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form droplets and act as a source of energy, both through the release of latent heat and by descending deeper into the center of the planet. This phase separation leads to helium droplets that fall as rain through the liquid metallic hydrogen until they reach a warmer region where they dissolve in the hydrogen. Since
Jupiter and Saturn have different total masses, the thermodynamic conditions in the planetary interior could be such that this condensation process is more prevalent in Saturn than in Jupiter. Helium condensation could be responsible for Saturn's excess luminosity as well as the helium depletion in the atmosphere of both Jupiter and Saturn.
361:(GRS) is a high-pressure system located in Jupiter's southern hemisphere. The GRS is a powerful anticyclone, swirling at about 430 to 680 kilometers per hour counterclockwise around the center. The Spot has become known for its ferocity, even feeding on smaller Jovian storms. Tholins are brown organic compounds found within the surface of various planets that are formed by exposure to UV irradiation. The tholins that exist on Jupiter's surface get sucked up into the atmosphere by storms and circulation; it is hypothesized that those tholins that become ejected from the regolith get stuck in Jupiter's GRS, causing it to be red.
349:
Jupiter. On Earth and
Jupiter, lightning and the hydrologic cycle are intimately linked together to create intense thunderstorms. During a terrestrial thunderstorm, condensation releases heat that pushes rising air upward. This "moist convection" engine can segregate electrical charges into different parts of a cloud; the reuniting of those charges is lightning. Therefore, we can use lightning to signal to us where convection is happening. Although Jupiter has no ocean or wet ground, moist convection seems to function similarly compared to Earth.
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140:. The layer of metallic hydrogen located in the mid-interior makes up the bulk of every gas giant and is referred to as "metallic" because the very large atmospheric pressure turns hydrogen into an electrical conductor. The gas giants' cores are thought to consist of heavier elements at such high temperatures (20,000
369:
Condensation of helium creates liquid helium rain on gas giants. On Saturn, this helium condensation occurs at certain pressures and temperatures when helium does not mix in with the liquid metallic hydrogen present on the planet. Regions on Saturn where helium is insoluble allow the denser helium to
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Theoretically, gas giants can be divided into five distinct classes according to their modeled physical atmospheric properties, and hence their appearance: ammonia clouds (I), water clouds (II), cloudless (III), alkali-metal clouds (IV), and silicate clouds (V). Jupiter and Saturn are both class I.
348:
Heat that is funneled upward by local storms is a major driver of the weather on gas giants. Much, if not all, of the deep heat escaping the interior flows up through towering thunderstorms. These disturbances develop into small eddies that eventually form storms such as the Great Red Spot on
187:
the matter may appear in. In the outer Solar System, hydrogen and helium are referred to as "gases"; water, methane, and ammonia as "ices"; and silicates and metals as "rocks". In this terminology, since Uranus and
Neptune are primarily composed of ices, not gas, they are more commonly called
183:, where there is no distinction between liquids and gases. The term has nevertheless caught on, because planetary scientists typically use "rock", "gas", and "ice" as shorthands for classes of elements and compounds commonly found as planetary constituents, irrespective of what
155:(which can have a mass as low as roughly 13 times that of Jupiter) and a gas giant are debated. One school of thought is based on formation; the other, on the physics of the interior. Part of the debate concerns whether brown dwarfs must, by definition, have experienced
136:, with probably a molten rocky core inside. The outermost portion of their hydrogen atmosphere contains many layers of visible clouds that are mostly composed of water (despite earlier certainty that there was no water anywhere else in the Solar System) and
179:. It is, arguably, something of a misnomer because throughout most of the volume of all giant planets, the pressure is so high that matter is not in gaseous form. Other than solids in the core and the upper layers of the atmosphere, all matter is above the
316:
Although the words "gas" and "giant" are often combined, hydrogen planets need not be as large as the familiar gas giants from the Solar System. However, smaller gas planets and planets closer to their star will lose atmospheric mass more quickly via
510:
Bodenheimer, Peter; D'Angelo, Gennaro; Lissauer, Jack J.; Fortney, Jonathan J.; Saumon, Didier (2013). "Deuterium
Burning in Massive Giant Planets and Low-mass Brown Dwarfs Formed by Core-nucleated Accretion".
