Exoplanet - Knowledge

2035: 2286:(also known as dry planets), with very little water, will have less water vapor in the atmosphere than Earth and so have a reduced greenhouse effect, meaning that a desert planet could maintain oases of water closer to its star than Earth is to the Sun. The lack of water also means there is less ice to reflect heat into space, so the outer edge of desert-planet habitable zones is further out. Rocky planets with a thick hydrogen atmosphere could maintain surface water much further out than the Earth–Sun distance. Planets with larger mass have wider habitable zones because gravity reduces the water cloud column depth which reduces the greenhouse effect of water vapor, thus moving the inner edge of the habitable zone closer to the star. 1472: 832: 443: 762: 788: 468:(IAU). For exoplanets orbiting a single star, the IAU designation is formed by taking the designated or proper name of its parent star, and adding a lower case letter. Letters are given in order of each planet's discovery around the parent star, so that the first planet discovered in a system is designated "b" (the parent star is considered "a") and later planets are given subsequent letters. If several planets in the same system are discovered at the same time, the closest one to the star gets the next letter, followed by the other planets in order of orbital size. A provisional IAU-sanctioned standard exists to accommodate the designation of 1133: 2020: 1664:, geometric albedo generally decreases with increasing metallicity or atmospheric temperature unless there are clouds to modify this effect. Increased cloud-column depth increases the albedo at optical wavelengths, but decreases it at some infrared wavelengths. Optical albedo increases with age, because older planets have higher cloud-column depths. Optical albedo decreases with increasing mass, because higher-mass giant planets have higher surface gravities, which produces lower cloud-column depths. Also, elliptical orbits can cause major fluctuations in atmospheric composition, which can have a significant effect. 1262: 1063: 1051: 378:. Objects in this mass range that orbit their stars with wide separations of hundreds or thousands of Astronomical Units (AU) and have large star/object mass ratios likely formed as brown dwarfs; their atmospheres would likely have a composition more similar to their host star than accretion-formed planets, which would contain increased abundances of heavier elements. Most directly imaged planets as of April 2014 are massive and have wide orbits so probably represent the low-mass end of a brown dwarf formation. One study suggests that objects above 13506: 1039: 45: 1595: 1204: 2160: 1957: 1882: 1834: 29: 13951: 13500: 13839: 1195:) in front of its parent star's disk, then the observed brightness of the star drops by a small amount. The amount by which the star dims depends on its size and on the size of the planet, among other factors. Because the transit method requires that the planet's orbit intersect a line-of-sight between the host star and Earth, the probability that an exoplanet in a randomly oriented orbit will be observed to transit the star is somewhat small. The 1480: 13879: 13915: 11856: 1185: 13939: 13851: 13512: 13891: 13927: 558:, found evidence of planets in a distant galaxy, stating, "Some of these exoplanets are as (relatively) small as the moon, while others are as massive as Jupiter. Unlike Earth, most of the exoplanets are not tightly bound to stars, so they're actually wandering through space or loosely orbiting between stars. We can estimate that the number of planets in this galaxy is more than a trillion." 13903: 6946:

Melvyn; Deeg, Hans; Palle, Enric; Cochran, William; Eigmüller, Philipp; Erikson, Anders; Guenther, Eike; Hatzes, Artie; Kiilerich, Amanda; Kudo, Tomoyuki; MacQueen, Philipp; Narita, Norio; Nespral, David; Pätzold, Martin; Prieto-Arranz, Jorge; Rauer, Heike; van Eylen, Vincent (28 April 2017). "EPIC210894022b −A short period super-Earth transiting a metal poor, evolved old star".

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Langlois, M.; Meyer, M. R.; Vigan, A.; D’Orazi, V.; Hagelberg, J.; Le Coroller, H.; Ligi, R.; Rouan, D.; Samland, M.; Schmidt, T.; Udry, S.; Zurlo, A.; Abe, L.; Carle, M.; Delboulbé, A.; Feautrier, P.; Magnard, Y.; Maurel, D.; Moulin, T.; Pavlov, A.; Perret, D.; Petit, C.; Ramos, J. R.; Rigal, F.; Roux, A.; Weber, L. (2018).

869:. This discovery was confirmed, and is generally considered to be the first definitive detection of exoplanets. Follow-up observations solidified these results, and confirmation of a third planet in 1994 revived the topic in the popular press. These pulsar planets are thought to have formed from the unusual remnants of the 828:, objects intermediate in mass between planets and stars. In 1990, additional observations were published that supported the existence of the planet orbiting Gamma Cephei, but subsequent work in 1992 again raised serious doubts. Finally, in 2003, improved techniques allowed the planet's existence to be confirmed. 354:, which may sometimes produce planets with masses above the deuterium fusion threshold; massive planets of that sort may have already been observed. Brown dwarfs form like stars from the direct gravitational collapse of clouds of gas, and this formation mechanism also produces objects that are below the 6276:

Ballard, S.; Fabrycky, D.; Fressin, F.; Charbonneau, D.; Desert, J. M.; Torres, G.; Marcy, G.; Burke, C. J.; Isaacson, H.; Henze, C.; Steffen, J. H.; Ciardi, D. R.; Howell, S. B.; Cochran, W. D.; Endl, M.; Bryson, S. T.; Rowe, J. F.; Holman, M. J.; Lissauer, J. J.; Jenkins, J. M.; Still, M.; Ford, E.

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can only be observed in their current state, but observations of different planetary systems of varying ages allows us to observe planets at different stages of evolution. Available observations range from young proto-planetary disks where planets are still forming to planetary systems of over 10 Gyr

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Kuzuhara, M.; Tamura, M.; Kudo, T.; Janson, M.; Kandori, R.; Brandt, T. D.; Thalmann, C.; Spiegel, D.; Biller, B.; Carson, J.; Hori, Y.; Suzuki, R.; Burrows, Adam; Henning, T.; Turner, E. L.; McElwain, M. W.; Moro-Martín, A.; Suenaga, T.; Takahashi, Y. H.; Kwon, J.; Lucas, P.; Abe, L.; Brandner, W.;

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Brandt, T. D.; McElwain, M. W.; Turner, E. L.; Mede, K.; Spiegel, D. S.; Kuzuhara, M.; Schlieder, J. E.; Wisniewski, J. P.; Abe, L.; Biller, B.; Brandner, W.; Carson, J.; Currie, T.; Egner, S.; Feldt, M.; Golota, T.; Goto, M.; Grady, C. A.; Guyon, O.; Hashimoto, J.; Hayano, Y.; Hayashi, M.; Hayashi,

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Bouchy, François; Hébrard, Guillaume; Udry, Stéphane; Delfosse, Xavier; Boisse, Isabelle; Desort, Morgan; Bonfils, Xavier; Eggenberger, Anne; Ehrenreich, David; Forveille, Thierry; Le Coroller, Hervé; Lagrange, Anne-Marie; Lovis, Christophe; Moutou, Claire; Pepe, Francesco; Perrier, Christian; Pont,

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The outer edge of the habitable zone is where planets are completely frozen, but planets well inside the habitable zone can periodically become frozen. If orbital fluctuations or other causes produce cooling, then this creates more ice, but ice reflects sunlight causing even more cooling, creating a

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results from its flowing liquid metallic core, but on massive super-Earths with high pressure, different compounds may form which do not match those created under terrestrial conditions. Compounds may form with greater viscosities and high melting temperatures, which could prevent the interiors from

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On 6 September 2018, NASA discovered an exoplanet about 145 light years away from Earth in the constellation Virgo. This exoplanet, Wolf 503b, is twice the size of Earth and was discovered orbiting a type of star known as an "Orange Dwarf". Wolf 503b completes one orbit in as few as six days because

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As of 24 July 2024, a total of 5,759 confirmed exoplanets are listed in the NASA Exoplanet Archive, including a few that were confirmations of controversial claims from the late 1980s. The first published discovery to receive subsequent confirmation was made in 1988 by the Canadian astronomers Bruce

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Maire, A.; Rodet, L.; Lazzoni, C.; Boccaletti, A.; Brandner, W.; Galicher, R.; Cantalloube, F.; Mesa, D.; Klahr, H.; Beust, H.; Chauvin, G.; Desidera, S.; Janson, M.; Keppler, M.; Olofsson, J.; Augereau, J.; Daemgen, S.; Henning, T.; Thébault, P.; Bonnefoy, M.; Feldt, M.; Gratton, R.; Lagrange, A.;

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orbits over time, so there could be planets in the habitable zone with circular orbits that have no water because they used to have eccentric orbits. Eccentric planets further out than the habitable zone would still have frozen surfaces, but the tidal heating could create a subsurface ocean similar

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that reflects less than 1% of the light from its star, making it less reflective than coal or black acrylic paint. Hot Jupiters are expected to be quite dark due to sodium and potassium in their atmospheres, but it is not known why TrES-2b is so dark—it could be due to an unknown chemical compound.

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Astrometry consists of precisely measuring a star's position in the sky and observing the changes in that position over time. The motion of a star due to the gravitational influence of a planet may be observable. Because the motion is so small, however, this method was not very productive until the

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Planets are extremely faint compared to their parent stars. For example, a Sun-like star is about a billion times brighter than the reflected light from any exoplanet orbiting it. It is difficult to detect such a faint light source, and furthermore, the parent star causes a glare that tends to wash

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Cassan, A.; Kubas, D.; Beaulieu, J. -P.; Dominik, M.; Horne, K.; Greenhill, J.; Wambsganss, J.; Menzies, J.; Williams, A.; Jørgensen, U. G.; Udalski, A.; Bennett, D. P.; Albrow, M. D.; Batista, V.; Brillant, S.; Caldwell, J. A. R.; Cole, A.; Coutures, C.; Cook, K. H.; Dieters, S.; Prester, D. D.;

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are less likely to enter snowball states and can retain liquid water further from their star. Large fluctuations of axial tilt can have even more of a warming effect than a fixed large tilt. Paradoxically, planets orbiting cooler stars, such as red dwarfs, are less likely to enter snowball states

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depending on the size and age of the star, so that the habitable zone can be at different distances for different stars. Also, the atmospheric conditions on the planet influence the planet's ability to retain heat so that the location of the habitable zone is also specific to each type of planet:

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The habitable zone around a star is the region where the temperature is just right to allow liquid water to exist on the surface of a planet; that is, not too close to the star for the water to evaporate and not too far away from the star for the water to freeze. The heat produced by stars varies

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Mamajek, E. E.; Quillen, A. C.; Pecaut, M. J.; Moolekamp, F.; Scott, E. L.; Kenworthy, M. A.; Cameron, A. C.; Parley, N. R. (2012). "Planetary Construction Zones in Occultation: Discovery of an Extrasolar Ring System Transiting a Young Sun-Like Star and Future Prospects for Detecting Eclipses by

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Silvotti, R.; Schuh, S.; Janulis, R.; Solheim, J. -E.; Bernabei, S.; Østensen, R.; Oswalt, T. D.; Bruni, I.; Gualandi, R.; Bonanno, A.; Vauclair, G.; Reed, M.; Chen, C. -W.; Leibowitz, E.; Paparo, M.; Baran, A.; Charpinet, S.; Dolez, N.; Kawaler, S.; Kurtz, D.; Moskalik, P.; Riddle, R.; Zola, S.

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The rings of the Solar System's gas giants are aligned with their planet's equator. However, for exoplanets that orbit close to their star, tidal forces from the star would lead to the outermost rings of a planet being aligned with the planet's orbital plane around the star. A planet's innermost

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Bonfils, Xavier; Forveille, Thierry; Delfosse, Xavier; Udry, Stéphane; Mayor, Michel; Perrier, Christian; Bouchy, François; Pepe, Francesco; Queloz, Didier; Bertaux, Jean-Loup (2005). "The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets VI: A Neptune-mass planet around the nearby M dwarf Gl 581".

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Fridlund, Malcolm; Gaidos, Eric; Barragán, Oscar; Persson, Carina; Gandolfi, Davide; Cabrera, Juan; Hirano, Teruyuki; Kuzuhara, Masayuki; Csizmadia, Sz; Nowak, Grzegorz; Endl, Michael; Grziwa, Sascha; Korth, Judith; Pfaff, Jeremias; Bitsch, Bertram; Johansen, Anders; Mustill, Alexander; Davies,

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Doyle, L. R.; Carter, J. A.; Fabrycky, D. C.; Slawson, R. W.; Howell, S. B.; Winn, J. N.; Orosz, J. A.; Prša, A.; Welsh, W. F.; Quinn, S. N.; Latham, D.; Torres, G.; Buchhave, L. A.; Marcy, G. W.; Fortney, J. J.; Shporer, A.; Ford, E. B.; Lissauer, J. J.; Ragozzine, D.; Rucker, M.; Batalha, N.;

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Microlensing occurs when the gravitational field of a star acts like a lens, magnifying the light of a distant background star. Planets orbiting the lensing star can cause detectable anomalies in magnification as it varies over time. Unlike most other methods which have a detection bias towards

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Habitable zones have usually been defined in terms of surface temperature, however over half of Earth's biomass is from subsurface microbes, and the temperature increases with depth, so the subsurface can be conducive for microbial life when the surface is frozen and if this is considered, the

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Barclay, T.; Huber, D.; Rowe, J. F.; Fortney, J. J.; Morley, C. V.; Quintana, E. V.; Fabrycky, D. C.; Barentsen, G.; Bloemen, S.; Christiansen, J. L.; Demory, B. O.; Fulton, B. J.; Jenkins, J. M.; Mullally, F.; Ragozzine, D.; Seader, S. E.; Shporer, A.; Tenenbaum, P.; Thompson, S. E. (2012).

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Temperatures of gas giants reduce over time and with distance from their stars. Lowering the temperature increases optical albedo even without clouds. At a sufficiently low temperature, water clouds form, which further increase optical albedo. At even lower temperatures, ammonia clouds form,

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Bennett, D. P.; Batista, V.; Bond, I. A.; Bennett, C. S.; Suzuki, D.; Beaulieu, J. -P.; Udalski, A.; Donatowicz, J.; Bozza, V.; Abe, F.; Botzler, C. S.; Freeman, M.; Fukunaga, D.; Fukui, A.; Itow, Y.; Koshimoto, N.; Ling, C. H.; Masuda, K.; Matsubara, Y.; Muraki, Y.; Namba, S.; Ohnishi, K.;

2311:(a.k.a. "eyeball" planets) can be habitable closer to their star than previously thought due to the effect of clouds: at high stellar flux, strong convection produces thick water clouds near the substellar point that greatly increase the planetary albedo and reduce surface temperatures. 1739:) causing it to expand. The more magnetically active a star is, the greater the stellar wind and the larger the electric current leading to more heating and expansion of the planet. This theory matches the observation that stellar activity is correlated with inflated planetary radii. 1241:

When multiple planets are present, each one slightly perturbs the others' orbits. Small variations in the times of transit for one planet can thus indicate the presence of another planet, which itself may or may not transit. For example, variations in the transits of the planet

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Objects with true masses below the limiting mass for thermonuclear fusion of deuterium (currently calculated to be 13 Jupiter masses for objects of solar metallicity) that orbit stars, brown dwarfs or stellar remnants and that have a mass ratio with the central object below the

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envelopes. These envelopes cool and contract over time and, depending on the mass of the planet, some or all of the hydrogen/helium is eventually lost to space. This means that even terrestrial planets may start off with large radii if they form early enough. An example is

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When a planet orbits very close to a star, it catches a considerable amount of starlight. As the planet orbits the star, the amount of light changes due to planets having phases from Earth's viewpoint or planets glowing more from one side than the other due to temperature

1702:, although they have yet to be found. The radio emissions could measure the rotation rate of the interior of an exoplanet, and may yield a more accurate way to measure exoplanet rotation than by examining the motion of clouds. However, the most sensitive radio search for 2064:

exoplanet atmospheres have been observed, resulting in detection of molecular spectral features; observation of day–night temperature gradients; and constraints on vertical atmospheric structure. Also, an atmosphere has been detected on the non-transiting hot Jupiter

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In November 2013, it was estimated that 22±8% of Sun-like stars in the Milky Way galaxy may have an Earth-sized planet in the habitable zone. Assuming 200 billion stars in the Milky Way, that would be 11 billion potentially habitable Earths, rising to 40 billion if

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Fulton, Benjamin J.; Petigura, Erik A.; Howard, Andrew W.; Isaacson, Howard; Marcy, Geoffrey W.; Cargile, Phillip A.; Hebb, Leslie; Weiss, Lauren M.; Johnson, John Asher; Morton, Timothy D.; Sinukoff, Evan; Crossfield, Ian J. M.; Hirsch, Lea A. (1 September 2017).

2151:. Mid-infrared spectroscopy of exoplanets may detect rocky surfaces, and near-infrared may identify magma oceans or high-temperature lavas, hydrated silicate surfaces and water ice, giving an unambiguous method to distinguish between rocky and gaseous exoplanets. 2222:

can only be detected if it is developed at a planetary scale and strongly modified the planetary environment, in such a way that the modifications cannot be explained by classical physico-chemical processes (out of equilibrium processes). For example, molecular

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As a planet orbits a star, the star also moves in its own small orbit around the system's center of mass. Variations in the star's radial velocity—that is, the speed with which it moves towards or away from Earth—can be detected from displacements in the star's

824:. Partly because the observations were at the very limits of instrumental capabilities at the time, astronomers remained skeptical for several years about this and other similar observations. It was thought some of the apparent planets might instead have been 76:. The first possible evidence of an exoplanet was noted in 1917 but was not then recognized as such. The first confirmation of the detection occurred in 1992. A different planet, first detected in 1988, was confirmed in 2003. According to statistics from the 9265:

Rattenbury, N. J.; Saito, T.; Sullivan, D. J.; Sumi, T.; Sweatman, W. L.; Tristram, P. J.; Tsurumi, N.; Wada, K.; et al. (2014). "MOA-2011-BLG-262Lb: A sub-Earth-mass moon orbiting a gas giant or a high-velocity planetary system in the galactic bulge".

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Also, the 13-Jupiter-mass cutoff does not have a precise physical significance. Deuterium fusion can occur in some objects with a mass below that cutoff. The amount of deuterium fused depends to some extent on the composition of the object. As of 2011, the

2103:. The dust could be ash erupting from volcanos and escaping due to the small planet's low surface-gravity, or it could be from metals that are vaporized by the high temperatures of being so close to the star with the metal vapor then condensing into dust. 1395:

With the polarimetry method, a polarized light reflected off the planet is separated from unpolarized light emitted from the star. No new planets have been discovered with this method, although a few already discovered planets have been detected with this

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When a planet orbits multiple stars or if the planet has moons, its transit time can significantly vary per transit. Although no new planets or moons have been discovered with this method, it is used to successfully confirm many transiting circumbinary

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In February 2013, researchers speculated that up to 6% of small red dwarfs may have Earth-size planets. This suggests that the closest one to the Solar System could be 13 light-years away. The estimated distance increases to 21 light-years when a 95%

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would have their star always shining directly overhead on one spot, which would be hot with the opposite hemisphere receiving no light and being freezing cold. Such a planet could resemble an eyeball, with the hotspot being the pupil. Planets with an

7730:; Barstow, J. K.; Désert, J. M.; Gibson, N.; Heng, K.; Knutson, H. A.; Lecavelier Des Etangs, A. (2013). "The Deep Blue Color of HD189733b: Albedo Measurements with Hubble Space Telescope/Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph at Visible Wavelengths". 6698:

Schmid, H. M.; Beuzit, J. -L.; Feldt, M.; Gisler, D.; Gratton, R.; Henning, T.; Joos, F.; Kasper, M.; Lenzen, R.; Mouillet, D.; Moutou, C.; Quirrenbach, A.; Stam, D. M.; Thalmann, C.; Tinbergen, J.; Verinaud, C.; Waters, R.; Wolstencroft, R. (2006).

981:. These exoplanets were checked using a statistical technique called "verification by multiplicity". Before these results, most confirmed planets were gas giants comparable in size to Jupiter or larger because they were more easily detected, but the 484:

For centuries scientists, philosophers, and science fiction writers suspected that extrasolar planets existed, but there was no way of knowing whether they were real in fact, how common they were, or how similar they might be to the planets of the

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system, the eccentricity of orbits is maintained or even periodically varied by perturbations from other planets in the system. Tidal heating can cause outgassing from the mantle, contributing to the formation and replenishment of an atmosphere.

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Exoplanets are often members of planetary systems of multiple planets around a star. The planets interact with each other gravitationally and sometimes form resonant systems where the orbital periods of the planets are in integer ratios. The

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are more habitable for complex life on land than high metallicity stars because the stellar spectrum of high metallicity stars is less likely to cause the formation of ozone thus enabling more ultraviolet rays to reach the planet's surface.

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may introduce unknown complications. A few planets have had their temperature measured by observing the variation in infrared radiation as the planet moves around in its orbit and is eclipsed by its parent star. For example, the planet

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Beichman, C.; Gelino, Christopher R.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Cushing, Michael C.; Dodson-Robinson, Sally; Marley, Mark S.; Morley, Caroline V.; Wright, E. L. (2014). "WISE Y Dwarfs As Probes of the Brown Dwarf-Exoplanet Connection".

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S.; Henning, T.; Hodapp, K. W.; Inutsuka, S.; Ishii, M.; Iye, M.; Janson, M.; Kandori, R.; et al. (2014). "A Statistical Analysis of Seeds and Other High-Contrast Exoplanet Surveys: Massive Planets or Low-Mass Brown Dwarfs?".

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system. The failure to detect "star-planet interactions" in the well-studied HD 189733 system calls other related claims of the effect into question. A later search for radio emissions from eight exoplanets that orbit within 0.1

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includes objects with a mass (or minimum mass) equal to or less than 30 Jupiter masses. Another criterion for separating planets and brown dwarfs, rather than deuterium fusion, formation process or location, is whether the core

2305:, it is likely to have had a higher rotation rate in the past. Alternatively, Venus never had an ocean because water vapor was lost to space during its formation and could have had its slow rotation throughout its history. 8474:"Settling Arguments About Hydrogen With 168 Giant Lasers – Scientists at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory said they were "converging on the truth" in an experiment to understand hydrogen in its liquid metallic state" 1687:

was inferred from the way hydrogen was evaporating from the planet. It is the first (indirect) detection of a magnetic field on an exoplanet. The magnetic field is estimated to be about one-tenth as strong as Jupiter's.

