:
3810:
3558:
3553:
3502:
3352:
3108:
2678:
2620:
2411:
2300:
2226:
2167:
1896:
1493:
1481:
1359:
1304:
1296:
1243:
1150:
1136:
1099:
1087:
1083:
1038:
949:
551:
440:
275:
2138:
1513:
BBC News: Q&A New planets proposal Wednesday, 16 August 2006, 13:36 GMT 14:36 UK
1510:
SPACE.com: Q&A: The IAU's Proposed Planet Definition, 16 August 2006, 2:00 AM ET
1316:
1203:
289:
The rather misleading term has caught on because planetary scientists typically use
120:
4554:
4302:
4065:
4055:
3915:
3865:
3755:
3745:
3669:
3599:
3584:
3383:
3169:
2973:
2963:
2856:
2831:
2241:
2211:
2062:
1936:
1776:
1641:
1471:
1425:
1413:
1292:
1288:
1233:
1191:
1132:
1128:
1079:
1026:
937:
876:
795:
785:
630:
1531:
4000:
3840:
3740:
3664:
3654:
3433:
3040:
2938:
2846:
2737:
2715:
2512:
2456:
2446:
2236:
2216:
2191:
2179:
2133:
2121:
2025:
2008:
1968:
1946:
1941:
1538:
941:
734:
538:
Gas giants consist mostly of hydrogen and helium. The Solar System's gas giants,
369:—and was intended to indicate that all of these planets were similar to Jupiter.
302:
286:
and Earth, which have gaseous atmospheres through which the crust can be seen).
4655:
3905:
3900:
3705:
3614:
3024:
2804:
2794:
2732:
2595:
2522:
2483:
2404:
2377:
2231:
2101:
2072:
2050:
2040:
2030:
1983:
1476:
1441:
1355:
800:
772:
436:
376:
246:
159:
637:'s working definition of an exoplanet equals approximately 4000 Earth masses.
4665:
4040:
4035:
4030:
3710:
3649:
3604:
3543:
3538:
3513:
3448:
3438:
3428:
3123:
3103:
2683:
2416:
2399:
2220:
2143:
2106:
2077:
2067:
2035:
2013:
1993:
1956:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1485:
1300:
1247:
1091:
845:
730:
279:
151:
150:
much larger than Earth. Giant planets are usually primarily composed of low-
4619:
4186:
4171:
4050:
3947:
3870:
3639:
3609:
3507:
3443:
3201:
3187:
2978:
2933:
2590:
2473:
2367:
2307:
2290:
2116:
2094:
2045:
2003:
1988:
1973:
1839:
1763:
1583:
1308:
718:
690:
626:
622:
403:
380:
237:
171:
4112:
3890:
3885:
3855:
3825:
3780:
3735:
3730:
3659:
3644:
3579:
3523:
3518:
3484:
3469:
3464:
3458:
3242:
3236:
3019:
3007:
3002:
2953:
2928:
2898:
2893:
2841:
2836:
2661:
2575:
2534:
2495:
2372:
2203:
2126:
2089:
1978:
1238:
1221:
874:
790:
738:
726:
503:
499:
384:
262:
4083:
3850:
3624:
3548:
3474:
3453:
3261:
3208:
2948:
2527:
2111:
1438:
660:
588:
4650:
494:
Extrasolar giant planets that orbit very close to their stars are the
431:
3533:
3528:
3494:
3479:
3368:
3222:
3215:
2644:
2610:
2441:
2362:
2285:
2280:
2251:
1998:
1951:
1820:
1803:
748:
714:
694:
670:
621:
around such stars would contain enough heavy elements, and that high
567:
525:
495:
488:
373:
343:
202:
198:
191:
108:
89:
2246:
1219:
305:. In the outer Solar System, hydrogen and helium are referred to as
3923:
3275:
3113:
2580:
2436:
2421:
2162:
1869:
1717:
1458:
1417:
1195:
1123:
924:
452:
210:
1400:
1385:
1275:
1178:
1066:
1013:
962:
887:
641:
3935:
2517:
2505:
2431:
1830:
1808:
1683:
1668:
698:
686:
682:
577:
539:
484:
480:
472:
460:
334:
222:
218:
187:
175:
104:
81:
1442:"The Featureless Transmission Spectra of Two Super-Puff Planets"
1345:
595:
than Uranus did, and should therefore have more heavy elements.
