7561:
7549:
7540:
7531:
7522:
7513:
7504:
7495:
7483:
250:
7471:
7459:
1081:
207:
261:
7797:
2641:'reddish brown' (from the spelling reform of 1996 to the 2024 revision of the orthographic rules, both variants could be used in both meanings). Optionally the hyphen can be used to emphasize individual components, to clarify the meaning of complicated compounds, to avoid misunderstandings or when three identical letters occur together (in practice, in this case it is mostly used when writing nouns with triple vowels, e. g.
2024:
1765:
7677:. By the early 1950s, a few other publishing houses had begun to attack the Duden monopoly in the West by putting out their own dictionaries, which did not always hold to the "official" spellings prescribed by Duden. In response, the Ministers of Culture of the federal states in West Germany officially declared the Duden spellings to be binding as of November 1955.
8112:
Wortherkunft, Sprachliches Das Wort Ski wurde im 19. Jahrhundert vom norwegischen ski ‚Scheit (gespaltenes Holz); Schneeschuh‘ entlehnt, das seinerseits von dem gleichbedeutenden altnordischen skíð abstammt und mit dem deutschen Wort Scheit urverwandt ist. Als
Pluralform sind laut Duden Ski und Skier
7680:
The Duden editors used their power cautiously because they considered their primary task to be the documentation of usage, not the creation of rules. At the same time, however, they found themselves forced to make finer and finer distinctions in the production of German spelling rules, and each new
7160:
are written as »…« or „…“. They are used for direct speech, quotes, names of books, periodicals, films, etc., and for words in unusual meaning. Quotation inside a quotation is written in single quotation marks: ›…‹ or ‚…‘. If a quotation is followed by a period or a comma, it is
7083:
is not used), before adversative conjunctions, after vocative phrases, for clarifying words such as appositions, before and after infinitive and participle constructions, and between clauses in a sentence. A comma may link two independent clauses without a conjunction. The comma is not used before
1958:
This change towards the so-called Heyse spelling, however, introduced a new sort of spelling error, as the long/short pronunciation differs regionally. It was already mostly abolished in the late 19th century (and finally with the first unified German spelling of 1901) in favor of the
Adelung
7705:) with the intent to simplify German orthography, and thus to make the language easier to learn, without substantially changing the rules familiar to users of the language. The rules of the new spelling concern correspondence between sounds and written letters (including rules for spelling
170:. However, it shows many instances of spellings that are historic or analogous to other spellings rather than phonemic. The pronunciation of almost every word can be derived from its spelling once the spelling rules are known, but the opposite is not generally the case.
7719:
confirmed that there is no law on the spelling people use in daily life, so they can use the old or the new spelling. While the reform is not very popular in opinion polls, it has been adopted by all major dictionaries and the majority of publishing houses.
7431:
written language until the mid-17th century. In the early 18th century, the
Lutheran standard was also introduced in the southern states and countries, Austria, Bavaria and Switzerland, due to the influence of northern German writers, grammarians such as
1100:
226:
1633:) because their positions are taken by the most frequent French diacritics. Uppercase umlauts were dropped because they are less common than lowercase ones (especially in Switzerland). Geographical names in particular are supposed to be written with
2724:
from geographical names from more than one word). Optionally the hyphen can be used in compounds where the first part is a proper name. Compounds of the type "geographical name+specification" are written with a hyphen or as two words:
4777:. Note that the pronunciation of standard German varies slightly from region to region. In fact, it is possible to tell where most German speakers come from by their accent in standard German (not to be confused with the different
7620:". In the same year, the Duden was declared to be authoritative in Prussia. Since Prussia was, by far, the largest state in the German Empire, its regulations also influenced spelling elsewhere, for instance, in 1894, when
4372:) have become so common that they are no longer perceived as foreign. It used to be more common in earlier centuries, and traces of this earlier usage persist in proper names. It is used either as an alternative letter for
1303:
distinct letters, disagreement on how to categorize and count them has led to a dispute over the exact number of letters the German alphabet has, the number ranging between 26 (considering special letters as variants of
2359:) in different documents sometimes lead to confusion, and the use of two different spellings within the same document may give persons unfamiliar with German orthography the impression that the document is a forgery.
4735:. In Switzerland, where French is one of the official languages, people are less prone to use adapted and especially partially adapted spellings of loanwords from French and more often use original spellings, e.g.
6032:
Consonants are often doubled in writing to indicate the preceding vowel is to be pronounced as a short vowel, mostly when the vowel is stressed. Only consonants written by single letters can be doubled; compare
7132:), between keywords in a review, between commands, for contrasting, for marking unexpected changes, for marking an unfinished direct speech, and sometimes instead of parentheses in parenthetical constructions.
1099:
3429:
By analogy, if a word has one form with a doubled consonant, all forms of that word are written with a doubled consonant, even if they do not fulfill the conditions for consonant doubling; for instance,
225:
2442:
words. In addition, capital letters are used: at the beginning of sentences (may be used after a colon, when the part of a sentence after the colon can be treated as a sentence); in the formal pronoun
7574:
in late 18th and early 19th century was the spelling further standardized, though at first independently in each state because of the political fragmentation of
Germany. Only the foundation of the
8113:
bzw. Schi und Schier üblich. Die
Aussprache ist vornehmlich wie „Schi“ (wie auch original im Norwegischen), lokal bzw. dialektal kommt sie auch als „Schki“ (etwa in Graubünden oder im Wallis) vor.
