Ghetto - Knowledge

1120:. Characteristics of this culture included lively music and dance, violence, unbridled emotions, flamboyant imagery, illegitimacy, religious oratory marked by strident rhetoric, and a lack of emphasis on education and intellectual interests. Because redneck culture proved counterproductive, "that culture long ago died out...among both white and black Southerners, while still surviving today in the poorest and worst of the urban black ghettos", which Sowell described as being characterized by "brawling, braggadocio, self-indulgence, disregard of the future", and where "belligerence is considered being manly and crudity is considered cool, while being civilized is regarded as 'acting white'." Sowell blames liberal Americans who since the 1960s have embraced black ghetto culture as the only "'authentic' black culture and even glamorize it" while they "denounce any criticism of the ghetto lifestyle or any attempt to change it." Sowell asserts that white liberal Americans have perpetuated this "counterproductive and self-destructive lifestyle" among black Americans living in urban ghettos through "the welfare state, and look-the-other-way policing, and smiling at 'gangsta rap'." 1153:. Since the 1960s, after the de-constitution of the inner cities, African-American or Black ghettos have attempted to reorganize or reconstitute; in effect, they are increasingly regarded as public- and state-dependent communities. Brownsville, for instance, initiated the constitution of community-established public housing, anti-poverty organizations, and social service facilities—all, in their own way, depend on state resources. However, certain dependence contradicts society's desires to be autonomous actors in the market. Moreover, Zukin implies, "the less 'autonomous' the community—in its dependence on public schools, public housing and various subsidy programs—the greater the inequity between their organizations and the state, and the less willing residents are to organize." This should not, however, undermine local development corporations or social service agencies helping these neighborhoods. The lack of autonomy and growing dependence on the state, especially in a 352: 558: 414: 811:. European immigrants and African Americans were both subject to an ethnic division of labor. Because of discrimination, African Americans were often restricted to the least secure division of the labor market. David Ward refers to this stagnant position in African-American or Black ghettos as the 'elevator' model, which implies that each group of immigrants or migrants takes turns in the processes of social mobility and suburbanization; and several groups did not start on the ground floor. The inability of black people to move from the ground floor, as Ward suggests, is dependent upon 843:. White flight occurred, in part, as a response to black people moving into white urban neighborhoods. Discriminatory practices, especially those intended to "preserve" emerging white suburbs, restricted the ability of black people to move from inner cities to the suburbs, even when they were economically able to afford it. In contrast to this, the same period in history marked a massive suburban expansion available primarily to whites of both wealthy and working-class backgrounds, facilitated through highway construction and the availability of federally subsidized home mortgages ( 169: 954:'s interstate highway system attempted to maintain the racial boundaries that had been established by the city's 1926 racial zoning law. The construction of interstate highways through black neighborhoods in the city led to significant population loss in those neighborhoods and is associated with an increase in neighborhood racial segregation. Residential segregation was further perpetuated because whites were willing to pay more than black people to live in predominantly white areas. Some social scientists suggest that the historical processes of 1443: 336: 42: 1461: 875:. Additionally, Zukin notes, "Not only have social services been drastically reduced, punitive and other social controls over the poor have been increased," such as law enforcement and imprisonment. Described as the "urban crisis" during the 1970s and 1980s, the transition stressed regional divisions according to differences in income and racial lines—white "donuts" around black holes. Hardly coincidental, the steady separation occurred during the period of civil rights laws, urban riots and 1624:, including policies like 25 hours of obligatory daycare or corresponding parent supervision per week for children in the appointed areas starting age 1, lowering social welfare for residents, incentives for reducing unemployment, demolition and rebuilding of certain tenements, rights for landlords to refuse housing to convicts, etc. The policies have been criticized for undercutting 'equality before law' and for portraying immigrants, especially Muslim immigrants, in a bad light. 576: 712: 1926: 796:

resulted in a dramatic decline of manufacturing jobs, which had formerly provided good livings for unionized, working-class blacks and whites. The once thriving northern and western industrial cities survived by a gradual shift to service and financial occupations. Subsidized highways and suburban development in the postwar period had pulled many middle and upper-class families and related businesses to the

4068: 1301: 1074:, states that a prolonged history of poverty can itself become a cultural obstacle to socioeconomic success, and in turn can continue a pattern of socioeconomic polarization. Ghettos, in short, instill a cultural adaptation to social and class-based inequalities, reducing the ability of future generations to mobilize or 800:. Those who could not afford to move were left with disrupted neighborhoods and economies in the inner cities. African Americans were disproportionately affected and became either unemployed or underemployed, with little wage and reduced benefits. A concentration of African Americans predominated in some 1627:

The term "ghetto" was controversial during the period of its usage, inhabitants feeling stigmatized by the wording and researchers pointing out that the areas in question were typically inhabited by 20-40 different ethnic minorities, hence being diametrically opposed to the ethnic homogeneity of the

1275:

claimed "The degree of residential segregation of the black community is greater than for any other group in urban America, yet black people have not had the political power necessary to exercise any significant degree of control over the improvement of the basic services necessary for their health,

1642:

becoming housing minister. He stated that the new government would stop using the word "ghetto" for vulnerable housing areas, as it was both imprecise and derogatory. In a 2021 reform, the name was finally removed in legal texts by Parliament. Instead, a new category called "parallel societies" was

1133:

explains that through these reasons, society rationalizes the term "bad neighborhoods." Zukin stresses that these circumstances are largely related to "racial concentration, residential abandonment, and de-constitution and reconstitution of communal institutions." Many scholars diagnose this poorly

457:

The Nazi ghettos were an essentially different institution than the historical ghettos of European society. The historical ghettos were places where Jews lived for many generations and created their own culture – even if they were under social and political conditions of segregation

1597:

areas in the country. The designation was applied to areas based on the residents' income levels, employment status, education levels, criminal convictions and proportion of non-Western immigrants and their descendants. The term was controversial during its period of use and was finally removed in

1189:

to signify a poor, culturally or racially homogenous urban area, those living in the area often used it to signify something positive. The black ghettos did not always contain dilapidated houses and deteriorating projects, nor were all of its residents poverty-stricken. For many African-Americans,

723:

The term ghettos has been commonly used for some time, but ghettos were around long before the term was coined. Urban areas in the U.S. can often be classified as "black" or "white", with the inhabitants primarily belonging to a homogenous racial grouping. This classification can be traced back as

612:

and Russians between 1880 and 1920. Jewish immigrants were part of the earliest German wave, as well as comprising numerous immigrants from Eastern Europe, the Russian Empire at the time. Most remained in their established immigrant communities, but by the second or third generation, many families

1168:

has faced criticism both theoretically and empirically. Research has shown significant differences in resources for neighborhoods with similar populations both across cities and over time. This includes differences in the resources of neighborhoods with predominantly low income or racial minority

1280:

highlights, that racial segregation in African-American or Black ghettos challenge America's democratic foundations. However, it is still advocated that "One solution to these problems depends on our ability to use the political process in eliminating the inequities... geographical knowledge and

826:

of African Americans to the North during and after World War I, they had to compete with numerous European immigrants; thus, African-Americans were diminished to unskilled jobs. The slow rate of advancement in black communities outlines the rigidity of the labor market, competition and conflict,

1053:

theorists. Such theories confirm class to be more important than race in the structuring of U.S. ghettos. Although racial concentration is a key signifier for ghettos, class-based theorists emphasize the role and impact of broader societal structures in the creation of African-American or Black

889:

oorly underserviced infrastructures, inadequate housing to accommodate a growing urban populace, group conflict and competition over limited jobs and space, the inability for many residents to compete for new technology-based jobs, and tensions between the public and private sectors left to the

795:

Two main factors ensured further separation between races and classes, and ultimately the development of contemporary ghettos: the relocation of industrial enterprises, and the movement of middle to upper class residents into suburban neighborhoods. Between 1967 and 1987, economic restructuring

2211:

The word "ghetto" is an etymological mystery. Is it from the Hebrew get, or bill of divorce? From the Venetian ghèto, or foundry? From the Yiddish gehektes, "enclosed"? From Latin Giudaicetum, for "Jewish"? From the Italian borghetto, "little town"? From the Old French guect, "guard"?...In his

1276:

education, and welfare." Scholars have been interested in the study of African-American or Black ghettos precisely for the concentration of disadvantaged residents and their vulnerability to social problems. American ghettos also bring attention to geographical and political barriers, and as

787:

The social disruption and economic competition following World War I, as veterans returned to the US, resulted in an outbreak of racial violence of whites against blacks in many of these Northern cities, such as Chicago, Omaha; Washington, DC, and others. Southern industrial cities were also

995:

describes a process by which members of the black middle class begin to distance themselves socially and culturally from ghetto residents during the later half of the twentieth century, "eventually expressing this distance by literally moving away." This is followed by the exodus of black

929:

Recommended restrictions should include provision for: prohibition of the occupancy of properties except by the race for which they are intended ... Schools should be appropriate to the needs of the new community and they should not be attended in large numbers by inharmonious racial

1040:

on segregation. More contemporary research of race-based theorists is to frame a range of methods conducted by white Americans to "preserve race-based residential inequities" as a function of the dominantly white, state-run government. Involving uneven development, mortgage and business

986:

was charged with administering and enforcing the law. Since housing discrimination became illegal, new housing opportunities were made available to the black community and many left the ghetto. Urban sociologists frequently title this historical event as "black middle class exodus", or

462:; they were intended as a transitional stage – first confine each city's Jews in one easily accessible and controllable location, then "liquidate" the ghetto and send the Jews to an extermination camp. Most Nazi ghettos were liquidated in 1943; some, such as that of 2212:

etymology column for the Oxford University Press, Anatoly Liberman took a look at each of these possibilities. He considered ever more improbable origins — Latin for "ribbon"? German for "street"? Latin for "to throw"? — before declaring the word a stubborn mystery.