127:
Jupiter and Saturn consist mostly of elements such as hydrogen and helium, with heavier elements making up between 3 and 13 percent of their mass. They are thought to consist of an outer layer of compressed
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A gas dwarf could be defined as a planet with a rocky core that has accumulated a thick envelope of hydrogen, helium and other volatiles, having as result a total radius between 1.7 and 3.9 Earth-radii.
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Swift, D. C.; Eggert, J. H.; Hicks, D. G.; Hamel, S.; Caspersen, K.; Schwegler, E.; Collins, G. W.; Nettelmann, N.; Ackland, G. J. (2012). "Mass-Radius
Relationships for Exoplanets".
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D'Angelo, G.; Weidenschilling, S. J.; Lissauer, J. J.; Bodenheimer, P. (2021). "Growth of
Jupiter: Formation in disks of gas and solids and evolution to the present epoch".
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Buchhave, Lars A.; Bizzarro, Martin; Latham, David W.; Sasselov, Dimitar; Cochran, William D.; Endl, Michael; Isaacson, Howard; Juncher, Diana; Marcy, Geoffrey W. (2014).
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Feng Tian; Toon, Owen B.; Pavlov, Alexander A.; De Sterck, H. (March 10, 2005). "Transonic hydrodynamic escape of hydrogen from extrasolar planetary atmospheres".
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144:) and pressures that their properties are not yet completely understood. The placement of the solar system's gas giants can be explained by the
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are really a distinct class of giant planets, being composed mainly of heavier volatile substances (which are referred to as "
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Morales, Miguel A.; Schwegler, Eric; Ceperley, David; Pierleoni, Carlo; Hamel, Sebastien; Caspersen, Kyle (2009-02-03).
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Seager, S.; Kuchner, M.; Hier-Majumder, C. A.; Militzer, B. (2007). "Mass-Radius
Relationships for Solid Exoplanets".
332:, which has the same mass as Earth but is 60% larger and therefore has a density that indicates a thick gas envelope.
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Batygin, Konstantin; Stevenson, David J. (2013). "Mass-Radius
Relationships for Very Low Mass Gaseous Planets".
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A low-mass gas planet can still have a radius resembling that of a gas giant if it has the right temperature.
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D'Angelo, G.; Lissauer, J. J. (2018). "Formation of Giant
Planets". In Deeg H., Belmonte J. (ed.).
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120:"). For this reason, Uranus and Neptune are now often classified in the separate category of
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A cold hydrogen-rich gas giant more massive than
Jupiter but less than about 500
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427:. Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature. pp. 2319–2343.
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can cause a gas giant to radiate more energy than it receives from its host star.
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928:"Three regimes of extrasolar planet radius inferred from host star metallicities"
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281:) will only be slightly larger in volume than Jupiter. For masses above 500
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with the density of a marshmallow has been detected in orbit around a cool red
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Giant Planets of Our Solar System: Atmospheres, Composition, and Structure
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The smallest known extrasolar planet that is likely a "gas planet" is
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by the NASA-funded NEID radial-velocity instrument on the 3.5-meter
223:
Artist's impression of the formation of a gas giant around the star
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1299:"Phase separation in hydrogen–helium mixtures at Mbar pressures"
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1972:
1967:
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1219:"The shape of Jupiter's Great Red Spot is changing. Here's why"
141:
109:
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60:
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626:. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ. pp. 319–346.
338:
819:
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1608:
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995:"In Situ and Ex Situ Formation Models of Kepler 11 Planets"
992:
500:, Bagenal et al., editors, Cambridge University Press, 2004
422:
380:
List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System
4431:
4352:
Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer
1453:
986:
481:
National Aeronautics and Space Administration website,
104:. The term "gas giant" was originally synonymous with "
618:
D'Angelo, G.; Durisen, R. H.; Lissauer, J. J. (2011).
4420:
872:
798:. Colorado University, Boulder. 2004. Archived from
364:
763:
4029:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
4024:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
498:Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere
171:was coined in 1952 by the science fiction writer
4480:
3648:List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules
1088:
1413:
1303:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
792:"Class 12 – Giant Planets – Heat and Formation"
108:". However, in the 1990s, it became known that
503:
16:Giant planet mainly composed of light elements
3126:
1574:
1385:
562:
560:
321:than larger planets and planets farther out.