7582:
1379:
consists largely of two short vertical strokes), which have further been reduced to dots in both handwriting and German typesetting. Although the two dots of umlaut look like those in the
7424:
to
Austria and Bavaria, prompting a rejection of the Lutheran language. Instead, a specific southern interregional language was used, based on the language of the Habsburg chancellery.
2718:. The hyphen is used in words derived from proper names with hyphen, from proper names of more than one word, or from more than one proper name (optional in derivations with the suffix
1097:
223:
7709:), capitalisation, joined and separate words, hyphenated spellings, punctuation, and hyphenation at the end of a line. Place names and family names were excluded from the reform.
7084:
the direct speech; in this case, the colon is used. Using the comma in infinitive phrases was optional before 2024, when the revision of the orthographic rules made it mandatory.
7270:
is a notable exception in his period: not only are his German compositions of high stylistic value, but his orthography is also the first to follow a strictly coherent system.
3012:
1098:
7635:. It declared the Duden to be authoritative, with a few innovations. In 1902, its results were approved by the governments of the German Empire, Austria and Switzerland.
3493:
Composite words can also have tripled letters. While this is usually a sign that the consonant is actually spoken long, it does not affect the pronunciation per se: the
224:
2206:
in proper names is sorted with the umlaut if it is actually spoken that way (with the umlaut getting immediate precedence). A possible sequence of names then would be
1861:
as U+1E9E in 2008. Since 2010 its use is mandatory in official documentation in
Germany when writing geographical names in all-caps. The option of using the uppercase
4488:
1955:"I think that…". This follows the general rule in German that a long vowel is followed by a single consonant, while a short vowel is followed by a double consonant.
1406:) would be wrong and misleading. However, such transcription should be avoided if possible, especially with names. Names often exist in different variants, such as
2353:). As a result, passport, visa, and aircraft ticket may display different spellings of the same name. The three possible spelling variants of the same name (e.g.
4102:
For some words for which the
Germanized form was common even before the reform of 1996, the foreign version is no longer allowed. A notable example is the word
3521:. According to the spelling before 1996, the three consonants would be shortened before vowels, but retained before consonants and in hyphenation, so the word
1814:
derives from a ligature of lowercase letters, it is exclusively used in the middle or at the end of a word. The proper transcription when it cannot be used is
2236:
can only appear in the (presently used) Heyse writing and are even then rare and possibly dependent on local pronunciation, but if they appear, the word with
1660:, the exact shape of the umlaut diacritics – especially when handwritten – is not important, because they are the only ones in the language (not counting the
2155:(DIN 5007-2, section 6.1.1.4.2). This is often preferred for personal and geographical names, wherein the characters are used unsystematically, as in German
2066:
fonts as well; but it went out of general use in the early 1940s along with the
Fraktur typeface. An example where this convention would avoid ambiguity is
1584:
7412:
led to an increased production of books, and the printers were interested in using a common language to sell their books in an area as wide as possible.
143:
9416:
8235:
7570:
Though, by the mid-18th century, one norm was generally established, there was no institutionalized standardization. Only with the introduction of
3272:) after a vowel, no clear rule can be given, because they can appear after long vowels, yet are not redoubled if belonging to the same stem, e.g.
1959:
spelling. Besides the long/short pronunciation issue, which can be attributed to dialect speaking (for instance, in the northern parts of
Germany
2347:. The transcription mentioned above is generally used for aircraft tickets et cetera, but sometimes (like in US visas) simple vowels are used (
3472:
Doubled consonants can occur in composite words when the first part ends in the same consonant the second part starts with, e.g. in the word
7184:(was sometimes used in this case in the past) and preposition+article contractions. It is also used for genitive of proper names ending in
8139:
7948:, p. 15, section 0 (1): "Die Umlautbuchstaben ä, ö, ü"; p. 29, § 25 E2: "der Buchstabe ß"; et passim.
3201:
A doubled consonant after a vowel indicates that the vowel is short, while a single consonant often indicates the vowel is long, e.g.
2202:
A sort of combination of nos. 1 and 2 also exists, in use in a couple of lexica: The umlaut is sorted with the base character, but an
1911:
letter is a common type of spelling error even among native German writers. The spelling reform of 1996 changed the rules concerning
1363:
after the back vowel to be modified, but German printers developed the space-saving typographical convention of replacing the full
104:
7861:
7716:
7833:
7632:
6112:
Most one-syllable words that end in a single consonant are pronounced with long vowels, but there are some exceptions such as
7587:
8014:
7978:
Die Erde: Haack Kleiner Atlas; VEB Hermann Haack geographisch-kartographische Anstalt, Gotha, 1982; pages: 97, 100, 153, 278
9321:
8228:
7760:
7560:
7548:
7840:
7260:
dynasties in the 10th century and 11th century, German was rarely written, the literary language being almost exclusively
7814:
7095:
are used for exclamative and interrogative sentences. The exclamation mark may be used for addressing people in letters.
3938:
3754:
3723:
1927:
at word's end). This required a change of habits and is often disregarded: some people even incorrectly assumed that the
7917:
1979:
in certain regions), Heyse spelling also introduces reading ambiguities that do not occur with Adelung spelling such as
180:
1477:
7712:
The reform was adopted initially by Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein and Switzerland, and later by Luxembourg as well.