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had indicated that giant planets should only form at large distances from stars. But eventually more planets of other sorts were found, and it is now clear that hot Jupiters make up the minority of exoplanets. In 1999,

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Like pulsars, there are some other types of stars which exhibit periodic activity. Deviations from periodicity can sometimes be caused by a planet orbiting it. As of 2013, a few planets have been discovered with this

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includes objects up to 24 Jupiter masses with the advisory: "The 13 Jupiter-mass distinction by the IAU Working Group is physically unmotivated for planets with rocky cores, and observationally problematic due to the

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Donatowicz, J.; Fouqué, P.; Hill, K.; Kains, N.; Kane, S.; Marquette, J. -B.; Martin, R.; Pollard, K. R.; Sahu, K. C. (11 January 2012). "One or more bound planets per Milky Way star from microlensing observations".

291:) that orbit stars or stellar remnants are "planets" (no matter how they formed). The minimum mass/size required for an extrasolar object to be considered a planet should be the same as that used in the Solar System. 2730:

would have about 50 billion Sun-like (GK) stars, of which about 1 in 5 (22%) or 11 billion would have Earth-sized planets in the habitable zone. Including red dwarfs would increase this to 40 billion.

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Bodenheimer, Peter; D'Angelo, Gennaro; Lissauer, Jack J.; Fortney, Jonathan J.; Saumon, Didier (2013). "Deuterium Burning in Massive Giant Planets and Low-mass Brown Dwarfs Formed by Core-nucleated Accretion".

2626:. ANDES was formally known as HIRES, which itself was created after a merger of the consortia behind the earlier CODEX (optical high-resolution) and SIMPLE (near-infrared high-resolution) spectrograph concepts. 10401:

Kopparapu, Ravi Kumar; Ramirez, Ramses M.; Schottelkotte, James; Kasting, James F.; Domagal-Goldman, Shawn; Eymet, Vincent (2014). "Habitable Zones around Main-sequence Stars: Dependence on Planetary Mass".

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that somehow survived the supernova and then decayed into their current orbits. As pulsars are aggressive stars, it was considered unlikely at the time that a planet may be able to be formed in their orbit.

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Free-floating objects in young star clusters with masses below the limiting mass for thermonuclear fusion of deuterium are not "planets", but are "sub-brown dwarfs" (or whatever name is most appropriate).

624:. Making a comparison to the Sun's planets, he wrote "And if the fixed stars are the centres of similar systems, they will all be constructed according to a similar design and subject to the dominion of 4672:"James Webb Telescope finds its first exoplanet – The planet is almost the same size as Earth, according to a research team led by astronomers at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory" 5549:

Jenkins, J. M.; Borucki, W. J.; Koch, D.; Middour, C. K.; Hall, J. R.; McCauliff, S.; Fanelli, M. N.; Quintana, E. V.; Holman, M. J.; et al. (2011). "Kepler-16: A Transiting Circumbinary Planet".

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more and so can be habitable much closer to their star. Earth with its current atmosphere would be habitable in Venus's orbit, if it had Venus's slow rotation. If Venus lost its water ocean due to a

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could be locked in other resonances. 3:2 and 5:2 resonances would result in a double-eyeball pattern with hotspots in both eastern and western hemispheres. Planets with both an eccentric orbit and a

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it out. It is necessary to block the light from the parent star to reduce the glare while leaving the light from the planet detectable; doing so is a major technical challenge which requires extreme

3500: 512:, but it is now thought that such a spectrum could be caused by the residue of a nearby exoplanet that had been pulverized by the gravity of the star, the resulting dust then falling onto the star. 274:

and thus does not apply to exoplanets. The IAU Working Group on Extrasolar Planets issued a position statement containing a working definition of "planet" in 2001 and which was modified in 2003. An

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Wright, J. T.; Fakhouri, O.; Marcy, G. W.; Han, E.; Feng, Y.; Johnson, John Asher; Howard, A. W.; Fischer, D. A.; Valenti, J. A.; Anderson, J.; Piskunov, N. (2010). "The Exoplanet Orbit Database".

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Kalas, P.; Graham, J. R.; Chiang, E.; Fitzgerald, M. P.; Clampin, M.; Kite, E. S.; Stapelfeldt, K.; Marois, C.; Krist, J. (2008). "Optical Images of an Exosolar Planet 25 Light-Years from Earth".

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Hatzes, A. P.; Cochran, William D.; Endl, Michael; McArthur, Barbara; Paulson, Diane B.; Walker, Gordon A. H.; Campbell, Bruce; Yang, Stephenson (2003). "A Planetary Companion to Gamma Cephei A".

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influence on the motion of their host stars. More extrasolar planets were later detected by observing the variation in a star's apparent luminosity as an orbiting planet transited in front of it.

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would have allowed any rocky planets that existed to have liquid water on their surface regardless of their distance from a star. Jupiter-like planets might not be habitable, but they could have

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with all land completely submerged. However, if there is less water than this limit, then the deep water cycle will move enough water between the oceans and mantle to allow continents to exist.

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Massive planets close to their host stars can slightly deform the shape of the star. This causes the brightness of the star to slightly deviate depending on how it is rotated relative to Earth.

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Pepe, F.; Lovis, C.; Ségransan, D.; Benz, W.; Bouchy, F.; Dumusque, X.; Mayor, M.; Queloz, D.; Santos, N. C.; Udry, S. (2011). "The HARPS search for Earth-like planets in the habitable zone".

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in the observed mass spectrum reinforces the choice to forget this mass limit". As of 2016, this limit was increased to 60 Jupiter masses based on a study of mass–density relationships. The

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Linsenmeier, Manuel; Pascale, Salvatore; Lucarini, Valerio (2014). "Habitability of Earth-like planets with high obliquity and eccentric orbits: Results from a general circulation model".

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Carson; Thalmann; Janson; Kozakis; Bonnefoy; Biller; Schlieder; Currie; McElwain (15 November 2012). "Direct Imaging Discovery of a 'Super-Jupiter' Around the late B-Type Star Kappa And".

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which has only about twice the mass of Earth but is almost the size of Saturn, which is a hundred times the mass of Earth. Kepler-51b is quite young at a few hundred million years old.

13305: 2572:– To search for new exoplanets; rotating so by the end of its two-year mission it will have observed stars from all over the sky. It is expected to find at least 3,000 new exoplanets. 2171:

is estimated to have a surface temperature of roughly −220 °C (50 K). However, such estimates may be substantially in error because they depend on the planet's usually unknown

6277:

B.; Christiansen, J. L.; Middour, C. K.; Haas, M. R.; Li, J.; Hall, J. R.; McCauliff, S.; Batalha, N. M.; Koch, D. G.; et al. (2011). "The Kepler-19 System: A Transiting 2.2 R

2110:

was evaporating, resulting in a giant cloud around the planet and, due to radiation from the host star, a long trailing tail 14 million km (9 million mi) long.

11759: 8507:"Under pressure, hydrogen offers a reflection of giant planet interiors – Hydrogen is the most-abundant element in the universe and the simplest, but that simplicity is deceptive" 2892:"JWST Heralds a New Dawn for Exoplanet Science – The James Webb Space Telescope is opening an exciting new chapter in the study of exoplanets and the search for life beyond Earth" 2431:

away, respectively. Of these, Kepler-186f is in similar size to Earth with its 1.2-Earth-radius measure, and it is located towards the outer edge of the habitable zone around its

1408:

Disks of space dust surround many stars, thought to originate from collisions among asteroids and comets. The dust can be detected because it absorbs starlight and re-emits it as

119:

have found the most, but these methods suffer from a clear observational bias favoring the detection of planets near the star; thus, 85% of the exoplanets detected are inside the

1371:

Relativistic beaming measures the observed flux from the star due to its motion. The brightness of the star changes as the planet moves closer or further away from its host star.

190:(for those closest to their star) to thousands of years. Some exoplanets are so far away from the star that it is difficult to tell whether they are gravitationally bound to it. 1813:

with one team saying that plate tectonics would be episodic or stagnant and the other team saying that plate tectonics is very likely on super-Earths even if the planet is dry.

901:

had been measured, giving an estimate of the mass of the third object that was too small for it to be a star. The conclusion that the third object was a planet was announced by

9636:

Brogi, M.; Snellen, I. A. G.; De Kok, R. J.; Albrecht, S.; Birkby, J.; De Mooij, E. J. W. (2012). "The signature of orbital motion from the dayside of the planet τ Boötis b".

8125:

Kislyakova, K. G.; Holmstrom, M.; Lammer, H.; Odert, P.; Khodachenko, M. L. (2014). "Magnetic moment and plasma environment of HD 209458b as determined from Ly observations".

1025:

missions had identified 4374 planetary candidates yet to be confirmed, several of them being nearly Earth-sized and located in the habitable zone, some around Sun-like stars.

8669:

Cauley, P. Wilson; Shkolnik, Evgenya L.; Llama, Joe; Lanza, Antonino F. (December 2019). "Magnetic field strengths of hot Jupiters from signals of star-planet interactions".

6259: 2383:

can provide another source of energy besides stellar radiation. This means that eccentric planets in the radiative habitable zone can be too hot for liquid water. Tides also

1931:

could be due to starlight reflecting off a circumplanetary ring system with a radius between 20 and 40 times that of Jupiter's radius, about the size of the orbits of the

4616: 3371: 13588: 12976: 9698: 8359: 3666:

estimates 700 objects >10 solar masses (roughly the mass of Mars) per main-sequence star between 0.08 and 1 Solar mass, of which there are billions in the Milky Way.

3584: 13444: 11584:

Moutou, Claire; Deleuil, Magali; Guillot, Tristan; Baglin, Annie; Bordé, Pascal; Bouchy, Francois; Cabrera, Juan; Csizmadia, Szilárd; Deeg, Hans J. (1 November 2013).

8982: 6056: 13707: 13138: 13003: 7108:

D'Angelo, G.; Weidenschilling, S. J.; Lissauer, J. J.; Bodenheimer, P. (2014). "Growth of Jupiter: Enhancement of core accretion by a voluminous low-mass envelope".

6456:"The GAPS Programme at TNG. XLVII. A conundrum resolved: HIP 66074b/Gaia-3b characterised as a massive giant planet on a quasi-face-on and extremely elongated orbit" 1351: 143:, it can be hypothesized that there are 11 billion potentially habitable Earth-sized planets in the Milky Way, rising to 40 billion if planets orbiting the numerous 7921: 3162: 7053:

D'Angelo, G.; Bodenheimer, P. (2013). "Three-Dimensional Radiation-Hydrodynamics Calculations of the Envelopes of Young Planets Embedded in Protoplanetary Disks".

5830: 5924: 3871:

Baraffe, I.; Chabrier, G.; Barman, T. (2008). "Structure and evolution of super-Earth to super-Jupiter exoplanets. I. Heavy element enrichment in the interior".

3189:

Konopacky, Quinn M.; Rameau, Julien; Duchêne, Gaspard; Filippazzo, Joseph C.; Giorla Godfrey, Paige A.; Marois, Christian; Nielsen, Eric L. (20 September 2016).

1329:) emits radio waves extremely regularly as it rotates. If planets orbit the pulsar, they will cause slight anomalies in the timing of its observed radio pulses. 1000:. The gap, sometimes called the Fulton gap, is the observation that it is unusual to find exoplanets with sizes between 1.5 and 2 times the radius of the Earth. 7326:

Masuda, K. (2014). "Very Low Density Planets Around Kepler-51 Revealed with Transit Timing Variations and an Anomaly Similar to a Planet-Planet Eclipse Event".

2251:

on exoplanets, although small amounts of oxygen could also be produced by non-biological means. Furthermore, a potentially habitable planet must orbit a stable

1667:

There is more thermal emission than reflection at some near-infrared wavelengths for massive and/or young gas giants. So, although optical brightness is fully

9870: 5614: 2714:

For the purpose of this 1 in 5 statistic, "habitable zone" means the region with 0.25 to 4 times Earth's stellar flux (corresponding to 0.5–2 AU for the Sun).

13541: 13464: 6892:; D'Alessio, Paola; Hartmann, Lee; Wilner, David; Walsh, Andrew; Sitko, Michael (2001). "Evidence for a developing gap in a 10 Myr old protoplanetary disk". 5982: 3509: 1284: 1255: 639:

wrote that there is no compelling reason that planets could not be much closer to their parent star than is the case in the Solar System, and proposed that

13414: 1309:

2020s. It has produced only a few confirmed discoveries, though it has been successfully used to investigate the properties of planets found in other ways.

1762:

and related exoplanets, since such planets are thought to contain a lot of liquid metallic hydrogen, which may be responsible for their observed powerful

13474: 13229: 13030: 1333:

was made using this method. But as of 2011, it has not been very productive; five planets have been detected in this way, around three different pulsars.

11093: 4835:(1896). "Researches on the orbit of 70 Ophiuchi, and on a periodic perturbation in the motion of the system arising from the action of an unseen body". 1376: 10599:

Yang, Jun; Cowan, Nicolas B.; Abbot, Dorian S. (2013). "Stabilizing Cloud Feedback Dramatically Expands the Habitable Zone of Tidally Locked Planets".

6740:

Berdyugina, S. V.; Berdyugin, A. V.; Fluri, D. M.; Piirola, V. (2008). "First Detection of Polarized Scattered Light from an Exoplanetary Atmosphere".

2726:

About 1/4 of stars are GK Sun-like stars. The number of stars in the galaxy is not accurately known, but assuming 200 billion stars in total, the

11439:

Kopparapu, Ravi Kumar (March 2013). "A revised estimate of the occurrence rate of terrestrial planets in the habitable zones around Kepler M-dwarfs".

9071: 8188:"Magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling at Jupiter-like exoplanets with internal plasma sources: Implications for detectability of auroral radio emissions" 1364: 1338: 306:

This working definition was amended by the IAU's Commission F2: Exoplanets and the Solar System in August 2018. The official working definition of an

13981: 12815: 12810: 10507: 8473: 4795: 3620: 1401: 1721:

could be a liquid metal at the pressures and temperatures found in super-Earths and could generate a magnetic field in the mantles of super-Earths.

12971: 12434: 2410: 7413: 3066: 2636: 843: 10921: 10178:

Kopparapu, Ravi Kumar (2013). "A revised estimate of the occurrence rate of terrestrial planets in the habitable zones around kepler m-dwarfs".

4167:

Schneider, J.; Dedieu, C.; Le Sidaner, P.; Savalle, R.; Zolotukhin, I. (2011). "Defining and cataloging exoplanets: The exoplanet.eu database".

12738: 10653: 9211:

Schlichting, Hilke E.; Chang, Philip (2011). "Warm Saturns: On the Nature of Rings around Extrasolar Planets That Reside inside the Ice Line".

6566:

Jenkins, J. M.; Doyle, Laurance R. (20 September 2003). "Detecting reflected light from close-in giant planets using space-based photometers".

2622:– The ArmazoNes High Dispersion Echelle Spectrograph, a planet finding and planet characterisation spectrograph, is expected to be fitted onto 820:. Although they were cautious about claiming a planetary detection, their radial-velocity observations suggested that a planet orbits the star 10283: 6007: 4617:"More Than a Trillion Planets Could Exist Beyond Our Galaxy – A new study gives the first evidence that exoplanets exist beyond the Milky Way" 3372:"More Than a Trillion Planets Could Exist Beyond Our Galaxy – A new study gives the first evidence that exoplanets exist beyond the Milky Way" 3042: 954:

Initially, the most known exoplanets were massive planets that orbited very close to their parent stars. Astronomers were surprised by these "

13315: 5151: 2575: 1388: 2167:

Measuring the intensity of the light it receives from its parent star can estimate the temperature of an exoplanet. For example, the planet

1301: 1292:

planets with small (or for resolved imaging, large) orbits, the microlensing method is most sensitive to detecting planets around 1–10

620: 13722: 13439: 12709: 12292: 11122:; Meadows, V. S.; Joshi, M. M.; Robinson, T. D. (2014). "Spectrum-Driven Planetary Deglaciation Due to Increases in Stellar Luminosity". 1868:

have been attributed to possible volcanic activity releasing large clouds of dust which blanket the planet and block thermal emissions.

13854: 10152: 1164: 6619:

Loeb, A.; Gaudi, B. S. (2003). "Periodic Flux Variability of Stars due to the Reflex Doppler Effect Induced by Planetary Companions".

5879: 336:

The minimum mass/size required for an extrasolar object to be considered a planet should be the same as that used in our Solar System.

13399: 13387: 13025: 12569: 11977: 2487:

is used. In March 2013, a revised estimate gave an occurrence rate of 50% for Earth-size planets in the habitable zone of red dwarfs.

1573: 1167:

will image dozens of gas giants, but the vast majority of known extrasolar planets have only been detected through indirect methods.

1099: 12745: 7161:

Lammer, H.; Stokl, A.; Erkaev, N. V.; Dorfi, E. A.; Odert, P.; Gudel, M.; Kulikov, Y. N.; Kislyakova, K. G.; Leitzinger, M. (2014).

5720: 2184:

has been estimated to have an average temperature of 1,205 K (932 °C) on its dayside and 973 K (700 °C) on its nightside.

2088:. The technology used to determine this may be useful in studying the atmospheres of distant worlds, including those of exoplanets. 13449: 13419: 13280: 13008: 12845: 12574: 7597:

Wang, J.; Fischer, D. A. (2014). "Revealing a Universal Planet–Metallicity Correlation for Planets of Different Solar-Type Stars".

6673: 6256: 2406: 842:

showing a companion (bottom left), which is either a brown dwarf or a massive planet. The data were obtained on 16 March 2003 with

2918:

Ballesteros, F. J.; Fernandez-Soto, A.; Martinez, V. J. (2019). "Title: Diving into Exoplanets: Are Water Seas the Most Common?".

1412:

radiation. Features on the disks may suggest the presence of planets, though this is not considered a definitive detection method.

13222: 11517: 8849:

Valencia, Diana; O'Connell, Richard J.; Sasselov, Dimitar D (November 2007). "Inevitability of Plate Tectonics on Super-Earths".

7897: 1212: 287:

below the limiting mass for thermonuclear fusion of deuterium (currently calculated to be 13 Jupiter masses for objects of solar

163: 151: 12692: 7273:

Zendejas, J.; Segura, A.; Raga, A.C. (2010). "Atmospheric mass loss by stellar wind from planets around main sequence M stars".

1233: 464:

The convention for naming exoplanets is an extension of the system used for designating multiple-star systems as adopted by the

13178: 12721: 11494: 9842: 9707: 5910: 5696: 4626: 3381: 1589: 187: 8902: 1545:. Stars with higher metallicity are more likely to have planets, especially giant planets, than stars with lower metallicity. 13625: 13352: 13153: 13105: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13085: 13080: 13075: 13070: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13035: 12726: 11829: 11787: 11770: 11751: 11731: 11715: 11698: 11690: 11671: 11663: 11396: 9506: 8371: 7163:"Origin and loss of nebula-captured hydrogen envelopes from 'sub'- to 'super-Earths' in the habitable zone of Sun-like stars" 6865: 6159: 5323: 4968: 4746: 4721: 4671: 4542: 4249: 3592: 2569: 1022: 8271: 7785: 7490:(2008). "The Keck Planet Search: Detectability and the Minimum Mass and Orbital Period Distribution of Extrasolar Planets". 5928: 4114:

Spiegel, D. S.; Burrows, Adam; Milsom, J. A. (2011). "The Deuterium-Burning Mass Limit for Brown Dwarfs and Giant Planets".

2891: 2371:

because the infrared radiation emitted by cooler stars is mostly at wavelengths that are absorbed by ice which heats it up.

12835: 12825: 8990: 8309:"ROME. IV. An Arecibo Search for Substellar Magnetospheric Radio Emissions in Purported Exoplanet-hosting Systems at 5 GHz" 8245: 4879: 1622:

suggest that it is deep dark blue. Later that same year, the colors of several other exoplanets were determined, including

12559: 11000: 7918: 5372: 2537: 2099:

is a small rocky planet, very close to its star, that is evaporating and leaving a trailing tail of cloud and dust like a

1713:

separating into different layers and so result in undifferentiated coreless mantles. Forms of magnesium oxide such as MgSi

678:

reported that orbital anomalies made it "highly probable" that there was a "planetary body" in this system. In the 1890s,

13717: 13712: 12871: 12805: 11919: 11543: 5086: 3404: 238:

are those that do not orbit any star. Such objects are considered a separate category of planets, especially if they are

12238: 11794:

van Dishoeck, Ewine F.; Bergin, Edwin A.; Lis, Dariusz C.; Lunine, Jonathan I. (2014). "Water: From Clouds to Planets".

10455:

Hamano, K.; Abe, Y.; Genda, H. (2013). "Emergence of two types of terrestrial planet on solidification of magma ocean".

2863: 13843: 13357: 13215: 13163: 13013: 12820: 12697: 10121:"Planetary Environments and Origins of Life: How to reinvent the study of Origins of Life on the Earth and Life in the" 6034:

Di Stafano, R.; et al. (18 September 2020). "M51-ULS-1b: The First Candidate for a Planet in an External Galaxy".

5277: 2336: 2147:

Surface features can be distinguished from atmospheric features by comparing emission and reflection spectroscopy with

947:, led to the rapid detection of many new exoplanets: astronomers could detect exoplanets indirectly by measuring their 516: 473: 346:

The IAU's working definition is not always used. One alternate suggestion is that planets should be distinguished from

10581: 5951: 13688: 13295: 13238: 13196: 12830: 11441: 2619: 505: 3135: 690:

stated that the orbital anomalies proved the existence of a dark body in the 70 Ophiuchi system with a 36-year

13285: 12891: 12881: 12369: 9878: 9815: 8928:

Cowan, N. B.; Abbot, D. S. (2014). "Water Cycling Between Ocean and Mantle: Super-Earths Need Not Be Waterworlds".