4246:
3574:
3398:
3333:
2958:
2155:
2150:
1864:
1859:
1825:
1813:
1758:
1710:
1703:
1678:
1673:
1552:
693:. The most extreme examples known are the three planets around
573:
543:
468:
464:
456:
448:
412:
326:
322:
214:
183:
179:
147:
100:
85:
3293:
2275:
1854:
1786:
1781:
1696:
1651:
1646:
1115:
Exoplanets versus brown dwarfs: the CoRoT view and the future
972:
NASA Ames Research Center; California Institute of Technology
881:. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ. pp. 319–346.
709:
678:
476:
163:
1907:
1791:
1656:
1336:, Bagenal et al., editors, Cambridge University Press, 2004
674:
388:
283:
270:, where there is no distinction between liquids and gases.
4614:
4535:
Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer
1636:
634:
592:
116:
554:, with a probable molten core with a rocky composition.
1166:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
1163:
591:, in fact, suggests that Neptune formed closer to the
4603:
587:
more internal heat and a more active atmosphere. The
1051:
170:can also exist. There are four such planets in the
1347:
419:includes objects up to 60 Jupiter masses, and the
4212:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
4207:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
1432:
1334:Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere
717:, the first extrasolar giant planet found with a
4663:
3831:List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules
274:would be a more accurate term. Jupiter also has
1596:
1215:
1213:
903:
868:
350:(in fluid form) in their interior composition.
1260:
992:
217:, whilst Uranus and Neptune consist of water,
3309:
1757:
1568:
1534:Wednesday, 16 August 2006, 13:36 GMT 14:36 UK
1525:Q&A: The IAU's Proposed Planet Definition
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1346:L. McFadden; P. Weissman; T. Johnson (2007).
963:Jack J. Lissauer; David J. Stevenson (2006).
498:that are easiest to detect. These are called
261:was coined in 1952 by science fiction writer
1339:
1332:The Interior of Jupiter, Guillot et al., in
1210:
1106:
838:"Brown dwarfs: Failed stars, super Jupiters"
689:. They are cooler and less massive than the
73:The four giant planets of the Solar System:
956:
704:
487:and therefore increasingly referred to as "
3316:
3302:
1575:
1561:
1372:
1350:Encyclopedia of the Solar System (2nd ed.)
1328:
1326:
1254:
1045:
829:
753:abundances of the elements in the universe
701:-sized but with densities below 0.1 g/cm.
3374:Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters
1475:
1457:
1399:
1274:
1237:
1177:
1157:
1122:
1112:
1065:
1012:
923:
886:
835:
4242:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
3088:Interstellar and circumstellar molecules
708:
598:
529:
430:
3284:) may be read as "within" or "part of".
2312:Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets
1323:
475:, which are instead mostly composed of
14:
4664:
4550:Geodynamics of terrestrial exoplanets
3297:
1556:
197:Giant planets are sometimes known as
142:being another name for the Roman god
4232:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
4222:Habitability of neutron star systems
346:to indicate the predominance of the
194:giant planets have been identified.
4575:Sudarsky's gas giant classification
4202:Habitability of binary star systems
806:Sudarsky's gas giant classification
228:The defining differences between a
24:
4560:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
4217:Habitability of natural satellites
1592:
383:for solar composition) are called
25:
4693:
4227:Habitability of red dwarf systems
1517:
691:inflated low-density hot-Jupiters
309:; water, methane, and ammonia as
27:Planet much larger than the Earth
4649:
4637:
4625:
4613:
4324:Stars with proto-planetary discs
4288:NASA Star and Exoplanet Database
4278:Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia
3766:Extraterrestrial sample curation
3397:
3175:
3163:
3151:
1582:
836:Burgasser, Adam J. (June 2008).
550:, surrounding a layer of liquid
417:Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia
249:at some point in their history.