2563:
Compounds involving letters, abbreviations, or numbers (written in figures, even with added suffixes) are hyphenated:
7913:
7880:
7694:
2629:'German-English dictionary'. Compound adjectives meaning colours are written with a hyphen if they mean two colours:
2454:'your' (optionally in other second-person pronouns in letters); in adjectives at the beginning of proper names (e.g.
20:
7847:
8032:
7115:
are inserted), before explanations and generalizations, and after words in questionnaires, timetables, etc. (e. g.
3778:
3770:
3731:
8504:
8221:
4770:
3850:
3842:
3386:, there are many instances of doubled or even tripled consonants in the spelling. A single consonant following a
2466:); in adjectives with the suffix '-sch' from proper names if written with the apostrophe before the suffix (e.g.
1135:
302:
125:
7539:
7530:
7521:
7512:
7503:
7494:
7482:
7382:
Since Eastern Central Germany had been colonized only during the High and Late Middle Ages in the course of the
8289:
8088:
8064:
7829:
7818:
7643:
7109:
is used before direct speech and quotes, after a generalizing word before enumerations (but not when the words
5087:
Used in loanwords and transliterations only. Words borrowed from English can alternatively retain the original
2704:). The hyphen is not used when compounds with a proper name in the second part are used as common nouns, e. g.
1796:
1386:
When it is not possible to use the umlauts (for example, when using a restricted character set) the characters
7987:
Italien: Straßenatlas 1:300.000 mit Ortsregister; Kunth Verlag GmbH & Co. KG 2016/2017; München; page: III
8279:
8259:
7339:
In the following centuries, the only variety that showed a marked tendency to be used across regions was the
4769:
This section lists German letters and letter combinations, and how to pronounce them transliterated into the
3608:. The spelling goes back to the Middle High German pronunciation of that diphthong, which was . The spelling
2753:
in German, it is not consistently represented. However, there are different ways of identifying long vowels:
1090:
7128:
is used for marking a sharp transition from one thought to another one, between remarks of a dialogue (as a
9305:
8274:
8177:
5609:
3972:
3946:
3930:
3910:
3858:
3762:
3742:
3737:
3712:
264:
97:
8076:
7592:
to achieve a standardization for the entire German Empire. However, its results were rejected, notably by
7333:
7329:
7321:
7226:
7222:
7045:
7028:
7003:
6999:
6551:) is pronounced as a schwa (after which consonant letters are usually not doubled) or is mute altogether.
6097:
6079:
5666:
4726:
4717:
4708:
4660:
4656:
4646:
4361:
4292:
4270:
4231:
4200:
4184:
4164:
4148:
4009:
4002:
3625:
3605:
3302:
3287:
3278:
3218:
3208:
3056:
2975:
2962:
2953:
2944:
2930:
2921:
2912:
2860:
2829:
2795:
2199:
in German versions offers the choice between the first two variants in its internationalisation settings.
1233:
1229:
1197:
1176:
1157:
935:
912:
908:
883:
860:
837:
814:
791:
766:
743:
720:
716:
686:
663:
640:
617:
594:
569:
546:
542:
512:
489:
466:
443:
420:
397:
374:
351:
328:
139:
135:
9406:
9114:
8453:
7390:
by people from different regions of Germany, the varieties spoken were compromises of different dialects.
4364:) occurs almost exclusively in loanwords, especially words of Greek origin, but some such words (such as
3978:
3748:
1792:
249:
8195:
8294:
8269:
8100:
7433:
4578:
in neuter plural nouns may be retained, but is also Germanized orthographically and morphologically to
216:
2136:"foot"). In words which are the same except for one having an umlaut and one its base character (e.g.
9244:
9136:
8779:
8647:
8582:
7593:
4071:
For other foreign words, both the foreign spelling and a revised German spelling are correct such as
3970:
3944:
3936:
3928:
3856:
3848:
3840:
3776:
3768:
3760:
3752:
3740:
3729:
3721:
3718:
3710:
3659:
3641:
3639:
2993:
73:
3329:'mass' or 'host'/'lot'. In addition to that, texts written before the 1996 spelling reform also use
1826:
in earlier times). This transcription can give rise to ambiguities, albeit rarely; one such case is
1724:), and such variations are often used in stylized writing (e.g. logos). However, the breve – or the
9411:
8689:
8049:
7958:
3661:
2096:
2077:
2063:
1449:
279:
63:
8213:
7933:
3702:: At the beginning of a word or syllable, these digraphs are pronounced . In the Middle Ages, the
1284:
was declared an official letter of the German alphabet on 29 June 2017. Previously represented as
9362:
9205:
8652:
8491:
8311:
8299:
8284:
8171:
7807:
7729:
7249:
3707:
2124:
5007-1, section 6.1.1.4.1). This is the preferred method for dictionaries, where umlauted words (
90:
7854:
3638:: This digraph represents the diphthong , which goes back to the Middle High German monophthong
9367:
9310:
9269:
8944:
8767:
8554:
8516:
8411:
8154:
7929:
7314:
7286:
4207:. However, certain older spellings occasionally remain, mostly for decorative reasons, such as
2486:
1418:, and with such transcriptions in use one could not work out the correct spelling of the name.