5991: 5624: 465: 394: 267: 6336:"Periastron Precession Measurements in Transiting Extrasolar Planetary Systems at the Level of General Relativity" 3927:"The SOPHIE northern extrasolar planets. I. A companion close to the planet/brown-dwarf transition around HD16760" 13812: 13802: 13727: 13479: 13310: 12966: 12917: 12840: 12679: 11982: 8644: 2656: 2358:

feedback loop until the planet is completely or nearly completely frozen. When the surface is frozen, this stops

1122: 687: 108: 2479:, the nearest known star to the solar system with an estimated minimum mass of 1.27 times the mass of the Earth. 1924:. However, the mass of the object is not known; it could be a brown dwarf or low-mass star instead of a planet. 519:

of an exoplanet occurred in 1988. Shortly afterwards, the first confirmation of detection came in 1992 from the

13991: 13409: 13362: 13270: 12922: 8765:

Van Heck, H.J.; Tackley, P.J. (2011). "Plate tectonics on super-Earths: Equally or more likely than on Earth".

5647: 4648: 3834:

Mordasini, C.; Alibert, Yann; Benz, Willy; Naef, Dominique (2008). "Giant Planet Formation by Core Accretion".

3752: 1435:

Planets may form within a few to tens (or more) of millions of years of their star forming. The planets of the

936: 817: 124: 85: 13454: 9970:

Hu, Renyu; Ehlmann, Bethany L.; Seager, Sara (2012). "Theoretical Spectra of Terrestrial Exoplanet Surfaces".

8730:

Valencia, Diana; O'Connell, Richard J. (2009). "Convection scaling and subduction on Earth and super-Earths".

4273:

Hatzes Heike Rauer, Artie P. (2015). "A Definition for Giant Planets Based on the Mass-Density Relationship".

2540:

to their stars' rotation. One proposed explanation is that hot Jupiters tend to form in dense clusters, where

1727:

have been observed to have a larger radius than expected. This could be caused by the interaction between the

996:

it is very close to the star. Wolf 503b is the only exoplanet that large that can be found near the so-called

831: 442: 13469: 13424: 13337: 13148: 12795: 12750: 12629: 12619: 12614: 12599: 12594: 5184: 2641: 1769:

Although scientists previously announced that the magnetic fields of close-in exoplanets may cause increased

659:

Claims of exoplanet detections have been made since the nineteenth century. Some of the earliest involve the

13133: 12479: 9471:

Madhusudhan, Nikku; Knutson, Heather; Fortney, Jonathan; Barman, Travis (2014). "Exoplanetary Atmospheres".

8078:

Burrows, Adam (2014). "Scientific Return of Coronagraphic Exoplanet Imaging and Spectroscopy Using WFIRST".

959: 13777: 12785: 12564: 10774: 9736: 8482: 5831:"[VIDEO] TOI 700d : une planète de la taille de la Terre découverte dans une "zone habitable"" 4832: 2495: 2302: 2197: 974:

On 26 February 2014, NASA announced the discovery of 715 newly verified exoplanets around 305 stars by the

698:

published a paper proving that a three-body system with those orbital parameters would be highly unstable.

679: 431: 12439: 10556: 7784:

Egner, S.; Feldt, M.; Fujiwara, H.; Goto, M.; Grady, C. A.; Guyon, O.; Hashimoto, J.; et al. (2013).

800:

with a companion about 5–10 times the mass of Jupiter. It is not clear whether this companion object is a

232:

also considers a wide range of other factors in determining the suitability of a planet for hosting life.

92:(JWST) is expected to discover more exoplanets, and to give more insight into their traits, such as their 13128: 12927: 9583:

Rodler, F.; Lopez-Morales, M.; Ribas, I. (July 2012). "Weighing the Non-transiting Hot Jupiter τ Boo b".

7938: 6460: 4621: 4379: 4169: 3376: 2332: 2034: 1699: 607:), put forward the view that fixed stars are similar to the Sun and are likewise accompanied by planets. 459: 93: 12586: 11871: 11570: 8535:"The Rise of ROME. I. A Multiwavelength Analysis of the Star-Planet Interaction in the HD 189733 System" 8100: 6393:

Curiel, Salvador; Ortiz-León, Gisela N.; Mioduszewski, Amy J.; Sanchez-Bermudez, Joel (September 2022).

2442:

is about 4.2 light-years away. Its equilibrium temperature is estimated to be −39 °C (234 K).

13869: 13822: 13651: 12961: 12956: 12946: 12704: 12364: 2427:

as the best candidates for being potentially habitable. These are at a distance of 1200, 490 and 1,120

2210:

continues to grow into a deeper study of extrasolar worlds, and will ultimately tackle the prospect of

1913: 1095: 1084: 573: 294:

Substellar objects with true masses above the limiting mass for thermonuclear fusion of deuterium are "

198: 89: 11585: 5339: 3188: 2604:– A rocky planet-finding, and stable spectroscopic observing, spectrograph mounted on ESO's 4 by 8.2m 2362:, resulting in a build-up of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from volcanic emissions. This creates a 13807: 13782: 13191: 12941: 12609: 12394: 12278: 11025:

Armstrong, J. C.; Barnes, R.; Domagal-Goldman, S.; Breiner, J.; Quinn, T. R.; Meadows, V. S. (2014).

10297:

Abe, Y.; Abe-Ouchi, A.; Sleep, N. H.; Zahnle, K. J. (2011). "Habitable Zone Limits for Dry Planets".

7055: 4572:

Wolszczan, A.; Frail, D. A. (1992). "A planetary system around the millisecond pulsar PSR1257 + 12".

4049:"Evidence of an Upper Bound on the Masses of Planets and its Implications for Giant Planet Formation" 3527: 2623: 2148: 1943:, then the different alignments between the inner and outer rings would create a warped ring system. 1709: 776: 745: 551: 509: 10889: 10362: 8394: 5856: 2835: 2019: 585:

This space we declare to be infinite... In it are an infinity of worlds of the same kind as our own.

397:

included objects up to 25 Jupiter masses, saying, "The fact that there is no special feature around

13986: 13569: 12951: 12896: 12757: 12649: 12544: 12304: 11947: 11679: 7701: 6830:

D'Angelo, G.; Lissauer, J. J. (2018). "Formation of Giant Planets". In Deeg H., Belmonte J. (ed.).

6399: 5178:

Walker, G. A. H; Bohlender, D. A.; Walker, A. R.; Irwin, A. W.; Yang, S. L. S.; Larson, A. (1992).

2541: 1805:

In 2007, two independent teams of researchers came to opposing conclusions about the likelihood of

1422: 751: 736:

variations. The claim briefly received intense attention, but Lyne and his team soon retracted it.

501: 351: 53: 12664: 9732:"Terrestrial glint seen from deep space: oriented ice crystals detected from the Lagrangian point" 2684:. Data for Sun-like stars was not available so this statistic is an extrapolation from data about 1228:. Extremely small radial-velocity variations can be observed, of 1 m/s or even somewhat less. 13971: 13737: 13275: 13173: 12876: 12800: 12374: 11912: 11413: 10045: 8506: 6085:"A terrestrial-mass rogue planet candidate detected in the shortest-timescale microlensing event" 3778: 3262:"VLT/SPHERE astrometric confirmation and orbital analysis of the brown dwarf companion HR 2562 B" 1599: 997: 939:, ushered in the modern era of exoplanetary discovery, and was recognized by a share of the 2019 409: 10048:; Fortney, J. J.; Agol, E.; Cowan, N. B.; Showman, A. P.; Cooper, C. S.; Megeath, S. T. (2007). 7107: 4713: 4703: 534:

star was made in 1995, when a giant planet was found in a four-day orbit around the nearby star

224:(sometimes called "goldilocks zone"), where it is possible for liquid water, a prerequisite for 13771: 13579: 13546: 12886: 12767: 12379: 12329: 10884: 10357: 8419:

Buzasi, D. (2013). "Stellar Magnetic Fields As a Heating Source for Extrasolar Giant Planets".

6183: 6151: 6057:"A Rogue Earth-Mass Planet Has Been Discovered Freely Floating in the Milky Way Without a Star" 4222:

Schneider, Jean (2016). "III.8 Exoplanets versus brown dwarfs: The CoRoT view and the future".

3726: 2840: 2563: 2201: 1706:

emissions, thus far, from nine exoplanets with Arecibo also did not result in any discoveries.

1534: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1507: 1273:

Animation showing difference between planet transit timing of one-planet and two-planet systems

940: 813: 418: 229: 167: 77: 37: 12354: 11386: 4790: 4762:

Struve, Otto (1952). "Proposal for a project of high-precision stellar radial velocity work".

4699: 542:

by telescopes, but the vast majority have been detected through indirect methods, such as the

12855: 12624: 12499: 12399: 12233: 10686: 9935:

Dobrovolskis, Anthony R. (2013). "Insolation on exoplanets with eccentricity and obliquity".

5223: 2545: 2384: 2256: 1145: 897:. Within a few years, the gravitational effects of the planet on the orbit of the pulsar and 683: 667: 217: 193:

Almost all planets detected so far are within the Milky Way. However, there is evidence that

101: 12424: 11821: 10969: 9706: 9553: 9498: 8778: 8743: 8481: 7567: 6509: 6473: 6227: 6175: 6143: 5990: 4405: 4192: 3942: 3894: 3508: 3287: 13596: 13327: 13168: 13143: 13123: 12733: 12404: 12319: 12015: 11942: 11809: 11650: 11607: 11460: 11326: 11261: 11198: 11175:

Barnes, R.; Mullins, K.; Goldblatt, C.; Meadows, V. S.; Kasting, J. F.; Heller, R. (2013).

11141: 11048: 10965: 10876: 10823: 10748: 10695: 10618: 10532: 10464: 10421: 10349: 10306: 10197: 10074: 9989: 9944: 9909: 9790: 9745: 9655: 9602: 9549: 9486: 9437: 9341: 9284: 9230: 9169: 9116: 9035: 8947: 8868: 8813: 8774: 8739: 8688: 8615: 8556: 8438: 8330: 8209: 8144: 8039: 7983: 7863: 7810: 7749: 7616: 7563: 7509: 7432: 7345: 7292: 7239: 7184: 7127: 7074: 7017: 6911: 6845: 6812: 6759: 6712: 6638: 6585: 6524: 6469: 6418: 6357: 6300: 6223: 6106: 5887: 5769: 5568: 5512: 5463: 5416: 5283: 5242: 5193: 5160: 5121: 5044: 4997: 4933: 4924: 4888: 4844: 4804: 4771: 4581: 4473: 4442: 4430: 4345: 4292: 4188: 4133: 4070: 4013: 3975: 3938: 3925:

Frédéric; Queloz, Didier; Santos, Nuno C.; Ségransan, Damien; Vidal-Madjar, Alfred (2009).

3890: 3853: 3800: 3639: 3546: 3454: 3336: 3283: 3215: 3085: 2996: 2774: 2605: 2591: 2260: 2127: 2122: 2077: 2043: 2014: 1192: 1156: 1076: 917: 855: 847: 640: 547: 350:

on the basis of their formation. It is widely thought that giant planets form through core

260: 194: 116: 112: 5670: 1773:

and starspots on their host stars, in 2019 this claim was demonstrated to be false in the

8: 13976: 13943: 13817: 13759: 13290: 12936: 12484: 12464: 12419: 12389: 12198: 12193: 11992: 11305:"Tidal heating of terrestrial extrasolar planets and implications for their habitability" 2896: 2807: 2646: 2587: 2484: 2359: 2240: 2168: 2085: 1553: 1541:

of a star and the probability that the star hosts a giant planet, similar to the size of

1466: 1441: 1430: 1196: 1016: 975: 600: 520: 497: 469: 317: 97: 11861: 11813: 11654: 11611: 11464: 11330: 11265: 11202: 11145: 11052: 10880: 10827: 10752: 10716: 10699: 10681: 10622: 10536: 10468: 10425: 10353: 10310: 10201: 10078: 10049: 9993: 9948: 9913: 9749: 9659: 9606: 9561: 9490: 9441: 9418:

Charbonneau, David; et al. (2002). "Detection of an Extrasolar Planet Atmosphere".

9345: 9288: 9234: 9173: 9120: 9039: 8951: 8872: 8817: 8692: 8619: 8560: 8442: 8334: 8213: 8148: 8043: 8020:"Photometrically derived masses and radii of the planet and star in the TrES-2 system". 7987: 7867: 7814: 7753: 7620: 7513: 7436: 7349: 7296: 7243: 7188: 7131: 7078: 7021: 6915: 6849: 6816: 6763: 6716: 6642: 6589: 6528: 6422: 6361: 6304: 6110: 5805: 5773: 5572: 5516: 5467: 5420: 5246: 5197: 5164: 5125: 5048: 5001: 4937: 4892: 4848: 4808: 4775: 4585: 4477: 4434: 4349: 4296: 4137: 4074: 4017: 3979: 3857: 3804: 3643: 3550: 3458: 3340: 3219: 3089: 3000: 2778: 1970:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

1895:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

1847:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

1471: 489:. Various detection claims made in the nineteenth century were rejected by astronomers. 56:

to Jupiter (on left) using approximate models of planetary radius as a function of mass.

13931: 13919: 13732: 13671: 12532: 12449: 12409: 12324: 12024: 11905: 11835: 11799: 11597: 11476: 11450: 11344: 11316: 11285: 11251: 11219: 11188: 11176: 11157: 11131: 11069: 11038: 11026: 10981: 10955: 10902: 10866: 10839: 10813: 10739:

Amend, J. P.; Teske, A. (2005). "Expanding frontiers in deep subsurface microbiology".

10634: 10608: 10548: 10522: 10488: 10437: 10411: 10383: 10213: 10187: 10098: 10064: 10005: 9979: 9847: 9771: 9679: 9645: 9618: 9592: 9565: 9539: 9512: 9476: 9453: 9427: 9370: 9331: 9319: 9300: 9274: 9246: 9220: 9193: 9159: 9132: 9106: 9053: 9025: 8963: 8937: 8884: 8858: 8831: 8712: 8678: 8605: 8574: 8546: 8454: 8428: 8320: 8227: 8199: 8168: 8134: 8079: 8055: 8029: 8001: 7973: 7879: 7853: 7826: 7800: 7765: 7739: 7632: 7606: 7579: 7553: 7525: 7499: 7455: 7422: 7408: 7361: 7335: 7308: 7282: 7255: 7251: 7229: 7202: 7174: 7143: 7117: 7090: 7064: 7035: 7007: 6973: 6955: 6927: 6901: 6871: 6835: 6802: 6775: 6749: 6654: 6628: 6601: 6575: 6548: 6436: 6408: 6375: 6347: 6316: 6290: 6239: 6213: 6124: 6096: 6035: 5952:"NASA's Kepler Space Telescope Finds Hundreds of New Exoplanets, Boosts Total to 4,034" 5759: 5748:"The California-Kepler Survey. III. A Gap in the Radius Distribution of Small Planets*" 5592: 5558: 5530: 5432: 5258: 5232: 5062: 5013: 4904: 4597: 4446: 4420: 4361: 4335: 4308: 4282: 4255: 4227: 4204: 4178: 4149: 4123: 4096: 4060: 4029: 4003: 3906: 3880: 3843: 3816: 3790: 3676: 3657: 3629: 3562: 3536: 3478: 3444: 3352: 3326: 3273: 3241: 3205: 3108: 3075: 3061: 3020: 2986: 2955: 2764: 2752: 2439: 2393: 2027:

Atmospheres have been detected around several exoplanets. The first to be observed was

1692: 1638: 1627: 1426: 1103: 964: 890: 706: 695: 675: 671: 158:(also known as PSR B1257+12 A or PSR B1257+12 b), which is about twice the mass of the 10835: 10630: 10508:"Strong Dependence of the Inner Edge of the Habitable Zone on Planetary Rotation Rate" 10433: 9614: 9296: 9242: 8450: 7875: 7761: 6312: 5081: 4516: 4304: 4025: 3348: 2076:, seen as twinkling from an orbiting satellite a million miles away, were found to be 1522:. Despite this, several tens of planets around red dwarfs have been discovered by the 1062: 1050: 761: 13616: 13505: 13392: 12780: 12414: 12162: 12157: 12106: 11956: 11886: 11825: 11783: 11766: 11747: 11727: 11711: 11694: 11686: 11667: 11659: 11623: 11480: 11472: 11392: 11339: 11304: 11277: 11224: 11161: 11153: 11074: 10985: 10721: 10544: 10480: 10441: 10387: 10375: 10322: 10256: 10237: 10217: 10209: 10090: 9775: 9671: 9622: 9569: 9516: 9502: 9375: 9357: 9304: 9185: 9128: 8959: 8716: 8704: 8578: 8458: 8222: 8187: 8172: 8160: 8051: 8005: 7996: 7961: 7883: 7822: 7650: 7636: 7628: 7460: 7365: 7357: 7312: 7206: 7162: 7147: 7094: 7086: 7039: 7030: 6995: 6875: 6861: 6834:. Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature. pp. 2319–2343. 6540: 6440: 6370: 6335: 6155: 6144: 6128: 5787: 5596: 5584: 5534: 5481: 5319: 4964: 4908: 4742: 4717: 4491: 4450: 4312: 4259: 4245: 4153: 4145: 4088: 4033: 3820: 3661: 3652: 3615: 3566: 3558: 3470: 3356: 3228: 3140: 3113: 3012: 2947: 2651: 2526: 2363: 2176: 1998: 1921: 1783: 1779: 1747: 1293: 971:

contains the first discovered planet that orbits a binary main-sequence star system.

710: 702: 178:. However, according to some definitions of a planet (based on the nuclear fusion of 20: 11839: 11348: 10843: 10801: 10638: 10552: 10009: 10001: 9457: 9250: 9197: 9136: 9057: 8967: 8835: 8231: 8059: 7830: 7786:"Direct Imaging of a Cold Jovian Exoplanet in Orbit around the Sun-like Star GJ 504" 7769: 7583: 7529: 7259: 6977: 6779: 6658: 6605: 6379: 6320: 6243: 5262: 5066: 4464:

Liebert, James (2003). "Nomenclature: Brown Dwarfs, Gas Giant Planets, and ?".

4365: 4208: 4100: 3966:

Kumar, Shiv S. (2003). "Nomenclature: Brown Dwarfs, Gas Giant Planets, and ?".

3910: 3245: 2959: 787: 13895: 13533: 13158: 12906: 12669: 12659: 12519: 12469: 12359: 12349: 12273: 12203: 12188: 11987: 11817: 11615: 11468: 11334: 11289: 11269: 11214: 11206: 11149: 11064: 11056: 10973: 10906: 10894: 10831: 10756: 10711: 10703: 10626: 10540: 10492: 10472: 10429: 10367: 10314: 10246: 10205: 10132: 10102: 10082: 9997: 9952: 9917: 9761: 9753: 9683: 9663: 9610: 9557: 9494: 9445: 9365: 9349: 9292: 9238: 9177: 9124: 9043: 9012:

Demory, Brice-Olivier; Gillon, Michael; Madhusudhan, Nikku; Queloz, Didier (2015).

8955: 8888: 8876: 8821: 8782: 8747: 8696: 8623: 8564: 8446: 8338: 8217: 8152: 8047: 7991: 7871: 7818: 7757: 7624: 7571: 7517: 7450: 7440: 7353: 7300: 7247: 7192: 7135: 7082: 7025: 6965: 6931: 6919: 6853: 6794: 6767: 6720: 6646: 6593: 6552: 6532: 6487: 6477: 6426: 6365: 6308: 6231: 6114: 5777: 5648:"Population of Known Alien Planets Nearly Doubles as NASA Discovers 715 New Worlds" 5576: 5520: 5471: 5436: 5424: 5380: 5250: 5201: 5129: 5052: 5017: 5005: 4941: 4896: 4852: 4812: 4601: 4589: 4438: 4353: 4300: 4241: 4237: 4196: 4141: 4078: 4021: 3946: 3898: 3808: 3647: 3554: 3482: 3462: 3344: 3291: 3233: 3223: 3103: 3093: 3024: 3004: 2937: 2929: 2782: 2515: 2476: 2327:

could have liquid water at sufficient depths underground. In an earlier era of the

1939:

rings would still be aligned with the planet's equator so that if the planet has a

1645: 1614:

In 2013, the color of an exoplanet was determined for the first time. The best-fit

1594: 1088: 902: 874: 873:

that produced the pulsar, in a second round of planet formation, or else to be the

615: 210: 81: 10654:"Scientists Think They've Narrowed Down The Star Systems Most Likely to Host Life" 10137: 10120: 9393: 7675: 7575: 7379: 6969: 6857: 6482: 6455: 6235: 4200: 3951: 3926: 3296: 3261: 2297:

and hence the pattern of clouds: slowly rotating planets create thick clouds that

1148:. All exoplanets that have been directly imaged are both large (more massive than 709:

made another prominent series of detection claims, this time for planets orbiting

389:

formed through gravitational instability and should not be thought of as planets.

12604: 12444: 12344: 12268: 12258: 12037: 11707:

Strange New Worlds: The Search for Alien Planets and Life beyond Our Solar System

11619: 10760: 10251: 10232: 10023: 9956: 9921: 8282: 7925: 7727: 7304: 7139: 6263: 3902: 3699: 2579: 1816:

If super-Earths have more than 80 times as much water as Earth, then they become

1806: 1668: 1556:

have been discovered which orbit both members of a binary star. A few planets in

1137: 801: 427: 243: 155: 44: 9900:

Dobrovolskis, Anthony R. (2015). "Insolation patterns on eccentric exoplanets".

3812: 2066: 1675:

resulting in the highest albedos at most optical and near-infrared wavelengths.

1203: 1038: 713:. Astronomers now generally regard all early reports of detection as erroneous. 40:

over the course of seven years. Motion is interpolated from annual observations.

13955: 13883: 13404: 13377: 13332: 13249: 12509: 12504: 12309: 12218: 10707: 10682:"Metal-rich stars are less suitable for the evolution of life on their planets" 8786: 8751: 8645:"Magnetic Fields of 'Hot Jupiter' Exoplanets Are Much Stronger Than We Thought" 8628: 8593: 8569: 8534: 8343: 8308: 7483: 7479: 6431: 6394: 6119: 6084: 6061: 5978: 5782: 5747: 5407:

Mayor, M.; Queloz, D. (1995). "A Jupiter-mass companion to a solar-type star".

4900: 4083: 4048: 3496: 2613: 2352: 2276: 2244: 2207: 2118: 2096: 2061: 2057: 2001:

was announced. On 3 October 2018, evidence suggesting a large exomoon orbiting

1763: 1527: 1492: 1225: 1176: 772: 721: 691: 644: 596: 543: 539: 221: 136: 11547: 10977: 10898: 8700: 6725: 6700: 6395:"3D Orbital Architecture of a Dwarf Binary System and Its Planetary Companion" 5385: 3432: 561:

On 21 March 2022, the 5000th exoplanet beyond the Solar System was confirmed.