706:
704:
569:"Brown dwarfs: Failed stars, super Jupiters"
496:The Interior of Jupiter, Guillot et al., in
3133:
3119:
1392:
1378:
648:
605:Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction,
557:
339:Precipitation and meteorological phenomena
3191:Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters
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524:
492:
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432:
4059:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
2905:Interstellar and circumstellar molecules
1244:
1216:
1159:"Deep, Moist Heat Drives Jovian Weather"
229:
218:
175:and was originally used to refer to all
3101:) may be read as "within" or "part of".
2129:Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets
1054:"Earth-mass exoplanet is no Earth twin"
784:
4481:
993:D'Angelo, G.; Bodenheimer, P. (2016).
611:
487:
4367:Geodynamics of terrestrial exoplanets
3114:
1373:
1292:
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1138:
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416:
352:
292:will cause the planet to shrink (see
4049:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
4039:Habitability of neutron star systems
1156:
4392:Sudarsky's gas giant classification
4019:Habitability of binary star systems
1247:"Precipitation in the Solar System"
202:Sudarsky's gas giant classification
151:The defining differences between a
13:
4377:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
4034:Habitability of natural satellites
1409:
1285:
1235:
1205:
1201:from the original on Oct 24, 2023.
1135:
254:
192:and distinct from the gas giants.
14:
4510:
4044:Habitability of red dwarf systems
796:3750 – Planets, Moons & Rings
365:Helium rain on Saturn and Jupiter
343:
195:
4466:
4454:
4442:
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4141:Stars with proto-planetary discs
4105:NASA Star and Exoplanet Database
4095:Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia
3583:Extraterrestrial sample curation
3214:
2992:
2980:
2968:
1399:
567:Burgasser, Adam J. (June 2008).
483:Ten Things to Know About Neptune
159:at some point in their history.
53:
30:
4054:Habitable zone for complex life
3492:Ultra-short period planet (USP)
3196:Methods of detecting exoplanets
2868:Gravitationally rounded objects
1245:McIntosh, Gordon (2007-10-29).
1157:Kerr, Richard A. (2000-02-11).
1082:
1045:
919:
866:
813:
757:
4235:Discovered exoplanets by year
3140:
599:
475:
248:Kitt Peak National Observatory
162:
132:surrounding a layer of liquid
1:
4362:Extrasolar planets in fiction
4009:Extraterrestrial liquid water
1217:Paoletta, Rae (Oct 7, 2021).
1176:10.1126/science.287.5455.946b
451:10.1007/978-3-319-55333-7_140
410:
305:
214:
4382:Planets in globular clusters
3999:Circumstellar habitable zone
764:Patrick G. J. Irwin (2003).
687:10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114087
63:at equinox, photographed by
7:
4342:Exoplanet naming convention
3452:Planet/Brown dwarf boundary
2963:Outline of the Solar System
2726:Interplanetary medium/space
543:10.1088/0004-637X/770/2/120
373:
10:
4515:
3578:Extraterrestrial materials
3212:
2679:Extraterrestrial materials
1121:10.1088/2041-8205/769/1/L9
1030:10.3847/0004-637X/828/1/33
905:10.1088/0004-637X/744/1/59
309:
199:
100:are the gas giants of the
18:
4405:Discoveries of exoplanets
4400:
4329:
4118:
4077:
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3731:
3608:Interplanetary dust cloud
3504:
3384:
3310:
3236:
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2999:Earth sciences portal
2958:
2913:
2850:
2721:Interplanetary dust cloud
2600:
2436:
2366:
2077:
2019:
1712:
1565:
1407:
1091:The Astrophysical Journal
1067:10.1038/nature.2014.14477
999:The Astrophysical Journal
875:The Astrophysical Journal
822:The Astrophysical Journal
713:The Astrophysical Journal
513:The Astrophysical Journal
153:very low-mass brown dwarf
4110:Open Exoplanet Catalogue
4085:Nearby Habitable Systems
3971:Transit-timing variation
3012:Local Interstellar Cloud
1730:other near-Earth objects
620:"Giant Planet Formation"
300:Kelvin–Helmholtz heating
4387:Small planet radius gap
4090:Exoplanet Data Explorer
4014:Galactic habitable zone
3588:Giant-impact hypothesis
2975:Solar System portal
2701:Giant-impact hypothesis
2308:Trans-Neptunian objects
1334:10.1073/pnas.0812581106
622:. In S. Seager. (ed.).