121:
78:
19:
For the international agreement about spelling rules among most German-speaking countries, see
7470:
1470:
Furthermore, in northern and western Germany, there are family names and place names in which
9385:
9076:
8867:
8679:
8421:
8406:
8383:
8363:
8358:
7398:
7153:
are used instead of parentheses inside parentheses and for editor's words inside quotations.
5389:
2833:
2320:
2277:
2003:). It is therefore recommended to insert hyphens where required for reading assistance, i.e.
1538:
1534:
1380:
2650:
The hyphen is used in compounds where the second part or both parts are proper names, e. g.
9377:
9277:
8934:
8849:
8739:
8657:
8639:
8526:
7571:
7437:
7394:
7245:
5523:
Silent at the end of loanwords from French (although spelling may be otherwise Germanized:
2397:
in family names as a reason for an official name change. Even a spelling change, e.g. from
1352:
1039:
167:
7309:
after the death of the last Hohenstaufen king in 1254. Certain features of today's German
3296:'takes'; however, in fixed, no longer productive derivatives, this too can be lost, e.g.,
2675:
2311:
are spelled in the correct way in the non-machine-readable zone of the passport, but with
8:
9339:
9334:
9254:
9164:
9149:
9043:
8894:
8854:
8632:
8604:
8577:
8572:
8549:
8531:
8496:
8481:
8448:
8388:
8376:
8348:
8343:
7745:
7417:
7393:
Eastern Central Germany was culturally very important, being home to the universities of
7360:
7106:
4784:
Foreign words are usually pronounced approximately as they are in the original language.
2549:; 'cold water tap/faucet). This can lead to long words: the longest word in regular use,
2156:
8911:
7458:
4757:
all over the German-speaking areas (reflecting its pronunciation in its source language
2460:'the Pacific Ocean'); in adjectives with the suffix '-er' from geographical names (e.g.
1768:
German label "Delicacy / red cabbage." Left cap is with old orthography, right with new.
1592:
9329:
9022:
9009:
8862:
8684:
8664:
8617:
8594:
8486:
8476:
8333:
8328:
8320:
8248:
7603:
7376:
7282:
4758:
4393:
3703:
1693:
1657:
1322:
1019:
68:
4526:
for the sounds before vowels is used in many words of Latin origin, mostly ending in
2859:('here'). This use is a historical spelling based on the Middle High German diphthong
1572:
9287:
9282:
9197:
8884:
8874:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8714:
8701:
8599:
8521:
8468:
8458:
8443:
8426:
8338:
7740:
7628:
7596:
7340:
7267:
7060:
is used at the end of sentences, for abbreviations, and for ordinal numbers, such as
2196:
275:
186:
53:
8012:
Empfehlungen und Hinweise für die Schreibweise geographischer Namen, 5. Ausgabe 2010
7780:
6160:
contain short unstressed vowels, but duplicate the final consonants in the plurals:
4408:), or especially in the Southwest, as a representation of that goes back to an old
4088:
9210:
9187:
9126:
9121:
9092:
9066:
8989:
8984:
8979:
8964:
8959:
8954:
8939:
8926:
8916:
8841:
8801:
8747:
8724:
8709:
8674:
8669:
8627:
8564:
8541:
8398:
8371:
7755:
7344:
7278:
7088:
5803:
4427:
3423:
2187:
2047:
1725:
1548:
1074:"sharp s"). They have their own names separate from the letters they are based on.
7616:('Complete Orthographic Dictionary of the German Language'), known simply as the "
7351:
and used in many areas of northern Germany and indeed northern Europe in general.
9354:
9297:
9259:
9233:
9229:
9109:
9097:
9084:
9056:
9051:
9032:
9027:
8969:
8949:
8899:
8889:
8757:
8719:
8612:
8436:
8416:
8127:(4th ed.). Berlin: Verlag Volk und Wissen, Volkseigener Verlag. p. 104.
8018:
8011:
7364:
7210:
7202:
7157:
7150:
5979:
5912:
5837:
5727:
4908:
4778:
4774:
4616:
3986:
3651:
3411:
1626:
1509:
1348:
198:
174:
163:
58:
48:
9104:
8587:
7359:
By the 16th century, a new interregional standard developed on the basis of the
7293:
language of the Hohenstaufen court. However, that language was used only in the
3951:, but the spelling remained the same. An analogous sound change had happened in
1799:
somewhat reduced usage of this letter in Germany and Austria. It is not used in
1421:
Automatic back-transcribing is wrong not only for names. Consider, for example,
9182:
9144:
9061:
9017:
8994:
8974:
8904:
8879:
8729:
8509:
8431:
7750:
7290:
7129:
5991:
5871:
3952:
3415:
3079:('ten'), but in other words it has no etymological justification, for instance
2868:
2439:
2435:
2059:
1629:
and typewriters do not allow easy input of uppercase letters with umlauts (nor
1356:
260:
29:
7990:
2713:
2663:
9400:
9177:
9154:
8999:
8772:
8752:
7939:
7575:
7092:
5984:
5732:
5715:
4498:
4461:
3419:
3387:
2911:). Occasionally – typically in word-final position – this digraph represents
1941:
1804:
1649:. The omission can cause some inconvenience, since the first letter of every
1281:
7273:
Significant production of German texts only resumed during the reign of the
9344:
9172:
7674:
7666:
7658:
7647:
7639:
7607:
7402:
7274:
7080:
4676:
4672:
4409:
2746:
2635:'red and brown', but without a hyphen if they mean an intermediate colour:
1685:
1677:
43:
38:
5562:⟨tion, tia, tial, tiar, tiär, tie, tiell, tient, tiös, tium⟩
4915:
is used only in loanwords. In words of Ancient Greek origin, word-initial
4702:
A number of loanwords from French are spelled in a partially adapted way:
4074:
2617:'to postpone'); in compounds of words containing hyphen with other words:
2228:, but this is generally considered incorrect. Words distinguished only by
2120:
Treat them like their base characters, as if the umlaut were not present (
1847:
1753:
9249:
8796:
8244:
7775:
7765:
7715:
The new orthography is mandatory only in schools. A 1998 decision of the
7621:
7421:
7385:
7310:
7306:
7294:
7143:
6654:
A vowel usually represents a long sound if the vowel in question occurs:
5967:
5769:
5739:
5710:
4176:
2864:
2039:
1800:
1650:
155:
7072:(the first). It is omitted before a full stop at the end of a sentence.