246:. The rogue planets in the Milky Way possibly number in the billions or more. 13965: 13489: 12644: 12639: 12634: 12314: 12253: 12208: 12147: 12142: 12117: 12052: 12042: 12032: 11627: 9361: 8708: 8511: 7487: 6012: 5791: 4817: 4092: 3433:"A terrestrial planet candidate in a temperate orbit around Proxima Centauri" 2609: 2389: 2380: 2308: 2283: 1932: 1770: 1736: 1732: 1631: 1503: 1330: 1314: 1221: 925: 913: 894: 886: 866: 793: 733: 725: 648: 604: 531: 527: 235: 120: 13207: 11892: 11094:"A warmer planetary haven around cool stars, as ice warms rather than cools" 10371: 9181: 9048: 9013: 8156: 7445: 6392: 5580: 5288: 3431:

Anglada-Escudé, Guillem; Amado, Pedro J.; Barnes, John; et al. (2016).

3191:"Discovery of a Substellar Companion to the Nearby Debris Disk Host HR 2562" 3098: 2702:

For the purpose of this 1 in 5 statistic, Earth-sized means 1–2 Earth radii.

1075:

In September 2020, astronomers reported evidence, for the first time, of an

13907: 13484: 13434: 12790: 12775: 12654: 12551: 12474: 12243: 12223: 12213: 12111: 12047: 11281: 11228: 11119: 11078: 11027:"Effects of Extreme Obliquity Variations on the Habitability of Exoplanets" 10725: 10658: 10484: 10379: 10326: 10260: 10094: 9675: 9379: 9353: 9189: 8164: 7464: 7197: 6889: 6544: 6510:"A giant planet orbiting the 'extreme horizontal branch' star V 391 Pegasi" 5588: 5485: 3474: 3117: 3016: 2951: 2920: 2583: 2566:– Mission to look for large numbers of exoplanets using the transit method. 2451: 2324: 2264: 2247:

by living plants and many kinds of microorganisms, so it can be used as an

2215: 2211: 2193: 2081: 2039: 2002: 1994: 1817: 1794: 1728: 1488: 1436: 1246:

suggest the existence of a second planet in the system, the non-transiting

1106: 944: 909: 821: 611: 569: 555: 493: 486: 359: 295: 271: 128: 73: 11363: 11273: 11210: 11060: 10802:"The Steppenwolf: A Proposal for a Habitable Planet in Interstellar Space" 10318: 5149:

Lawton, A. T.; Wright, P. (1989). "A planetary system for Gamma Cephei?".

4922:

van de Kamp, P. (1969). "Alternate dynamical analysis of Barnard's star".

2933: 992:, a near-Earth-size planet orbiting the habitable zone of a G2-type star. 13499: 12716: 12494: 12489: 12459: 12429: 12384: 12339: 12334: 12263: 12248: 12183: 12127: 12122: 12088: 12073: 12068: 12062: 9757: 9432: 9072:"Scientists Discover a Saturn-like Ring System Eclipsing a Sun-like Star" 8826: 8801: 7558: 6906: 6792: 6633: 6580: 5237: 4988:; Shemar, S. L. (1991). "A planet orbiting the neutron star PSR1829–10". 4985: 4425: 3580: 3190: 2685: 2681: 2533: 2491: 2465: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2315: 2163:

Artist's illustration of temperature inversion in exoplanet's atmosphere.

2028: 1928: 1917: 1865: 1810: 1790: 1724: 1684: 1653: 1557: 1549: 1538: 989: 955: 929: 921: 898: 839: 835: 825: 797: 729: 717: 663: 660: 636: 632: 347: 288: 183: 80:, As of 19 September 2024, there are 5,759 confirmed exoplanets in 4,300 10476: 10086: 9667: 6536: 3614:

Strigari, L. E.; Barnabè, M.; Marshall, P. J.; Blandford, R. D. (2012).

3466: 3237: 3008: 2942: 1691:

The magnetic fields of exoplanets are thought to be detectable by their

1518:

M) are less likely to have planets massive enough to be detected by the

12687: 12454: 12228: 12152: 12078: 12057: 10024:"NASA, ESA, and K. Haynes and A. Mandell (Goddard Space Flight Center)" 9766: 9730:

Marshak, Alexander; Várnai, Tamás; Kostinski, Alexander (15 May 2017).

8903:"Super Earths Likely To Have Both Oceans and Continents – Astrobiology" 6492: 5344: 3501:"As Ranks of Goldilocks Planets Grow, Astronomers Consider What's Next" 2522: 2416: 2367: 2181: 2131: 2049: 1940: 1619: 1603: 1454: 1247: 1243: 1160: 1080: 1007:, the first Earth-sized planet in the habitable zone detected by TESS. 859: 447: 216:

The discovery of exoplanets has intensified interest in the search for

202: 13950: 3315: 1786:

also failed to find signs of these magnetic star-planet interactions.

985:

planets are mostly between the size of Neptune and the size of Earth.

523:, with the discovery of several terrestrial-mass planets orbiting the 13642: 13459: 13429: 12137: 12132: 12098: 12083: 11388:

The Mystery of the Seven Spheres: How Homo sapiens will Conquer Space

11024: 10050:"A map of the day–night contrast of the extrasolar planet HD 189733b" 8594:"ROME. III. The Arecibo Search for Star–Planet Interactions at 5 GHz" 8272:"Radio Detection of Extrasolar Planets: Present and Future Prospects" 5428: 5057: 5032: 5009: 4593: 3704: 2727: 2469: 2459: 2432: 2248: 1774: 1751: 1743: 1661: 1511: 1326: 1110: 1004: 968: 932: 893:), determined that a third object was needed to explain the observed 878: 870: 565: 535: 451: 284: 239: 179: 171: 144: 140: 10400: 9731: 6281:

Planet and a Second Planet Detected Via Transit Timing Variations".

5476: 5451: 3405:"Scientists Find Evidence of Thousands of Planets in Distant Galaxy" 3043:"Astronomers answer key question: How common are habitable planets?" 2751:

Seager, S.; Kuchner, M.; Hier-Majumder, C. A.; Militzer, B. (2007).

1479: 967:

became the first main-sequence star known to have multiple planets.

496:, was noted in 1917, but was not recognized as such. The astronomer 13878: 13382: 13300: 12527: 11177:"Tidal Venuses: Triggering a Climate Catastrophe via Tidal Heating" 9449: 9336: 9030: 8880: 8683: 8610: 8551: 8325: 7521: 7012: 6960: 6923: 6840: 6771: 6650: 6597: 6413: 6101: 6040: 5764: 5254: 5206: 5179: 5134: 5109: 4945: 4856: 4676: 4357: 4287: 4232: 4065: 3795: 3449: 3278: 3210: 2786: 2601: 2502: 2328: 2107: 1742:

In August 2018, scientists announced the transformation of gaseous

1623: 1607: 1445: 1409: 423: 49: 11804: 11602: 11455: 11321: 11256: 11193: 11136: 11043: 10960: 10871: 10818: 10613: 10527: 10416: 10192: 10069: 9984: 9650: 9597: 9544: 9481: 9279: 9225: 9164: 9111: 8942: 8863: 8433: 8204: 8139: 8084: 8034: 7978: 7858: 7805: 7744: 7611: 7504: 7427: 7340: 7287: 7234: 7179: 7122: 7069: 6807: 6754: 6701:"Search and investigation of extra-solar planets with polarimetry" 6352: 6295: 6218: 5615:"NASA's Kepler Mission Announces a Planet Bonanza, 715 New Worlds" 5563: 5525: 5500: 4871: 4736: 4340: 4183: 4128: 4008: 3885: 3848: 3634: 3541: 3331: 3080: 2991: 2769: 2750: 1735:

creating an electric current through the planet that heats it up (

28: 13372: 13367: 13320: 12539: 10153:"Oxygen Is Not Definitive Evidence of Life on Extrasolar Planets" 9699:"Spotting Mysterious Twinkles on Earth From a Million Miles Away" 6888: 6275: 5983:"Earth-Size Planets Among Final Tally of NASA's Kepler Telescope" 3430: 3409: 3167: 2917: 2348: 1988: 1755: 1649: 1542: 1188:

When the star is behind a planet, its brightness will seem to dim

1184: 1149: 948: 610:

In the eighteenth century, the same possibility was mentioned by

175: 33: 11761:

Infinite Worlds: An Illustrated Voyage to Planets Beyond Our Sun

11432: 9871:"Forget "Earth-Like"—We'll First Find Aliens on Eyeball Planets" 8983:"Astronomers May Have Found Volcanoes 40 Light-Years From Earth" 4166: 3613: 3523: 1698:

emissions with sensitive low-frequency radio telescopes such as

1602:

compares the colors of planets in the Solar System to exoplanet

1325:(the small, ultradense remnant of a star that has exploded as a 1132: 13742: 13633: 13511: 13342: 12850: 12178: 12002: 11937: 11495:"NASA's Kepler Mission Discovers Bigger, Older Cousin to Earth" 9470: 6739: 6008:"Astronomers may have found the first planet in another galaxy" 5697:"NASA's Kepler Mission Discovers Bigger, Older Cousin to Earth" 4791:"On Certain Anomalies presented by the Binary Star 70 Ophiuchi" 3727:"Working Group on Extrasolar Planets: Definition of a "Planet"" 3677:"IAU 2006 General Assembly: Result of the IAU Resolution votes" 2812: 2560:– Space telescope that found the first transiting rocky planet. 2499: 2298: 2224: 2172: 1759: 1703: 1615: 1487:

There is at least one planet on average per star. About 1 in 5

1449: 1322: 863: 768: 524: 206: 69: 10857:

Loeb, A. (2014). "The habitable epoch of the early Universe".

10043: 8124: 7919:

The Apparent Brightness and Size of Exoplanets and their Stars

2438:

When looking at the nearest terrestrial exoplanet candidates,

1671:-dependent, this is not always the case in the near infrared. 564:

On 11 January 2023, NASA scientists reported the detection of

228:

as we know it, to exist on the surface. However, the study of

220:. There is special interest in planets that orbit in a star's 13680: 13563: 13555: 13347: 11897: 11882: 11174: 10506:

Yang, J.; Boué, G. L.; Fabrycky, D. C.; Abbot, D. S. (2014).

9095: 9011: 8848: 7220:

Johnson, R. E. (2010). "Thermally-Diven Atmospheric Escape".

6944: 6801:. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ. pp. 319–346. 5721:"Discovery alert! Oddball planet could surrender its secrets" 4224:

Exoplanets versus brown dwarfs: the CoRoT view and the future

3776: 2595: 2557: 2100: 2073: 1695: 132: 10922:"Home, sweet exomoon: The new frontier in the search for ET" 7542: 6989: 6987: 6674:"Using the Theory of Relativity and BEER to Find Exoplanets" 5859:. NASA Exoplanet Archive, California Institute of Technology 5744: 13765: 11242:

Heller, R.; Armstrong, J. (2014). "Superhabitable Worlds".

9149: 7843: 7052: 6996:"In Situ and Ex Situ Formation Models of Kepler 11 Planets" 6993: 6829: 6506: 6454:

Sozzetti, A.; Pinamonti, M.; et al. (September 2023).

5956: 5701: 5619: 4547: 4380:"Exoplanet Criteria for Inclusion in the Exoplanet Archive" 3258: 2868: 2680:

For the purpose of this 1 in 5 statistic, "Sun-like" means

2252: 2219: 2159: 1797:

compared to Jupiter's surface magnetic field of 4.3 gauss.

1561: 889:, who were studying what they thought was a binary pulsar ( 225: 159: 13902: 11583: 10945: 9635: 8101:"Unlocking the Secrets of an Alien World's Magnetic Field" 7966:

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters

7409:"Prevalence of Earth-size planets orbiting Sun-like stars" 5547: 5278:"Scientists Uncover Evidence of New Planets Orbiting Star" 5177: 4712:

by Giordano Bruno (1584). Boston, MA: Birkhäuser. p.

4705:

To Infinity and Beyond: A Cultural History of the Infinite

3777:

Lecavelier des Etangs, A.; Lissauer, Jack J. (June 2022).

3062:"Prevalence of Earth-size planets orbiting Sun-like stars" 2975: 1789:

In 2019, the strength of the surface magnetic fields of 4

943:. Technological advances, most notably in high-resolution 850:, using a 1.4 arcsec occulting mask on top of AB Pictoris. 13139:

Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer

10775:"Further away planets 'can support life' say researchers" 9263: 7046: 6984: 5220: 3923: 3424: 2106:

In June 2015, scientists reported that the atmosphere of

1499: 1498:

Most known exoplanets orbit stars roughly similar to the

11571:"Trading spaces: How swapping stars create hot Jupiters" 9582: 9530:

Seager, S.; Deming, D. (2010). "Exoplanet Atmospheres".

8668: 7782: 5110:"A search for substellar companions to solar-type stars" 3992: 3833: 2323:

habitable zone extends much further from the star, even

1630:, which if seen up close would appear reddish in color. 11117: 10296: 8018: 7492:

Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

6697: 5613:

Johnson, Michele; Harrington, J.D. (26 February 2014).

5073: 4737:

Newton, Isaac; I. Bernard Cohen; Anne Whitman (1999) .

4543:"Overlooked Treasure: The First Evidence of Exoplanets" 4328:

Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

2468:, a 1.2-Earth-radius planet in the habitable zone of a 1003:

In January 2020, scientists announced the discovery of

775:. The light from the central star was blanked out by a 298:", no matter how they formed or where they are located. 197:, exoplanets located in other galaxies, may exist. The 11302: 10037: 9729: 8395:"Super-Earths Get Magnetic 'Shield' from Liquid Metal" 7890: 7477: 7160: 6793:

D'Angelo, G.; Durisen, R. H.; Lissauer, J. J. (2011).

6203: 5725:

Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System

5180:"Gamma Cephei – Rotation or planetary companion?" 4872:"A Career of Controversy: The Anomaly of T. J. J. See" 4325: 2494:

is the first discovered near-Earth-size planet in the

2475:

Proxima Centauri b, a planet in the habitable zone of

1155:

Specially designed direct-imaging instruments such as

812:

Campbell, G. A. H. Walker, and Stephenson Yang of the

13867: 10505: 10177: 8729: 7898:"Helium-Shrouded Planets May Be Common in Our Galaxy" 7407:

Petigura, E. A.; Howard, A. W.; Marcy, G. W. (2013).

7380:"Artist's impression of exoplanet orbiting two stars" 6197: 5911:"NASA Kepler Results Usher in a New Era of Astronomy" 3870: 3060:

Petigura, E. A.; Howard, A. W.; Marcy, G. W. (2013).

1610:

droplets, which scatter blue light in its atmosphere.

1331:

The first confirmed discovery of an extrasolar planet

492:

The first evidence of a possible exoplanet, orbiting

9320:"Evidence for a large exomoon orbiting Kepler-1625b" 7725: 4113: 1483:

Artist's impression of exoplanet orbiting two stars.

862:

announced the discovery of two planets orbiting the

554:, combined with a planet detection technique called 530:. The first confirmation of an exoplanet orbiting a 11647:

The Crowded Universe: The Search for Living Planets

10582:"Real-life Sci-Fi World #2: the Hot Eyeball planet" 9394:"Cloudy versus clear atmospheres on two exoplanets" 9318:Teachey, Alex; Kipping, David M. (1 October 2018). 8799: 7962:"Detection of visible light from the darkest world" 7406: 6705:

Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union

5492: 4961:

The Crowded Universe: The Search for Living Planets

3136:"Milky Way may host billions of Earth-size planets" 3129: 3127: 3059: 2366:which thaws the planet again. Planets with a large 603:

theory that Earth and other planets orbit the Sun (

434:with the dividing line at around 5 Jupiter masses. 182:), it is too massive to be a planet and might be a 11414:"Closest 'Alien Earth' May Be 13 Light-Years Away" 11364:"A Review of the Best Habitable Planet Candidates" 7928:, Abel Mendez, updated 30 June 2012, 12:10 pm 7402: 7400: 7272: 5917: 5909:Harrington, J. D.; Johnson, M. (4 November 2013). 5107: 4649:"Cosmic Milestone: NASA Confirms 5,000 Exoplanets" 4406:"Planetesimals To Brown Dwarfs: What is a Planet?" 4272: 3311: 3309: 3307: 2864:"Cosmic Milestone: NASA Confirms 5,000 Exoplanets" 2023:Clear versus cloudy atmospheres on two exoplanets. 1750:form. This may help researchers better understand 1567: 1560:systems are known and one in the quadruple system 885:In the early 1990s, a group of astronomers led by 595:In the sixteenth century, the Italian philosopher 12816:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems 12811:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems 11411: 11362:Gilster, Paul; LePage, Andrew (30 January 2015). 11309:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 10741:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 9523: 9018:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 8592:Route, Matthew; Wolszczan, Alex (1 August 2023). 8192:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 7167:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 6453: 6340:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 5908: 5695:Johnson, Michelle; Chou, Felicia (23 July 2015). 5612: 5309: 5108:Campbell, B.; Walker, G. A. H.; Yang, S. (1988). 4796:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 3621:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 2971: 2969: 2134:would have more complicated insolation patterns. 1606:. The exoplanet's deep blue color is produced by 13963: 12435:List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules 11001:"Astronomers: 'Tilt-a-worlds' could harbor life" 10679: 10119:Ollivier, Marc; Maurel, Marie-Christine (2014). 10114: 10112: 9210: 8073: 8071: 8069: 6083:Mroz, Przemek; et al. (29 September 2020). 4983: 3124: 2753:"Mass–radius relationships for solid exoplanets" 2411:List of nearest terrestrial exoplanet candidates 2400: 1634:are expected to be white or grey in appearance. 1152:) and widely separated from their parent stars. 1109:unbounded by any star, and free floating in the 11355: 11303:Jackson, B.; Barnes, R.; Greenberg, R. (2008). 11241: 11235: 10680:Shapiro, Anna V.; et al. 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(2013). "Exoplanet Habitability". 10224: 10109: 9834: 9690: 8498: 8465: 8246:"Radio Telescopes Could Help Find Exoplanets" 8066: 7960:Kipping, David M.; Spiegel, David S. (2011). 7931: 7776: 6447: 6082: 5688: 5608: 5606: 5152:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 4952: 4534: 3753:"Official Working Definition of an Exoplanet" 2548:of planets by neighboring stars is possible. 2314:Planets in the habitable zones of stars with 2206:As more planets are discovered, the field of 1793:were estimated and ranged between 20 and 120 631:In 1952, more than 40 years before the first 333:)) are "planets" (no matter how they formed). 11709:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 11405: 10799: 10673: 10645: 10233:"Exoplanets – Introduction to Special Issue" 9934: 9899: 9529: 9097:Circumsecondary and Circumplanetary Disks". 7101: 6565: 6027: 5971: 5671:"Kepler telescope bags huge haul of planets" 5148: 4788: 4663: 4567: 4565: 4457: 3779:"The IAU working definition of an exoplanet" 3396: 2855: 2800: 2722: 2720: 2710: 2708: 2294: 2293:is one of the major factors determining the 2290: 1993:In December 2013 a candidate exomoon of the 920:announced the first definitive detection of 572:– and the first exoplanet discovered by the 9576: 9532:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 9417: 8279:NRL, NASA/GSFC, NRAO, Observatoìre de Paris 7726:Evans, T. M.; Pont, F. D. R.; Sing, D. 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He interpreted the spectrum to be of an 11978:Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters 11803: 11601: 11586:"CoRoT: Harvest of the exoplanet program" 11454: 11438: 11338: 11320: 11255: 11218: 11192: 11135: 11068: 11042: 10959: 10888: 10870: 10817: 10715: 10612: 10526: 10415: 10361: 10250: 10191: 10145: 10136: 10068: 9983: 9816:"New-found exoplanet is evaporating away" 9765: 9696: 9649: 9596: 9543: 9480: 9431: 9369: 9335: 9278: 9224: 9163: 9110: 9047: 9029: 9014:"Variability in the super-Earth 55 Cnc e" 8941: 8862: 8825: 8682: 8627: 8609: 8568: 8550: 8432: 8342: 8324: 8221: 8203: 8138: 8083: 8033: 7995: 7977: 7857: 7804: 7743: 7610: 7557: 7503: 7454: 7444: 7426: 7339: 7286: 7233: 7196: 7178: 7121: 7068: 7029: 7011: 6959: 6905: 6839: 6806: 6753: 6724: 6632: 6618: 6579: 6491: 6481: 6430: 6412: 6369: 6351: 6333: 6294: 6217: 6118: 6100: 6039: 5781: 5763: 5639: 5562: 5524: 5475: 5384: 5310:Rodriguez Baquero, Oscar Augusto (2017). 5236: 5205: 5133: 5082:"Interactive Extra-solar Planets Catalog" 5056: 4816: 4562: 4424: 4339: 4286: 4231: 4221: 4182: 4127: 4082: 4064: 4007: 3959: 3950: 3884: 3847: 3794: 3651: 3633: 3585:"A Guide to Lonely Planets in the Galaxy" 3540: 3448: 3330: 3295: 3277: 3227: 3209: 3107: 3097: 3079: 2990: 2941: 2768: 2717: 2705: 2379:If a planet has an eccentric orbit, then 1574:Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters 1475:The Morgan-Keenan spectral classification 13982:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence 12846:List of potentially habitable exoplanets 8980: 6786: 6671: 6141: 5498: 5101: 4697: 4517:"International Astronomical Union | IAU" 4404:Basri, Gibor; Brown, Michael E. 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(ed.). 6474:2023A&A...677L..15S 6228:2011A&A...534A..58P 5810:sites.astro.caltech.edu 5581:10.1126/science.1210923 4193:2011A&A...532A..79S 3943:2009A&A...505..853B 3895:2008A&A...482..315B 3288:2018A&A...615A.177M 3099:10.1073/pnas.1319909110 3047:newscenter.berkeley.edu 2331:the temperature of the 2218:. At cosmic distances, 2132:tilted axis of rotation 1784:Arecibo radio telescope 1417:Formation and evolution 1136:Directly imaged planet 1096:microlensing techniques 998:small planet radius gap 958:", because theories of 410:Exoplanet Data Explorer 261:definition of the term 209:) from Earth and orbit 152:least massive exoplanet 32:Four exoplanets of the 13134:Exoplanet phase curves 12972:Terrestrial candidates 12923:Multiplanetary systems 12887:NASA Exoplanet Archive 12570:Mean-motion resonances 12380:Gravitational collapse 12330:Circumstellar envelope 11893:NASA Exoplanet Archive 11777:Yaqoob, Tahir (2011). 11724:The Exoplanet Handbook 9398:www.spacetelescope.org 9354:10.1126/sciadv.aav1784 8370:(2): 5. Archived from 7924:12 August 2014 at the 7384:www.spacetelescope.org 7006:(1): id. 33 (32 pp.). 6832:Handbook of Exoplanets 6184:NASA Exoplanet Archive 6146:The Exoplanet Handbook 5927:. NASA. Archived from 5886:. NASA. Archived from 5282:Los Angeles Times via 4818:10.1093/mnras/15.9.228 3757:IAU position statement 3731:IAU position statement 3616:"Nomads of the Galaxy" 2841:NASA Exoplanet Archive 2309:Tidally locked planets 2257:planetary-mass objects 2202:Planetary habitability 2164: 2053: 2024: 1941:tilted rotational axis 1710:Earth's magnetic field 1611: 1524:Kepler space telescope 1520:radial-velocity method 1484: 1476: 1377:Ellipsoidal variations 1274: 1208: 1189: 1140: 941:Nobel Prize in Physics 851: 814:University of Victoria 593: 548:radial-velocity method 455: 419:NASA Exoplanet Archive 339: 304: 270:(IAU) only covers the 254: 230:planetary habitability 168:NASA Exoplanet Archive 164:most massive exoplanet 135:-sized" planet in the 78:NASA Exoplanet Archive 57: 41: 38:W. M. Keck Observatory 13992:Concepts in astronomy 13009:Potentially habitable 12914:Exoplanetary systems 12856:Superhabitable planet 12615:F/Yellow-white dwarfs 12500:Sample-return mission 12400:Interplanetary medium 11274:10.1089/ast.2013.1088 11211:10.1089/ast.2012.0851 11061:10.1089/ast.2013.1129 10687:Nature Communications 10319:10.1089/ast.2010.0545 10280:Astrobiology Magazine 9049:10.1093/mnras/stv2239 6568:Astrophysical Journal 5224:Astrophysical Journal 4789:Jacob, W. S. (1855). 4651:. NASA. 21 March 2022 3836:Extreme Solar Systems 3783:New Astronomy Reviews 2934:10.1089/ast.2017.1720 2546:gravitational capture 2162: 2037: 2022: 1597: 1482: 1474: 1272: 1206: 1187: 1146:optothermal stability 1135: 1044:Exoplanet populations 1011:Candidate discoveries 875:remaining rocky cores 834: 740:Confirmed discoveries 684:University of Chicago 668:William Stephen Jacob 618:" that concludes his 590:Giordano Bruno (1584) 583: 445: 312: 280: 218:extraterrestrial life 195:extragalactic planets 47: 36:system imaged by the 31: 13144:Extragalactic planet 13124:Carl Sagan Institute 12405:Interplanetary space 12320:Circumplanetary disk 11993:Planet-hosting stars 9789:University, Leiden. 9758:10.1002/2017GL073248 8827:10.1029/2007GL030598 7486:; Wright, Jason T.; 7198:10.1093/mnras/stu085 4925:Astronomical Journal 3698:Brit, R. R. (2006). 2592:La Silla Observatory 2588:ESO's 3.6m telescope 2544:are more common and 2261:atmospheric pressure 2123:spin-orbit resonance 2015:Exoplanet atmosphere 1584:Color and brightness 1554:circumbinary planets 1552:system, and several 1461:Planet-hosting stars 1365:Relativistic beaming 1157:Gemini Planet Imager 1077:extragalactic planet 918:University of Geneva 856:Aleksander Wolszczan 641:Doppler spectroscopy 570:Earth-like exoplanet 480:History of detection 470:circumbinary planets 117:Doppler spectroscopy 13818:Lists of exoplanets 13589:detected exoplanets 12485:Protoplanetary disk 12465:Planetary migration 12420:Interstellar medium 12199:Circumtriple planet 12194:Circumbinary planet 11814:2014prpl.conf..835V 11655:2009cusl.book.....B 11645:Boss, Alan (2009). 11612:2013Icar..226.1625M 11465:2013ApJ...767L...8K 11331:2008MNRAS.391..237J 11266:2014AsBio..14...50H 11203:2013AsBio..13..225B 11146:2014ApJ...785L...9S 11053:2014AsBio..14..277A 10881:2014IJAsB..13..337L 10828:2011ApJ...735L..27A 10753:2005PPP...219..131A 10700:2023NatCo..14.1893S 10623:2013ApJ...771L..45Y 10537:2014ApJ...787L...2Y 10477:10.1038/nature12163 10469:2013Natur.497..607H 10426:2014ApJ...787L..29K 10354:2013Sci...340..577S 10311:2011AsBio..11..443A 10286:on 2 December 2013. 10202:2013ApJ...767L...8K 10087:10.1038/nature05782 10079:2007Natur.447..183K 9994:2012ApJ...752....7H 9949:2013Icar..226..760D 9914:2015Icar..250..395D 9750:2017GeoRL..44.5197M 9668:10.1038/nature11161 9660:2012Natur.486..502B 9607:2012ApJ...753L..25R 9491:2014prpl.conf..739M 9442:2002ApJ...568..377C 9346:2018SciA....4.1784T 9289:2014ApJ...785..155B 9235:2011ApJ...734..117S 9174:2008Sci...322.1345K 9158:(5906): 1345–1348. 9121:2012AJ....143...72M 9040:2016MNRAS.455.2018D 8987:National Geographic 8952:2014ApJ...781...27C 8873:2007ApJ...670L..45V 8818:2007GeoRL..3419204O 8693:2019NatAs...3.1128C 8620:2023ApJ...952..118R 8561:2019ApJ...872...79R 8443:2013ApJ...765L..25B 8335:2024ApJ...966...55R 8214:2011MNRAS.414.2125N 8149:2014Sci...346..981K 8044:2012ApJ...761...53B 7988:2011MNRAS.417L..88K 7868:2013ApJ...763L..32C 7815:2013ApJ...774...11K 7754:2013ApJ...772L..16E 7621:2015AJ....149...14W 7514:2008PASP..120..531C 7437:2013PNAS..11019273P 7421:(48): 19273–19278. 7350:2014ApJ...783...53M 7297:2010Icar..210..539Z 7244:2010ApJ...716.1573J 7189:2014MNRAS.439.3225L 7132:2014Icar..241..298D 7079:2013ApJ...778...77D 7022:2016ApJ...828...33D 6916:2002ApJ...568.1008C 6850:2018haex.bookE.140D 6817:2010exop.book..319D 6764:2008ApJ...673L..83B 6717:2006dies.conf..165S 6643:2003ApJ...588L.117L 6590:2003ApJ...595..429J 6537:10.1038/nature06143 6529:2007Natur.449..189S 6423:2022AJ....164...93C 6362:2008MNRAS.389..191P 6305:2011ApJ...743..200B 6111:2020ApJ...903L..11M 5931:on 26 February 2014 5774:2017AJ....154..109F 5627:on 26 February 2014 5573:2011Sci...333.1602D 5557:(6049): 1602–1606. 5517:1999Natur.398..659L 5468:2013Natur.504..357. 5421:1995Natur.378..355M 5247:2003ApJ...599.1383H 5198:1992ApJ...396L..91W 5165:1989JBIS...42..335L 5126:1988ApJ...331..902C 5049:1992Natur.355..213L 5002:1991Natur.352..311B 4959:Boss, Alan (2009). 4938:1969AJ.....74..757V 4893:1999JHA....30...25S 4849:1896AJ.....16...17S 4809:1855MNRAS..15..228J 4776:1952Obs....72..199S 4586:1992Natur.355..145W 4478:2003IAUS..211..529B 4435:2006AREPS..34..193B 4350:2011PASP..123..412W 4297:2015ApJ...810L..25H 4138:2011ApJ...727...57S 4075:2018ApJ...853...37S 4018:2014ApJ...794..159B 3980:2003IAUS..211..529B 3858:2008ASPC..398..235M 3805:2022NewAR..9401641L 3644:2012MNRAS.423.1856S 3589:National Geographic 3551:2014ApJ...783...68B 3467:10.1038/nature19106 3459:2016Natur.536..437A 3341:2013ApJ...770..120B 3220:2016ApJ...829L...4K 3090:2013PNAS..11019273P 3074:(48): 19273–19278. 3009:10.1038/nature10684 3001:2012Natur.481..167C 2897:Scientific American 2779:2007ApJ...669.1279S 2647:Lists of exoplanets 2485:confidence interval 2267:at their surfaces. 2241:atmosphere of Earth 2169:OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb 2155:Surface temperature 2143:Surface composition 2052:(artist's concept). 1600:color–color diagram 1508:spectral categories 1504:main-sequence stars 1467:Planet-hosting star 1442:protoplanetary disk 1431:Planetary migration 1402:Circumstellar disks 960:planetary formation 908:On 6 October 1995, 771:, as imaged by the 521:Arecibo Observatory 498:Walter Sydney Adams 310:is now as follows: 242:, often counted as 84:, with 963 systems 13733:New Worlds Mission 12450:Nebular hypothesis 12425:Interstellar space 12410:Interstellar cloud 12390:Internal structure 12325:Circumstellar disc 11684:. Springer-Verlag. 11420:. TechMediaNetwork 9848:The New York Times 9703:The New York Times 9076:www.spacedaily.com 8478:The New York Times 8358:Kean, Sam (2016). 8288:on 30 October 2008 7480:Marcy, Geoffrey W. 7063:(1): 77 (29 pp.). 6262:2010-07-28 at the 5995:on 1 January 2022. 5987:The New York Times 5890:on 5 November 2013 5379:. Annual Reviews. 3733:. 28 February 2003 3513:on 1 January 2022. 3505:The New York Times 3499:(6 January 2015). 2816:. 14 November 2015 2616:of northern Chile. 2538:opposite direction 2446:Earth-size planets 2440:Proxima Centauri b 2394:Upsilon Andromedae 2249:indication of life 2165: 2114:Insolation pattern 2054: 2038:Sunset studies on 2025: 1780:astronomical units 1639:apparent magnitude 1628:Kappa Andromedae b 1612: 1485: 1477: 1427:Nebular hypothesis 1275: 1209: 1190: 1141: 965:Upsilon Andromedae 852: 707:Swarthmore College 696:Forest Ray Moulton 676:Madras Observatory 672:East India Company 655:Discredited claims 580:Early speculations 456: 199:nearest exoplanets 113:Transit photometry 102:potential for life 58: 42: 13865: 13864: 13803:Detection methods 13791: 13790: 13205: 13204: 12781:Astrooceanography 12415:Interstellar dust 12287: 12286: 12163:Ultra-hot Neptune 12158:Ultra-hot Jupiter 12107:Eccentric Jupiter 11957:Planetary science 11887:Paris Observatory 11831:978-0-8165-3124-0 11788:978-0-9741689-2-0 11771:978-0-520-23710-0 11752:978-0-8165-2945-2 11733:978-0-521-76559-6 11716:978-0-691-14254-8 11699:978-1-4419-2872-6 11691:978-0-387-95074-7 11681:Distant Wanderers 11672:978-0-465-02039-3 11664:978-0-465-00936-7 11573:. Universe Today. 11398:978-3-319-17004-6 10588:. 7 October 2014. 10463:(7451): 607–610. 10348:(6132): 577–581. 10063:(7141): 183–186. 9744:(10): 5197–5202. 9711:on 1 January 2022 9644:(7404): 502–504. 9508:978-0-8165-3124-0 8677:(12): 1128–1134. 8486:on 1 January 2022 8133:(6212): 981–984. 7488:Fischer, Debra A. 6867:978-3-319-55332-0 6523:(7159): 189–191. 6161:978-0-521-76559-6 5462:(7480): 357–365. 5415:(6555): 355–359. 5377:Knowable Magazine 5325:978-84-473-9090-8 4996:(6333): 311–313. 4970:978-0-465-00936-7 4748:978-0-520-08816-0 4723:978-1-4612-5396-9 4698:Eli Maor (1987). 4580:(6356): 145–147. 4251:978-2-7598-1876-1 3583:(13 March 2014). 3443:(7617): 437–440. 3141:Los Angeles Times 2985:(7380): 167–169. 2652:Planetary capture 2586:installed on the 2578:– High-precision 2527:orbital resonance 2505:star (July 2015). 2364:greenhouse effect 2177:greenhouse effect 2121:planets in a 1:1 1999:MOA-2011-BLG-262L 1985: 1984: 1920:much larger than 1910: 1909: 1862: 1861: 1752:giant gas planets 1748:metallic hydrogen 1731:and the planet's 1526:, which uses the 1516:spectral category 1270: 1199:used this method. 1117:Detection methods 703:Peter van de Kamp 651:in short orbits. 318:L4/L5 instability 188:less than an hour 82:planetary systems 66:extrasolar planet 21:Exoplanet (album) 13999: 13954: 13953: 13942: 13941: 13940: 13930: 13929: 13928: 13918: 13917: 13916: 13906: 13905: 13894: 13893: 13892: 13882: 13881: 13873: 13853: 13852: 13841: 13840: 13693: 13685: 13677: 13656: 13648: 13638: 13630: 13622: 13601: 13591: 13584: 13576: 13573: 13560: 13552: 13549: 13538: 13524: 13523: 13514: 13508: 13502: 13306:FINDS Exo-Earths 13232: 13225: 13218: 13209: 13208: 13159:Neptunian desert 12545:Tidally detached 12480:Planet formation 12470:Planetary system 12360:Exozodiacal dust 12350:Disrupted planet 12274:Ultra-cool dwarf 12204:Disrupted planet 12189:Chthonian planet 12021: 12020: 12005: 11988:Planetary system 11922: 11915: 11908: 11899: 11898: 11858: 11857: 11843: 11807: 11782: 11765: 11746: 11737: 11710: 11685: 11658: 11632: 11631: 11605: 11596:(2): 1625–1634. 11581: 11575: 11574: 11566: 11560: 11559: 11557: 11555: 11546:. Archived from 11540: 11534: 11533: 11531: 11529: 11513: 11507: 11506: 11504: 11502: 11491: 11485: 11484: 11458: 11436: 11430: 11429: 11427: 11425: 11409: 11403: 11402: 11382: 11376: 11375: 11373: 11371: 11359: 11353: 11352: 11342: 11324: 11300: 11294: 11293: 11259: 11239: 11233: 11232: 11222: 11196: 11172: 11166: 11165: 11139: 11118:Shields, A. L.; 11115: 11109: 11108: 11106: 11104: 11089: 11083: 11082: 11072: 11046: 11022: 11016: 11015: 11013: 11011: 10996: 10990: 10989: 10963: 10943: 10937: 10936: 10934: 10932: 10917: 10911: 10910: 10892: 10874: 10854: 10848: 10847: 10821: 10797: 10791: 10790: 10788: 10786: 10781:. 7 January 2014 10771: 10765: 10764: 10747:(1–2): 131–155. 10736: 10730: 10729: 10719: 10677: 10671: 10670: 10668: 10666: 10649: 10643: 10642: 10616: 10596: 10590: 10589: 10578: 10572: 10571: 10569: 10567: 10562:on 12 April 2016 10561: 10555:. Archived from 10530: 10512: 10503: 10497: 10496: 10452: 10446: 10445: 10419: 10398: 10392: 10391: 10365: 10337: 10331: 10330: 10294: 10288: 10287: 10282:. Archived from 10271: 10265: 10264: 10254: 10228: 10222: 10221: 10195: 10175: 10169: 10168: 10166: 10164: 10149: 10143: 10142: 10140: 10116: 10107: 10106: 10072: 10054: 10041: 10035: 10034: 10032: 10030: 10020: 10014: 10013: 9987: 9967: 9961: 9960: 9932: 9926: 9925: 9897: 9891: 9890: 9888: 9886: 9877:. Archived from 9866: 9860: 9859: 9857: 9855: 9838: 9832: 9831: 9829: 9827: 9812: 9806: 9805: 9803: 9801: 9786: 9780: 9779: 9769: 9727: 9721: 9720: 9718: 9716: 9710: 9705:. Archived from 9694: 9688: 9687: 9653: 9633: 9627: 9626: 9600: 9580: 9574: 9573: 9547: 9527: 9521: 9520: 9484: 9468: 9462: 9461: 9435: 9433:astro-ph/0111544 9415: 9409: 9408: 9406: 9404: 9390: 9384: 9383: 9373: 9339: 9330:(10): eaav1784. 9324:Science Advances 9315: 9309: 9308: 9282: 9261: 9255: 9254: 9228: 9208: 9202: 9201: 9167: 9147: 9141: 9140: 9114: 9093: 9087: 9086: 9084: 9082: 9068: 9062: 9061: 9051: 9033: 9024:(2): 2018–2027. 9009: 9003: 9002: 9000: 8998: 8989:. Archived from 8978: 8972: 8971: 8945: 8925: 8919: 8918: 8916: 8914: 8909:. 7 January 2014 8907:astrobiology.com 8899: 8893: 8892: 8866: 8846: 8840: 8839: 8829: 8797: 8791: 8790: 8773:(3–4): 252–261. 8762: 8756: 8755: 8738:(3–4): 492–502. 8727: 8721: 8720: 8686: 8671:Nature Astronomy 8666: 8660: 8659: 8657: 8655: 8640: 8634: 8633: 8631: 8613: 8589: 8583: 8582: 8572: 8554: 8530: 8524: 8523: 8521: 8519: 8502: 8496: 8495: 8493: 8491: 8485: 8480:. Archived from 8469: 8463: 8462: 8436: 8416: 8410: 8409: 8407: 8405: 8390: 8384: 8383: 8381: 8379: 8374:on 23 March 2018 8355: 8349: 8348: 8346: 8328: 8304: 8298: 8297: 8295: 8293: 8287: 8281:. Archived from 8276: 8268: 8262: 8261: 8259: 8257: 8242: 8236: 8235: 8225: 8207: 8198:(3): 2125–2138. 8183: 8177: 8176: 8142: 8122: 8116: 8115: 8113: 8111: 8096: 8090: 8089: 8087: 8075: 8064: 8063: 8037: 8016: 8010: 8009: 7999: 7981: 7957: 7951: 7950: 7948: 7946: 7935: 7929: 7916: 7910: 7909: 7907: 7905: 7894: 7888: 7887: 7861: 7841: 7835: 7834: 7808: 7790: 7780: 7774: 7773: 7747: 7723: 7717: 7716: 7714: 7712: 7697: 7691: 7690: 7688: 7686: 7680:www.univie.ac.at 7672: 7666: 7665: 7663: 7661: 7655:www.univie.ac.at 7647: 7641: 7640: 7614: 7594: 7588: 7587: 7561: 7559:astro-ph/0509211 7540: 7534: 7533: 7507: 7498:(867): 531–554. 7475: 7469: 7468: 7458: 7448: 7430: 7404: 7395: 7394: 7392: 7390: 7376: 7370: 7369: 7343: 7323: 7317: 7316: 7290: 7270: 7264: 7263: 7237: 7228:(2): 1573–1578. 7217: 7211: 7210: 7200: 7182: 7173:(4): 3225–3238. 7158: 7152: 7151: 7125: 7105: 7099: 7098: 7072: 7050: 7044: 7043: 7033: 7015: 6991: 6982: 6981: 6963: 6942: 6936: 6935: 6909: 6907:astro-ph/0201425 6900:(2): 1008–1016. 