477:(COVID-19) pneumonia in two patients with lung cancer after a biopsy. Specifically, they were located in inflammatory fibrin clusters, sometimes together with mononuclear inflammatory cells. Another pathological study also detected this type of giant cell in COVID-19 and described it as a "multinucleated syncytial cell". The morphological analysis showed that multinucleated syncytial cells and atypical enlarged pneumocytes demonstrating cytomorphological changes consistent with viral infection were found in the intra-alveolar spaces. The viral antigen was detected in the cytoplasm of multinucleated syncytial cells, indicating the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, a later post-mortem study has described these cells as 'giant cell-like' rather than true giant cells derived from histiocytes. Instead, they are derived from type II pneumocyte clusters with
134:
369:
377:
20:
164:, diseases, and cell formations. Giant cells are also known to develop when infections are present. They were first observed as early as the middle of the last century, but it is not fully understood why these reactions occur. In the process of giant cell formation, monocytes or macrophages fuse together, which could cause multiple problems for the immune system.
440:
Some researchers have conjectured that Giant cells may be instrumental in the formation of tumours, and that their origin may be in the stress-induced genomic reorganization proposed by Nobel
Laureate Barbara McClintock. It had previously been suggested that such genomic stress could be aggravated by
320:
This type of giant cell could be caused by bacteria that spread from person to person through the air. Tuberculosis is related to HIV; many people who have HIV also have a hard time fighting off diseases and sicknesses. Many tests may be performed to treat other related diseases to obtain the correct
276:
Langhans giant cells are named for the pathologist who discovered them, Theodor
Langhans. Like many of the other kinds of giant cell formations, epithelioid macrophages fuse together and form a multinucleated giant cell. The nuclei form a circle or semicircle similar to the shape of a horseshoe away
178:
Osteoclasts are the most prominent examples of MGCs and are responsible for the resorption of bones in the body. Like other MGCs, they are formed from the fusion of monocyte/macrophage precursors. However, unlike other MGCs, the fusion pathway they originate from is well elucidated. They also do not
219:
Northern
Europeans have been observed to have a higher incidence of giant cell arteritis compared to southern European, Hispanic, and Asian populations. It has been suggested that this difference may lie in the criteria used to diagnose giant cell arteritis rather than actual disease incidence, in
147:
Osteoclasts were discovered in 1873. However, it was not until the development of the organ culture in the 1970s that their origin and function could be deduced. Although there was a consensus early on about the physiological function of osteoclasts, theories on their origins were heavily debated.
102:
foreign materials. However, their large size and extensive membrane ruffling make them better equipped to clear up larger particles. They utilize activated CR3s to ingest complement-opsonized targets. Non-osteoclast MGCs are also responsible for the clearance of cell debris, which is necessary for
427:
Reed-Sternberg cells are generally thought to originate from B-lymphocytes. They are hard to study due to their rarity, and there are other theories about the origins of these cells. Some less popular theories speculate that they may arise from the fusion between reticulum cells, lymphocytes, and
182:
Osteoclasts are typically associated more with healthy physiological functions than they are with pathological states. They function alongside osteoblasts to remodel and maintain the integrity of bones in the body. They also contribute to the creation of the niche necessary for hematopoiesis and
476:
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a novel coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2. Multinucleated giant cells have been detected in biopsy specimens from patients with COVID-19 disease. This type of giant cell was first found in pulmonary pathology of early phase 2019 novel coronavirus
339:
consist of fused epithelioid macrophages and have multiple nuclei. They are characterized by the ring-shaped arrangement of their nuclei and the presence of foamy cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus. Touton giant cells have been observed in lipid-laden lesions such as
66:
are a type of MGC that are critical for the maintenance, repair, and remodeling of bone and are present normally in a healthy human body. Osteoclasts are frequently classified and discussed separately from other MGCs which are more closely linked with disease.