63:
54:
43:
34:
4237:Habitable zone for complex life
3675:Ultra-short period planet (USP)
3379:Methods of detecting exoplanets
3051:Gravitationally rounded objects
1537:Gas Giants in Science Fiction:
1504:
642:https://arxiv.org/pdf/1103.0556
361:—the genitive form of which is
4418:Discovered exoplanets by year
3323:
1293:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.111101
1133:10.1051/978-2-7598-1876-1.c038
758:
745:techniques currently available
654:
451:and has a thick atmosphere of
426:
372:Objects large enough to start
313:; and silicates and metals as
252:
13:
1:
4545:Extrasolar planets in fiction
4192:Extraterrestrial liquid water
1226:The Planetary Science Journal
822:
677:only a few times larger than
561:
519:
134:, sometimes referred to as a
4565:Planets in globular clusters
4182:Circumstellar habitable zone
1532:Q&A New planets proposal
965:"Formation of Giant Planets"
942:10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114087
685:, giving it a very low mean
681:’s but a radius larger than
447:A giant planet is a massive
439:overlaid by a deep layer of
7:
4525:Exoplanet naming convention
3635:Planet/Brown dwarf boundary
3146:Outline of the Solar System
2909:Interplanetary medium/space
1031:10.1088/0004-637X/770/2/120
816:Tyche (hypothetical planet)
778:
534:Saturn's north polar vortex
514:
415:and deuterium present. The
10:
4698:
3761:Extraterrestrial materials
3395:
2862:Extraterrestrial materials
1084:10.1088/0004-637X/727/1/57
724:
713:An artist's conception of
658:
565:
523:
4588:Discoveries of exoplanets
4583:
4512:
4301:
4260:
4162:
4074:
3981:
3914:
3791:Interplanetary dust cloud
3687:
3567:
3493:
3419:
3406:
3361:
3329:
3182:Earth sciences portal
3141:
3096:
3033:
2904:Interplanetary dust cloud
2783:
2619:
2549:
2260:
2202:
1895:
1748:
1590:
1527:16 August 2006 2:00 am ET
1388:The Astrophysical Journal
1054:The Astrophysical Journal
1001:The Astrophysical Journal
423:up to 24 Jupiter masses.
232:and a massive gas giant (
230:very low-mass brown dwarf
123:. Sizes are not to scale.
4293:Open Exoplanet Catalogue
4268:Nearby Habitable Systems
4154:Transit-timing variation
3195:Local Interstellar Cloud
1913:other near-Earth objects
1477:10.3847/1538-3881/ab5d36
1446:The Astronomical Journal
705:Extrasolar giant planets
357:refers to the Roman god
146:), is a diverse type of
115:Shown in order from the
4570:Small planet radius gap
4273:Exoplanet Data Explorer
4197:Galactic habitable zone
3771:Giant-impact hypothesis
3158:Solar System portal
2884:Giant-impact hypothesis
2491:Trans-Neptunian objects
1263:Physical Review Letters
743:Because of the limited
421:Exoplanet Data Explorer
391:. The 13-Jupiter-mass (
4530:Exoplanet phase curves
4368:Terrestrial candidates
4319:Multiplanetary systems
4283:NASA Exoplanet Archive
3966:Mean-motion resonances
3776:Gravitational collapse
3726:Circumstellar envelope
3046:Possible dwarf planets
2889:Gravitational collapse
2827:Circumstellar envelope
1632:
763:The bands seen in the
722:
535:
444:
4405:Potentially habitable
4310:Exoplanetary systems
4252:Superhabitable planet
4011:F/Yellow-white dwarfs
3896:Sample-return mission
3796:Interplanetary medium
3255:Laniakea Supercluster
2872:Sample-return mission
1631:
765:atmosphere of Jupiter
712:
604:Massive solid planets
599:Massive solid planets
533:
434:
353:The alternative term
168:massive solid planets
4540:Extragalactic planet
4520:Carl Sagan Institute
3801:Interplanetary space
3716:Circumplanetary disk
3389:Planet-hosting stars
3170:Astronomy portal
3071:Solar System objects
2817:Circumplanetary disk
1542:Episode "Giants" on
3881:Protoplanetary disk
3861:Planetary migration
3816:Interstellar medium
3595:Circumtriple planet
3590:Circumbinary planet
3269:Observable universe
3066:Solar System models
2996:Protoplanetary disk
2919:Interstellar medium
2879:Frost/Ice/Snow line
1544:The Science Channel
1468:2020AJ....159...57L
1410:2007ApJ...669.1279S
1285:2012PhRvL.108k1101W
1188:2011PASP..123..412W
1076:2011ApJ...727...57S
1023:2013ApJ...770..120B
1007:(2): 120 (13 pp.).