6886: 6880: 6879: 6843: 6827: 6821: 6820: 6810: 6790: 6784: 6783: 6757: 6737: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6695: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6669: 6663: 6662: 6636: 6634:astro-ph/0303212 6616: 6610: 6609: 6583: 6581:astro-ph/0305473 6574:(595): 429–445. 6563: 6557: 6556: 6514: 6504: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6485: 6451: 6445: 6444: 6434: 6416: 6390: 6384: 6383: 6373: 6355: 6331: 6325: 6324: 6298: 6273: 6267: 6254: 6248: 6247: 6221: 6201: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6149: 6139: 6133: 6132: 6122: 6104: 6080: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6052: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6031: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6003: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5989:. Archived from 5981:(19 June 2017). 5975: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5947: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5921: 5915: 5914: 5906: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5875: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5853: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5827: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5785: 5767: 5742: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5716: 5707: 5706: 5692: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5643: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5623:. Archived from 5610: 5601: 5600: 5566: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5528: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5479: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5429:10.1038/378355a0 5404: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5388: 5368: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5336: 5330: 5329: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5287:. Archived from 5273: 5267: 5266: 5240: 5238:astro-ph/0305110 5231:(2): 1383–1394. 5218: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5146: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5105: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5077: 5071: 5070: 5060: 5058:10.1038/355213b0 5028: 5022: 5021: 5010:10.1038/352311a0 4981: 4975: 4974: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4919: 4913: 4912: 4876: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4708:. Originally in 4695: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4629:on 28 April 2021 4625:. Archived from 4612: 4606: 4605: 4594:10.1038/355145a0 4569: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4428: 4426:astro-ph/0608417 4410: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4343: 4334:(902): 412–422. 4323: 4317: 4316: 4290: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4235: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4186: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4131: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4086: 4068: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4011: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3888: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3851: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3798: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3673: 3667: 3665: 3655: 3637: 3628:(2): 1856–1865. 3611: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3591:. Archived from 3577: 3571: 3570: 3544: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3507:. Archived from 3493: 3487: 3486: 3452: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3384:on 28 April 2021 3380:. Archived from 3367: 3361: 3360: 3334: 3313: 3302: 3301: 3299: 3281: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3231: 3213: 3195: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3131: 3122: 3121: 3111: 3101: 3083: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3038: 3029: 3028: 2994: 2973: 2964: 2963: 2945: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2772: 2763:(2): 1279–1297. 2748: 2731: 2724: 2715: 2712: 2703: 2700: 2689: 2678: 2516:Planetary system 2510:Planetary system 2496:"habitable zone" 2477:Proxima Centauri 2259:with sufficient 2238: 2237: 2236: 2092:Comet-like tails 1980: 1977: 1971: 1959: 1958: 1951: 1905: 1902: 1896: 1884: 1883: 1876: 1857: 1854: 1848: 1836: 1835: 1828: 1646:geometric albedo 1618:measurements of 1579:General features 1533:Using data from 1271: 1197:Kepler telescope 1171:Indirect methods 1111:Milky Way galaxy 1089:Whirlpool Galaxy 1065: 1053: 1041: 903:Stephen Thorsett 790: 764: 728:in orbit around 680:Thomas J. J. See 635:was discovered, 616:General Scholium 591: 428:Coulomb pressure 426:is dominated by 400: 381: 370: 357: 332: 331: 330: 244:sub-brown dwarfs 211:Proxima Centauri 201:are located 4.2 125:multiple planets 14007: 14006: 14002: 14001: 14000: 13998: 13997: 13996: 13987:Types of planet 13962: 13961: 13960: 13948: 13938: 13936: 13926: 13924: 13914: 13912: 13900: 13890: 13888: 13876: 13868: 13866: 13861: 13829: 13787: 13747: 13696: 13691: 13683: 13675: 13659: 13654: 13646: 13636: 13628: 13620: 13604: 13599: 13587: 13582: 13574: 13566: 13558: 13550: 13544: 13536: 13515: 13509: 13503: 13494: 13259: 13241: 13236: 13206: 13201: 13197:Search projects 13183: 13112: 12901: 12860: 12762: 12734:Radial velocity 12674: 12630:K/Orange dwarfs 12620:G/Yellow dwarfs 12581: 12575:Titius–Bode law 12514: 12445:Molecular cloud 12345:Detached object 12296: 12294: 12283: 12269:Toroidal planet 12259:Sub-brown dwarf 12167: 12093: 12065:(Super-Mercury) 12038:Coreless planet 12014: 12012: 12006: 11997: 11961: 11929: 11926: 11879: 11878: 11877: 11859: 11855: 11850: 11832: 11798:. p. 835. 11793: 11776: 11757: 11740: 11734: 11721: 11704: 11677: 11649:. Basic Books. 11644: 11641: 11639:Further reading 11636: 11635: 11582: 11578: 11567: 11563: 11553: 11551: 11550:on 16 July 2011 11542: 11541: 11537: 11527: 11525: 11514: 11510: 11500: 11498: 11493: 11492: 11488: 11437: 11433: 11423: 11421: 11410: 11406: 11399: 11383: 11379: 11369: 11367: 11360: 11356: 11301: 11297: 11240: 11236: 11173: 11169: 11116: 11112: 11102: 11100: 11090: 11086: 11023: 11019: 11009: 11007: 10997: 10993: 10944: 10940: 10930: 10928: 10918: 10914: 10890:10.1.1.748.4820 10855: 10851: 10798: 10794: 10784: 10782: 10773: 10772: 10768: 10737: 10733: 10678: 10674: 10664: 10662: 10650: 10646: 10597: 10593: 10580: 10579: 10575: 10565: 10563: 10559: 10510: 10504: 10500: 10453: 10449: 10399: 10395: 10363:10.1.1.402.2983 10338: 10334: 10295: 10291: 10272: 10268: 10229: 10225: 10176: 10172: 10162: 10160: 10151: 10150: 10146: 10117: 10110: 10052: 10042: 10038: 10028: 10026: 10022: 10021: 10017: 9968: 9964: 9933: 9929: 9898: 9894: 9884: 9882: 9881:on 23 June 2017 9867: 9863: 9853: 9851: 9839: 9835: 9825: 9823: 9814: 9813: 9809: 9799: 9797: 9787: 9783: 9728: 9724: 9714: 9712: 9695: 9691: 9634: 9630: 9581: 9577: 9528: 9524: 9509: 9475:. p. 739. 9469: 9465: 9416: 9412: 9402: 9400: 9392: 9391: 9387: 9316: 9312: 9262: 9258: 9209: 9205: 9148: 9144: 9094: 9090: 9080: 9078: 9070: 9069: 9065: 9010: 9006: 8996: 8994: 8979: 8975: 8926: 8922: 8912: 8910: 8901: 8900: 8896: 8847: 8843: 8798: 8794: 8763: 8759: 8728: 8724: 8667: 8663: 8653: 8651: 8641: 8637: 8590: 8586: 8531: 8527: 8517: 8515: 8503: 8499: 8489: 8487: 8470: 8466: 8417: 8413: 8403: 8401: 8391: 8387: 8377: 8375: 8356: 8352: 8305: 8301: 8291: 8289: 8285: 8274: 8270: 8269: 8265: 8255: 8253: 8252:. 18 April 2011 8244: 8243: 8239: 8184: 8180: 8123: 8119: 8109: 8107: 8097: 8093: 8076: 8067: 8017: 8013: 7958: 7954: 7944: 7942: 7937: 7936: 7932: 7926:Wayback Machine 7917: 7913: 7903: 7901: 7896: 7895: 7891: 7842: 7838: 7788: 7781: 7777: 7724: 7720: 7710: 7708: 7698: 7694: 7684: 7682: 7674: 7673: 7669: 7659: 7657: 7649: 7648: 7644: 7595: 7591: 7541: 7537: 7484:Vogt, Steven S. 7476: 7472: 7405: 7398: 7388: 7386: 7378: 7377: 7373: 7324: 7320: 7271: 7267: 7218: 7214: 7159: 7155: 7106: 7102: 7051: 7047: 6992: 6985: 6943: 6939: 6887: 6883: 6868: 6828: 6824: 6791: 6787: 6738: 6734: 6696: 6692: 6682: 6680: 6670: 6666: 6617: 6613: 6564: 6560: 6512: 6505: 6501: 6452: 6448: 6391: 6387: 6332: 6328: 6280: 6274: 6270: 6264:Wayback Machine 6255: 6251: 6202: 6198: 6188: 6186: 6174: 6173: 6169: 6162: 6140: 6136: 6081: 6077: 6067: 6065: 6053: 6049: 6032: 6028: 6018: 6016: 6004: 6000: 5979:Overbye, Dennis 5976: 5972: 5962: 5960: 5948: 5944: 5934: 5932: 5923: 5922: 5918: 5907: 5903: 5893: 5891: 5876: 5872: 5862: 5860: 5855: 5854: 5850: 5840: 5838: 5829: 5828: 5824: 5814: 5812: 5804: 5803: 5799: 5743: 5739: 5729: 5727: 5717: 5710: 5693: 5689: 5679: 5677: 5667: 5663: 5653: 5651: 5644: 5640: 5630: 5628: 5611: 5604: 5546: 5542: 5497: 5493: 5477:10.1038/504357a 5448: 5444: 5405: 5401: 5391: 5389: 5369: 5360: 5350: 5348: 5338: 5337: 5333: 5326: 5308: 5304: 5294: 5292: 5284:The Tech Online 5274: 5270: 5219: 5215: 5176: 5172: 5147: 5143: 5106: 5102: 5092: 5090: 5078: 5074: 5029: 5025: 4982: 4978: 4971: 4957: 4953: 4920: 4916: 4874: 4868: 4864: 4830: 4826: 4787: 4783: 4764:The Observatory 4760: 4756: 4749: 4735: 4731: 4724: 4696: 4692: 4682: 4680: 4668: 4664: 4654: 4652: 4647: 4646: 4642: 4632: 4630: 4613: 4609: 4570: 4563: 4553: 4551: 4539: 4535: 4525: 4523: 4515: 4514: 4510: 4500: 4498: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4462: 4458: 4408: 4402: 4398: 4388: 4386: 4378: 4377: 4373: 4324: 4320: 4271: 4267: 4252: 4226:. p. 157. 4220: 4216: 4165: 4161: 4112: 4108: 4045: 4041: 3991: 3987: 3964: 3960: 3922: 3918: 3869: 3865: 3832: 3828: 3775: 3771: 3761: 3759: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3736: 3734: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3710: 3708: 3696: 3692: 3682: 3680: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3612: 3608: 3598: 3596: 3578: 3574: 3522: 3518: 3497:Overbye, Dennis 3494: 3490: 3429: 3425: 3415: 3413: 3401: 3397: 3387: 3385: 3368: 3364: 3314: 3305: 3257: 3253: 3193: 3187: 3183: 3173: 3171: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3146: 3144: 3132: 3125: 3058: 3054: 3039: 3032: 2974: 2967: 2916: 2912: 2902: 2900: 2888: 2884: 2874: 2872: 2860: 2856: 2846: 2844: 2834: 2833: 2829: 2819: 2817: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2791: 2789: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2734: 2725: 2718: 2713: 2706: 2701: 2692: 2679: 2670: 2665: 2633: 2582:planet-finding 2554: 2552:Search projects 2518: 2512: 2454: 2448: 2413: 2403: 2377: 2355: 2345: 2337:habitable moons 2316:low metallicity 2279: 2273: 2243:is a result of 2235: 2232: 2231: 2230: 2228: 2212:life on planets 2204: 2190: 2157: 2145: 2140: 2128:eccentric orbit 2116: 2094: 2078:reflected light 2062:directly imaged 2017: 2011: 1991: 1981: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1960: 1956: 1949: 1906: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1885: 1881: 1874: 1858: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1837: 1833: 1826: 1807:plate tectonics 1803: 1801:Plate tectonics 1764:magnetic fields 1720: 1716: 1681: 1592: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1570: 1469: 1463: 1444:, they accrete 1433: 1419: 1261: 1173: 1138:Beta Pictoris b 1130: 1125: 1119: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1046: 1045: 1042: 1033: 1032: 1013: 979:Space Telescope 809: 808: 807: 806: 805: 802:sub-brown dwarf 791: 782: 781: 780: 765: 754: 748: 742: 657: 592: 589: 582: 540:imaged directly 482: 462: 440: 415:sin i ambiguity 407: 404: 398: 388: 385: 379: 377: 374: 368: 365: 362: 355: 344: 328: 326: 325: 323: 257: 252: 107:There are many 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 14005: 13995: 13994: 13989: 13984: 13979: 13974: 13972:Exoplanetology 13959: 13958: 13946: 13934: 13922: 13910: 13898: 13886: 13863: 13862: 13860: 13859: 13847: 13834: 13831: 13830: 13828: 13827: 13826: 13825: 13815: 13810: 13805: 13799: 13797: 13793: 13792: 13789: 13788: 13786: 13785: 13780: 13775: 13768: 13763: 13755: 13753: 13749: 13748: 13746: 13745: 13740: 13735: 13730: 13725: 13720: 13715: 13710: 13704: 13702: 13698: 13697: 13695: 13694: 13686: 13678: 13667: 13665: 13661: 13660: 13658: 13657: 13655:(2021–present) 13649: 13647:(2021–present) 13639: 13637:(2019–present) 13631: 13629:(2018–present) 13623: 13621:(2013–present) 13612: 13610: 13606: 13605: 13603: 13602: 13594: 13593: 13592: 13577: 13561: 13553: 13539: 13530: 13528: 13521: 13520:Space missions 13517: 13516: 13497: 13495: 13493: 13492: 13487: 13482: 13477: 13472: 13467: 13462: 13457: 13452: 13447: 13442: 13437: 13432: 13427: 13422: 13417: 13412: 13407: 13402: 13397: 13396: 13395: 13385: 13380: 13375: 13370: 13365: 13360: 13355: 13350: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13324: 13323: 13318: 13308: 13303: 13298: 13293: 13288: 13283: 13278: 13273: 13267: 13265: 13261: 13260: 13258: 13257: 13252: 13250:Exoplanetology 13246: 13243: 13242: 13235: 13234: 13227: 13220: 13212: 13203: 13202: 13200: 13199: 13194: 13188: 13185: 13184: 13182: 13181: 13176: 13171: 13166: 13161: 13156: 13151: 13146: 13141: 13136: 13131: 13126: 13120: 13118: 13114: 13113: 13111: 13110: 13109: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13073: 13068: 13063: 13058: 13053: 13048: 13043: 13038: 13033: 13028: 13019: 13018: 13017: 13016: 13011: 13006: 13001: 13000: 12999: 12994: 12989: 12984: 12974: 12969: 12964: 12959: 12954: 12949: 12944: 12933: 12932: 12931: 12930: 12925: 12920: 12911: 12909: 12903: 12902: 12900: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12879: 12874: 12868: 12866: 12862: 12861: 12859: 12858: 12853: 12848: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12828: 12823: 12818: 12813: 12808: 12803: 12798: 12793: 12788: 12783: 12778: 12772: 12770: 12764: 12763: 12761: 12760: 12755: 12754: 12753: 12746:Transit method 12743: 12742: 12741: 12731: 12730: 12729: 12719: 12714: 12713: 12712: 12702: 12701: 12700: 12693:Direct imaging 12690: 12684: 12682: 12676: 12675: 12673: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12591: 12589: 12583: 12582: 12580: 12579: 12578: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12554: 12549: 12548: 12547: 12537: 12536: 12535: 12524: 12522: 12516: 12515: 12513: 12512: 12510:Star formation 12507: 12505:Scattered disc 12502: 12497: 12492: 12487: 12482: 12477: 12472: 12467: 12462: 12457: 12452: 12447: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12422: 12417: 12412: 12407: 12402: 12397: 12392: 12387: 12382: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12362: 12357: 12355:Excretion disk 12352: 12347: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12327: 12322: 12317: 12312: 12310:Accretion disk 12307: 12301: 12299: 12289: 12288: 12285: 12284: 12282: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12221: 12219:Eyeball planet 12216: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12175: 12173: 12169: 12168: 12166: 12165: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12145: 12140: 12135: 12130: 12125: 12120: 12115: 12109: 12103: 12101: 12095: 12094: 12092: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12076: 12071: 12066: 12060: 12055: 12050: 12045: 12040: 12035: 12029: 12027: 12018: 12008: 12007: 12000: 11998: 11996: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11969: 11967: 11963: 11962: 11960: 11959: 11954: 11953: 11952: 11951: 11950: 11934: 11931: 11930: 11925: 11924: 11917: 11910: 11902: 11896: 11895: 11890: 11860: 11853: 11852: 11851: 11849: 11848:External links 11846: 11845: 11844: 11830: 11791: 11774: 11755: 11738: 11732: 11719: 11702: 11675: 11640: 11637: 11634: 11633: 11576: 11561: 11535: 11508: 11497:. 23 July 2015 11486: 11431: 11404: 11397: 11377: 11354: 11315:(1): 237–245. 11295: 11234: 11187:(3): 225–250. 11167: 11110: 11084: 11037:(4): 277–291. 11017: 10991: 10938: 10912: 10865:(4): 337–339. 10849: 10792: 10766: 10731: 10694:(1893): 1893. 10672: 10644: 10591: 10573: 10498: 10447: 10393: 10332: 10305:(5): 443–460. 10289: 10266: 10223: 10170: 10144: 10108: 10036: 10015: 9962: 9943:(1): 760–776. 9927: 9892: 9861: 9833: 9807: 9781: 9722: 9689: 9628: 9575: 9522: 9507: 9463: 9450:10.1086/338770 9426:(1): 377–384. 9410: 9385: 9310: 9256: 9203: 9142: 9088: 9063: 9004: 8973: 8920: 8894: 8881:10.1086/524012 8857:(1): L45–L48. 8841: 8812:(19): L19204. 8792: 8757: 8722: 8661: 8635: 8584: 8525: 8497: 8464: 8411: 8385: 8350: 8299: 8263: 8237: 8178: 8117: 8091: 8065: 8011: 7972:(1): L88–L92. 7952: 7930: 7911: 7889: 7836: 7775: 7718: 7692: 7667: 7651:"Science work" 7642: 7589: 7552:(3): L15–L18. 7535: 7522:10.1086/588487 7470: 7396: 7371: 7318: 7281:(2): 539–544. 7265: 7212: 7153: 7100: 7045: 6983: 6937: 6924:10.1086/339061 6881: 6866: 6822: 6785: 6772:10.1086/527320 6732: 6690: 6678:Universe Today 6664: 6651:10.1086/375551 6611: 6598:10.1086/377165 6558: 6499: 6446: 6385: 6346:(1): 191–198. 6326: 6278: 6268: 6249: 6196: 6167: 6160: 6134: 6075: 6062:Universe Today 6047: 6026: 5998: 5970: 5942: 5916: 5901: 5870: 5848: 5822: 5797: 5737: 5708: 5687: 5661: 5638: 5602: 5540: 5491: 5442: 5399: 5358: 5331: 5324: 5302: 5291:on 17 May 2013 5268: 5255:10.1086/379281 5213: 5207:10.1086/186524 5192:(2): L91–L94. 5170: 5141: 5135:10.1086/166608 5100: 5080:Schneider, J. 5072: 5023: 4976: 4969: 4951: 4946:10.1086/110852 4914: 4862: 4857:10.1086/102368 4824: 4803:(9): 228–230. 4781: 4754: 4747: 4729: 4722: 4690: 4662: 4640: 4607: 4561: 4533: 4508: 4483: 4456: 4396: 4371: 4358:10.1086/659427 4318: 4265: 4250: 4214: 4159: 4106: 4039: 3985: 3958: 3937:(2): 853–858. 3916: 3879:(1): 315–332. 3863: 3826: 3769: 3744: 3718: 3690: 3668: 3606: 3595:on 18 May 2021 3572: 3516: 3488: 3423: 3395: 3362: 3303: 3251: 3181: 3154: 3123: 3052: 3030: 2965: 2928:(5): 642–654. 2910: 2882: 2854: 2827: 2799: 2787:10.1086/521346 2742: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2732: 2716: 2704: 2690: 2667: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2660: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2632: 2629: 2628: 2627: 2617: 2614:Atacama Desert 2599: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2553: 2550: 2514:Main article: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2506: 2488: 2480: 2473: 2463: 2447: 2444: 2402: 2399: 2376: 2373: 2353:Snowball Earth 2344: 2341: 2284:desert planets 2277:Habitable zone 2275:Main article: 2272: 2271:Habitable zone 2269: 2245:photosynthesis 2233: 2208:exoplanetology 2189: 2186: 2156: 2153: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2119:Tidally locked 2115: 2112: 2097:KIC 12557548 b 2093: 2090: 2013:Main article: 2010: 2007: 2005:was reported. 1987:Main article: 1983: 1982: 1963: 1961: 1954: 1948: 1945: 1933:Galilean moons 1922:Saturn's rings 1908: 1907: 1888: 1886: 1879: 1873: 1870: 1860: 1859: 1840: 1838: 1831: 1825: 1822: 1802: 1799: 1771:stellar flares 1746:into a liquid 1718: 1714: 1680: 1679:Magnetic field 1677: 1632:Helium planets 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1572:Main article: 1569: 1566: 1528:transit method 1493:habitable zone 1489:Sun-like stars 1465:Main article: 1462: 1459: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1405: 1404: 1398: 1397: 1392: 1391: 1385: 1384: 1380: 1379: 1373: 1372: 1368: 1367: 1361: 1360: 1355: 1354: 1348: 1347: 1342: 1341: 1335: 1334: 1318: 1317: 1311: 1310: 1305: 1304: 1298: 1297: 1288: 1287: 1281: 1280: 1259: 1258: 1252: 1251: 1238: 1237: 1230: 1229: 1226:Doppler effect 1222:spectral lines 1216: 1215: 1201: 1200: 1180: 1179: 1177:Transit method 1172: 1169: 1129: 1128:Direct imaging 1126: 1121:Main article: 1118: 1115: 1087:(XRS), in the 1067: 1060: 1059: 1055: 1048: 1047: 1043: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1012: 1009: 895:Doppler shifts 891:PSR B1620−26 b 792: 785: 784: 783: 773:Hale Telescope 766: 759: 758: 757: 756: 755: 744:Main article: 741: 738: 711:Barnard's Star 656: 653: 649:super-Jupiters 645:transit method 597:Giordano Bruno 587: 581: 578: 544:transit method 481: 478: 458:Main article: 439: 436: 405: 402: 386: 383: 375: 372: 363: 360: 343: 340: 338: 337: 334: 321: 303: 302: 299: 292: 256: 253: 251: 248: 222:habitable zone 166:listed on the 147:are included. 