390:

Jewish ghettos in Christian Europe existed because of majority discrimination against Jews on the basis of religion, language and dated views on race: They were considered outsiders. As a result, Jews were placed under strict regulations throughout many European cities.

1149:, as an example. This relationship between racial ghettos and the state is demonstrated through various push and pull features, implemented through government subsidized investments, which certainly assisted the movement of white Americans into the suburbs after 1262:. It is used to indicate an object's relation to the inner city and also more broadly to denote something that is shabby or of low quality. While "ghetto" as an adjective can be used derogatorily, the African-American or Black community, particularly the 441:

into limited areas. The Nazis most often referred to these areas in documents and signage at their entrances as "Jewish quarter." These Nazi camps sometimes coincided with traditional Jewish ghettos and Jewish quarters, but not always. On June 21, 1943,

784:. African Americans found they had to struggle with white ethnic groups in Northern and Midwestern cities; many of them more recent European immigrants. Often they were restricted to areas of older and poor housing in the new cities where they settled. 862:

processes, and demonstrated through technological advances and improvements in efficiency. The structural shift of 1973, during the post-Fordist era, became a large component to the racial ghetto and its relationship with the labor market.

394:

In some cases, the ghetto was a Jewish quarter with a relatively affluent population (for instance the Jewish ghetto in Venice). In other cases, ghettos were places of terrible poverty. During periods of population growth, ghettos (as

922:. Data on house prices and attitudes toward integration suggest that in the mid-twentieth century, segregation was a product of collective actions taken by non-black people to exclude black people from outside neighborhoods. 981:

was passed in 1968. This was the first federal law that outlawed discrimination in the sale and rental of housing on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion and later sex, familial status, and disability. The

1128:

Contemporary African-American or Black ghettos are characterized by an overrepresentation of a particular ethnicity or race, vulnerability to crime, social problems, governmental reliance and political disempowerment.

788:

affected. Such racist attacks were extremely violent, in some cases they included burning or bombing homes of African Americans; many innocent blacks were killed. African-American leaders described 1919 as the

894:

The cumulative economic and social forces in ghettos give way to social, political and economic isolation and inequality, while indirectly defining a separation between superior and inferior status of groups.

747:

to escape the widespread racism of the South; to seek out employment opportunities in industrial cities; and to pursue what was widely perceived to be a better quality of life in the North and West, such as

579:

A scene of Maxwell Street in Chicago circa 1908. The title reads "THE GHETTO OF CHICAGO". The image has been colorized and is taken from a souvenir guide to Chicago printed in 1908. Note the signage in

1004:

suggests this exodus worsened the isolation of the black underclass — not only were they socially and physically distanced from whites, they also became isolated from the black middle class.

1157:

economy, remains a key indicator to the production as well as the prevalence of African-American or Black ghettos, particularly due to the lack of opportunities to compete in the global market.

1134:

facilitated and fragmented view of the United States as the "age of extremes." This term argues that inequalities of wealth and power reinforce spatial separation; for example, the growth of

3494: 950:

in the United States. The creation of new highways in some cases divided and isolated black neighborhoods from goods and services, many times within industrial corridors. For example,

3747: 1169:

populations. The cause of these differences in resources across similar neighborhoods has more to do with dynamics outside of the neighborhood. To a large extent the problem with the

359:

The character of ghettos has varied through times. The term was used for an area known as the Jewish quarter, which meant the area of a city traditionally inhabited by Jews in the

140:. It has been widely used in the country since the 20th century to refer to poor neighborhoods of largely minority populations. It is also used in some European countries, such as 1605:

introduced an official listing of vulnerable social housing districts where the inhabitants fulfilled certain criteria. The list has informally and at times formally been called

867:

declares the designated stratum of African-Americans in the labor force was placed even below the working class; low-skill urban jobs were now given to incoming immigrants from

1177:

concepts stem from the reliance on case studies (in particular case studies from Chicago), which limit social scientist understandings of socially disadvantaged neighborhoods.

504:. Usually, the Jewish quarter was situated near the royal palace or the residence of the governor in order to protect its inhabitants from recurring riots. In contrast, rural 3720: 1062:

diffusion of status within families and neighborhoods, for instance, prove the rise in socioeconomic polarization between classes to be the creator of American ghetto; not

2995: 819:

patterns established in the South prior to World War I, where most African Americans were disenfranchised by the turn of the century and deprived of political power.

38:

than other areas of the city. Versions of such restricted areas have been found across the world, each with their own names, classifications, and groupings of people.

1012:

Two dominant theories arise pertaining to the production and development of U.S. ghettos: race-based and class-based; as well as an alternative theory put forward by

3032:

Connerly, Charles E. (2002). "From Racial Zoning to Community Empowerment: The Interstate Highway System and the African American Community in Birmingham, Alabama".

3265:

Small, Mario L.; McDermott, Monica (2006). "The Presence of Organizational Resources in Poor Urban Neighborhoods: An Analysis of Average and Contextual Effects".

3572: 898:

In response to the influx of black people from the South, banks, insurance companies, and businesses began denying or increasing the cost of services, such as

399:) had narrow streets and tall, crowded houses. Residents generally were allowed to administer their own justice system based on Jewish traditions and elders. 996:

working-class families. As a result, the ghetto becomes primarily occupied by what sociologists and journalists of the 1980s and 1990s frequently title the "

1452:, seen from the Irish nationalist/republican side. The small back row of houses are protected by cages as missiles are sometimes thrown from the other side. 34:

are concentrated, especially as a result of political, social, legal, religious, environmental or economic pressure. Ghettos are often known for being more

3658: 704:

constitutes the separation of ghettos from other, suburbanized or private neighborhoods. The high percentage of poverty partly justifies the difficulty of

496:

in Morocco beginning from the 15th century, after the expulsion of Jews and Muslims from Iberia, and especially since the early 19th century. In cities, a

1409:

Historically, some parts of London have long been noted for the prevalence of a particular ethnic or religious group (such as the Jewish communities of

2198: 2146: 2531: 2371: 881: 1609:(the 'List of Ghettos'). Since 2010, the list has been updated annually, with changes in the definition and/or terminology in 2013, 2018 and 2021. 3603: 4012: 3698: 3593: 2318: 3971: 3560: 983: 844: 729: 925:

The "Racial" Provisions of the FHA Underwriting Manual of 1936 included the following guidelines which exacerbated the segregation issue:

1421:), but in each case these populations have been part of a broader multicultural population. In the late 19th and early 20th century, the 589: 3456: 2836: 1141:

Another characteristic to African-American or Black ghettos and spatial separation is the dependence on the state, and lack of communal

1041:

discrimination and disinvestment—U.S. ghettos then, as suggested by race-based theorists, are conserved by distinctly racial reasoning.

1036:

over black people and lengthen their spatial separation. Race-based theorists offset other arguments that focus on the influence of the

4037: 2096: 408: 2720: 3633: 2246: 3513: 1800:(2009), a TV movie about the titular Irena Sendler who saved the lives of hundreds of Jewish children by smuggling them out of the 2100: 1390:, had one dominant non-white ethnic group comprising more than two-thirds of the local population, but there were 20 wards where 679: 133: 351: 3598: 3895: 73:

from other people. However, other early societies may have formed their own versions of the same structure; words resembling

3996: 3336: 3309: 3157: 3127: 2667: 1796: 1584: 1266:

scene, has taken the word for themselves and begun using it in a more positive sense that transcends its derogatory origins.

907: 644:

across the country were predominantly Italian ghettos. Many Polish immigrants settled in areas of other nationals, such as

604:

in United States cities. This was followed by large numbers of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, including many

2290: 807:

It is also significant to compare the demographic patterns between black people and European immigrants, according to the

3067:

Pulido, Laura (2000). "Rethinking Environmental Racism: White Privilege and Urban Development in Southern California".

736: 3495:"Czech Govt report on the state of the Romani minority estimates 830 ghettos with 127, 000 inhabitants in the regions" 557: 3008: 2899: 1560: 1092: 1838: 1194:

and a feeling, passion, or emotion derived from rising above the struggle and suffering of being black in America.

852: 827:

adding another dimension to the prevalence of poverty and social instability in African-American or Black ghettos.