4347:Exoplanet phase curves
4185:Terrestrial candidates
4136:Multiplanetary systems
4100:NASA Exoplanet Archive
3783:Mean-motion resonances
3593:Gravitational collapse
3543:Circumstellar envelope
2863:Possible dwarf planets
2706:Gravitational collapse
2644:Circumstellar envelope
1449:
607:Entry for gas giant n.
425:Handbook of Exoplanets
251:
227:
4222:Potentially habitable
4127:Exoplanetary systems
4069:Superhabitable planet
3828:F/Yellow-white dwarfs
3713:Sample-return mission
3613:Interplanetary medium
3072:Laniakea Supercluster
2689:Sample-return mission
1448:
1223:The Planetary Society
310:Further information:
233:
222:
146:Grand tack hypothesis
4357:Extragalactic planet
4337:Carl Sagan Institute
3618:Interplanetary space
3533:Circumplanetary disk
3206:Planet-hosting stars
2987:Astronomy portal
2888:Solar System objects
2634:Circumplanetary disk
385:List of planet types
3698:Protoplanetary disk
3678:Planetary migration
3633:Interstellar medium
3412:Circumtriple planet
3407:Circumbinary planet
3086:Observable universe
2883:Solar System models
2813:Protoplanetary disk
2736:Interstellar medium
2696:Frost/Ice/Snow line
1325:2009PNAS..106.1324M
1263:2007PhTea..45..502M
1251:The Physics Teacher
1113:2013ApJ...769L...9B
1052:Cowen, Ron (2014).
1021:2016ApJ...828...33D
962:10.1038/nature13254
954:2014Natur.509..593B
897:2012ApJ...744...59S
834:2005ApJ...621.1049T
735:2007ApJ...669.1279S
679:2021Icar..35514087D
642:2010exop.book..319D
535:2013ApJ...770..120B
443:2018haex.bookE.140D
319:hydrodynamic escape
211:are class IV or V.
84:composed mainly of
3663:Nebular hypothesis
3638:Interstellar space
3623:Interstellar cloud
3603:Internal structure
3538:Circumstellar disc
3066:Virgo Supercluster
3047:Milky Way subgroup
2878:Natural satellites
2761:Nebular hypothesis
2741:Interstellar space
2731:Interstellar cloud
2639:Circumstellar disc
2229:Near-Earth objects
2113:names and meanings
1450:
353:Jupiter's Red Spot
252:
228:
130:molecular hydrogen
19:For the band, see
4418:
4417:
3994:Astrooceanography
3628:Interstellar dust
3500:
3499:
3376:Ultra-hot Neptune
3371:Ultra-hot Jupiter
3320:Eccentric Jupiter
3170:Planetary science
3108:
3107:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2926:Lagrangian points
2898:by discovery date
2496:Human spaceflight
2467:historical models
2360:
2359:
1985:S/2015 (136472) 1
1271:10.1119/1.2798364
1169:(5455): 946–947.
938:(7502): 593–595.
777:978-3-540-00681-7
460:978-3-319-55332-0
294:degenerate matter
134:metallic hydrogen
21:Gas Giants (band)
4506:
4471:
4470:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4435:
4434:
4426:
4372:Neptunian desert
3758:Tidally detached
3693:Planet formation
3683:Planetary system
3573:Exozodiacal dust
3563:Disrupted planet
3487:Ultra-cool dwarf
3417:Disrupted planet
3402:Chthonian planet
3234:
3233:
3218:
3201:Planetary system
3135:
3128:
3121:
3112:
3111:
3102:
3100:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3010:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2674:Exozodiacal dust
2364:
2363:
2330:Detached objects
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1412:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1364:
1354:
1336:
1318:
1309:(5): 1324–1329.