137:habitable zone 129:Sun-like stars 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14004: 13993: 13990: 13988: 13985: 13983: 13980: 13978: 13975: 13973: 13970: 13969: 13967: 13957: 13952: 13947: 13945: 13935: 13933: 13923: 13921: 13911: 13909: 13904: 13899: 13897: 13887: 13885: 13880: 13875: 13874: 13871: 13858: 13857: 13848: 13846: 13845: 13836: 13835: 13832: 13824: 13821: 13820: 13819: 13816: 13814: 13811: 13809: 13806: 13804: 13801: 13800: 13798: 13794: 13784: 13781: 13779: 13776: 13774: 13773: 13769: 13767: 13764: 13762: 13761: 13757: 13756: 13754: 13750: 13744: 13741: 13739: 13736: 13734: 13731: 13729: 13726: 13724: 13721: 13719: 13716: 13714: 13711: 13709: 13706: 13705: 13703: 13699: 13690: 13687: 13682: 13679: 13674: 13673: 13669: 13668: 13666: 13662: 13653: 13650: 13645: 13644: 13640: 13635: 13632: 13627: 13624: 13619: 13618: 13614: 13613: 13611: 13607: 13598: 13595: 13590: 13586: 13585: 13581: 13578: 13572: 13571: 13565: 13562: 13557: 13554: 13548: 13543: 13540: 13535: 13532: 13531: 13529: 13525: 13522: 13518: 13513: 13507: 13501: 13491: 13490:ZIMPOL/CHEOPS 13488: 13486: 13483: 13481: 13478: 13476: 13473: 13471: 13468: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13451: 13448: 13446: 13443: 13441: 13438: 13436: 13433: 13431: 13428: 13426: 13423: 13421: 13418: 13416: 13413: 13411: 13408: 13406: 13403: 13401: 13398: 13394: 13391: 13390: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13381: 13379: 13376: 13374: 13371: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13361: 13359: 13356: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13313: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13268: 13266: 13262: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13248: 13247: 13244: 13240: 13233: 13228: 13226: 13221: 13219: 13214: 13213: 13210: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13190: 13189: 13186: 13180: 13177: 13175: 13172: 13170: 13167: 13165: 13162: 13160: 13157: 13155: 13152: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13142: 13140: 13137: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13122: 13121: 13119: 13115: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13059: 13057: 13054: 13052: 13049: 13047: 13044: 13042: 13039: 13037: 13034: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13024: 13023: 13021: 13020: 13015: 13012: 13010: 13007: 13005: 13002: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12979: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12939: 12938: 12935: 12934: 12929: 12926: 12924: 12921: 12919: 12916: 12915: 12913: 12912: 12910: 12908: 12904: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12869: 12867: 12863: 12857: 12854: 12852: 12849: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12799: 12797: 12794: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12773: 12771: 12769: 12765: 12759: 12756: 12752: 12749: 12748: 12747: 12744: 12740: 12737: 12736: 12735: 12732: 12728: 12725: 12724: 12723: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12711: 12708: 12707: 12706: 12703: 12699: 12696: 12695: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12685: 12683: 12681: 12677: 12671: 12670:Yellow giants 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12592: 12590: 12588: 12584: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12557: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12546: 12543: 12542: 12541: 12538: 12534: 12531: 12530: 12529: 12526: 12525: 12523: 12521: 12517: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12481: 12478: 12476: 12473: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12440:Merging stars 12438: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12406: 12403: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12315:Asteroid belt 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12302: 12300: 12298: 12290: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12254:Pulsar planet 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12209:Double planet 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12176: 12174: 12170: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12148:Super-Neptune 12146: 12144: 12143:Super-Jupiter 12141: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12118:Helium planet 12116: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12104: 12102: 12100: 12096: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12053:Hycean planet 12051: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12043:Desert planet 12041: 12039: 12036: 12034: 12033:Carbon planet 12031: 12030: 12028: 12026: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12009: 12004: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11970: 11968: 11964: 11958: 11955: 11949: 11946: 11945: 11944: 11941: 11940: 11939: 11936: 11935: 11932: 11923: 11918: 11916: 11911: 11909: 11904: 11903: 11900: 11894: 11891: 11888: 11884: 11881: 11880: 11875: 11874: 11873: 11867: 11863: 11841: 11837: 11833: 11827: 11823: 11819: 11815: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11797: 11792: 11789: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11772: 11768: 11763: 11762: 11756: 11753: 11749: 11744: 11739: 11735: 11729: 11725: 11720: 11717: 11713: 11708: 11703: 11700: 11696: 11692: 11688: 11683: 11682: 11676: 11673: 11669: 11665: 11661: 11656: 11652: 11648: 11643: 11642: 11629: 11625: 11621: 11617: 11613: 11609: 11604: 11599: 11595: 11591: 11587: 11580: 11572: 11565: 11549: 11545: 11539: 11523: 11519: 11512: 11496: 11490: 11482: 11478: 11474: 11470: 11466: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11448: 11444: 11443: 11435: 11419: 11415: 11408: 11400: 11394: 11390: 11389: 11381: 11365: 11358: 11350: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11332: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11314: 11310: 11306: 11299: 11291: 11287: 11283: 11279: 11275: 11271: 11267: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11249: 11245: 11238: 11230: 11226: 11221: 11216: 11212: 11208: 11204: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11186: 11182: 11178: 11171: 11163: 11159: 11155: 11151: 11147: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11129: 11125: 11121: 11114: 11099: 11095: 11088: 11080: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11062: 11058: 11054: 11050: 11045: 11040: 11036: 11032: 11028: 11021: 11006: 11002: 10995: 10987: 10983: 10979: 10975: 10971: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10953: 10949: 10942: 10927: 10926:New Scientist 10923: 10916: 10908: 10904: 10900: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10882: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10864: 10860: 10853: 10845: 10841: 10837: 10833: 10829: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10811: 10807: 10803: 10796: 10780: 10776: 10770: 10762: 10758: 10754: 10750: 10746: 10742: 10735: 10727: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10709: 10705: 10701: 10697: 10693: 10689: 10688: 10683: 10676: 10661: 10660: 10655: 10648: 10640: 10636: 10632: 10628: 10624: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10606: 10602: 10595: 10587: 10583: 10577: 10558: 10554: 10550: 10546: 10542: 10538: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10520: 10516: 10509: 10502: 10494: 10490: 10486: 10482: 10478: 10474: 10470: 10466: 10462: 10458: 10451: 10443: 10439: 10435: 10431: 10427: 10423: 10418: 10413: 10409: 10405: 10397: 10389: 10385: 10381: 10377: 10373: 10369: 10364: 10359: 10355: 10351: 10347: 10343: 10336: 10328: 10324: 10320: 10316: 10312: 10308: 10304: 10300: 10293: 10285: 10281: 10277: 10270: 10262: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10245:(6132): 565. 10244: 10240: 10239: 10234: 10227: 10219: 10215: 10211: 10207: 10203: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10185: 10181: 10174: 10158: 10154: 10148: 10139: 10134: 10130: 10126: 10122: 10115: 10113: 10104: 10100: 10096: 10092: 10088: 10084: 10080: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10062: 10058: 10051: 10047: 10040: 10025: 10019: 10011: 10007: 10003: 9999: 9995: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9977: 9973: 9966: 9958: 9954: 9950: 9946: 9942: 9938: 9931: 9923: 9919: 9915: 9911: 9907: 9903: 9896: 9880: 9876: 9872: 9865: 9850: 9849: 9844: 9837: 9822:. 18 May 2012 9821: 9817: 9811: 9796: 9792: 9785: 9777: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9759: 9755: 9751: 9747: 9743: 9739: 9738: 9733: 9726: 9709: 9704: 9700: 9693: 9685: 9681: 9677: 9673: 9669: 9665: 9661: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9643: 9639: 9632: 9624: 9620: 9616: 9612: 9608: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9590: 9586: 9579: 9571: 9567: 9563: 9559: 9555: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9537: 9533: 9526: 9518: 9514: 9510: 9504: 9500: 9496: 9492: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9474: 9467: 9459: 9455: 9451: 9447: 9443: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9425: 9421: 9414: 9399: 9395: 9389: 9381: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9363: 9359: 9355: 9351: 9347: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9329: 9325: 9321: 9314: 9306: 9302: 9298: 9294: 9290: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9272: 9268: 9260: 9252: 9248: 9244: 9240: 9236: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9218: 9214: 9207: 9199: 9195: 9191: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9157: 9153: 9146: 9138: 9134: 9130: 9126: 9122: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9104: 9100: 9092: 9077: 9073: 9067: 9059: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9041: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9023: 9019: 9015: 9008: 8993:on 9 May 2015 8992: 8988: 8984: 8977: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8935: 8931: 8924: 8908: 8904: 8898: 8890: 8886: 8882: 8878: 8874: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8856: 8852: 8845: 8837: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8819: 8815: 8811: 8807: 8803: 8796: 8788: 8784: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8761: 8753: 8749: 8745: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8726: 8718: 8714: 8710: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8694: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8665: 8650: 8646: 8639: 8630: 8625: 8621: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8603: 8599: 8595: 8588: 8580: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8529: 8514: 8513: 8512:Science Daily 8508: 8501: 8484: 8479: 8475: 8468: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8415: 8400: 8396: 8389: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8364:Distillations 8361: 8354: 8345: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8318: 8314: 8310: 8303: 8284: 8280: 8273: 8267: 8251: 8247: 8241: 8233: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8182: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8150: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8121: 8106: 8102: 8095: 8086: 8081: 8074: 8072: 8070: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8015: 8007: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7956: 7940: 7934: 7927: 7923: 7920: 7915: 7899: 7893: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7840: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7787: 7779: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7722: 7707: 7703: 7696: 7681: 7677: 7671: 7656: 7652: 7646: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7593: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7539: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7474: 7466: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7415: 7410: 7403: 7401: 7385: 7381: 7375: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7322: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7269: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7216: 7208: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7157: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7104: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7057: 7049: 7041: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6990: 6988: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6941: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6890:Calvet, Nuria 6885: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6833: 6826: 6818: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6789: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6736: 6727: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6694: 6679: 6675: 6668: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6615: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6562: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6511: 6503: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6462: 6457: 6450: 6442: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6401: 6396: 6389: 6381: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6330: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6272: 6265: 6261: 6258: 6253: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6200: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6171: 6163: 6157: 6153: 6148: 6147: 6138: 6130: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6079: 6064: 6063: 6058: 6051: 6042: 6037: 6030: 6015: 6014: 6013:New Scientist 6009: 6002: 5993: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5974: 5959: 5958: 5953: 5946: 5930: 5926: 5920: 5912: 5905: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5874: 5858: 5852: 5836: 5832: 5826: 5811: 5807: 5801: 5793: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5741: 5726: 5722: 5715: 5713: 5704: 5703: 5698: 5691: 5676: 5672: 5665: 5649: 5642: 5626: 5622: 5621: 5616: 5609: 5607: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5544: 5536: 5532: 5527: 5526:10.1038/19409 5522: 5518: 5514: 5511:(6729): 659. 5510: 5506: 5502: 5495: 5487: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5446: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5403: 5387: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5347: 5346: 5341: 5335: 5327: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5306: 5290: 5286: 5285: 5279: 5272: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5225: 5217: 5208: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5186: 5181: 5174: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5153: 5145: 5136: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5104: 5089: 5088: 5083: 5076: 5068: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5043:(6357): 213. 5042: 5038: 5034: 5027: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4980: 4972: 4966: 4962: 4955: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4926: 4918: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4887:(98): 25–50. 4886: 4882: 4881: 4873: 4866: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4833:See, T. J. J. 4828: 4819: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4797: 4792: 4785: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4758: 4750: 4744: 4740: 4733: 4725: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4706: 4701: 4694: 4679: 4678: 4673: 4666: 4650: 4644: 4628: 4624: 4623: 4618: 4611: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4568: 4566: 4550: 4549: 4544: 4537: 4522: 4518: 4512: 4497: 4493: 4487: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4460: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4407: 4400: 4385: 4381: 4375: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4322: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4269: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4218: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4171: 4163: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4110: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4043: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3989: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3962: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3920: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3867: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3830: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3773: 3758: 3754: 3748: 3732: 3728: 3722: 3707: 3706: 3701: 3694: 3678: 3672: 3663: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3622: 3617: 3610: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3576: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3529: 3520: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3492: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3427: 3412: 3411: 3406: 3399: 3383: 3379: 3378: 3373: 3366: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3298: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3255: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3192: 3185: 3170: 3169: 3164: 3158: 3143: 3142: 3137: 3130: 3128: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3068: 3063: 3056: 3048: 3044: 3037: 3035: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2972: 2970: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2922: 2914: 2899: 2898: 2893: 2886: 2871: 2870: 2865: 2858: 2843: 2842: 2837: 2831: 2815: 2814: 2809: 2803: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2747: 2743: 2729: 2723: 2721: 2711: 2709: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2687: 2683: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2668: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2634: 2625: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2611: 2610:Cerro Paranal 2607: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2555: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2542:perturbations 2539: 2535: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2517: 2504: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2486: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2471: 2467: 2464: 2462:are included. 2461: 2456: 2455: 2453: 2443: 2441: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2412: 2408: 2398: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2382: 2381:tidal heating 2375:Tidal heating 2372: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2354: 2350: 2340: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2325:rogue planets 2320: 2317: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2291:rotation rate 2287: 2285: 2278: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2185: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2161: 2152: 2150: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2120: 2111: 2109: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2068: 2063: 2059: 2051: 2047: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2030: 2021: 2016: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1997:or red dwarf 1996: 1990: 1979: 1967: 1962: 1953: 1952: 1944: 1942: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1904: 1892: 1887: 1878: 1877: 1869: 1867: 1856: 1844: 1839: 1830: 1829: 1821: 1819: 1818:ocean planets 1814: 1812: 1808: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1737:Joule heating 1734: 1733:magnetosphere 1730: 1726: 1722: 1711: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1694: 1689: 1686: 1676: 1672: 1670: 1665: 1663: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1575: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1481: 1473: 1468: 1458: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1411: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1382: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1370: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1319: 1316: 1315:Pulsar timing 1313: 1312: 1307: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1277: 1276: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1239: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1205: 1198: 1194: 1186: 1182: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1139: 1134: 1124: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1105: 1101: 1098:reported the 1097: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1064: 1052: 1040: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1019: 1008: 1006: 1001: 999: 993: 991: 986: 984: 980: 978: 972: 970: 966: 961: 957: 952: 950: 949:gravitational 946: 942: 938: 934: 931: 928:star, nearby 927: 926:main-sequence 923: 919: 915: 914:Didier Queloz 911: 906: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 887:Donald Backer 883: 880: 876: 872: 868: 865: 861: 857: 849: 845: 841: 837: 836:Coronagraphic 833: 829: 827: 823: 819: 815: 803: 799: 795: 794:2MASS J044144 789: 778: 774: 770: 763: 753: 747: 737: 735: 734:pulsar timing 731: 727: 726:pulsar planet 723: 719: 714: 712: 708: 704: 699: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 662: 652: 650: 647:could detect 646: 642: 638: 634: 629: 627: 623: 622: 617: 613: 608: 606: 605:heliocentrism 602: 598: 586: 577: 575: 571: 567: 562: 559: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 532:main-sequence 529: 526: 522: 518: 513: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 490: 488: 477: 475: 471: 467: 461: 453: 449: 444: 435: 433: 429: 425: 420: 416: 411: 396: 390: 366: 353: 349: 335: 319: 314: 313: 311: 309: 300: 297: 293: 290: 286: 283:Objects with 282: 281: 279: 277: 273: 269: 265: 264: 259:The official 247: 245: 241: 237: 236:Rogue planets 233: 231: 227: 223: 219: 214: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 191: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 148: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 121:tidal locking 118: 114: 110: 105: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 55: 51: 46: 39: 35: 30: 26: 22: 13944:Solar System 13855: 13842: 13770: 13758: 13670: 13641: 13615: 13568: 13485:XO Telescope 13435:Project 1640 13264:Ground-based 13254: 13014:Proper names 12791:Earth analog 12776:Astrobiology 12768:Habitability 12705:Microlensing 12665:White dwarfs 12635:M/Red dwarfs 12625:Herbig Ae/Be 12610:Brown dwarfs 12552:Rogue planet 12533:Interstellar 12475:Planetesimal 12244:Planetesimal 12224:Giant planet 12214:Ecumenopolis 12112:Mini-Neptune 12048:Dwarf planet 11972: 11870: 11869: 11868:profile for 11865: 11795: 11790:(Paperback). 