3812:
3803:
3154:
3129:
2902:
2892:
2692:'North Korea') or as two words (e. g. geographical names beginning with
2599:'alternative' (literally 'either-or'); in phrase-word compounds such as
1609:. Occasionally, a diaeresis may be used in some well-known names, i.e.:
185:(Council for German Orthography), composed of representatives from most
7428:
7165:
6007:
5972:
5934:
5744:
5720:
4680:
4664:
4237:
3383:
2758:
1115:
241:
8173:
Bundesverfassungsgericht, Urteil vom 14. Juli 1998, Az.: 1 BvR 1640/97
7102:
is used for divisions of a sentence greater than that with the comma.
6998:. Phonemically, they are typically analyzed as allophones of the long
5471:
4911:, especially in Austria, may always be substituted by . Word-initial
4179:. In many loanwords, including most words of Latin origin, the letter
1367:
with a small version placed above the vowel to be modified. In German
9221:
7682:
7298:
7281:). Around the year 1200, there was a tendency towards a standardized
7206:
7099:
7057:
6918:
A pre-stress long vowel shortens, mostly in the unstressed position:
6707:
4793:
3602:
3290:'hand'. On a stem boundary, reduplication usually takes place, e.g.,
2113:
1328:
1015:
7796:
7348:
4099:, though in the latter case the revised one does not usually occur.
3998:
For technical terms, the foreign spelling is often retained such as
2871:
to words that etymologically never had that diphthong, for instance
2587:'group of ten'. The hyphen is used when adding suffixes to letters:
1865:
in all-caps was officially added to the German orthography in 2017.
8762:
8243:
8036:
7901:
7770:
7734:
7706:
7662:
7427:
In northern Germany, the Lutheran East Central German replaced the
7409:
7372:
7253:
7136:
7024:
5009:
4945:
4668:
4172:
3357:), so vowel length in these positions could not be detected by the
3099:('to mill'). Occasionally a digraph can be redundantly followed by
2555:('legal protection insurance companies'), consists of 39 letters.
2254:
1931:
had been abolished completely. However, if the vowel preceding the
1501:
1485:
271:
131:
4875:
4367:
2686:. Some compound geographical names are written as one word (e. g.
1295:
was used as well, as in English and many other European languages.
8791:
7670:
7375:
dynasty, there was a strong tendency to a common language in the
7305:
culture. These early tendencies of standardization ceased in the
7041:
4443:
4326:
4018:(physics) of Greek origin. For some common affixes however, like
2979:
2750:
1858:
1749:
1644:
1368:
254:
159:
7205:
texts date back to the 8th century. They were written mainly in
6493:
is often pronounced , but in some regions, people say or . The
5541:
Used in words of Ancient Greek origin and in some proper names.
5413:
Used in words of Ancient Greek origin and in some proper names.
3563:, which in pre-1996 spelling could not occur as it was rendered
9239:
8784:
7613:
Vollständiges Orthographisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
7302:
7257:
4796:
are pronounced as single consonants, except in compound words.
4415:
4342:
4245:
4191:. Alternatively, German words which come from Latin words with
3847:. That goes back to the 12th and 13th century, when prevocalic
3264:
consonants and for sounds represented by more than one letter (
3169:
are doubled in a few words that have long vowels, for instance
2051:
1661:
1560:
1537:, used as in French and English to distinguish what could be a
1292:
1047:
7229:, which is ultimately the origin of the modern German letters
4633:
would be considered erroneous, and the word cannot be written
3863:. The voicing was lost again in the late Middle Ages, but the
8203:(in German), Mannheim: Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung, 2024
7617:
7261:
7076:
4316:
1764:
1717:
1701:
1612:
1012:
7014:
In some German proper names, unusual spellings occur, e. g.
4619:, spelling and accents are usually preserved. For instance,
2246:(storey; South German pronunciation) would be sorted before
2023:
1969:, whereas particularly in Bavaria elongated may occur as in
1732:) – was traditionally used in some scripts to distinguish a
1517:
In proper names and ethnonyms, there may also appear a rare
7959:"Das deutsche Alphabet – Wie viele Buchstaben hat das ABC?"