1294:
1283:
1282:
1242:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1214:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1178:
1154:
1133:
1132:
1106:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1069:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1032:
1014:
990:
984:
983:
973:
947:
923:
917:
916:
890:
870:
864:
863:
845:
828:(2): 1049–1060.
817:
811:
810:
808:
807:
788:
782:
781:
761:
755:
754:
728:
719:(2): 1279–1297.
708:
699:
698:
672:
652:
646:
645:
635:
615:
609:
603:
597:
596:
594:
592:
586:
580:. Archived from
573:
564:
555:
554:
528:
507:
501:
494:
485:
479:
473:
472:
436:
420:
271:
57:
40:photographed by
34:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4499:Types of planet
4479:
4478:
4477:
4465:
4455:
4453:
4443:
4441:
4429:
4421:
4419:
4414:
4410:Search projects
4396:
4325:
4114:
4073:
3975:
3947:Radial velocity
3887:
3843:K/Orange dwarfs
3833:G/Yellow dwarfs
3794:
3788:Titius–Bode law
3727:
3658:Molecular cloud
3558:Detached object
3509:
3507:
3496:
3482:Toroidal planet
3472:Sub-brown dwarf
3380:
3306:
3278:(Super-Mercury)
3251:Coreless planet
3227:
3225:
3219:
3210:
3174:
3142:
3139:
3109:
3104:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3008:
2993:
2991:
2981:
2979:
2969:
2967:
2954:
2945:
2909:
2846:
2830:vs. Hill sphere
2756:Molecular cloud
2684:Sample curation
2664:Detached object
2603:
2596:
2440:
2432:
2369:
2356:
2301:Neptune trojans
2084:
2082:
2080:
2073:
2015:
1708:
1579:
1561:
1447:
1410:
1403:
1398:
1368:
1295:
1286:
1243:
1236:
1227:
1225:
1215:
1206:
1155:
1136:
1087:
1083:
1050:
1046:
1005:(1): in press.
991:
987:
924:
920:
871:
867:
843:10.1.1.122.9085
818:
814:
805:
803:
790:
789:
785:
778:
762:
758:
709:
702:
653:
649:
616:
612:
604:
600:
590:
588:
584:
571:
565:
558:
508:
504:
495:
488:
480:
476:
461:
421:
417:
413:
376:
367:
355:
346:
341:
314:
308:
287:
284:
279:
276:
269:
266:
263:
257:
255:Cold gas giants
217:
204:
198:
165:
74:
73:
72:
71:
70:
58:
49:
48:
47:
46:in January 2007
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4512:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4476:
4475:
4463:
4451:
4439:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4124:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3985:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3959:Transit method
3956:
3955:
3954:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3932:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3906:Direct imaging
3903:
3897:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3804:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3767:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3737:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3723:Star formation
3720:
3718:Scattered disc
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3568:Excretion disk
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3523:Accretion disk
3520:
3514:
3512:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3432:Eyeball planet
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3242:
3240:
3231:
3221:
3220:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3115:
3106:
3105:
3002:
3001:
2989:
2977:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2842:Scattered disc
2839:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2822:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2627:Excretion disk
2622:Accretion disk
2619:
2614:
2612:Star formation
2608:
2606:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2501:space stations
2493:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2454:
2448:
2446:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2374:
2372:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2340:Scattered disc
2337:
2332:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2089:
2087:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1718:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1585:
1583:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1397:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1374:
1367:
1366:
1284:
1257:(8): 502–505.