401:. As with other types of giant cells, epithelioid macrophages fusing together causes these giant cells to form and grow. In this form of giant cell, the nuclei are arranged in an overlapping manner. This giant cell is often found in tissue because of
208:
or cranial arteritis, is the most common MGC-linked disease. This type of arteritis causes the arteries in the head, neck, and arm area to swell to abnormal sizes. Although the cause of this disease is not currently known, it appears to be related to
152:
came from the same progenitor cell. Because of this, osteoclasts were thought to be derived from cells in connective tissue. Studies that observed that bone resorption could be restored by bone marrow and spleen transplants helped prove osteoclasts'
228:
Symptoms may include a mild fever, loss of appetite, fatigue, vision loss, and severe headaches. These symptoms are often misinterpreted leading to a delay in treatment. If left untreated, this disease can result in permanent blindness.
431:
Similar to other MGCs, Reed-Sternberg cells are large and are either multinucleated or have a bilobed nucleus. Their nuclei are irregularly shaped, contain clear chromatin, and possess an eosinophilic nucleolus.
187:. However, while the primary functions of osteoclasts are integral to maintaining a healthy physiological state, they have also been linked to osteoporosis and the formation of bone tumors.
216:
Giant cell arteritis is most prevalent in older individuals, with the rate of disease being seen to increase from age 50. Women are 2–3 times more likely to develop the disease than men.
1028:
1822:
491:
A further study to characterize the role of multinucleated giant cells in human immune defense against COVID-19 may lead to more effective therapies.
248:, and an incision is made in the face around the area of the temples to obtain a sample of the temporal artery. The incision is then sutured. A
360:
Touton giant cells typically cause similar symptoms to other forms of giant cell, such as fever, weight loss, fatigue and loss of appetite.
1815:
2329:
1942:
444:
Poly-aneuploid cancer cells (PACCs) may serve as efficient sources of heritable variation that allows cancer cells to evolve rapidly.
252:
examines the sample under a microscope and issues a pathology report (pending extra tests that may be requested by the pathologist).
1376:
1039:
1808:
1403:
784:
1326:"Postmortem examination of three SARS-CoV-2-positive autopsies including histopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis"
515:
1502:
500:
255:
The management regime consists primarily of systemic corticosteroids (e.g. prednisolone), commencing at a high dose.
238:
1221:"Pulmonary Pathology of Early-Phase 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pneumonia in Two Patients With Lung Cancer"
485:
staining. The infection and pathogenesis of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the human patient largely remained unknown.
1789:
1768:
558:"Multinucleated Giant Cells Are Specialized for Complement-Mediated Phagocytosis and Large Target Destruction"
2212:
2020:
1613:
1396:
1472:
2274:
543:
1538:
1162:
Pienta, Kenneth J.; Hammarlund, Emma U.; Axelrod, Robert; Brown, Joel S.; Amend, Sarah R. (2020).
960:"Visual manifestations in giant cell arteritis: trend over 5 decades in a population-based cohort"
2376:
2295:
2164:
1726:
1497:
510:
422:
390:
385:
111:
1557:
1492:
1275:"Viropathic multinuclear syncytial giant cells in bronchial fluid from a patient with COVID-19"
488:
Multinucleate giant cells have also been described in MERS-CoV, a closely related coronavirus.
210:
1463:
759:
286:
2399:
1716:
1426:
1389:
811:"Contemporary prevalence estimates for giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica, 2015"
556:
Milde R, Ritter J, Tennent GA, Loesch A, Martinez FO, Gordon S, et al. (December 2015).
87:
2371:
1667:
1175:
668:
201:
196:
123:
1007:
133:
8:
2159:
2134:
1706:
958:
Singh AG, Kermani TA, Crowson CS, Weyand CM, Matteson EL, Warrington KJ (February 2015).
278:
264:
115:
1179:
672:
659:
Boyle WJ, Simonet WS, Lacey DL (May 2003). "Osteoclast differentiation and activation".
393:
form when a subject is exposed to a foreign substance. Exogenous substances can include
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1763:
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1350:
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119:
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1984:
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1979:
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1954:
1876:
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1563:
1341:
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402:
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The formation of Touton giant cell is most common in men and women aged 37–78.