7125:
4951:
3422:
of the first syllable, which must not be empty because the
1872:, the letter actually originates from a distinct ligature:
1604:
7661:, this tradition was followed with two different centers:
7236:
7139:
is used for unfinished thoughts and incomplete citations.
4694:
4686:
3839:
occurs only in a few native words and then, it represents
2666:, the city of millers', double-barrelled surnames such as
2042:
typesetting, though no longer in contemporary font styles.
1786:
1528:
1520:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1057:
1033:
1029:
1025:
232:(Listen to a German speaker recite the alphabet in German)
7332:
because around the 12th and 13th century, the prevocalic
6983:
A vowel bearing secondary stress may also shorten, as in
4489:
List of English words that may be spelled with a ligature
4336:
2298:
2121:
4847:
Used in some loanwords and proper names. In many cases,
2593:'nth'. It is used in substantivated compounds such as
1892:, as it can avoid possible ambiguities (as in the above
1672:). They will be understood whether they look like dots (
7285:
language and spelling for the first time, based on the
3573:('compulsory round' in certain card games, composed of
2781:('to say'). The rule is unreliable in given names, cf.
2370:
as a capital letter in family names in documents (e.g.
1383:(trema), the two have different origins and functions.
7443:
7313:
still date back to Middle High German: the use of the
4764:
4132:(office) which got replaced by the Germanized version
2808:'crisis', but also in some native German words, e. g.
2489:, including nouns, are usually written together, e.g.
1375:
was simplified to two vertical dashes (as the Kurrent
7904::2022-06, section 4.2 „Buchstaben“ (letters), table 1
7699:
German spelling and punctuation was changed in 1996 (
4452:("Bavarian"); this actually used to be spelt with an
4375:
2996:
7737:, a convention for gender-neutral language in German
7653:
After 1902, German spelling was essentially decided
7009:
2434:
A typical feature of German spelling is the general
2171:
after their base letters (Austrian phone books have
2148:), the word with the base character gets precedence.
1597:(although Hoëcker added the diaeresis himself), and
1308:) and 30 (counting all special letters separately).
130:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
7821:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
7367:varieties. This was influenced by several factors:
6580:or mute, making the following sound syllabic as in
5433:before consonants, after obstruents, or when final
4929:, where both and are possible); normally before
1299:While the Council for German Orthography considers
8125:Sprecherziehung für Studenten pädagogischer Berufe
6706:Long vowels are generally pronounced with greater
6069:. Hence, short and long vowels before the digraph
5099:as (= ⟨tsch⟩), because is not native to German.
3612:is found in only a very few native words (such as
3390:is doubled if another vowel follows, for instance
3051:indicates the vowel length in certain cases. That
3006:
2168:They are treated like extra letters either placed
1427:("the new book"). This should never be changed to
8197:Amtliches Regelwerk der deutschen Rechtschreibung
8065:canoo.net: Spelling for "Photographie/Fotografie"
7688:
4483:in German, whereas English usually uses a simple
4273:) occurs almost exclusively in loanwords such as
3559:spelling, even a new source of triple consonants
3333:at the ends of words and before consonants, e.g.
3317:indicates that the preceding vowel is long, e.g.
2112:There are three ways to deal with the umlauts in
2058:) was used except in syllable endings (cf. Greek
1106:(Listen to a German speaker naming these letters)
9398:
8089:canoo.net: Spelling for "Portemonnaie/Portmonee"
7657:by the editors of the Duden dictionaries. After
7581:In 1876, the Prussian government instituted the
7191:
4975:word-initially in words of Ancient Greek origin
4933:(but in Southern Germany and Austria); before
4623:in the sense of "coffeehouse" is always written
4108:"photograph", which may no longer be spelled as
3751:. In the Late Middle Ages, certain instances of
3628:in foreign loans from languages such as Chinese.
3026:is not used at the start of a word, for example
1868:Although nowadays substituted correctly only by
1394:respectively, following the earlier postvocalic-
1355:of back vowels). Before the introduction of the
144:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
8060:
8058:
7188:, but not if preceded by the definite article.
5624:in foreign borrowings not at the end of a word
2276:are treated as single letters, but the vocalic
2130:"feet") should appear near their origin words (
1482:), as in the former Dutch orthography, such as
1441:and does not even belong in the same syllable;
16:Orthography used in writing the German language
7436:or language cultivation societies such as the
7006:etc.) and are mostly restricted to loanwords.
3377:
2680:. Double given names are variously written as
2424:
1884:). Some people therefore prefer to substitute
1533:, which are not letters with an umlaut, but a
1474:lengthens the preceding vowel (by acting as a
1398:convention; simply using the base vowel (e.g.
8229:
8070:
7702:Reform der deutschen Rechtschreibung von 1996
7578:in 1871 allowed for further standardization.
4691:in loan words from French or Portuguese, and
4538:in feminine nouns is typically simplified to
4464:(his son would become King of Greece later).
3783:was represented in certain spellings such as
3229:(until the spelling reform of 1996, however,
1359:, frontalization was indicated by placing an
98:
8055:
7700:
7611:
7405:translation, which was considered exemplary.