1234:
1204:
1134:
1081:
1044:
985:
918:
865:
852:10.1086/427204
812:
783:
776:
756:
743:10.1086/521346
700:
647:
610:
598:
556:
502:
486:
474:
459:
414:
412:
409:
408:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
375:
372:
366:
363:
359:Great Red Spot
354:
351:
345:
344:Jovian weather
342:
340:
337:
307:
304:
285:
282:
277:
274:
264:
261:
256:
253:
244:WIYN Telescope
216:
213:
200:Main article:
197:
196:Classification
194:
181:critical point
164:
161:
157:nuclear fusion
69:in August 2009
59:
52:
51:
50:
36:
29:
28:
27:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4511:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4462:
4452:
4450:
4440:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4076:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3884:
3883:Yellow giants
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3751:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3653:Merging stars
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3528:Asteroid belt
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3503:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3467:Pulsar planet
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3422:Double planet
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3361:Super-Neptune
3359:
3357:
3356:Super-Jupiter
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3331:Helium planet
3329:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3266:Hycean planet
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3256:Desert planet
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3246:Carbon planet
3244:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3222:
3217:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3136:
3131:
3129:
3124:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3103:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3006:
3000:
2990:
2988:
2978:
2976:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2942:
2941:Tidal locking
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2921:Double planet
2919:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2873:Minor planets
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2806:Merging stars
2804:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2408:Subsatellites
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2368:Hypothetical
2365:
2362:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2234:Asteroid belt
2232:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2108:Minor planets
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1239:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
989:
981:
977:
972:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
946:
941:
937:
933:
929:
922:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
889:
884:
880:
876:
869:
861:
857:
853:
849:
844:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
816:
802:on 2008-06-21
801:
797:
793:
787:
779:
773:
769:
768:
760:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
727:
722:
718:
714:
707:
705:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
671:
666:
662:
658:
651:
643:
639:
634:
629:
625:
621:
614:
608:
602:
587:on 8 May 2013
583:
579:
578:
577:Physics Today
570:
563:
561:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
527:
522:
518:
514:
506:
499:
493:
491:
484:
478:
470:
466:
462:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
430:
426:
419:
415:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
377:
371:
362:
360:
350:
336:
333:
331:
326:
322:
320:
313:
303:
301:
297:
295:
291:
280:
267:
249:
245:
241:
237:
232:
226:
221:
212:
210:
203:
193:
191:
186:
182:
178:
177:giant planets
174:
170:
160:
158:
154:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
68:
67:
62:
56:
45:
44:
39:
33:
22:
4489:Solar System
4227:Proper names
4004:Earth analog
3989:Astrobiology
3981:Habitability
3918:Microlensing
3878:White dwarfs
3848:M/Red dwarfs
3838:Herbig Ae/Be
3823:Brown dwarfs
3765:Rogue planet
3746:Interstellar
3688:Planetesimal
3457:Planetesimal
3437:Giant planet
3427:Ecumenopolis
3345:
3325:Mini-Neptune
3311:
3261:Dwarf planet
3097:Each arrow (
3019:Local Bubble
3005:Solar System
3003:
2796:Planetesimal
2751:Kuiper cliff
2479:Space probes
2452:Colonization
2291:Kirkwood gap
2212:Saturn Moons
2125:Planetesimal
1620:
1589:Terrestrials
1554:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1478:
1401:Solar System
1306:
1302:
1254:
1250:
1226:. Retrieved
1222:
1166:
1162:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1057:
1047:
1002:
998:
988:
935:
931:
921:
878:
874:
868:
825:
821:
815:
804:. Retrieved
800:the original
795:
786:
770:. Springer.
766:
759:
716:
712:
660:
656:
650:
623:
613:
601:
589:. Retrieved
582:the original
575:
516:
512:
505:
497:
477:
424:
418:
400:Kepler-1704b
368:
356:
347:
334:
327:
323:
315:
312:Mini-Neptune
298:
258:
234:A gas giant
209:Hot Jupiters
205:
168:
166:
150:
126:
106:giant planet
102:Solar System
82:giant planet
77:
75:
64:
43:New Horizons
41:
4461:Outer space
4449:Spaceflight
4239:before 2000
4155:Discoveries
3930:Polarimetry
3818:Binary star
3708:Rubble pile
3703:Ring system
3673:Outer space
3643:Kuiper belt
3598:Hills cloud
3553:Debris disk
3548:Cosmic dust
3477:Sub-Neptune
3462:Protoplanet
3397:Brown dwarf
3385:Other types
3341:Hot Neptune
3336:Hot Jupiter
3327:(Gas dwarf)
3302:Super-Earth
3287:Ocean world
3282:Lava planet
3276:Iron planet
3238:Terrestrial
3179:Main topics
3060:Local Sheet
3054:Local Group
2837:Rubble pile
2825:Roche limit
2820:Ring system
2771:Outer space
2746:Kuiper belt
2716:Hill sphere
2711:Hills cloud
2659:Debris disk
2654:Cosmic dust
2438:Exploration
2393:Planet Nine
2378:Fifth giant
2352:Hills cloud
2313:Kuiper belt
2284:exceptional
2200:Trojan camp
405:Brown dwarf
390:Hot Jupiter
330:Kepler-138d
173:James Blish
163:Terminology
4494:Gas giants
4483:Categories
4150:Exoplanets
4131:Host stars
4078:Catalogues
3901:Astrometry
3863:Subdwarf B
3800:Host stars
3773:Retrograde
3668:Oort cloud
3506:Formation
3442:Mesoplanet
3366:Super-puff
3292:Mega-Earth
3271:Ice planet
3156:Definition
3141:Exoplanets
3079:Local Hole
3026:Gould Belt
2766:Oort cloud
2602:Formation,
2592:Deep space
2428:Vulcanoids
2345:Oort cloud
2269:first 1000
2205:Greek camp
2103:Meteoroids
2098:Damocloids
2044:Charikloan
1228:2022-04-26
1012:1606.08088
806:2008-03-13
670:2009.05575
663:: 114087.