154:
140:
44:
926:
2393:
2341:
2251:
1896:
1637:
1608:
1446:
785:"Questions and Answers About Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis"
59:
1164:"Poly-aneuploid cancer cells promote evolvability, generating lethal cancer"
160:
Other multinucleated giant cell formations can arise from numerous types of
2366:
2300:
2269:
2129:
1994:
1886:
1849:
1832:
1756:
1711:
1644:
1412:
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368:
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99:
75:
24:
975:
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1989:
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1626:
1516:
1480:
876:
505:
406:
312:
Symptoms may include fever, weight loss, fatigue and loss of appetite.
245:
173:
149:
98:
lineage fused together. Similar to their monocyte precursors, they can
95:
63:
62:
giant cells (MGCs), they also play many important physiological roles.
48:
1187:
179:
ingest foreign materials and instead absorb bone matrix and minerals.
2361:
2207:
2139:
2090:
2056:
1921:
1901:
1891:
1690:
1574:
1569:
1012:
520:
465:
205:
71:
52:
610:"Historically significant events in the discovery of RANK/RANKL/OPG"
376:
2334:
2228:
2107:
2095:
2071:
2066:
1854:
1597:
1526:
293:
161:
91:
58:
Although there is typically a focus on the pathological aspects of
471:
2236:
2083:
1721:
1521:
453:
2324:
2200:
1864:
1381:
241:
184:
79:
19:
292:
Langhans giant cell could be closely related to tuberculosis,
2279:
1649:
1431:
1377:
Macrophage fusion: the making of osteoclasts and giant cells
1161:
380:
Foreign-body giant cell reaction to a suture. H&E stain.
1618:
1441:
394:
137:
1272:
957:
457:
83:
908:
555:
1273:
Stadlmann S, Hein-Kuhnt R, Singer G (September 2020).
1219:
Tian S, Hu W, Niu L, Liu H, Xu H, Xiao SY (May 2020).
1848:
911:"The diagnosis and treatment of giant cell arteritis"
909:
Ness T, Bley TA, Schmidt WA, Lamprecht P (May 2013).
372:
Foreign-body giant cells in the lung. H&E stain.
43:) is a mass formed by the union of several distinct
300:. Langhans giant cell occurs frequently in delayed
1830:
858:Baig IF, Pascoe AR, Kini A, Lee AG (2019-01-17).
857:
709:
658:
2391:
1029:"ATLAS OF HEAD AND NECK PATHOLOGY – Giant Cells"
237:The current highest standard for diagnosis is a
70:Non-osteoclast MGCs can arise in response to an
23:Multinucleated giant cells due to an infection.
1151:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.10.005
1139:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.06.007
1104:
808:
472:Multinucleated giant cells in COVID-19 patients
441:some genotoxic agents used in cancer therapy.
860:"Giant cell arteritis: early diagnosis is key"
447:
1816:
1397:
1026:
285:but has been found to occur in many types of
1218:
220:addition to genetic and geographic factors.
16:Mass resulting from the fusion of many cells
1323:
1036:Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
435:
1823:
1809:
1404:
1390:
363:
335:Also known as xanthelasmatic giant cells,
1349:
1300:
1290:
1244:
1195:
1149:Jinsong Liu, Seminars in Cancer Biology,
1137:Jinsong Liu, Seminars in Cancer Biology,
1081:
1008:Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis)
983:
934:
885:
875:
834:
735:
710:Charles JF, Aliprantis AO (August 2014).
635:
625:
581:
542:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
143:demonstrating giant cells and macrophages
809:Crowson CS, Matteson EL (October 2017).
375:
367:
132:
18:
2330:Megakaryocyte–erythroid progenitor cell
1330:International Journal of Legal Medicine
1066:"Exposing Hodgkin-Reed-Sternberg cells"
190:
2392:
1063:
1022:
1020:
712:"Osteoclasts: more than 'bone eaters'"
607:
416:
258:
1804:
1385:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1324:Oprinca GC, Muja LA (January 2021).
815:Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism
603:
601:
464:crystals (cholesteatoma) can induce
324:
244:. The skin on the patient's face is
1017:
766:. U.S. National Library of Medicine
516:Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma
321:diagnosis for Langhans giant cell.
13:
1261:
915:Deutsches Ă„rzteblatt International
14:
2411:
1370:
598:
501:Idiopathic giant cell myocarditis
1447:Loss of function (Functio laesa)
1411:
827:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2017.04.001
1717:Increased vascular permeability
1317:
1212:
1155:
1143:
1131:
1098:
1057:
1000:
951:
902:
787:. Niams.nih.gov. Archived from
347:
1790:List of inflammatory disorders
1769:Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
1105:Aggarwal P, Limaiem F (2020).
851:
802:
777:
752:
703:
652:
549:
533:
452:Endogenous substances such as
315:
281:was typically associated with
148:Many believed osteoclasts and
1:
1292:10.1136/jclinpath-2020-206657
1279:Journal of Clinical Pathology
526:
355:
307:
277:from the center of the cell.
167:
2021:Extramedullary hematopoiesis
1225:Journal of Thoracic Oncology
1083:10.1182/blood-2016-11-746701
728:10.1016/j.molmed.2014.06.001
716:Trends in Molecular Medicine
614:World Journal of Orthopedics
574:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.10.065
232:
7:
964:The Journal of Rheumatology
494:
448:Endogenous causative agents
223:
10:
2416:
1342:10.1007/s00414-020-02406-w
1237:10.1016/j.jtho.2020.02.010
1027:Saunders WH, Wakely Jr P.
608:Martin TJ (October 2013).
420:
383:
328:
268:
262:
194:
171:
128:
90:. These MGCs are cells of
37:multinucleated giant cell,
2354:
2314:
2288:
2260:
2227:
2187:Antigen-presenting cells
2180:
2115:
2106:
2042:
2033:
2013:
1975:
1950:
1941:
1912:
1872:
1863:
1839:
1777:
1744:
1699:
1666:
1585:
1546:
1537:
1471:
1462:
1455:
1419:
1168:Evolutionary Applications
1113:. StatPearls Publishing.
1064:Steidl C (January 2017).
927:10.3238/arztebl.2013.0376
481:, which was confirmed by
204:, also known as temporal
2275:Nucleated red blood cell
1831:Myeloid blood cells and
1473:Plasma-derived mediators
921:(21): 376–85, quiz 386.
544:Medical Subject Headings
436:Role in tumour formation
391:Foreign-body giant cells
296:, sarcoidosis, and deep
269:Not to be confused with
112:foreign-body giant cells
41:multinucleate giant cell
2377:Hematopoietic stem cell
2296:Leukocyte extravasation
2165:Foreign-body giant cell
1727:Leukocyte extravasation
386:Foreign-body giant cell
364:Foreign-body giant cell
1539:Cell-derived mediators
1107:"Reed Sternberg Cells"
760:"Giant Cell Arteritis"
428:virus-infected cells.
381:
373:
287:granulomatous diseases
211:polymyalgia rheumatica
144:
28:
1588:synthesized on demand
976:10.3899/jrheum.140188
627:10.5312/wjo.v4.i4.186
379:
371:
136:
88:foreign body reaction
22:
2372:Hematopoietic system
2160:Langhans giant cells
1707:Acute-phase reaction
202:Giant cell arteritis
197:Giant cell arteritis
191:Giant cell arteritis
183:negatively regulate
124:Giant-cell arteritis
116:Langhans giant cells
2135:Alveolar macrophage
1180:2020EvApp..13.1626P
681:10.1038/nature01658
673:2003Natur.423..337B
511:Reed–Sternberg cell
423:Reed–Sternberg cell
417:Reed-Sternberg cell
279:Langhans giant cell
265:Langhans giant cell
259:Langhans giant cell
51:), often forming a
2306:Intrinsic immunity
2170:Touton giant cells
1764:C-reactive protein
877:10.2147/EB.S170388
479:cytopathic changes
382:
374:
337:Touton giant cells
145:
120:Touton giant cells
86:, or as part of a
29:
2387:
2386:
2350:
2349:
2223:
2222:
2150:Epithelioid cells
2029:
2028:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2004:
1937:
1936:
1798:
1797:
1740:
1739:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1558:Lysosome granules
1188:10.1111/eva.12929
667:(6937): 337–342.