732:

society in which black people and white people inhabit different neighborhoods of significantly different quality.

724:

early as the year 1880 as African Americans were living in their own neighborhoods. Sixty years after the American

4072: 3850: 3775: 1907: 1602: 1481: 537: 735:

Many of these neighborhoods are located in Northern and Western cities where African Americans moved during the

3831: 3671: 3192: 2969: 2376: 2330: 2184: 1539:. For safety, people fled to areas where their community was the majority. Many more ghettos emerged after the 1368: 3438: 1029: 992: 974: 855:). These made it easier for families to buy new houses in the suburbs, but not to rent apartments in cities. 206:

term as it pertains to a neighborhood. One theory of the word can be traced to a special use of the Venetian

202:

The etymology of the word is uncertain, as there is no agreement among etymologists about the origins of the

188: 110: 3919: 3216: 3547: 2975: 2925: 2685: 2539: 2394: 1379: 2787:"Distinguishing the Geographical Levels and Social Dimensions of U.S. Metropolitan Segregation, 1960–2000" 367:

ghettos instituted by the surrounding authorities. A Yiddish term for a Jewish quarter or neighborhood is

4107: 4097: 2229: 1887: 1856: 1540: 1228: 1025: 689: 3474: 1828:" (originally titled "The Vicious Circle"), a 1969 song about birth and life in slum areas, written by 1632: 1568: 1466: 1375: 1363:, has been cited as an example of a 'ghetto', but in reality the area is home to a number of different 1295: 1277: 1239: 3363: 1980: 1536: 340: 326: 199:(1516–1797). By 1899, the term had been extended to crowded urban quarters of other minority groups. 4016: 2939: 1281:

theory to public-policy decisions about poor people and poor regions is a professional obligation."

4092: 3687: 3568: 2408: 2344: 1871: 1780:(1993), about a young street hustler who attempts to escape the ghetto in a quest for a better life 1520: 1414: 1395: 1191: 978: 848: 649: 645: 451: 364: 322: 2315: 1674:. Banlieues are divided into autonomous administrative entities and do not constitute part of the 1593:

was used officially by the Danish government to describe certain officially designated vulnerable

1394:

were a minority making up less than a third of the local population. By 2001, two London boroughs—

700:

era and continues to symbolize the demographics of American ghettos is the prevalence of poverty.

3000: 2010: 1679: 1399: 919: 697: 664:

has become the home of predominately Jewish Russian and Ukrainian immigrants, who left after the

637: 20: 3580: 1613: 1551:

was deployed to restore order and separate the two sides. The government built barriers called "

2934: 2403: 1759: 1564: 1105: 744: 517: 229: 3119: 3113: 3355: 2833: 2366: 1770: 1731: 1635: 1146: 1109: 1001: 970: 725: 471: 137: 70: 2441:"Creating the Black Ghetto: Black Residential Patterns Before and After the Great Migration" 2104: 2071: 969:

Following the emergence of anti-discrimination policies in housing and labor sparked by the

4102: 2852:

Eisenhauer, Elizabeth (2001). "In poor health: Supermarket redlining and urban nutrition".

1783: 1687: 1628:

original ghettos, so that multi-ethnic residential areas would be a more appropriate term.

1059: 963: 156:, while the term ghetto is used to refer to areas of developed countries that suffer from 3896:""No ghettos in 2030": Denmark's controversial plan to get rid of immigrant neighborhoods" 2724: 1344: 792:

because of the widespread racial outbreaks and white attacks on mainly African Americans.

708:, which tends to reproduce constraining social opportunities and inequalities in society. 8: 3945: 3616: 3147: 2242: 2126: 1508: 1493: 1426: 1271: 1055: 951: 773: 716: 621: 330: 168: 3697:. The Immigration and Integration Affairs Committee of the Danish Parliament. May 2013. 914:

to residents in certain, often racially determined, areas. The most devastating form of

463: 3975: 3420: 3326: 3282: 3094: 3049: 2990: 2952: 2871: 2816: 2702: 2635: 2595: 2510: 2465: 2440: 2421: 1970: 1878: 1847: 1811: 1621: 1067: 943: 839:

began to move away from inner cities to newer suburban communities, a process known as

816: 459: 434: 90: 1323:. The Czech government estimates that there are approximately 830 Roma ghettos in the 4031: 3652: 3576: 3332: 3305: 3153: 3123: 3053: 3014: 3004: 2956: 2920: 2895: 2875: 2808: 2663: 2600: 2582: 2514: 2470: 2180: 2177: 2169: 1776: 1699: 1489: 1403: 1383: 740: 688:

A commonly used definition of a ghetto is a community distinguished by a homogeneous

605: 588:

The development of ghettos in the United States is closely associated with different

501: 413: 203: 3871: 3286: 3098: 2425: 858:

The United States began restructuring its economy after World War II, fueled by new

4087: 3923: 3802: 3274: 3247: 3084: 3076: 3041: 2944: 2863: 2820: 2798: 2758: 2747:"How 'Bad' Is It?: Institutions and Intentions in the Study of the American Ghetto" 2694: 2683:

Frey, William H. (1979). "Central City White Flight: Racial and Nonracial Causes".

2627: 2590: 2574: 2502: 2460: 2452: 2413: 2046: 1735: 1723: 1715: 1707: 1695: 1617: 1477: 1117: 808: 777: 683: 609: 597: 542:

Proclamation Concerning Restriction of Residence and Business of Stateless Refugees

529: 443: 372: 363:. Jewish quarters, like the Jewish ghettos in Europe, were often the outgrowths of 258: 214:' (there was one near the site of that city's ghetto when it was founded in 1516). 157: 153: 86: 1442: 3377: 3351: 2889: 2840: 2657: 2322: 2294: 2250: 1975: 1960: 1955: 1765: 1666: 1512: 1501: 1197: 1135: 1075: 959: 955: 836: 705: 633: 593: 533: 521: 467: 360: 335: 222: 192: 78: 54: 46: 3251: 2974:

Underwriting Manual: Underwriting and Valuation Procedure Under Title II of the

2618:

Ward, David (1982). "The Ethnic Ghetto in the United States: Past and Present".

2561:

Logan, John R.; Zhang, Weiwei; Turner, Richard; Shertzer, Allison (2015-06-09).

1620:

and ghettos by 2030." A number of measures was introduced to solve the issue of

3748:"In Denmark's Plan To Rid Country Of 'Ghettos,' Some Immigrants Hear 'Go Home'" 3543: 2916: 2493: 2488: 2311: 2282: 2025: 1897: 1842: 1594: 1516: 1356: 1340: 1336: 1324: 1320: 1097: 935: 657: 601: 565: 114: 31: 2867: 2562: 2506: 1425:

of London was also noted for its Jewish population, but now has a significant

1028:

in ghettos. Their analysis consists of the dominant racial group in the U.S. (

942:

only in certain areas, and it resulted in a large increase in the residential

4081: 3045: 2785:

Fischer, Claude S.; Stockmayer, Gretchen; Stiles, Jon; Hout, Michael (2004).

2586: 2578: 2456: 1940: 1931: 1911: 1891: 1833: 1825: 1801: 1789: 1410: 1406:" populations, and most parts of the city tend to have a diverse population. 1360: 1352: 1234: 1223: 1200:

relays in his "Negro Ghetto" (1931) and "The Heart of Harlem" (1945) poems:

1154: 1101: 1087: 1013: 939: 885:

stresses the various challenges developed by this "urban crisis", including:

859: 749: 438: 418: 129: 102: 66: 3080: 3018: 2763: 2746: 1691: 2912: 2812: 2604: 2474: 2265: 2261: 2020: 2015: 1990: 1950: 1639: 1556: 1548: 1544: 1497: 1460: 1418: 1391: 1364: 1245: 1150: 1130: 1050: 988: 864: 840: 693: 665: 641: 426: 396: 152:

is usually used to refer to areas in developing countries that suffer from

118: 106: 41: 3278: 3149:

The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy

2803: 2786: 2439:

Logan, John R.; Zhang, Weiwei; Turner, Richard; Shertzer, Allison (2015).

1746:

A number of songs and films have been written about/depicting the ghetto.

1238:(1985), both of which draw upon the author's experience growing up in the 492:, an analogue of the European ghetto. Jewish populations were confined to 433:

established new ghettos in numerous cities of Eastern Europe as a form of

2224: 1995: 1985: 1686:. Like the city centre, suburbs may be rich, middle-class or poor — 1675: 1552: 1071: 947: 911: 876: 769: 384: 304: 173: 1305: 823: 600:

immigrants of the mid-19th century were the first ethnic groups to form

575: 3949: 2854: 2706: 2392:

Sethi, Rajiv; Somanathan, Rohini (2004). "Inequality and Segregation".

2131: 1965: 1851: 1572: 1387: 997: 801: 789: 765: 653: 636:

was once predominantly Italian and in the 1950s became home to a large

282: 265: 248: 196: 113:, with the goal of exploiting and killing European Jews as part of the 94: 3479: 3424: 3089: 2639: 1138:

can be interconnected with the continued "ghettoization" of the poor.