624:Exoplanets
591:11 January
519:(2): 120.
434:1806.05649
411:References
306:Gas dwarfs
240:dwarf star
215:Extrasolar
190:ice giants
122:ice giants
4244:2000–2009
4210:1501–2000
4205:1001–1500
3893:Detection
3858:Red giant
3518:Accretion
3510:evolution
3351:Ice giant
3346:Gas giant
3297:Sub-Earth
3186:Exoplanet
3040:Milky Way
3033:Orion Arm
2801:Formation
2786:Migration
2781:Disrupted
2649:Coatlicue
2617:Accretion
2604:evolution
2550:Asteroids
2462:astronomy
2457:Discovery
2318:Cubewanos
2239:Asteroids
2069:Quaoarian
2059:Neptunian
2049:Chironean
2034:Saturnian
1816:Enceladus
1343:0027-8424
1316:0903.0980
1279:0031-921X
1194:129284864
1185:0036-8075
1104:1304.5157
1097:(1): L9.
1076:124963676
1039:119203398
945:1405.7695
913:119219137
888:1001.4851
881:(1): 59.
838:CiteSeerX
726:0707.2895
695:221654962
633:1006.5486
551:118553341
526:1305.0980
469:116913980
395:Ice giant
236:exoplanet
225:HD 100546
169:gas giant
167:The term
78:gas giant
4200:501–1000
4180:Heaviest
4160:Extremes
3868:Subgiant
3741:Exocomet
3093:Universe
2931:Moonlets
2511:programs
2484:timeline
2472:timeline
2403:Planet X
2398:Planet V
2335:Sednoids
2323:Plutinos
2296:Centaurs
2274:families
2009:Dysnomia
1997:Xiangliu
1992:Gonggong
1980:Makemake
1939:Kerberos
1826:Hyperion
1764:Callisto
1759:Ganymede
1692:Gonggong
1687:Makemake
1542:Gonggong
1535:Makemake
1361:19171896
1199:Archived
1129:37595212
980:24870544
374:See also
86:hydrogen
4473:Science
4423:Portals
4175:Largest
4170:Nearest
3873:T Tauri
3769:Orbits
3753:Exomoon
3733:Systems
3447:Planemo
3312:Gaseous
2914:Related
2893:by size
2582:Neptune
2567:Jupiter
2518:Mercury
2443:outline
2388:Phaeton
2383:Nemesis
2370:objects
2222:Neptune
2195:Jupiter
2175:Trojans
2168:Neptune
2153:Jupiter
2133:Mercury
2064:Haumean
2054:Uranian
2036: (
1956:Hiʻiaka
1890:Proteus
1880:Neptune
1868:Miranda
1858:Umbriel
1848:Titania
1836:all 146
1801:Iapetus
1754:Jupiter
1648:Neptune
1626:Jupiter
1594:Mercury
1576:Planets
1501:Neptune
1486:Jupiter
1459:Mercury
1352:2631077
1321:Bibcode
1259:Bibcode
1163:Science
1109:Bibcode
1017:Bibcode
971:4048851
950:Bibcode
893:Bibcode
860:6475341
830:Bibcode
751:8369390
731:Bibcode
675:Bibcode
638:Bibcode
531:Bibcode
439:Bibcode
290:gravity
138:ammonia
114:Neptune
94:Jupiter
66:Cassini
38:Jupiter
4190:Kepler
4165:Firsts
4064:Tholin
3935:Timing
3853:Pulsar
3778:Trojan
3392:Blanet
3151:Planet
3088:
3081:
3074:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3007:
2936:Syzygy
2858:Comets
2791:System
2776:Planet
2669:EXCEDE
2577:Uranus
2572:Saturn
2562:Comets
2555:mining
2533:mining
2423:Vulcan
2264:active
2259:Hygiea
2254:Pallas
2217:Uranus
2163:Uranus
2158:Saturn
2093:Comets
2085:bodies
2083:System
2029:Jovian
1973:Weywot
1968:Quaoar
1961:Namaka
1951:Haumea
1924:Charon
1900:all 16
1895:Nereid
1885:Triton
1873:all 28
1853:Oberon
1843:Uranus
1831:Phoebe
1811:Tethys
1786:Saturn
1779:all 95
1774:Europa
1747:Deimos
1742:Phobos
1721:Earth
1682:Quaoar
1677:Haumea
1657:Dwarfs
1643:Uranus
1631:Saturn
1616:Giants
1581:dwarfs
1528:Quaoar
1521:Haumea
1496:Uranus
1491:Saturn
1359:
1349:
1341:
1277:
1191:
1183:
1127:
1074:
1058:Nature
1037:
978:
968:
932:Nature
911:
858:
840:
774:
749:
693:
657:Icarus
549:
467:
457:
272:
110:Uranus
98:Saturn
90:helium
61:Saturn
4437:Stars
4330:Other
4195:1–500
4120:Lists
3229:types
3224:Sizes
2851:Lists
2587:Pluto
2545:Ceres
2523:Venus
2418:Tyche
2413:Theia
2249:Vesta
2244:Ceres
2185:Earth
2180:Venus
2143:Earth
2138:Venus
2118:moons
2081:Solar
2079:Small
2038:Rhean
2021:Rings
1934:Hydra
1919:Pluto
1912:Vanth
1907:Orcus
1863:Ariel
1821:Mimas
1806:Dione
1791:Titan
1714:Moons
1702:Sedna
1672:Pluto
1667:Orcus
1662:Ceres
1604:Earth
1599:Venus
1556:Sedna
1514:Pluto
1507:Orcus
1480:Ceres
1469:Earth
1464:Venus
1311:arXiv
1189:S2CID
1125:S2CID
1099:arXiv
1072:S2CID
1035:S2CID
1007:arXiv
940:arXiv
909:S2CID
883:arXiv
856:S2CID
747:S2CID
721:arXiv
691:S2CID
665:arXiv
628:arXiv
585:(PDF)
572:(PDF)
547:S2CID
521:arXiv
465:S2CID
429:arXiv
185:phase
80:is a
4319:2024
4314:2023
4309:2022
4304:2021
4299:2020
4294:2019
4289:2018
4284:2017
4279:2016
4274:2015
4269:2014
4264:2013
4259:2012
4254:2011
4249:2010
3964:list
3952:list
3940:list
3923:list
3911:list
3508:and
3226:and
2540:Mars
2528:Moon
2506:list
2489:list
2190:Mars
2148:Mars
2004:Eris
1944:Styx
1796:Rhea
1737:Mars
1725:Moon
1697:Eris
1609:Mars
1549:Eris
1474:Mars
1357:PMID
1339:ISSN
1275:ISSN
1181:ISSN
1003:1606
976:PMID
772:ISBN
593:2016
455:ISBN
357:The
118:ices
112:and
96:and
88:and
3161:IAU
2279:PHA
1929:Nix
1638:Ice
1621:Gas
1454:Sun
1347:PMC
1329:doi
1307:106
1267:doi
1171:doi
1167:287
1117:doi
1095:769
1062:doi
1025:doi
966:PMC
958:doi
936:509
901:doi
879:744
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683:doi
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