7383:
7175:
7169:
7116:
7110:
7067:
7061:
6984:
6904:
6888:
6872:
6697:
6684:
6675:
6666:
6627:
6609:
6581:
6563:
6537:
6531:
6525:
6510:
6504:
6498:
6488:
6473:
6467:
6440:
6416:
6392:
6368:
6344:
6329:
6305:
6280:
6256:
6232:
6206:
6191:
6176:
6161:
6155:
6149:
6143:
6137:
6131:
6125:
6119:
6113:
6092:
6074:
6064:
6049:
6034:
5524:
5480:
5370:or after long vowels (except ), otherwise
5225:
5219:
5155:
5118:
5112:
5028:
5013:
4984:
4938:
4924:
4868:
4751:
4745:
4736:
4730:
4721:
4712:
4703:
4650:
4640:
4634:
4624:
4607:
4601:
4595:
4589:
4583:
4569:
4563:
4551:
4508:
4492:
4447:
4437:
4431:
4421:
4413:
4403:
4397:
4387:
4381:
4365:
4355:
4340:
4330:
4320:
4310:
4304:
4291:. Native German words now pronounced with a
4286:
4280:
4274:
4264:
4251:
4243:
4235:
4214:
4208:
4158:
4152:
4142:
4133:
4127:
4121:
4120:(telephone) which was already Germanized as
4115:
4109:
4103:
4094:
4086:
4080:
4072:
4062:
4055:
4049:
4043:
4037:
4031:
4025:
4019:
4013:
3901:
3895:
3868:
3793:
3784:
3619:
3613:
3580:
3574:
3568:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3461:
3451:
3441:
3431:
3401:
3391:
3373:'was based' (both unaffected by the reform).
3368:
3362:
3352:
3346:
3340:
3334:
3324:
3318:
3306:
3297:
3291:
3282:
3273:
3212:
3202:
3189:
3180:
3170:
3148:
3139:
3120:
3114:
3104:
3090:
3080:
3070:
3060:
3036:
3027:
2970:
2957:
2948:
2934:
2925:
2916:
2882:
2872:
2850:
2840:
2828:'give (imperative)'. Mostly, the long vowel
2819:
2809:
2799:
2782:
2772:
2762:
2732:
2726:
2719:
2711:
2710:'crybaby'; also in the name of the fountain
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2673:
2667:
2657:
2651:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2623:'A major scale'; in coordinated adjectives:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2381:
2371:
2362:Even before the introduction of the capital
2354:
2348:
2241:
2215:
2207:
2160:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2086:
2067:
2062:) and sometimes it was historically used in
2033:
2027:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1970:
1960:
1950:
1899:
1893:
1833:
1827:
1778:
1772:
1642:
1618:
1610:
1602:
1590:
1582:
1570:
1558:
1546:
1507:
1499:
1483:
1475:
1454:
1442:
1428:
1422:
1413:
1407:
1222:
1215:
1069:
1063:
928:
901:
876:
853:
830:
807:
784:
759:
736:
709:
702:
679:
656:
633:
610:
587:
562:
535:
528:
505:
482:
459:
436:
413:
390:
367:
344:
321:
178:
8122:
4557:
4514:
4502:
3624:'orphan') but is commonly used to romanize
2558:
1752:-derived handwritings; it was mandatory in
1011:German has four special letters; three are
8236:
8222:
8147:Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society
8094:
8082:
8033:Rechtschreibrat führt neuen Buchstaben ein
7079:is used between for enumerations (but the
6457:
3867:still remains in certain words such as in
3515:'bottle') is exactly as long as the ff in
3382:Even though German does not have phonemic
2366:, it was recommended to use the minuscule
2209:Mukovic; Muller; Müller; Mueller; Multmann
105:
91:
7914:Official rules of German spelling updated
7881:Learn how and when to remove this message
7112:das ist, das heißt, nämlich, zum Beispiel
6530:( in the dative case of adjectives, e.g.
4761:), but only written that way in Austria.
4683:. Other letters occur less often such as
4456:until the King of Bavaria introduced the
3147:('rough', pre-1996 spelling, now written
2393:German naming law accepts umlauts and/or
2260:In rare contexts (e.g. in older indices)
2151:Decompose them (invisibly) to vowel plus
1316:
1311:
9417:Indo-European Latin-script orthographies
8077:canoo.net: Spelling for "Delphin/Delfin"
7961:(in German). www.buchstabieralphabet.org
7146:are used for parenthetical information.
6913:
3935:. In the 17th century, the former sound
3410:'let'. These consonants are analyzed as
2798:. It occurs mainly in loanwords, e. g.
2022:
1763:
259:
248:
8039:, 29 June 2017, retrieved 29 June 2017.
7920:, 29 June 2017, retrieved 29 June 2017.
7717:Federal Constitutional Court of Germany
5446:at the beginning of a word or syllable
5423:before vowel (except after obstruents)
5344:Used in words of Ancient Greek origin.
5332:For some speakers morpheme initially.
4467:The Latin and Ancient Greek diphthongs
4226:in German appears only in the sequence
2552:Rechtsschutzversicherungsgesellschaften
9399:
8137:
8131:
7354:
7168:is used for contracted forms (such as
4995:In loanwords and foreign proper names
3539:'drive, trip, tour') was then written
2867:in Early New High German. It has been
2299:Personal names with special characters
1935:is long, the correct spelling remains
1392:⟨Ae, Oe, Ue, ae, oe, ue⟩
8217:
7997:Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung 2018
7946:Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung 2018
7685:introduced a few reformed spellings.