331:Touton giant cell
325:Touton giant cell
298:fungal infections
105:tissue remodeling
35:(also known as a
2407:
2321:Precursor cells
2247:Promegakaryocyte
2113:
2112:
2040:
2039:
1965:Promegakaryocyte
1948:
1947:
1870:
1869:
1861:
1860:
1846:
1845:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1802:
1801:
1752:Full blood count
1681:Epithelioid cell
1590:
1551:
1544:
1543:
1469:
1468:
1460:
1459:
1437:Swelling (Tumor)
1427:Flushing (Rubor)
1406:
1399:
1392:
1383:
1382:
1364:
1363:
1353:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1304:
1294:
1270:
1259:
1258:
1248:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1199:
1174:(7): 1626–1634.
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1085:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1044:
1038:. Archived from
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1024:
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749:
739:
707:
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656:
650:
649:
639:
629:
605:
596:
595:
585:
568:(9): 1937–1948.
553:
547:
537:
302:hypersensitivity
250:histopathologist
107:after injuries.
2415:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2346:
2310:
2289:Immune response
2284:
2262:Red blood cells
2256:
2219:
2196:Langerhans cell
2191:Dendritic cells
2176:
2102:
2025:
2001:
1985:Proerythroblast
1971:
1933:
1917:Monocytopoiesis
1908:
1852:
1835:
1829:
1799:
1794:
1785:Lymphadenopathy
1773:
1736:
1695:
1654:
1586:
1581:
1564:biogenic amines
1547:
1533:
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1415:
1410:
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403:medical devices
388:
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327:
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274:
271:Langerhans cell
267:
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239:temporal artery
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226:
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176:
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131:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2255:
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2242:Megakaryoblast
2239:
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2221:
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2098:
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2087:
2086:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2037:
2035:Myeloid tissue
2031:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1980:Erythropoiesis
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1960:Megakaryoblast
1955:Thrombopoiesis
1951:
1945:
1939:
1938:
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1877:Granulopoiesis
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1371:External links
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1841:Hematopoiesis
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864:Eye and Brain
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791:on 2016-05-25
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68:
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61:
60:multinucleate
56:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
26:
25:H&E stain
21:
2400:Cell biology
2301:Phagocytosis
2270:Reticulocyte
2154:
2044:Granulocytes
1995:Reticulocyte
1887:Promyelocyte
1850:Myelopoiesis
1757:Leukocytosis
1712:Vasodilation
1685:
1645:Nitric oxide
1625:
1596:
1587:
1562:
1548:
1509:
1485:
1442:Pain (Dolor)
1413:Inflammation
1333:
1329:
1319:
1282:
1278:
1228:
1224:
1214:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1145:
1133:
1122:. Retrieved
1110:
1100:
1073:
1069:
1059:
1047:. Retrieved
1040:the original
1035:
1006:
1002:
967:
963:
953:
918:
914:
904:
867:
863:
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818:
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793:. Retrieved
789:the original
779:
768:. Retrieved
763:
754:
719:
715:
705:
664:
660:
654:
617:
613:
565:
562:Cell Reports
561:
551:
535:
490:
487:
475:
451:
443:
439:
430:
426:
411:biomaterials
389:
359:
351:
348:Demographics
342:fat necrosis
334:
319:
311:
291:
283:tuberculosis
275:
254:
246:anesthetized
236:
227:
218:
215:
200:
181:
177:
159:
146:
109:
76:tuberculosis
69:
57:
40:
36:
32:
30:
2155:giant cells
2145:Osteoclasts
2125:Histiocytes
2117:Macrophages
1927:Promonocyte
1627:eicosanoids
1511:coagulation
764:MedlinePlus
540:Giant+Cells
483:cytokeratin
468:formation.