934:2021Icar..35514087D
897:2010exop.book..319D
619:protoplanetary disk
3846:Nebular hypothesis
3821:Interstellar space
3806:Interstellar cloud
3786:Internal structure
3721:Circumstellar disc
3249:Virgo Supercluster
3230:Milky Way subgroup
3061:Natural satellites
2944:Nebular hypothesis
2924:Interstellar space
2914:Interstellar cloud
2822:Circumstellar disc
2412:Near-Earth objects
2296:names and meanings
1633:
1239:10.3847/PSJ/ac5c44
811:Terrestrial planet
723:
548:molecular hydrogen
536:
445:
4601:
4600:
4177:Astrooceanography
3811:Interstellar dust
3683:
3682:
3559:Ultra-hot Neptune
3554:Ultra-hot Jupiter
3503:Eccentric Jupiter
3353:Planetary science
3291:
3290:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3109:Lagrangian points
3081:by discovery date
2679:Human spaceflight
2650:historical models
2543:
2542:
2168:S/2015 (136472) 1
1365:978-0-12-088589-3
1142:978-2-7598-1876-1
721:less than Saturn.
552:metallic hydrogen
441:metallic hydrogen
321:astronomers mean
276:metallic hydrogen
16:(Redirected from
4689:
4654:
4653:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4618:
4617:
4609:
4555:Neptunian desert
3941:Tidally detached
3876:Planet formation
3866:Planetary system
3756:Exozodiacal dust
3746:Disrupted planet
3670:Ultra-cool dwarf
3600:Disrupted planet
3585:Chthonian planet
3417:
3416:
3401:
3384:Planetary system
3318:
3311:
3304:
3295:
3294:
3285:
3283:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3156:
3155:
3154:
2857:Exozodiacal dust
2547:
2546:
2513:Detached objects
1755:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1595:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1554:
1553:
1498:
1497:
1479:
1461:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1403:
1394:(2): 1279–1297.
1383:
1370:
1369:
1353:
1343:
1337:
1330:
1321:
1320:
1278:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1241:
1217:
1208:
1207:
1181:
1172:(902): 412–422.
1161:
1155:
1154:
1126:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1069:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1016:
996:
990:
989:
987:
986:
980:
974:. Archived from
969:
960:
954:
953:
927:
907:
901:
900:
890:
872:
866:
865:
863:
861:
855:
849:. Archived from
842:
833:
796:Planetary system
786:Chthonian planet
401:
235:
67:
58:
47:
38:
21:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4682:Types of planet
4662:
4661:
4660:
4648:
4638:
4636:
4626:
4624:
4612:
4604:
4602:
4597:
4593:Search projects
4579:
4508:
4297:
4256:
4158:
4130:Radial velocity
4070:
4026:K/Orange dwarfs
4016:G/Yellow dwarfs
3977:
3971:Titius–Bode law
3910:
3841:Molecular cloud
3741:Detached object
3692:
3690:
3679:
3665:Toroidal planet
3655:Sub-brown dwarf
3563:
3489:
3461:(Super-Mercury)
3434:Coreless planet
3410:
3408:
3402:
3393:
3357:
3325:
3322:
3292:
3287:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3176:
3174:
3164:
3162:
3152:
3150:
3137:
3128:
3092:
3029:
3013:vs. Hill sphere
2939:Molecular cloud
2867:Sample curation
2847:Detached object
2786:
2779:
2623:
2615:
2552:
2539:
2484:Neptune trojans
2267:
2265:
2263:
2256:
2198:
1891:
1762:
1744:
1630:
1593:
1586:
1581:
1520:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1437:
1433:
1384:
1373:
1366:
1344:
1340:
1331:
1324:
1259:
1255:
1218:
1211:
1162:
1158:
1143:
1117:. p. 157.