1096:

asserts that modern urban black ghetto culture is rooted in the white

1054:

ghettos. Dynamics of low-wage service and unemployment triggered from

1945: 1860: 1829: 1814:, and the secret archive that he created and led in the Warsaw Ghetto 1255: 1032:) and their use of certain racist tactics in order to maintain their 915: 903: 872: 757: 625: 344: 3972:"Forsker: Udsatte boligområder kan være en fordel for integrationen" 2698: 1309: 3999:

Fem debattører: Her er hadeordene, der skal dø sammen med 'ghetto'.

2948: 2631: 2491:(2004). "Segregation and Stratification: A Biosocial Perspective". 2417: 2000: 1657: 1422: 1348: 1313: 1142: 1033: 661: 145: 2567:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

2445:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

1612:

In 2018, the Danish government at the time, led by Prime Minister

19:

This article is about a type of neighborhood. For other uses, see

1528: 1449: 1263: 1113: 1037: 781: 761: 753: 711: 701: 581: 569: 489: 274: 238: 211: 141: 82: 35: 1024:

First are the race-based theorists, who argue the importance of

4067: 3721:"In Danish 'ghettos', immigrants feel stigmatized and shut out" 1866: 1652: 1123: 1063: 1007: 868: 812: 797: 614: 484: 430: 380: 308:), possibly in memory of the exile of the Israelites in Egypt. 285: 177: 58: 3872:"What to Know About Denmark's Plan to End Immigrant "Ghettos"" 3328:

Black Talk: Words and Phrases from the Hood to the Amen Corner

1769:(1991), a film about three young males living in Los Angeles' 1112:

regions of Britain to the American South, where they formed a

1711: 1703: 1683: 1251: 1049:

The more dominant view, on the other hand, is represented by

668:

lifted some migration restrictions and later after its fall.

299: 98: 62: 16:

Neighborhood inhabited by a minority group, usually when poor

2996:

Crabgrass frontier: The suburbanization of the United States

2199:"Segregated From Its History, How 'Ghetto' Lost Its Meaning" 2147:"Segregated From Its History, How 'Ghetto' Lost Its Meaning" 728:

of the 1950s and 1960s, most of the United States remains a

696:. Additionally, a key feature that developed throughout the 3457:"No voice, no future? Roma ignored as Europe goes to polls" 2980:(Washington, D.C.), Part II, Section 9, Rating of Location. 2784: 2005: 1882: 1671: 1532: 1300: 1259: 899: 629: 520:

to Shanghai. After Japan invaded China, it established the

149: 65:, as early as 1516, to describe the part of the city where 3391: 3389: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2362: 2360: 2358: 3115:

Streetwise: Race, Class, and Change in an Urban Community

1734:

and French of foreign descent reside, often in perceived

1727: 2560: 2438: 830: 524:, an area of approximately one square mile (≈ 2.6 3386: 3217:""Black Rednecks and White Liberals", by Thomas Sowell" 2771: 2355: 3640:. 2015-07-31. Archived from the original on 2015-07-31 2659:

The Suburban Racial Dilemma: Housing and Neighborhoods

2387: 2385: 2316:

Ghettos: The Changing Consequences of Ethnic Isolation

2094: 1482:

segregated along ethnic, religious and political lines

1190:

the ghetto was "home": a place representing authentic

3774:

Barry, Ellen; Sorensen, Martin Selsoe (2 July 2018).

2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 1116:

culture common to both black and white people in the

508:

were separate villages inhabited solely by the Jews.

3776:"In Denmark, Harsh New Laws for Immigrant 'Ghettos'" 3302:

Urban Fortunes : The Political Economy of Place

2751:

International Journal of Urban and Regional Research

2620:

Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers

1921: 1484:. The two main communities of Northern Ireland are: 673: 613:

were able to relocate to newer housing built in the

516:

Before and during World War II, many Jews fled from

3851:"Here's what we know about Denmark's 'ghetto plan'" 3514:"We cant run away from it white flight is here too" 2911: 2382: 1616:, announced its intention to "end the existence of 217:According to various other theories it comes from: 2731: 1603:Danish Ministry of Transport, Building and Housing 1359:, where less than 12 percent of the population is 962:that have contributed to contemporary patterns of 458:and discrimination. The Nazi ghettos were part of 3069:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 2372:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 1896:"Ghetto" (2011), a song by Junai Kaden featuring 1555:." Many of the ghettos came under the control of 918:, and the most common use of the term, refers to 4079: 3657:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3604:London School of Economics and Political Science 3141: 3139: 2721:""Racial" Provisions of FHA Underwriting Manual" 1890:(2007), R&B song written by American singer 1788:(2001), a TV Movie in which Jews rise up in the 1284: 446:issued a decree ordering the dissolution of all 355:Demolition of the Jewish ghetto, Frankfurt, 1868 2391: 450:/ghettos in the East and their transference to 3264: 1678:. For instance, 80% of the inhabitants of the 1246:Modern usage and reinterpretations of "ghetto" 628:, which later became notable as predominantly 3773: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3136: 2921:"The Rise and Decline of the American Ghetto" 2834:Racial Discrimination and Redlining in Cities 1185:Despite mainstream America's use of the term 1180: 882:International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences 387:cities once had a historical Jewish quarter. 4052:Coeur de banlieue: codes, rites, et langages 3834:Ghettolisten eller Parallelsamfundslisterne. 3674:Ghettolisten eller Parallelsamfundslisterne. 3406: 3404: 3304:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 3299: 3174:Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society 3118:. The University of Chicago Press. pp. 1250:Recently the word "ghetto" has been used in 1008:Theories on the development of Black ghettos 984:Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity 562:Children in the Ghetto and the Ice-Cream Man 474:, existed until the end of the war in 1945. 3920:"Ny boligminister vil undgå ordet 'ghetto'" 1469:at the edge of a loyalist ghetto in Belfast 1205:The buildings in Harlem are brick and stone 466:, persisted until 1944; very few, e.g. the 148:, to refer to poor neighborhoods. The term 3845: 3843: 3803:"Danes to double penalty for ghetto crime" 3714: 3712: 3324: 3214: 3203: 3176:. 2008. SAGE Knowledge. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. 3034:Journal of Planning Education and Research 2851: 2651: 2649: 2307: 2305: 2303: 835:In the years following World War II, many 739:(1914–1970), a period when over a million 409:Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany 234:('divorce document', 'deed of separation') 30:is a part of a city in which members of a 3538:Kerr, Joe, and Andrew Gibson, eds. 2003. 3401: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3088: 2938: 2802: 2762: 2594: 2464: 2407: 2342: 2196: 2144: 632:, and later still as Chinese and Latino. 264:('little town, small section of a town'; 3688:"UDSATTE BOLIGOMRÅDER — DE NÆSTE SKRIDT" 3561:Patterns of Ethnic Segregation in London 3111: 3031: 1330: 1299: 1209:But Harlem's much more than these alone, 1108:who migrated from the generally lawless 710: 574: 556: 488:is a walled Jewish quarter of a city in 412: 350: 334: 294:Another possibility is from the Italian 167: 40: 3840: 3709: 2989: 2655: 2646: 2300: 2101:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 1718:are less so. However, since the 1970s, 1515:community, who mainly self-identify as 1496:community, who mainly self-identify as 1044: 680:Racial segregation in the United States 620:These ethnic ghetto areas included the 402: 4080: 4036:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3912: 3797: 3795: 3769: 3767: 3742: 3740: 3599:British Society for Population Studies 3511: 3360:I Speak of the City: Poems of New York 3331:. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. 3190: 3179: 3145: 3066: 2905: 2882: 2526: 2524: 2487: 2236: 1589:During the period 2010-2021, the word 1571:. One of the most notable ghettos was 1432: 1019: 958:and decentralization are instances of 128:acquired deep cultural meaning in the 3827: 3825: 3823: 3565:Data Management and Analysis Briefing 3475:"Roma ghettos in the heart of the EU" 3300:Logan, John; Molotch, Harvey (1987). 3215:Nordlinger, Jay (September 9, 2005). 2744: 2343:Kordunsky, Anna (17 September 2012). 1797:The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler 1741: 1665: 1585:Vulnerable residential area (Denmark) 1086:An alternative theory put forward by 1081: 890:formation and growth of U.S. ghettos. 831:Effect of World War II on development 536:, to which it relocated about 20,000 53:The term was originally used for the 45:The main square of what was once the 3864: 3837:(in Danish) Retrieved 28 April 2022. 3677:(in Danish) Retrieved 28 April 2022. 3375: 2682: 2617: 2369:, ed. 2008. "Ghetto." Pp. 311–14 in 2197:Domonoske, Camila (April 27, 2014). 3792: 3764: 3737: 3718: 3193:"Black Rednecks and White Liberals" 3152:. The University of Chicago Press. 2532:"Retired Site — PBS Programs — PBS" 2521: 2145:Domonoske, Camila (27 April 2014). 2119: 2088: 1417:, and the West Indian community of 1319:There are many Roma ghettos in the 376: 13: 3820: 1480:, towns and cities have long been 1207:And the streets are long and wide, 1124:U.S. characterizations of "ghetto" 592:and internal urban migration. The 511: 14: 4119: 4061: 2891:How East New York Became a Ghetto 2536:Retired Site — PBS Programs — PBS 2345:"Changing Face of Brighton Beach" 2127:The Ghettos | About the Holocaust 1561:Provisional Irish Republican Army 1093:Black Rednecks and White Liberals 674:Black or African-American ghettos 311: 272:, a word of Germanic origin; see 69:were restricted to live and thus 4066: 3704:from the original on 2019-06-30. 2978:with Revisions to February, 1938 2656:Keating, William Dennis (1994). 1924: 1859:(1990), hip-hop song written by 1459: 1441: 552: 547: 500:was surrounded by a wall with a 379:), or 'The Jewish street'. Many 4044: 4005: 3990: 3964: 3946:"Ghetto - et ord med betydning" 3938: 3888: 3680: 3665: 3634:"History Battle of the Bogside" 3626: 3617:50 Objects: 'London's East End' 3609: 3586: 3583:. Retrieved 19 July 2020. p. 3. 3553: 3532: 3512:Browne, Anthony (May 5, 2004). 3505: 3487: 3467: 3449: 3431: 3369: 3362:, edited by S. Wolf. New York: 3345: 3318: 3293: 3258: 3227: 3191:Sowell, Thomas (May 16, 2015). 3166: 3146:Wilson, William Julius (1987). 3105: 3060: 3025: 2983: 2963: 2845: 2827: 2713: 2676: 2611: 2554: 2481: 2432: 2336: 2275: 2255: 2095:Holocaust Encyclopedia (2014). 1726:, low-income housing projects ( 1289: 1242:of Pittsburgh, a black ghetto. 656:. Since the late 20th century, 132:, especially in the context of 3559:Bains, Baljit. October 2005. " 2970:Federal Housing Administration 2377:Gale Virtual Reference Library 2331:Federal Reserve Bank of Boston 2217: 2190: 2163: 2138: 2064: 2039: 564: — postcard from 1909 in 1: 2115:– via Internet Archive. 2032: 1758:(1982), a TV Movie about the 1578: 1285:European ghettos (Non-Jewish) 1030:White Anglo-Saxon Protestants 977:moved out of the ghetto. The 853:Home Owners' Loan Corporation 109:were established to hold the 3623:. Retrieved 18 October 2021. 3172:Shelton, Jason E. "Ghetto." 2926:Journal of Political Economy 2686:American Sociological Review 2395:Journal of Political Economy 2379:. Retrieved 25 October 2012. 1646: 1638:was formed in Denmark, with 1217:"The Heart of Harlem" (1945) 163: 111:Jewish populations of Europe 7: 3325:Smitherman, Geneva (2000). 3252:10.1111/cico.2008.7.issue-4 2919:; Vigdor, Jacob L. (1999). 2662:. Temple University Press. 2563:"Creating the Black Ghetto" 2230:Online Etymology Dictionary 1917: 1910:(2014), an R&B song by 1865:"Ghetto" (2001), a song by 1070:theory, first developed by 10: 4124: 2839:November 30, 2007, at the 2249:February 24, 2009, at the 1808:Who Will Write Our History 1792:against the Nazis in 1943. 1702:are affluent banlieues of 1582: 1569:Ulster Defence Association 1296:List of Romani settlements 1293: 1226:uses the term "ghetto" in 1181:Internal characterizations 677: 477: 406: 320: 18: 3832:Danmarks Almene Boliger. 3672:Danmarks Almene Boliger. 3606:. Retrieved 19 July 2020. 3540:London from Punk to Blair 3364:Columbia University Press 3112:Anderson, Elijah (1990). 2507:10.1017/S1742058X04040032 2135:. Retrieved 19 July 2020. 1682:live outside the city of 1670:) is a suburb of a large 1559:such as the (republican) 1537:Irish War of Independence 1211:Harlem is what's inside. 1145:; Sharon Zukin refers to 584:that reads 'Fish Market'. 327:Jewish quarter (diaspora) 316: 3719:Nielson, Emil Gjerding. 3638:The Museum of Free Derry 3569:Greater London Authority 3046:10.1177/0739456X02238441 2579:10.1177/0002716215572993 2457:10.1177/0002716215572993 1818: 1415:London Borough of Barnet 1229:Ma Rainey's Black Bottom 730:residentially segregated 454:or their extermination. 