11778: 11760: 11742: 11723: 11718:(Hardcover). 11706: 11701:(Paperback). 11693:(Hardback); 11680: 11674:(Paperback). 11666:(Hardback); 11646: 11593: 11589: 11579: 11564: 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Retrieved 10156: 10147: 10128: 10124: 10060: 10056: 10046:Allen, L. E. 10039: 10027:. Retrieved 10018: 9975: 9971: 9965: 9940: 9936: 9930: 9905: 9901: 9895: 9883:. Retrieved 9879:the original 9874: 9864: 9852:. Retrieved 9846: 9836: 9824:. Retrieved 9819: 9810: 9798:. Retrieved 9794: 9784: 9741: 9735: 9725: 9713:. Retrieved 9708:the original 9702: 9692: 9641: 9637: 9631: 9588: 9584: 9578: 9535: 9531: 9525: 9472: 9466: 9423: 9419: 9413: 9401:. Retrieved 9397: 9388: 9327: 9323: 9313: 9270: 9266: 9259: 9216: 9212: 9206: 9155: 9151: 9145: 9102: 9098: 9091: 9079:. Retrieved 9075: 9066: 9021: 9017: 9007: 8995:. Retrieved 8991:the original 8986: 8976: 8933: 8929: 8923: 8911:. Retrieved 8906: 8897: 8854: 8850: 8844: 8809: 8805: 8795: 8770: 8766: 8760: 8735: 8731: 8725: 8674: 8670: 8664: 8652:. Retrieved 8648: 8638: 8601: 8597: 8587: 8542: 8538: 8528: 8516:. Retrieved 8510: 8500: 8488:. Retrieved 8483:the original 8477: 8467: 8424: 8420: 8414: 8402:. Retrieved 8398: 8388: 8376:. 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Retrieved 5085: 5075: 5040: 5036: 5026: 4993: 4989: 4984:Bailes, M.; 4979: 4960: 4954: 4929: 4923: 4917: 4884: 4878: 4865: 4840: 4836: 4827: 4800: 4794: 4784: 4767: 4763: 4757: 4738: 4732: 4709: 4704: 4693: 4681:. Retrieved 4675: 4665: 4653:. Retrieved 4643: 4631:. Retrieved 4627:the original 4620: 4610: 4577: 4573: 4552:. Retrieved 4546: 4536: 4524:. Retrieved 4520: 4511: 4499:. Retrieved 4495: 4486: 4469: 4466:Brown Dwarfs 4465: 4459: 4416: 4412: 4399: 4387:. Retrieved 4383: 4374: 4331: 4327: 4321: 4278: 4274: 4268: 4223: 4217: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4119: 4115: 4109: 4056: 4052: 4042: 3999: 3995: 3988: 3971: 3968:Brown Dwarfs 3967: 3961: 3934: 3930: 3919: 3876: 3872: 3866: 3839: 3835: 3829: 3786: 3782: 3772: 3760:. Retrieved 3756: 3747: 3735:. Retrieved 3730: 3721: 3709:. Retrieved 3703: 3693: 3681:. Retrieved 3671: 3625: 3619: 3609: 3597:. Retrieved 3593:the original 3588: 3581:Drake, Nadia 3575: 3532: 3526: 3519: 3510:the original 3504: 3491: 3440: 3436: 3426: 3414:. Retrieved 3408: 3398: 3386:. Retrieved 3382:the original 3375: 3365: 3322: 3318: 3269: 3265: 3254: 3238:10150/621980 3201: 3197: 3184: 3172:. Retrieved 3166: 3157: 3145:. Retrieved 3139: 3071: 3065: 3055: 3046: 2982: 2978: 2943:10261/213115 2925: 2921:Astrobiology 2919: 2913: 2901:. Retrieved 2895: 2885: 2873:. Retrieved 2867: 2857: 2847:19 September 2845:. Retrieved 2839: 2830: 2818:. Retrieved 2811: 2802: 2790:. Retrieved 2760: 2756: 2746: 2686:K-type stars 2584:spectrograph 2534:hot Jupiters 2531: 2519: 2452:Earth analog 2437: 2414: 2378: 2356: 2321: 2313: 2307: 2288: 2280: 2265:liquid water 2263:can support 2216:Solar System 2205: 2194:Astrobiology 2188:Habitability 2166: 2146: 2117: 2105: 2095: 2082:ice crystals 2071: 2067:Tau Boötis b 2055: 2044: 2026: 2003:Kepler-1625b 1995:rogue planet 1992: 1973: 1965: 1937: 1926: 1911: 1898: 1890: 1863: 1850: 1842: 1815: 1811:super-Earths 1804: 1791:hot Jupiters 1788: 1768: 1741: 1729:stellar wind 1725:Hot Jupiters 1723: 1708: 1690: 1682: 1673: 1666: 1659: 1643: 1636: 1613: 1547: 1532: 1497: 1486: 1437:Solar System 1434: 1359:differences. 1154: 1142: 1107:rogue planet 1093: 1085:X-ray source 1074: 1017: 1014: 1002: 994: 987: 982: 976: 973: 956:hot Jupiters 953: 945:spectroscopy 922:an exoplanet 910:Michel Mayor 907: 884: 853: 826:brown dwarfs 822:Gamma Cephei 810: 804:or a planet. 715: 700: 658: 630: 625: 619: 612:Isaac Newton 609: 594: 584: 563: 560: 556:microlensing 528:PSR B1257+12 514: 494:Van Maanen 2 491: 487:Solar System 483: 463: 438:Nomenclature 391: 348:brown dwarfs 345: 342:Alternatives 307: 305: 296:brown dwarfs 275: 272:Solar System 266:used by the 262: 258: 234: 215: 192: 149: 106: 74:Solar System 72:outside the 65: 61: 59: 25: 13932:Outer space 13920:Spaceflight 13692:(mid-2020s) 13600:(2017–2020) 13583:(2009–2018) 13575:(2008–2013) 13570:Deep Impact 13559:(2006–2013) 13537:(2003–2019) 13026:before 2000 12942:Discoveries 12717:Polarimetry 12605:Binary star 12495:Rubble pile 12490:Ring system 12460:Outer space 12430:Kuiper belt 12385:Hills cloud 12340:Debris disk 12335:Cosmic dust 12264:Sub-Neptune 12249:Protoplanet 12184:Brown dwarf 12172:Other types 12128:Hot Neptune 12123:Hot Jupiter 12114:(Gas dwarf) 12089:Super-Earth 12074:Ocean world 12069:Lava planet 12063:Iron planet 12025:Terrestrial 11966:Main topics 11120:Bitz, C. M. 11103:12 February 11010:12 February 10931:12 February 10785:12 February 9908:: 395–399. 9767:11603/13118 9538:: 631–672. 7728:Aigrain, S. 7676:"STAR-DATA" 7116:: 298–312. 6683:12 February 6627:(2): L117. 6493:2108/347124 5935:28 February 5837:(in French) 5730:28 November 5680:27 February 5654:27 February 5650:. space.com 5631:26 February 5159:: 335–336. 4986:Lyne, A. G. 4932:: 757–759. 4770:: 199–200. 4521:www.iau.org 4496:www.eso.org 4419:: 193–216. 4177:(79): A79. 3762:29 November 3737:23 November 3711:13 February 3174:15 February 3163:"HR 2562 b" 2820:14 November 2792:14 November 2682:G-type star 2492:Kepler-452b 2466:Kepler-186f 2429:light-years 2425:Kepler-442b 2421:Kepler-186f 2385:circularize 2214:beyond the 2050:atmospheres 2029:HD 209458 b 2009:Atmospheres 1976:August 2024 1929:Fomalhaut b 1918:ring system 1901:August 2024 1866:55 Cancri e 1853:August 2024 1685:HD 209458 b 1654:hot Jupiter 1558:triple star 1550:binary star 1539:metallicity 1389:Polarimetry 1224:due to the 990:Kepler-452b 930:G-type star 924:orbiting a 899:white dwarf 867:PSR 1257+12 840:AB Pictoris 798:brown dwarf 730:PSR 1829-10 718:Andrew Lyne 666:. In 1855, 664:70 Ophiuchi 661:binary star 637:Otto Struve 633:hot Jupiter 324:< 2/(25+ 289:metallicity 285:true masses 203:light-years 184:brown dwarf 94:composition 13977:Exoplanets 13966:Categories 12937:Exoplanets 12918:Host stars 12865:Catalogues 12688:Astrometry 12650:Subdwarf B 12587:Host stars 12560:Retrograde 12455:Oort cloud 12293:Formation 12229:Mesoplanet 12153:Super-puff 12079:Mega-Earth 12058:Ice planet 11943:Definition 11928:Exoplanets 11743:Exoplanets 11424:7 February 10812:(2): L27. 10607:(2): L45. 10410:(2): L29. 9885:17 January 9826:17 January 9800:17 January 9591:(1): L25. 9337:1810.02362 9273:(2): 155. 9219:(2): 117. 9081:17 January 9031:1505.00269 8997:8 November 8913:17 January 8684:1907.09068 8654:17 January 8611:2202.08899 8604:(2): 118. 8552:1901.02048 8427:(2): L25. 8404:17 January 8326:2403.02226 8292:15 October 8256:17 January 8110:17 January 7852:(2): L32. 7799:(11): 11. 7738:(2): L16. 7711:17 January 7685:17 January 7660:17 January 7013:1606.08088 6961:1704.08284 6841:1806.05649 6799:Exoplanets 6748:(1): L83. 6414:2208.14553 6289:(2): 200. 6102:2009.12377 6095:(1): L11. 6041:2009.08987 5894:4 November 5863:17 January 5765:1703.10375 5758:(3): 109. 5345:HubbleSite 4683:12 January 4554:1 November 4526:29 January 4389:17 January 4288:1506.05097 4281:(2): L25. 4233:1604.00917 4066:1801.06185 4002:(2): 159. 3796:2203.09520 3789:: 101641. 3599:17 January 3450:1609.03449 3416:5 February 3388:5 February 3325:(2): 120. 3279:1804.04584 3211:1608.06660 3147:5 November 2903:23 January 2738:References 2523:Kepler-223 2460:red dwarfs 2450:See also: 2417:Kepler-62f 2405:See also: 2368:axial tilt 2347:See also: 2289:Planetary 2192:See also: 2182:HD 189733b 2086:atmosphere 2058:transiting 1809:on larger 1754:, such as 1662:gas giants 1620:HD 189733b 1604:HD 189733b 1588:See also: 1512:red dwarfs 1455:Kepler-51b 1421:See also: 1302:Astrometry 1248:Kepler-19c 1244:Kepler-19b 1161:VLT-SPHERE 1104:Earth-mass 1081:M51-ULS-1b 879:gas giants 860:Dale Frail 750:See also: 601:Copernican 448:HIP 65426b 446:Exoplanet 250:Definition 240:gas giants 145:red dwarfs 13896:Astronomy 13772:Eddington 13752:Cancelled 13643:Hayabusa2 13470:SuperWASP 13460:SPECULOOS 13430:PlanetPol 13393:Australis 13255:Exoplanet 13031:2000–2009 12997:1501–2000 12992:1001–1500 12680:Detection 12645:Red giant 12305:Accretion 12297:evolution 12138:Ice giant 12133:Gas giant 12084:Sub-Earth 11973:Exoplanet 11872:Exoplanet 11805:1401.8103 11628:0019-1035 11603:1306.0578 11481:119103101 11456:1303.2649 11449:(1): L8. 11418:Space.com 11322:0808.2770 11257:1401.2392 11194:1203.5104 11162:118544889 11137:1403.3695 11130:(1): L9. 11044:1404.3686 10986:119202437 10961:1401.5323 10954:: 43–59. 10885:CiteSeerX 10872:1312.0613 10819:1102.1108 10614:1307.0515 10528:1404.4992 10521:(1): L2. 10442:118588898 10417:1404.5292 10388:206546351 10358:CiteSeerX 10218:119103101 10193:1303.2649 10186:(1): L8. 10131:: 00001. 10070:0705.0993 9985:1204.1544 9776:109930589 9651:1206.6109 9623:119177983 9598:1206.6197 9570:119269678 9545:1005.4037 9517:118337613 9482:1402.1169 9362:2375-2548 9305:118327512 9280:1312.3951 9226:1104.3863 9165:0811.1994 9112:1108.4070 9105:(3): 72. 8943:1401.0720 8936:(1): 27. 8864:0710.0699 8717:198147426 8709:2397-3366 8649:Space.com 8579:119350145 8545:(1): 79. 8518:18 August 8490:18 August 8459:118978422 8434:1302.1466 8399:Space.com 8319:(1): 55. 8205:1102.2737 8173:206560188 8140:1411.6875 8105:Space.com 8085:1412.6097 8035:1210.4592 8028:(1): 53. 8006:119287494 7979:1108.2297 7945:12 August 7884:119253577 7859:1211.3744 7806:1307.2886 7745:1307.3239 7637:118415186 7612:1310.7830 7605:(1): 14. 7505:0803.3357 7428:1311.6806 7366:119106865 7341:1401.2885 7334:(1): 53. 7313:119243879 7288:1006.0021 7235:1001.0917 7207:118620603 7180:1401.2765 7148:118572605 7123:1405.7305 7095:118522228 7070:1310.2211 7040:119203398 6876:116913980 6808:1006.5486 6755:0712.0193 6441:251953478 6407:(3): 93. 6353:0806.0629 6296:1109.1561 6219:1108.3447 6129:221971000 6068:2 October 5792:0004-6256 5597:206536332 5564:1109.3432 5535:204992574 4909:117727302 4843:: 17–23. 4451:119338327 4341:1012.5676 4313:119111221 4260:118434022 4184:1106.0586 4154:118513110 4129:1008.5150 4122:(1): 57. 4093:1538-4357 4059:(1): 37. 4034:119304898 4009:1404.5335 3886:0802.1810 3849:0710.5667 3821:247065421 3705:Space.com 3662:119185094 3635:1201.2687 3567:119302072 3542:1401.1194 3535:(2): 68. 3357:118553341 3332:1305.0980 3204:(1): 10. 3081:1311.6806 2992:1202.0903 2770:0707.2895 2728:Milky Way 2498:around a 2470:red dwarf 2433:red dwarf 2239:) in the 2060:and five 2031:in 2001. 1912:The star 1824:Volcanism 1775:HD 189733 1744:deuterium 1562:Kepler-64 1327:supernova 1100:detection 1005:TOI 700 d 969:Kepler-16 933:51 Pegasi 871:supernova 838:image of 722:M. Bailes 716:In 1991, 621:Principia 566:LHS 475 b 536:51 Pegasi 452:HIP 65426 352:accretion 308:exoplanet 276:exoplanet 180:deuterium 172:HR 2562 b 154:known is 141:Milky Way 131:have an " 62:exoplanet 13844:Category 13701:Proposed 13475:Systemic 13383:MicroFUN 13363:Magellan 13301:ESPRESSO 12987:501–1000 12967:Heaviest 12947:Extremes 12655:Subgiant 12528:Exocomet 11840:55875067 11554:15 April 11349:19930771 11282:24380533 11229:23537135 11079:24611714 10844:73631942 10779:BBC News 10726:37072387 10717:10113254 10665:19 April 10639:14119086 10553:56145598 10485:23719462 10380:23641111 10327:21707386 10261:23641107 10095:17495920 10010:15219541 9978:(1): 7. 9875:Nautilus 9795:phys.org 9676:22739313 9458:14487268 9380:30306135 9251:42698264 9198:10054103 9190:19008414 9137:55818711 9058:53662519 8968:56272100 8836:41617531 8378:22 March 8250:Redorbit 8232:56567587 8165:25414310 8060:18216065 7922:Archived 7904:3 August 7831:53343537 7770:38344760 7584:59569803 7530:10979195 7465:24191033 7260:36285464 6978:39412906 6780:14366978 6659:10066891 6606:17773111 6545:17851517 6508:(2007). 6380:15282437 6321:42698813 6260:Archived 6244:15088852 5884:nasa.gov 5880:"Kepler" 5841:17 April 5675:BBC News 5589:21921192 5486:24352276 5295:20 April 5263:11506537 5067:40526307 4677:NBC News 4366:51769219 4209:55994657 4101:55995400 3911:16746688 3683:25 April 3475:27558064 3272:: A177. 3246:44216698 3118:24191033 3017:22237108 2960:73498809 2952:30789285 2631:See also 2602:ESPRESSO 2503:Sun-like 2329:universe 2108:GJ 436 b 1624:GJ 504 b 1608:silicate 1446:hydrogen 1410:infrared 1279:planets. 1193:transits 1091:(M51a). 816:and the 732:, using 686:and the 643:and the 614:in the " 588:— 546:and the 424:pressure 54:Scorpius 50:WASP-17b 13956:Science 13884:Biology 13870:Portals 13856:Commons 13823:nearest 13796:Related 13664:Planned 13609:Current 13597:ASTERIA 13388:MINERVA 13373:MASCARA 13368:MARVELS 13321:HARPS-N 13286:EAPSNet 13281:CORALIE 12962:Largest 12957:Nearest 12660:T Tauri 12556:Orbits 12540:Exomoon 12520:Systems 12234:Planemo 12099:Gaseous 11862:Scholia 11810:Bibcode 11651:Bibcode 11608:Bibcode 11528:2 March 11501:23 July 11461:Bibcode 11370:24 July 11327:Bibcode 11290:1824897 11262:Bibcode 11220:3612283 11199:Bibcode 11142:Bibcode 11098:UW News 11070:3995117 11049:Bibcode 11005:UW News 10966:Bibcode 10907:2777386 10877:Bibcode 10824:Bibcode 10749:Bibcode 10696:Bibcode 10619:Bibcode 10566:28 July 10533:Bibcode 10493:4416458 10465:Bibcode 10422:Bibcode 10350:Bibcode 10342:Science 10307:Bibcode 10238:Science 10198:Bibcode 10103:4402268 10075:Bibcode 10029:15 June 9990:Bibcode 9945:Bibcode 9910:Bibcode 9854:25 June 9820:TGDaily 9746:Bibcode 9684:4368217 9656:Bibcode 9603:Bibcode 9550:Bibcode 9487:Bibcode 9438:Bibcode 9371:6170104 9342:Bibcode 9285:Bibcode 9231:Bibcode 9170:Bibcode 9152:Science 9117:Bibcode 9036:Bibcode 8948:Bibcode 8889:9432267 8869:Bibcode 8814:Bibcode 8775:Bibcode 8740:Bibcode 8689:Bibcode 8616:Bibcode 8557:Bibcode 8439:Bibcode 8331:Bibcode 8210:Bibcode 8145:Bibcode 8127:Science 8040:Bibcode 7984:Bibcode 7864:Bibcode 7811:Bibcode 7750:Bibcode 7617:Bibcode 7564:Bibcode 7510:Bibcode 7456:3845182 7433:Bibcode 7346:Bibcode 7293:Bibcode 7240:Bibcode 7185:Bibcode 7128:Bibcode 7075:Bibcode 7018:Bibcode 6954:: A16. 6932:8706944 6912:Bibcode 6846:Bibcode 6813:Bibcode 6760:Bibcode 6713:Bibcode 6711:: 165. 6639:Bibcode 6586:Bibcode 6553:4342338 6525:Bibcode 6470:Bibcode 6468:: L15. 6419:Bibcode 6358:Bibcode 6301:Bibcode 6224:Bibcode 6212:: A58. 6189:10 July 6107:Bibcode 5963:19 June 5815:3 April 5770:Bibcode 5569:Bibcode 5551:Science 5513:Bibcode 5464:Bibcode 5437:4339201 5417:Bibcode 5392:4 April 5243:Bibcode 5194:Bibcode 5161:Bibcode 5122:Bibcode 5120:: 902. 5093:24 July 5045:Bibcode 5018:4339517 4998:Bibcode 4934:Bibcode 4889:Bibcode 4845:Bibcode 4805:Bibcode 4772:Bibcode 4655:5 April 4633:31 July 4602:4260368 4582:Bibcode 4474:Bibcode 4472:: 533. 4431:Bibcode 4346:Bibcode 4293:Bibcode 4189:Bibcode 4134:Bibcode 4071:Bibcode 4014:Bibcode 3976:Bibcode 3974:: 532. 3939:Bibcode 3891:Bibcode 3854:Bibcode 3842:: 235. 3801:Bibcode 3640:Bibcode 3547:Bibcode 3483:4451513 3455:Bibcode 3410:Gizmodo 3337:Bibcode 3284:Bibcode 3216:Bibcode 3168:Caltech 3109:3845182 3086:Bibcode 3025:2614136 2997:Bibcode 2875:2 April 2775:Bibcode 2612:in the 2580:echelle 2500:G2-type 2349:Ice age 2299:reflect 2138:Surface 2084:in the 2045:Cassini 1989:Exomoon 1966:updated 1891:updated 1843:updated 1756:Jupiter 1704:auroral 1693:auroral 1650:TrES-2b 1543:Jupiter 1502:, i.e. 1396:method. 1346:method. 1150:Jupiter 916:of the 846:on the 682:of the 670:at the 417:." The 327:√ 322:central 207:parsecs 176:Jupiter 34:HR 8799 13760:Darwin 13743:PEGASE 13723:LUVOIR 13708:EXCEDE 13684:(2029) 13676:(2026) 13634:CHEOPS 13580:Kepler 13567:using 13551:(2006) 13545:using 13542:SWEEPS 13465:SPHERE 13455:SOPHIE 13378:MEarth 13343:HiCIAO 13333:HATNet 13311:Geneva 13291:ELODIE 12977:Kepler 12952:Firsts 12851:Tholin 12722:Timing 12640:Pulsar 12565:Trojan 12179:Blanet 11938:Planet 11864:has a 11838: 11828: 11786: 11769: 11750: 11730: 11714: 11697: 11689: 11670: 11662: 11626: 11590:Icarus 11479: 11395: 11347: 11288: 11280: 11227: 11217: 11160: 11077: 11067: 10984: 10905: 10887: 10842: 10724: 10714: 10637: 10551: 10491: 10483: 10457:Nature 10440: 10386: 10378: 10360: 10325: 10259: 10216: 10101: 10093: 10057:Nature 10008: 9937:Icarus 9902:Icarus 9774: 9715:20 May 9682: 9674: 9638:Nature 9625:. L25. 9621: 9568: 9515: 9505: 9456: 9403:6 June 9378: 9368: 9360: 9303: 9249: 9196: 9188: 9135: 9056: 8966: 8887: 8834: 8715: 8707: 8577: 8457: 8230: 8171: 8163: 8058: 8004: 7882: 7829: 7768: 7635: 7582: 7528: 7463: 7453: 7364: 7311: 7275:Icarus 7258: 7205: 7146: 7110:Icarus 7093: 7038: 6976: 6930: 6874: 6864: 6778: 6657: 6604: 6551: 6543: 6517:Nature 6439: 6378: 6319: 6242: 6158: 6127: 5790: 5719:NASA. 5595: 5587: 5533: 5505:Nature 5484: 5456:Nature 5435: 5409:Nature 5322: 5261: 5065: 5037:Nature 5016: 4990:Nature 4967: 4907: 4745: 4720: 4600: 4574:Nature 4501:7 July 4449: 4364: 4311: 4258: 4248: 4207: 4152: 4099: 4091: 4032: 3909: 3819: 3679:. 2006 3660: 3565: 3481: 3473: 3437:Nature 3355: 3244: 3116: 3106: 3023: 3015: 2979:Nature 2958: 2950: 2813:GitHub 2564:Kepler 2435:star. 2390:Europa 2225:oxygen 2200:, and 2173:albedo 1760:Saturn 1616:albedo 1535:Kepler 1450:helium 1429:, and 1323:pulsar 1165:SCExAO 1163:, and 1018:Kepler 983:Kepler 977:Kepler 864:pulsar 769:HR8799 692:period 525:pulsar 401: 382: 371: 358: 263:planet 162:. The 156:Draugr 100:, and 88:. The 70:planet 13908:Stars 13713:HabEx 13681:ARIEL 13672:PLATO 13564:EPOXI 13556:CoRoT 13445:SEEDS 13440:PARAS 13415:NESSI 13348:HIRES 13316:HARPS 13296:EPICS 13117:Other 12982:1–500 12907:Lists 12016:types 12011:Sizes 11866:topic 11836:S2CID 11800:arXiv 11598:arXiv 11477:S2CID 11451:arXiv 11345:S2CID 11317:arXiv 11286:S2CID 11252:arXiv 11189:arXiv 11158:S2CID 11132:arXiv 11039:arXiv 10982:S2CID 10956:arXiv 10903:S2CID 10867:arXiv 10840:S2CID 10814:arXiv 10635:S2CID 10609:arXiv 10560:(PDF) 10549:S2CID 10523:arXiv 10511:(PDF) 10489:S2CID 10438:S2CID 10412:arXiv 10384:S2CID 10214:S2CID 10188:arXiv 10099:S2CID 10065:arXiv 10053:(PDF) 10006:S2CID 9980:arXiv 9772:S2CID 9680:S2CID 9646:arXiv 9619:S2CID 9593:arXiv 9566:S2CID 9540:arXiv 9513:S2CID 9477:arXiv 9454:S2CID 9428:arXiv 9332:arXiv 9301:S2CID 9275:arXiv 9247:S2CID 9221:arXiv 9194:S2CID 9160:arXiv 9133:S2CID 9107:arXiv 9054:S2CID 9026:arXiv 8964:S2CID 8938:arXiv 8885:S2CID 8859:arXiv 8832:S2CID 8713:S2CID 8679:arXiv 8606:arXiv 8575:S2CID 8547:arXiv 8455:S2CID 8429:arXiv 8321:arXiv 8286:(PDF) 8275:(PDF) 8228:S2CID 8200:arXiv 8169:S2CID 8135:arXiv 8080:arXiv 8056:S2CID 8030:arXiv 8002:S2CID 7974:arXiv 7880:S2CID 7854:arXiv 7827:S2CID 7801:arXiv 7789:(PDF) 7766:S2CID 7740:arXiv 7633:S2CID 7607:arXiv 7580:S2CID 7554:arXiv 7526:S2CID 7500:arXiv 7423:arXiv 7362:S2CID 7336:arXiv 7309:S2CID 7283:arXiv 7256:S2CID 7230:arXiv 7203:S2CID 7175:arXiv 7144:S2CID 7118:arXiv 7091:S2CID 7065:arXiv 7036:S2CID 7008:arXiv 6974:S2CID 6956:arXiv 6928:S2CID 6902:arXiv 6872:S2CID 6836:arXiv 6803:arXiv 6776:S2CID 6750:arXiv 6655:S2CID 6629:arXiv 6602:S2CID 6576:arXiv 6549:S2CID 6513:(PDF) 6437:S2CID 6409:arXiv 6376:S2CID 6348:arXiv 6317:S2CID 6291:arXiv 6240:S2CID 6214:arXiv 6125:S2CID 6097:arXiv 6036:arXiv 5760:arXiv 5593:S2CID 5559:arXiv 5531:S2CID 5433:S2CID 5351:7 May 5314:[ 5259:S2CID 5233:arXiv 5063:S2CID 5014:S2CID 4905:S2CID 4875:(PDF) 4598:S2CID 4447:S2CID 4421:arXiv 4409:(PDF) 4362:S2CID 4336:arXiv 4309:S2CID 4283:arXiv 4256:S2CID 4228:arXiv 4205:S2CID 4179:arXiv 4150:S2CID 4124:arXiv 4097:S2CID 4061:arXiv 4030:S2CID 4004:arXiv 3907:S2CID 3881:arXiv 3844:arXiv 3817:S2CID 3791:arXiv 3658:S2CID 3630:arXiv 3563:S2CID 3537:arXiv 3479:S2CID 3445:arXiv 3353:S2CID 3327:arXiv 3274:arXiv 3242:S2CID 3206:arXiv 3194:(PDF) 3076:arXiv 3021:S2CID 2987:arXiv 2956:S2CID 2765:arXiv 2663:Notes 2620:ANDES 2596:Chile 2576:HARPS 2558:CoRoT 2532:Some 2101:comet 2080:from 2074:Earth 2040:Titan 1947:Moons 1872:Rings 1795:gauss 1700:LOFAR 1696:radio 1669:phase 1598:This 1514:, of 1236:(TTV) 796:is a 568:, an 205:(1.3 133:Earth 68:is a 13766:EChO 13718:LIFE 13626:TESS 13617:Gaia 13534:MOST 13527:Past 13480:TrES 13450:SETI 13425:OPSP 13420:OGLE 13410:NGTS 13358:LCES 13353:KELT 13271:AAPS 13106:2024 13101:2023 13096:2022 13091:2021 13086:2020 13081:2019 13076:2018 13071:2017 13066:2016 13061:2015 13056:2014 13051:2013 13046:2012 13041:2011 13036:2010 12751:list 12739:list 12727:list 12710:list 12698:list 12295:and 12013:and 11826:ISBN 11784:ISBN 11767:ISBN 11748:ISBN 11728:ISBN 11712:ISBN 11695:ISBN 11687:ISBN 11668:ISBN 11660:ISBN 11624:ISSN 11556:2010 11530:2011 11503:2015 11426:2013 11393:ISBN 11372:2015 11278:PMID 11225:PMID 11105:2023 11075:PMID 11012:2023 10933:2023 10787:2023 10722:PMID 10667:2023 10568:2016 10481:PMID 10376:PMID 10323:PMID 10257:PMID 10165:2015 10157:NAOJ 10091:PMID 10031:2015 9887:2022 9856:2015 9828:2022 9802:2022 9717:2017 9672:PMID 9503:ISBN 9405:2017 9376:PMID 9358:ISSN 9186:PMID 9083:2022 8999:2015 8915:2022 8705:ISSN 8656:2022 8520:2018 8492:2018 8406:2022 8380:2018 8294:2008 8258:2022 8161:PMID 8112:2022 7947:2011 7906:2015 7713:2022 7706:NASA 7687:2022 7662:2022 7461:PMID 7391:2016 6862:ISBN 6685:2023 6541:PMID 6191:2023 6156:ISBN 6070:2020 6021:2020 5965:2017 5957:NASA 5937:2014 5896:2013 5865:2020 5843:2020 5817:2024 5788:ISSN 5732:2018 5702:NASA 5682:2014 5656:2014 5633:2014 5620:NASA 5585:PMID 5482:PMID 5394:2022 5353:2006 5320:ISBN 5297:2012 5095:2024 4965:ISBN 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