462:cholesterol
150:osteoblasts
100:phagocytose
64:Osteoclasts
49:histiocytes
2079:Eosinophil
2062:Neutrophil
2052:Myeloblast
1990:Normoblast
1882:Myeloblast
1732:Chemotaxis
1686:Giant cell
1676:Macrophage
1517:Factor XII
1487:complement
1481:Bradykinin
1124:2020-04-29
1111:StatPearls
1076:(1): 6–7.
795:2014-02-20
770:2014-02-20
527:References
506:Large cell
407:prostheses
174:Osteoclast
168:Osteoclast
96:macrophage
74:, such as
33:giant cell
2362:Phagocyte
2229:Platelets
2208:Monoblast
2140:Microglia
2108:Monocytes
2091:Mast cell
2057:Band cell
1922:Monoblast
1902:Band cell
1892:Myelocyte
1691:Granuloma
1598:cytokines
1575:Serotonin
1570:Histamine
1549:preformed
1456:Mechanism
1013:eMedicine
521:Syncitium
466:mast cell
316:Diagnosis
233:Diagnosis
206:arteritis
72:infection
53:granuloma
47:(usually
2394:Category
2335:CFU-GEMM
2096:CFU-Mast
2072:CFU-Baso
2067:Basophil
1855:CFU-GEMM
1527:Thrombin
1420:Symptoms
1360:32851474
1311:32434769
1255:32114094
1206:32952609
1119:31194473
1092:28057670
994:25512481
945:23795218
896:30697092
870:: 1–12.
845:28551169
746:25008556
689:12748652
646:24147254
592:26628365
495:See also
356:Symptoms
308:Symptoms
294:syphilis
224:Symptoms
162:bacteria
157:origin.
92:monocyte
2237:CFU-Meg
2084:CFU-Eos
2014:General
1778:General
1722:Exudate
1668:Chronic
1522:Plasmin
1351:7449785
1302:7476265
1246:7128866
1197:7484876
1176:Bibcode
985:4367485
936:3679627
887:6340646
836:5623160
737:4119859
697:4428121
669:Bibcode
637:3801238
583:4675895
454:keratin
399:sutures
185:T cells
129:History
2367:Plasma
2325:CFU-GM
2201:CFU-DL
1865:CFU-GM
1833:plasma
1650:Kinins
1358:
1348:
1309:
1299:
1253:
1243:
1204:
1194:
1117:
1090:
1049:15 Apr
992:
982:
943:
933:
894:
884:
843:
833:
744:
734:
695:
687:
661:Nature
644:
634:
590:
580:
546:(MeSH)
460:, and
409:, and
242:biopsy
80:herpes
2355:Other
2315:Other
2280:CFU-E
2181:Other
1745:Tests
1700:Other
1614:TNF-α
1604:IFN-Îł
1464:Acute
1070:Blood
1043:(PDF)
1032:(PDF)
693:S2CID
82:, or
45:cells
1619:IL-1
1609:IL-8
1356:PMID
1307:PMID
1251:PMID
1202:PMID
1115:PMID
1088:PMID
1051:2014
990:PMID
941:PMID
892:PMID
841:PMID
742:PMID
685:PMID
642:PMID
588:PMID
395:talc
138:CD68
2213:MPS
1943:MEP
1503:MAC
1498:C5a
1346:PMC
1338:doi
1334:135
1297:PMC
1287:doi
1241:PMC
1233:doi
1192:PMC
1184:doi
1078:doi
1074:129
1011:at
980:PMC
972:doi
931:PMC
923:doi
919:110
882:PMC
872:doi
831:PMC
823:doi
732:PMC
724:doi
677:doi
665:423
632:PMC
622:doi
578:PMC
570:doi
458:fat
397:or
94:or
84:HIV
55:.
39:or
2396::
1493:C3
1354:.
1344:.
1332:.
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