452:Nazi concentration camps 323:Jewish ghettos in Europe 3548:pp. 51, 53, 55, 69, 378 3411:"Geographical Record". 3081:10.1111/0004-5608.00182 3001:Oxford University Press 2868:10.1023/A:1015772503007 2764:10.1111/1468-2427.00155 2329:7(Spring). Boston, MA: 2283:Shanghai Jewish History 2011:Township (South Africa) 1749: 1722:increasingly means, in 1413:and other parts of the 1378:revealed that only two 920:mortgage discrimination 743:moved out of the rural 286: 21:Ghetto (disambiguation) 3439:"The New Roma Ghettos" 2745:Zukin, Sharon (2002). 2367:Darity Jr., William A. 2287:Shanghai Jewish Center 2076:encyclopedia.ushmm.org 1760:Warsaw ghetto uprising 1565:terrorist organisation 1547:." In August 1969 the 1543:and beginning of the " 1374:Analysis of data from 1316: 1220: 932: 892: 745:southern United States 720: 715:Chicago ghetto on the 585: 572: 518:German-occupied Europe 422: 356: 348: 180: 50: 3376:Stuart E, Heflin Sr. 3279:10.1353/sof.2006.0067 2804:10.1353/dem.2004.0002 2727:on December 29, 2008. 1850:(1981), funk song by 1841:(1970), soul song by 1810:(2018), a film about 1535:that accompanied the 1331:In the United Kingdom 1303: 1202: 1147:Brownsville, Brooklyn 1002:William Julius Wilson 971:civil rights movement 927: 908:access to health care 887: 726:civil rights movement 714: 578: 560: 472:Theresienstadt Ghetto 416: 354: 338: 189:Jewish area of Venice 171: 77:in meaning appear in 44: 4075:at Wikimedia Commons 4054:. Odile Jacob, 1997. 3246:(4): 305–407. 2008. 3240:City & Community 2976:National Housing Act 2174:The Ghetto of Venice 2097:"Ghettos. Key Facts" 1614:Lars Løkke Rasmussen 1045:Class-based theories 964:environmental racism 617:after World War II. 590:waves of immigration 448:Jüdische Wohnbezirke 437:to confine Jews and 403:Nazi-occupied Europe 3621:jewishmuseum.org.uk 3483:. 6 September 2019. 3445:. 25 December 2013. 3419:(1): 106–17. 1973. 3413:Geographical Review 3396:Geographical Review 3356:The Heart of Harlem 3197:Capitalism Magazine 2991:Jackson, Kenneth T. 1832:and made famous by 1631:In June 2019 a new 1527:Ghettos emerged in 1433:In Northern Ireland 1427:British Bangladeshi 1272:Geographical Review 1160:The concept of the 1066:. Furthermore, the 1056:deindustrialization 1020:Race-based theories 952:Birmingham, Alabama 879:. In addition, the 626:Manhattan, New York 417:Liquidation of the 331:Jewish emancipation 4108:Italian inventions 4098:Racial segregation 3976:Kristeligt Dagblad 3780:The New York Times 3501:. 15 October 2019. 3379:The Goshen Dilemma 3234:"Symposium on the 2917:Glaeser, Edward L. 2489:Massey, Douglas S. 2321:2010-10-21 at the 2293:2006-08-13 at the 2178:M. Evans & Co. 2170:Calimani, Riccardo 2107:on August 15, 2012 1971:Indian reservation 1812:Emanuel Ringelblum 1742:In popular culture 1732:foreign immigrants 1730:) in which mainly 1618:parallel societies 1563:and the (loyalist 1448:A "peace line" in 1351:, a predominantly 1317: 1082:Alternative theory 1068:culture of poverty 975:black middle class 944:racial segregation 906:, access to jobs, 721: 586: 573: 460:The Final Solution 435:concentration camp 423: 357: 349: 254:('Jewish enclave') 181: 172:Jewish quarter of 105:, more than 1,000 51: 4071:Media related to 4050:Lepoutre, David. 3978:. 1 December 2016 3952:. 25 October 2010 3592:Shepherd, Anne. " 3338:978-0-395-96919-9 3311:978-0-520-06341-9 3159:978-0-226-90131-2 3129:978-0-226-01816-4 2669:978-1-56639-147-4 2451:(1). PMC: 18–35. 1777:Menace II Society 1700:Neuilly-sur-Seine 1633:social democratic 1490:Irish nationalist 1404:minority majority 1384:England and Wales 1349:Southall Broadway 1335:The existence of 1136:gated communities 1060:intergenerational 973:, members of the 936:ethnic minorities 741:African-Americans 502:fortified gateway 204:Venetian language 4115: 4070: 4055: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4035: 4027: 4025: 4024: 4015:. Archived from 4009: 4003: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3906: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3882: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3858: 3847: 3838: 3829: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3814: 3799: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3786: 3771: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3758: 3744: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3731: 3716: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3692: 3684: 3678: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3656: 3648: 3646: 3645: 3630: 3624: 3613: 3607: 3590: 3584: 3557: 3551: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3408: 3399: 3393: 3384: 3383: 3373: 3367: 3358:." Pp. 89–90 in 3352:Hughes, Langston 3349: 3343: 3342: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3273:(3): 1697–1724. 3262: 3256: 3255: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3212: 3201: 3200: 3188: 3177: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3143: 3134: 3133: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3092: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3029: 3023: 3022: 2987: 2981: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2942: 2913:Cutler, David M. 2909: 2903: 2888:Thabit, Walter, 2886: 2880: 2879: 2849: 2843: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2806: 2782: 2769: 2768: 2766: 2742: 2729: 2728: 2723:. Archived from 2717: 2711: 2710: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2653: 2644: 2643: 2615: 2609: 2608: 2598: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2542:on 18 March 2008 2538:. Archived from 2528: 2519: 2518: 2485: 2479: 2478: 2468: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2411: 2402:(6): 1296–1321. 2389: 2380: 2364: 2353: 2352: 2340: 2334: 2309: 2298: 2279: 2273: 2270:Ghetto in Flames 2259: 2253: 2240: 2234: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2208: 2206: 2194: 2188: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2158: 2157: 2142: 2136: 2123: 2117: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2103:. Archived from 2092: 2086: 2085: 2083: 2082: 2068: 2062: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2043: 1934: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1724:French of France 1716:Corbeil-Essonnes 1708:Clichy-sous-Bois 1696:Maisons-Laffitte 1669: 1667:[bɑ̃ljø] 1664: 1478:Northern Ireland 1463: 1445: 1369:religious groups 1304:Roma settlement 1218: 1118:antebellum South 979:Fair Housing Act 934:This meant that 684:American ghettos 530:Hongkou District 527: 444:Heinrich Himmler 378: 289: 158:relative poverty 154:absolute poverty 4123: 4122: 4118: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4113: 4112: 4093:Ethnic enclaves 4078: 4077: 4064: 4059: 4058: 4049: 4045: 4029: 4028: 4022: 4020: 4013:"Archived copy" 4011: 4010: 4006: 3995: 3991: 3981: 3979: 3970: 3969: 3965: 3955: 3953: 3944: 3943: 3939: 3929: 3927: 3918: 3917: 3913: 3904: 3902: 3894: 3893: 3889: 3880: 3878: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3856: 3854: 3849: 3848: 3841: 3830: 3821: 3812: 3810: 3801: 3800: 3793: 3784: 3782: 3772: 3765: 3756: 3754: 3746: 3745: 3738: 3729: 3727: 3717: 3710: 3701: 3690: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3670: 3666: 3650: 3649: 3643: 3641: 3632: 3631: 3627: 3614: 3610: 3591: 3587: 3571:. Available as 3567:2005 (38). UK: 3558: 3554: 3537: 3533: 3523: 3521: 3510: 3506: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3410: 3409: 3402: 3394: 3387: 3374: 3370: 3350: 3346: 3339: 3323: 3319: 3312: 3298: 3294: 3263: 3259: 3233: 3232: 3228: 3221:National Review 3213: 3204: 3189: 3180: 3171: 3167: 3160: 3144: 3137: 3130: 3110: 3106: 3065: 3061: 3030: 3026: 3011: 2988: 2984: 2968: 2964: 2940:10.1.1.587.8018 2910: 2906: 2887: 2883: 2850: 2846: 2841:Wayback Machine 2832: 2828: 2783: 2772: 2743: 2732: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2699:10.2307/2094885 2681: 2677: 2670: 2654: 2647: 2616: 2612: 2559: 2555: 2545: 2543: 2530: 2529: 2522: 2486: 2482: 2437: 2433: 2390: 2383: 2365: 2356: 2341: 2337: 2327:Regional Review 2323:Wayback Machine 2310: 2301: 2295:Wayback Machine 2280: 2276: 2260: 2256: 2251:Wayback Machine 2241: 2237: 2222: 2218: 2204: 2202: 2195: 2191: 2168: 2164: 2155: 2153: 2143: 2139: 2124: 2120: 2110: 2108: 2093: 2089: 2080: 2078: 2070: 2069: 2065: 2055: 2053: 2051:Merriam-Webster 2045: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2030: 1976:Islam in Europe 1961:Ghetto fabulous 1956:Gated community 1930: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1821: 1771:Crenshaw ghetto 1766:Boyz n the Hood 1752: 1744: 1662: 1649: 1587: 1581: 1474: 1473: 1472: 1471: 1470: 1464: 1455: 1454: 1453: 1446: 1435: 1337:ethnic enclaves 1333: 1298: 1292: 1287: 1248: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1206: 1198:Langston Hughes 1183: 1126: 1100:culture of the 1084: 1047: 1022: 1010: 993:Elijah Anderson 960:white privilege 956:suburbanization 837:white Americans 833: 804:neighborhoods. 