1111:
1107:
1050:
1046:
997:
993:
984:
982:
978:
967:
961:
957:
908:
904:
873:
869:
859:
857:
853:
840:
834:
830:
825:
820:
781:
761:
741:
735:Sub-brown dwarf
707:
663:
657:
601:
570:
564:
528:
522:
517:
429:
409:
406:
399:
397:
394:
255:
243:
240:
233:
207:critical points
158:), rather than
128:
127:
126:
125:
70:
69:
68:
60:
59:
50:
49:
48:
40:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4695:
4685:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4659:
4658:
4646:
4634:
4622:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4307:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4168:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4142:Transit method
4139:
4138:
4137:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4115:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4089:Direct imaging
4086:
4080:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3987:
3985:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3950:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3920:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3906:Star formation
3903:
3901:Scattered disc
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3751:Excretion disk
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3706:Accretion disk
3703:
3697:
3695:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3615:Eyeball planet
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3505:
3499:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3425:
3423:
3414:
3404:
3403:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3298:
3289:
3288:
3185:
3184:
3172:
3160:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3025:Scattered disc
3022:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3005:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2810:Excretion disk
2805:Accretion disk
2802:
2797:
2795:Star formation
2791:
2789:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2684:space stations
2676:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2637:
2631:
2629:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2523:Scattered disc
2520:
2515:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2310:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2272:
2270:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2214:
2208:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1901:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1768:
1766:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1540:
1535:
1528:
1519:
1518:External links
1516:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1431:
1418:10.1086/521346
1371:
1364:
1356:Academic Press
1338:
1322:
1269:(11): 111101.
1253:
1209:
1196:10.1086/659427
1156:
1141:
1105:
1044:
991:
955:
902:
867:
827:
826:
824:
821:
819:
818:
813:
808:
803:
801:Stellification
798:
793:
788:
782:
780:
777:
773:Great Red Spot
760:
757:
706:
703:
697:which are all
659:Main article:
656:
653:
631:photoevaporate
600:
597:
566:Main article:
563:
560:
524:Main article:
521:
518:
516:
513:
428:
425:
407:
404:
395:
392:
381:Jupiter masses
268:critical point
254:
251:
247:nuclear fusion
241:
238:
113:
112:
93:
72:
71:
62:
61:
53:
52:
51:
42:
41:
33:
32:
31:
30:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4694:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4677:Giant planets
4675:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4645:
4635:
4633:
4623:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4610:
4607:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
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4541:
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4523:
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4518:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4503:
4500:
4498:
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4475:
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4411:
4408:
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4403:
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4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4152:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4067:
4066:Yellow giants
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3836:Merging stars
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3711:Asteroid belt
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3686:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3650:Pulsar planet
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3605:Double planet
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3544:Super-Neptune
3542:
3540:
3539:Super-Jupiter
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3514:Helium planet
3512:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3449:Hycean planet
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3439:Desert planet
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3429:Carbon planet
3427:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3405:
3400:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3319:
3314:
3312:
3307:
3305:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3286:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3183:
3173:
3171:
3161:
3159:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3125:
3124:Tidal locking
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3104:Double planet
3102:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3056:Minor planets
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2989:Merging stars