737:Great Migration 698:post-industrial 686: 676: 648:of Chicago and 622:Lower East Side 602:ethnic enclaves 555: 550: 538:Jewish refugees 534:Empire of Japan 525: 522:Shanghai Ghetto 514: 512:Shanghai ghetto 480: 468:Budapest Ghetto 411: 405: 377:די ייִדישע גאַס 333: 321:Main articles: 319: 314: 302:', from Latin: 193:Venetian Ghetto 187:comes from the 166: 55:Venetian Ghetto 49:in Italy (2013) 47:Venetian Ghetto 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4121: 4111: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4073:Jewish ghettos 4063: 4062:External links 4060: 4057: 4056: 4043: 4004: 3989: 3963: 3937: 3911: 3887: 3863: 3839: 3819: 3791: 3763: 3736: 3708: 3679: 3664: 3625: 3608: 3585: 3552: 3544:Reaktion Books 3531: 3504: 3486: 3466: 3463:. 23 May 2019. 3448: 3430: 3400: 3385: 3368: 3344: 3337: 3317: 3310: 3292: 3257: 3226: 3202: 3178: 3165: 3158: 3135: 3128: 3104: 3059: 3024: 3009: 2982: 2962: 2949:10.1086/250069 2933:(3): 455–506. 2904: 2881: 2862:(2): 125–133. 2844: 2826: 2770: 2730: 2712: 2693:(3): 425–448. 2675: 2668: 2645: 2632:10.2307/621990 2610: 2553: 2520: 2494:Du Bois Review 2480: 2431: 2418:10.1086/424742 2409:10.1.1.19.6596 2381: 2354: 2335: 2299: 2274: 2254: 2235: 2216: 2189: 2162: 2137: 2118: 2087: 2063: 2037: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2028: 2026:Urban vitality 2023: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1981:Jewish quarter 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1937: 1936: 1935: 1919: 1916: 1915: 1914: 1905: 1902:From Me to You 1898:Mumzy Stranger 1894: 1885: 1875: 1863: 1854: 1848:"Ghetto Life " 1845: 1843:Donny Hathaway 1836: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1815: 1805: 1793: 1781: 1773: 1762: 1751: 1748: 1743: 1740: 1648: 1645: 1595:social housing 1583:Main article: 1580: 1577: 1557:paramilitaries 1525: 1524: 1505: 1465: 1458: 1457: 1456: 1447: 1440: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1357:Greater London 1341:United Kingdom 1332: 1329: 1325:Czech Republic 1321:European Union 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1258:rather than a 1247: 1244: 1214: 1203: 1182: 1179: 1125: 1122: 1083: 1080: 1046: 1043: 1021: 1018: 1009: 1006: 940:mortgage loans 832: 829: 817:segregationist 675: 672: 658:Brighton Beach 566:Maxwell Street 554: 551: 549: 546: 513: 510: 479: 476: 407:Main article: 404: 401: 385:Middle Eastern 369:Di yidishe gas 318: 315: 313: 312:Jewish ghettos 310: 292: 291: 279: 255: 245: 235: 165: 162: 115:Final Solution 32:minority group 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4120: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4076: 4074: 4069: 4053: 4047: 4039: 4033: 4019:on 2013-10-29 4018: 4014: 4008: 4001: 4000: 3993: 3977: 3973: 3967: 3951: 3947: 3941: 3926:. 8 July 2019 3925: 3921: 3915: 3901: 3897: 3891: 3877: 3873: 3867: 3852: 3846: 3844: 3836: 3835: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3808: 3804: 3798: 3796: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3768: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3741: 3726: 3722: 3715: 3713: 3700: 3696: 3689: 3683: 3676: 3675: 3668: 3660: 3654: 3639: 3635: 3629: 3622: 3618: 3612: 3605: 3601: 3600: 3595: 3589: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3573:Word document 3570: 3566: 3562: 3556: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3535: 3519: 3515: 3508: 3500: 3496: 3490: 3482: 3481: 3476: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3452: 3444: 3440: 3434: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3407: 3405: 3397: 3392: 3390: 3382:. p. 26. 3381: 3380: 3372: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3340: 3334: 3330: 3329: 3321: 3313: 3307: 3303: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3267:Social Forces 3261: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3230: 3222: 3218: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3198: 3194: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3175: 3169: 3161: 3155: 3151: 3150: 3142: 3140: 3131: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3116: 3108: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3063: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3040:(2): 99–114. 3039: 3035: 3028: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3010:0-19-504983-7 3006: 3002: 2998: 2997: 2992: 2986: 2979: 2977: 2971: 2966: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2908: 2901: 2900:0-8147-8267-1 2897: 2893: 2892: 2885: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2856: 2848: 2842: 2838: 2835: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2765: 2760: 2757:(3): 511–20. 2756: 2752: 2748: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2726: 2722: 2716: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2687: 2679: 2671: 2665: 2661: 2660: 2652: 2650: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2626:(3): 257–75. 2625: 2621: 2614: 2606: 2602: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2557: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2527: 2525: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2495: 2490: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2435: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2396: 2388: 2386: 2378: 2374: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2350: 2346: 2339: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2278: 2272:. pp. 436–37. 2271: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2232: 2231: 2226: 2220: 2213: 2200: 2193: 2187:. pp. 129–32. 2186: 2182: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2152: 2148: 2141: 2134: 2133: 2128: 2122: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2091: 2077: 2073: 2067: 2052: 2048: 2042: 2038: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1941:Balkanization 1939: 1938: 1933: 1932:Cities portal 1922: 1913: 1912:August Alsina 1909: 1906: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1893: 1892:Kelly Rowland 1889: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1874: 1873: 1868: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1834:Elvis Presley 1831: 1827: 1826:In the Ghetto 1823: 1822: 1813: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1802:Warsaw ghetto 1799: 1798: 1794: 1791: 1790:Warsaw Ghetto 1787: 1786: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1767: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1747: 1739: 1737: 1736:poverty traps 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1660: 1659: 1654: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1601:In 2010, the 1599: 1596: 1592: 1586: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1468: 1462: 1451: 1444: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1411:Golders Green 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1365:ethnic groups 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1345:controversial 1342: 1338: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1282: 1279: 1278:Doreen Massey 1274: 1273: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1243: 1241: 1240:Hill District 1237: 1236: 1231: 1230: 1225: 1224:August Wilson 1212: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1193: 1188: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1132: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1102:North Britons 1099: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1088:Thomas Sowell 1079: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1052: 1042: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1017: 1015: 1014:Thomas Sowell 1005: 1003: 999: 994: 990: 985: 980: 976: 972: 967: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 938:could secure 937: 931: 926: 923: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 896: 891: 886: 884: 883: 878: 874: 870: 866: 861: 856: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 828: 825: 820: 818: 814: 810: 805: 803: 799: 793: 791: 785: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 750:New York City 746: 742: 738: 733: 731: 727: 718: 713: 709: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 685: 681: 671: 669: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 642:Little Italys 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 618: 616: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 583: 577: 571: 567: 563: 559: 553:Early ghettos 548:United States 545: 543: 539: 535: 531: 523: 519: 509: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 486: 475: 473: 469: 465: 461: 455: 453: 449: 445: 440: 436: 432: 428: 420: 419:Warsaw Ghetto 415: 410: 400: 398: 392: 388: 386: 382: 374: 370: 366: 362: 353: 346: 342: 341:Jewish ghetto 337: 332: 328: 324: 309: 307: 306: 301: 297: 288: 284: 280: 277: 276: 271: 267: 263: 260: 256: 253: 250: 246: 243: 240: 236: 233: 232: 227: 224: 220: 219: 218: 215: 213: 209: 205: 200: 198: 194: 190: 186: 179: 175: 170: 161: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 130:United States 127: 122: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 103:the Holocaust 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 67:Jewish people 64: 60: 56: 48: 43: 39: 37: 33: 29: 22: 4065: 4051: 4046: 4021:. Retrieved 4017:the original 4007: 3998: 3992: 3980:. Retrieved 3966: 3954:. Retrieved 3940: 3928:. Retrieved 3914: 3903:. Retrieved 3899: 3890: 3879:. Retrieved 3875: 3866: 3855:. Retrieved 3853:. 2018-02-28 3833: 3811:. Retrieved 3809:. 2018-02-27 3806: 3783:. Retrieved 3779: 3755:. Retrieved 3751: 3728:. Retrieved 3724: 3706:(in Danish). 