2987:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2591:Subsatellites
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2551:Hypothetical
2548:
2545:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2417:Asteroid belt
2415:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2291:Minor planets
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1342:
1335:
1329:
1327:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1214:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
995:
981:on 2009-02-26
977:
973:
966:
959:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
926:
921:
917:
913:
906:
898:
894:
889:
884:
880:
879:
871:
856:on 8 May 2013
852:
848:
847:
846:Physics Today
839:
832:
828:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
783:
776:
774:
769:
766:
756:
754:
750:
746:
740:
736:
732:
731:Super-Jupiter
728:
720:
716:
711:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
669:is a type of
668:
662:
652:
649:
645:
643:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
605:
596:
594:
590:
584:
581:
579:
575:
569:
559:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
532:
527:
512:
508:
505:
501:
497:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
442:
438:
433:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
390:
386:
382:
378:
375:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
355:jovian planet
351:
349:
345:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
287:
285:
281:
280:optical depth
277:
273:
269:
264:
260:
250:
248:
244:
231:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
152:boiling point
149:
145:
141:
137:
136:jovian planet
133:
124:
122:
118:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
74:
66:
57:
46:
37:
19:
18:Giant planets
4672:Solar System
4410:Proper names
4187:Earth analog
4172:Astrobiology
4164:Habitability
4101:Microlensing
4061:White dwarfs
4031:M/Red dwarfs
4021:Herbig Ae/Be
4006:Brown dwarfs
3948:Rogue planet
3929:Interstellar
3871:Planetesimal
3640:Planetesimal
3620:Giant planet
3619:
3610:Ecumenopolis
3508:Mini-Neptune
3444:Dwarf planet
3280:Each arrow (
3202:Local Bubble
3188:Solar System
3186:
2979:Planetesimal
2934:Kuiper cliff
2662:Space probes
2635:Colonization
2474:Kirkwood gap
2395:Saturn Moons
2308:Planetesimal
1798:
1772:Terrestrials
1737:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1661:
1584:Solar System
1547:
1505:Bibliography
1449:
1445:
1434:
1391:
1387:
1349:
1341:
1333:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1229:
1225:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1114:
1108:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1004:
1000:
994:
983:. Retrieved
976:the original
971:
958:
915:
911:
905:
877:
870:
858:. Retrieved
851:the original
844:
831:
770:
762:
742:
719:minimum mass
666:
664:
650:
646:
639:
623:UV radiation
608:
602:
585:
582:
571:
556:
537:
509:
504:hot Neptunes
500:hot Jupiters
493:
446:
385:brown dwarfs
371:
366:
362:
354:
352:
347:
338:
330:
318:
314:
310:
306:
298:
294:
290:
288:
272:Fluid planet
271:
258:
256:
227:
196:
172:Solar System
166:matter, but
139:
135:
132:giant planet
131:
129:
114:
96:
77:
4644:Outer space
4632:Spaceflight
4422:before 2000
4338:Discoveries
4113:Polarimetry
4001:Binary star
3891:Rubble pile
3886:Ring system
3856:Outer space
3826:Kuiper belt
3781:Hills cloud
3736:Debris disk
3731:Cosmic dust
3660:Sub-Neptune
3645:Protoplanet
3580:Brown dwarf
3568:Other types
3524:Hot Neptune
3519:Hot Jupiter
3510:(Gas dwarf)
3485:Super-Earth
3470:Ocean world
3465:Lava planet
3459:Iron planet
3421:Terrestrial
3362:Main topics
3243:Local Sheet
3237:Local Group
3020:Rubble pile
3008:Roche limit
3003:Ring system
2954:Outer space
2929:Kuiper belt
2899:Hill sphere
2894:Hills cloud
2842:Debris disk
2837:Cosmic dust
2621:Exploration
2576:Planet Nine
2561:Fifth giant
2535:Hills cloud
2496:Kuiper belt
2467:exceptional
2383:Trojan camp
1523:SPACE.com:
791:Planet Nine
759:Atmospheres
739:Brown dwarf
727:Hot Jupiter
655:Super-Puffs
625:and strong
427:Description
263:James Blish
253:Terminology
154:materials (
4666:Categories
4333:Exoplanets
4314:Host stars
4261:Catalogues
4084:Astrometry
4046:Subdwarf B
3983:Host stars
3956:Retrograde
3851:Oort cloud
3689:Formation
3625:Mesoplanet
3549:Super-puff
3475:Mega-Earth
3454:Ice planet
3339:Definition
3324:Exoplanets
3262:Local Hole
3209:Gould Belt
2949:Oort cloud
2785:Formation,
2775:Deep space
2611:Vulcanoids
2528:Oort cloud
2452:first 1000
2388:Greek camp
2286:Meteoroids
2281:Damocloids
2227:Charikloan
1530:BBC News:
1459:1910.12988
1124:1604.00917
985:2006-01-16
925:2009.05575
918:: 114087.
878:Exoplanets
860:11 January
823:References
749:exoplanets
747:to detect
725:See also:
667:super-puff
661:Super-puff
589:Nice model
562:Ice giants
520:Gas giants
496:exoplanets
489:ice giants
379:(above 13
344:ice giants
333:they mean
203:ice giants
199:gas giants
192:extrasolar
121:true color
109:ice giants
90:gas giants
4427:2000–2009
4393:1501–2000
4388:1001–1500
4076:Detection
4041:Red giant
3701:Accretion
3693:evolution
3534:Ice giant
3529:Gas giant
3480:Sub-Earth
3369:Exoplanet
3223:Milky Way
3216:Orion Arm
2984:Formation
2969:Migration
2964:Disrupted
2832:Coatlicue
2800:Accretion
2787:evolution
2733:Asteroids
2645:astronomy
2640:Discovery
2501:Cubewanos
2422:Asteroids
2252:Quaoarian
2242:Neptunian
2232:Chironean
2217:Saturnian
1999:Enceladus
1494:204950000
1486:1538-3881
1452:(2): 57.
1401:0707.2895
1301:0031-9007
1276:1111.6309
1248:2632-3338
1232:(4): 74.
1179:1012.5676
1151:118434022
1100:118513110
1092:0004-637X
1067:1008.5150
1060:(1): 57.
1039:118553341
1014:1305.0980
950:221654962
888:1006.5486
715:79 Ceti b
695:Kepler-51
671:exoplanet
568:Ice giant
526:Gas giant
374:deuterium
337:, and by
259:gas giant
257:The term
162:or other
156:volatiles
4383:501–1000
4363:Heaviest
4343:Extremes
4051:Subgiant
3924:Exocomet
3276:Universe
3114:Moonlets
2694:programs
2667:timeline
2655:timeline
2586:Planet X
2581:Planet V
2518:Sednoids
2506:Plutinos
2479:Centaurs
2457:families
2192:Dysnomia
2180:Xiangliu
2175:Gonggong
2163:Makemake
2122:Kerberos
2009:Hyperion
1947:Callisto
1942:Ganymede
1875:Gonggong
1870:Makemake
1725:Gonggong
1718:Makemake
1546:TV show
1317:42226611
1309:22540454
1204:51769219
779:See also
515:Subtypes
453:hydrogen
365:, hence
211:hydrogen
4656:Science
4606:Portals
4358:Largest
4353:Nearest
4056:T Tauri
3952:Orbits
3936:Exomoon
3916:Systems
3630:Planemo
3495:Gaseous
3097:Related
3076:by size
2765:Neptune
2750:Jupiter
2701:Mercury
2626:outline
2571:Phaeton
2566:Nemesis
2553:objects
2405:Neptune
2378:Jupiter
2358:Trojans
2351:Neptune
2336:Jupiter
2316:Mercury
2247:Haumean
2237:Uranian
2219: (
2139:Hiʻiaka
2073:Proteus
2063:Neptune
2051:Miranda
2041:Umbriel
2031:Titania
2019:all 146
1984:Iapetus
1937:Jupiter
1831:Neptune
1809:Jupiter
1777:Mercury
1759:Planets
1684:Neptune
1669:Jupiter
1642:Mercury
1548:Planets
1464:Bibcode
1426:8369390
1406:Bibcode
1281:Bibcode
1184:Bibcode
1072:Bibcode
1019:Bibcode
930:Bibcode
893:Bibcode
699:Jupiter
687:density
683:Neptune
673:with a
578:Neptune
540:Jupiter
485:methane
481:ammonia
473:Neptune
461:Jupiter
359:Jupiter
335:silicon
223:methane
219:ammonia
190:. Many
188:Neptune
176:Jupiter
144:Jupiter
119:and in
105:Neptune
82:Jupiter
4373:Kepler
4348:Firsts
4247:Tholin
4118:Timing
4036:Pulsar
3961:Trojan
3575:Blanet
3334:Planet
3271:
3264:
3257:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3119:Syzygy
3041:Comets
2974:System
2959:Planet
2852:EXCEDE
2760:Uranus
2755:Saturn
2745:Comets
2738:mining
2716:mining
2606:Vulcan
2447:active
2442:Hygiea
2437:Pallas
2400:Uranus
2346:Uranus
2341:Saturn
2276:Comets
2268:bodies
2266:System
2212:Jovian
2156:Weywot
2151:Quaoar
2144:Namaka
2134:Haumea
2107:Charon
2083:all 16
2078:Nereid
2068:Triton
2056:all 28
2036:Oberon
2026:Uranus
2014:Phoebe
1994:Tethys
1969:Saturn
1962:all 95
1957:Europa
1930:Deimos
1925:Phobos
1904:Earth
1865:Quaoar
1860:Haumea
1840:Dwarfs
1826:Uranus
1814:Saturn
1799:Giants
1764:dwarfs
1711:Quaoar
1704:Haumea
1679:Uranus
1674:Saturn
1492:
1484:
1424:
1362:
1315:
1307:
1299:
1246:
1202:
1149:
1139:
1098:
1090:
1037:
948:
912:Icarus
737:, and
629:could
615:O-type
611:B-type
574:Uranus
544:Saturn
483:, and
469:Uranus
465:Saturn
457:helium
449:planet
413:helium
402:
377:fusion
367:Jovian
327:carbon
323:oxygen
297:, and
236:
221:, and
215:helium
186:, and
184:Uranus
180:Saturn
148:planet
101:Uranus