3694: 3682: 3673: 3667: 3642:. Retrieved 3637: 3628: 3620: 3611: 3597: 3588: 3564: 3555: 3539: 3534: 3522:. Retrieved 3517: 3507: 3498: 3489: 3478: 3469: 3461:The Guardian 3460: 3451: 3442: 3433: 3416: 3412: 3395: 3378: 3371: 3359: 3347: 3327: 3320: 3301: 3295: 3270: 3266: 3260: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3220: 3196: 3173: 3168: 3148: 3114: 3107: 3075:(1): 12–40. 3072: 3068: 3062: 3037: 3033: 3027: 2999:. New York: 2994: 2985: 2973: 2965: 2930: 2924: 2907: 2890: 2884: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2829: 2797:(7): 37–59. 2794: 2790: 2754: 2750: 2725:the original 2715: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2658: 2623: 2619: 2613: 2573:(1): 18–35. 2570: 2566: 2556: 2544:. Retrieved 2540:the original 2535: 2498: 2492: 2483: 2448: 2444: 2434: 2399: 2393: 2370: 2348: 2338: 2326: 2286: 2277: 2269: 2257: 2245:Kim Pearson 2238: 2228: 2219: 2210: 2203:. Retrieved 2192: 2176:. New York: 2173: 2165: 2154:. Retrieved 2150: 2140: 2130: 2121: 2111:28 September 2109:. Retrieved 2105:the original 2090: 2079:. Retrieved 2075: 2066: 2054:. Retrieved 2050: 2041: 2021:Urbanization 2016:Trailer park 1991:Rural ghetto 1951:Blockbusting 1901: 1881:" (2004) by 1870: 1857:"The Ghetto" 1839:"The Ghetto" 1807: 1795: 1784: 1775: 1764: 1755: 1745: 1719: 1656: 1650: 1643:instituted. 1640:Kaare Dybvad 1630: 1626: 1611: 1607:Ghettolisten 1606: 1600: 1590: 1588: 1549:British Army 1526: 1475: 1419:Notting Hill 1408: 1373: 1334: 1318: 1290:Roma ghettos 1270: 1268: 1249: 1233: 1227: 1221: 1204: 1196: 1186: 1184: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1161: 1159: 1151:World War II 1140: 1131:Sharon Zukin 1127: 1091: 1085: 1048: 1023: 1011: 989:black flight 968: 933: 928: 924: 912:supermarkets 897: 893: 888: 880: 865:Sharon Zukin 857: 841:white flight 834: 821: 809:labor market 806: 794: 786: 734: 722: 687: 670: 666:Soviet Union 638:Puerto Rican 619: 587: 561: 541: 515: 505: 497: 493: 483: 481: 456: 447: 427:World War II 424: 397:that of Rome 393: 389: 368: 358: 303: 295: 293: 273: 269: 261: 251: 244:('enclosed') 241: 230: 225: 216: 207: 201: 184: 182: 138:civil rights 125: 123: 119:Nazi Germany 107:Nazi ghettos 74: 52: 36:impoverished 27: 25: 4103:Urban decay 4002:(in Danish) 3997:Politiken. 2501:(1): 7–25. 2349:The Forward 2312:Glaeser, Ed 2225:ghetto (n.) 2205:20 November 1996:Shanty town 1986:Poverty map 1676:city proper 1622:integration 1553:peace lines 1531:during the 1376:Census 2001 1232:(1984) and 1222:Playwright 1106:Scots-Irish 1072:Oscar Lewis 1051:class-based 948:urban decay 877:Black Power 860:globalizing 770:Los Angeles 650:Polish Hill 640:community. 634:East Harlem 528:km) in the 252:Giudaicetum 210:, meaning ' 174:Caltagirone 134:segregation 4082:Categories 4023:2013-08-14 3982:28 January 3956:28 January 3950:Berlingske 3930:28 January 3905:2018-07-04 3881:2018-07-04 3857:2018-07-04 3813:2018-07-04 3785:2018-07-04 3757:2018-07-04 3730:2018-07-04 3644:2017-04-17 3542:. London: 3354:. 2007. " 3090:10214/1833 2902:. Page 42. 2855:GeoJournal 2791:Demography 2185:0871314843 2156:2019-12-12 2132:Yad Vashem 2081:2023-11-12 2033:References 1966:Ghetto tax 1852:Rick James 1692:Le Vésinet 1688:Versailles 1680:Paris area 1636:government 1579:In Denmark 1573:Free Derry 1541:1969 riots 1521:Protestant 1494:republican 1429:populace. 1388:Birmingham 1386:, both in 1294:See also: 1175:underclass 1166:underclass 1155:neoliberal 1058:, and the 998:underclass 910:, or even 822:After the 802:inner city 790:Red Summer 766:Pittsburgh 719:, May 1974 717:South Side 706:emigration 678:See also: 654:Pittsburgh 540:under its 365:segregated 283:Old French 266:diminutive 249:Late Latin 197:Cannaregio 95:Old French 71:segregated 3581:1479-7879 3518:The Times 3054:144767245 2957:134413201 2935:CiteSeerX 2876:151164815 2587:0002-7162 2515:144395873 2404:CiteSeerX 2314:. 1997. " 2072:"Ghettos" 1946:Bantustan 1872:Satellite 1861:Too Short 1830:Mac Davis 1804:in Poland 1720:banlieues 1647:In France 1269:In 1973, 1256:adjective 1192:blackness 916:redlining 904:insurance 873:Caribbean 813:prejudice 758:Cleveland 694:ethnicity 345:Frankfurt 290:('guard') 262:borghetto 183:The word 164:Etymology 124:The term 101:. During 4032:cite web 3807:BBC News 3699:Archived 3653:cite web 3520:. London 3499:Romea.cz 3287:44243405 3099:38036883 3019:11785435 2993:(1985). 2837:Archived 2813:15074124 2605:26600571 2475:26600571 2426:18358721 2319:Archived 2291:Archived 2247:Archived 2172:. 1987. 2047:"ghetto" 2001:Skid row 1918:See also 1908:"Ghetto" 1888:"Ghetto" 1785:Uprising 1756:The Wall 1706:, while 1658:banlieue 1545:Troubles 1513:loyalist 1509:unionist 1502:Catholic 1423:East End 1355:area in 1314:Slovakia 1306:Luník IX 1215:— 1143:autonomy 1034:hegemony 778:Portland 662:Brooklyn 606:Italians 470:and the 381:European 361:diaspora 339:Plan of 305:Aegyptus 242:gehektes 146:Slovakia 91:Germanic 4088:Ghettos 3752:NPR.org 3480:El País 2821:9493288 2707:2094885 2596:4654963 2466:4654963 2266:Yitzhak 2151:NPR.org 1663:French: 1529:Belfast 1517:British 1450:Belfast 1339:in the 1264:hip hop 1114:redneck 1098:Cracker 1076:migrate 1038:economy 930:groups. 900:banking 871:or the 798:suburbs 782:Seattle 774:Oakland 762:Chicago 754:Detroit 702:Poverty 615:suburbs 582:Yiddish 570:Chicago 532:of the 506:mellahs 494:mellahs 490:Morocco 478:Morocco 425:During 373:Yiddish 275:borough 259:Italian 239:Yiddish 212:foundry 142:Romania 87:Italian 83:Yiddish 3602:. UK: 3579: 3524:May 3, 3425:213241 3423: 3335: 3308: 3285: 3236:Ghetto 3156: 3126: 3097: 3052: 3017: 3007: 2955: 2937: 2898: 2874: 2819: 2811: 2705: 2666: 2640:621990 2638: 2622:. ns. 2603: 2593: 2585: 2546:5 July 2513: 2473: 2463: 2424: 2406: 2375:3(2). 2243:GHETTO 2183: 2056:5 July 1879:Ghetto 1867:P.O.D. 1653:France 1598:2021. 1591:ghetto 1402:—had " 1396:Newham 1392:whites 1310:Košice 1254:as an 1235:Fences 1187:ghetto 1171:ghetto 1162:ghetto 1110:border 1064:racism 869:Mexico 824:exodus 780:, and 646:Pilsen 630:Jewish 598:German 526: 498:mellah 485:mellah 439:Romani 429:, the 421:, 1943 347:, 1628 329:, and 317:Europe 296:Egitto 223:Hebrew 191:, the 185:ghetto 178:Sicily 126:ghetto 97:, and 79:Hebrew 75:ghetto 59:Venice 28:ghetto 3702:(PDF) 3695:ft.dk 3691:(PDF) 3594:About 3421:JSTOR 3283:S2CID 3095:S2CID 3050:S2CID 2953:S2CID 2872:S2CID 2817:S2CID 2703:JSTOR 2636:JSTOR 2511:S2CID 2422:S2CID 2201:. NPR 1900:from 1869:from 1819:Music 1712:Bondy 1704:Paris 1684:Paris 1533:riots 1504:; and 1498:Irish 1467:Mural 1400:Brent 1380:wards 1361:white 1353:Asian 1308:near 1252:slang 610:Poles 594:Irish 431:Nazis 300:Egypt 287:guect 270:borgo 208:ghèto 99:Latin 63:Italy 4038:link 3984:2023 3958:2023 3932:2023 3876:Time 3659:link 3577:ISSN 3526:2010 3443:Vice 3333:ISBN 3306:ISBN 3154:ISBN 3124:ISBN 3015:OCLC 3005:ISBN 2896:ISBN 2809:PMID 2664:ISBN 2601:PMID 2583:ISSN 2548:2017 2471:PMID 2262:Arad 2207:2017 2181:ISBN 2113:2015 2058:2017 2006:Slum 1883:Akon 1750:Film 1728:HLMs 1714:and 1698:and 1672:city 1655:, a 1507:the 1488:the 1398:and 1367:and 1260:noun 1173:and 1164:and 1104:and 1026:race 946:and 815:and 690:race 682:and 608:and 596:and 464:Łódź 383:and 281:the 257:the 247:the 237:the 231:ghet 221:the 150:slum 144:and 136:and 3900:Vox 3725:U.S 3619:," 3596:." 3563:." 3398:107 3275:doi 3248:doi 3238:". 3085:hdl 3077:doi 3042:doi 2945:doi 2931:107 2864:doi 2799:doi 2759:doi 2695:doi 2628:doi 2591:PMC 2575:doi 2571:660 2503:doi 2461:PMC 2453:doi 2449:660 2414:doi 2400:112 2325:." 2285:." 2227:." 2129:." 1651:In 1519:or 1500:or 1476:In 1382:in 1343:is 1090:in 1000:." 849:FHA 692:or 660:in 652:of 624:in 268:of 228:or 226:get 195:in 117:of 57:in 4084:: 4034:}} 4030:{{ 3974:. 3948:. 3924:DR 3922:. 3898:. 3874:. 3842:^ 3822:^ 3805:. 3794:^ 3778:. 3766:^ 3750:. 3739:^ 3723:. 3711:^ 3693:. 3655:}} 3651:{{ 3636:. 3575:. 3546:. 3516:. 3497:. 3477:. 3459:. 3441:. 3417:63 3415:. 3403:^ 3388:^ 3281:. 3271:84 3269:. 3242:. 3219:. 3205:^ 3195:. 3181:^ 3138:^ 3122:. 3093:. 3083:. 3073:90 3071:. 3048:. 3038:22 3036:. 3013:. 3003:. 2972:, 2951:. 2943:. 2929:. 2923:. 2915:; 2894:. 2870:. 2860:53 2858:. 2815:. 2807:. 2795:41 2793:. 2789:. 2773:^ 2755:22 2753:. 2749:. 2733:^ 2701:. 2691:44 2689:. 2648:^ 2634:. 2599:. 2589:. 2581:. 2569:. 2565:. 2534:. 2523:^ 2509:. 2497:. 2469:. 2459:. 2447:. 2443:. 2420:. 2412:. 2398:. 2384:^ 2357:^ 2347:. 2302:^ 2289:. 2268:. 2264:, 2209:. 2149:. 2099:. 2074:. 2049:. 1738:. 1710:, 1694:, 1690:, 1575:. 1567:) 1371:. 1347:. 1327:. 1312:, 1078:. 1016:. 991:. 966:. 902:, 851:, 847:, 845:VA 776:, 772:, 768:, 764:, 760:, 756:, 752:, 568:, 544:. 482:A 375:: 343:, 325:, 298:(' 176:, 160:. 121:. 93:, 89:, 85:, 81:, 61:, 26:A 4040:) 4026:. 3986:. 3960:. 3934:. 3908:. 3884:. 3860:. 3816:. 3788:. 3760:. 3733:. 3661:) 3647:. 3615:" 3550:. 3528:. 3427:. 3366:. 3341:. 3314:. 3289:. 3277:: 3254:. 3250:: 3244:7 3223:. 3199:. 3162:. 3132:. 3120:2 3101:. 3087:: 3079:: 3056:. 3044:: 3021:. 2959:. 2947:: 2878:. 2866:: 2823:. 2801:: 2767:. 2761:: 2709:. 2697:: 2672:. 2642:. 2630:: 2624:7 2607:. 2577:: 2550:. 2517:. 2505:: 2499:1 2477:. 2455:: 2428:. 2416:: 2351:. 2333:. 2297:. 2281:" 2233:. 2223:" 2159:. 2125:" 2084:. 2060:. 1904:. 1877:" 1824:" 1661:( 1523:. 1511:- 1492:- 371:( 278:) 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index