97:bottom
86:Saturn
4620:Stars
4513:Other
4378:1–500
4303:Lists
3412:types
3407:Sizes
3034:Lists
2770:Pluto
2728:Ceres
2706:Venus
2601:Tyche
2596:Theia
2432:Vesta
2427:Ceres
2368:Earth
2363:Venus
2326:Earth
2321:Venus
2301:moons
2264:Solar
2262:Small
2221:Rhean
2204:Rings
2117:Hydra
2102:Pluto
2095:Vanth
2090:Orcus
2046:Ariel
2004:Mimas
1989:Dione
1974:Titan
1897:Moons
1885:Sedna
1855:Pluto
1850:Orcus
1845:Ceres
1787:Earth
1782:Venus
1739:Sedna
1697:Pluto
1690:Orcus
1663:Ceres
1652:Earth
1647:Venus
1490:S2CID
1454:arXiv
1422:S2CID
1396:arXiv
1313:S2CID
1271:arXiv
1200:S2CID
1174:arXiv
1147:S2CID
1119:arXiv
1096:S2CID
1062:arXiv
1035:S2CID
1009:arXiv
979:(PDF)
968:(PDF)
946:S2CID
920:arXiv
883:arXiv
854:(PDF)
841:(PDF)
679:Earth
627:winds
477:water
389:stars
363:Jovis
329:, by
303:phase
164:solid
4502:2024
4497:2023
4492:2022
4487:2021
4482:2020
4477:2019
4472:2018
4467:2017
4462:2016
4457:2015
4452:2014
4447:2013
4442:2012
4437:2011
4432:2010
4147:list
4135:list
4123:list
4106:list
4094:list
3691:and
3409:and
2723:Mars
2711:Moon
2689:list
2672:list
2373:Mars
2331:Mars
2187:Eris
2127:Styx
1979:Rhea
1920:Mars
1908:Moon
1880:Eris
1792:Mars
1732:Eris
1657:Mars
1482:ISSN
1360:ISBN
1305:PMID
1297:ISSN
1244:ISSN
1137:ISBN
1088:ISSN
862:2016
675:mass
613:and
576:and
542:and
502:and
471:and
463:and
455:and
437:core
348:ices
331:rock
325:and
315:rock
291:rock
284:Mars
213:and
160:rock
140:Jove
103:and
84:and
3344:IAU
2462:PHA
2112:Nix
1821:Ice
1804:Gas
1637:Sun
1472:doi
1450:159
1414:doi
1392:669
1289:doi
1267:108
1234:doi
1192:doi
1170:123
1129:doi
1080:doi
1058:727
1027:doi
1005:770
938:doi
916:355
635:IAU
593:Sun
491:".
339:gas
319:ice
311:ice
307:gas
299:ice
295:gas
234:~13
117:Sun
78:top
4668::
4400:K2
2223:?)
1952:Io
1488:.
1480:.
1470:.
1462:.
1448:.
1444:.
1420:.
1412:.
1404:.
1390:.
1374:^
1358:.
1354:.
1325:^
1311:.
1303:.
1295:.
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1279:.
1265:.
1242:.
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1224:.
1212:^
1198:.
1190:.
1182:.
1168:.
1145:.
1135:.
1127:.
1094:.
1086:.
1078:.
1070:.
1056:.
1033:.
1025:.
1017:.
1003:.
970:.
944:.
936:.
928:.
914:.
891:.
843:.
733:,
729:,
665:A
479:,
400:13
293:,
225:.
182:,
178:,
174::
130:A
99:)
80:)
4608::
3996:B
3991:A
3317:e
3310:t
3303:v
3282:→
3273:→
3266:→
3259:→
3252:→
3246:→
3240:→
3234:→
3227:→
3220:→
3213:→
3206:→
3199:→
3192:→
2628:)
2624:(
1761:,
1576:e
1569:t
1562:v
1496:.
1474::
1466::
1456::
1428:.
1416::
1408::
1398::
1368:.
1319:.
1291::
1283::
1273::
1250:.
1236::
1230:3
1206:.
1194::
1186::
1176::
1153:.
1131::
1121::
1102:.
1082::
1074::
1064::
1041:.
1029::
1021::
1011::
988:.
952:.
940::
932::
922::
899:.
895::
885::
864:.
443:.
408:J
405:M
396:J
393:M
242:J
239:M
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111:)
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88:(
76:(
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