6674:followed by a single consonant as in
5719:
5714:
4963:is also sometimes pronounced with ).
4309:(fox). Some exceptions occur such as
3909:'much'. For further information, see
3527:('navigation, shipping', composed of
3414:because they constitute not only the
2095:
2076:
1945:). If the vowel is short, it becomes
1448:
1347:are used to indicate the presence of
8123:Preu, Otto; Stötzer, Ursula (1985).
7819:adding citations to reliable sources
7790:
7761:Non-English usage of quotation marks
7631:of the German Empire instituted the
7252:, however, during the reigns of the
7221:was chosen to transcribe the sounds
7161:placed outside the quotation marks.
6665:in any stressed open syllable as in
4750:('ski') is pronounced as if it were
4054:are correct, but the mixed variants
3555:. With the aforementioned change in
3418:of the second syllable but also the
2102:⟨Wachstube/Wachs-Tube⟩
2083:⟨Wachſtube/Wach-Stube⟩
1965:is typically pronounced short, i.e.
134:. For the distinction between ,
7444:19th century and early 20th century
4765:Grapheme-to-phoneme correspondences
3345:'had to' (after the reform spelled
3233:was divided across a line break as
2999:
2162:Müller, A.; Mueller, B.; Müller, C.
1269:
1267:
1265:
1255:
1253:
1251:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
13:
7219:⟨tz, cz, zz, sz, zs⟩
7180:) except forms with omitted final
6331:Viertel/viertel, vierzehn, vierzig
6073:are not distinguished in writing:
4943:and in geographical names such as
4744:In one curious instance, the word
4732:quarantaine, communiqué, ouverture
4542:in German; in related words, both
4396:that occurs also in the spellings
3588:
3221:. Two consonants are not doubled:
2186:at the end of the alphabet (as in
1490:, which is pronounced with a long
1079:
1006:
205:
14:
9428:
8188:
7695:German orthography reform of 1996
7010:Unusual spellings in proper names
5027:across a morpheme boundary (e.g.
4968:after other vowels or consonants
4867:may be pronounced either (e. g.
4667:and computer keyboards offer two
3103:, either due to analogy, such as
2832:is represented in writing by the
2683:Anna-Maria, Anna Maria, Annamaria
2611:'postponing' (substantivation of
2481:
2429:
2303:German names containing umlauts (
2264:(phonetic value equal to English
2257:are always ignored in collation.
1459:(the root for "new") followed by
285:
21:German orthography reform of 1996
7918:Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung
7795:
7559:
7547:
7538:
7529:
7520:
7511:
7502:
7493:
7481:
7469:
7457:
7217:along with combinations such as
6713:The long vowels map as follows:
6658:as the final letter (except for
5154:in loanwords from French (as in
4436:). Another notable exception is
4295:sound are usually written using
4141:Except for the common sequences
3993:
2990:are identical or near-identical
2224:. Occasionally it is treated as
2050:typeface and similar scripts, a
1437:is completely separate from the
1388:⟨Ä, Ö, Ü, ä, ö, ü⟩
1262:
1248:
1114:Problems playing this file? See
1095:
976:
950:
240:Problems playing this file? See
221:
181:Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung
177:orthography is regulated by the
8164:
8116:
8106:
8042:
8023:
8002:
7981:
7972:
7806:needs additional citations for
7209:in different local dialects of
6027:
5568:Used in words of Latin origin.
5475:diminutive of a word ending on
5218:in loanwords from French, e.g.
4773:. This is the pronunciation of
4771:International Phonetic Alphabet
4234:) except for loanwords such as
4197:⟨e, i, y, ae, oe⟩
3650:. When the sound is created by
3007:{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {J}}}
2757:A vowel in an open syllable (a
2740:
126:International Phonetic Alphabet
8101:canoo.net: Spelling for "Foto"
7951:
7923:
7907:
7895:
7689:German spelling reform of 1996
7633:Second Orthographic Conference
7196:
7186:⟨s, ß, x, z, ce⟩
7051:
6649:
5778:⟨i, ie, ih, ieh⟩
5662:Used in some loanwords, e. g.
4859:. In proper names, the letter
4855:have replaced an etymological
3977:. The sound, a product of the
3825:, however, remained unaltered.
3680:: This letter alternates with
3601:: This digraph represents the
3503:('oxygen bottle', composed of
3323:'street' vs. a short vowel in
3253:in the original spelling) and
2969:represents a short vowel, cf.
2891:('peace') (Middle High German
2794:used to indicate a long vowel
2421:is regarded as a name change.
1797:German spelling reform of 1996
1:
7786:
7583:First Orthographic Conference
7192:History of German orthography
6858:
5526:Debüt, Eklat, Kuvert, Porträt
5123:), and in some proper names.
4923:(with rare exceptions :
4787:
4532:⟨-tiell, -tiös⟩
4199:are usually pronounced with (
3802:'cherry' (Middle High German
2672:; geographical names such as
2626:deutsch-englisches Wörterbuch
8194:
8178:Federal Constitutional Court
7996:
7945:
7650:, it was never implemented.
7451:19th century German alphabet
4699:in loan words from Spanish.
4279:(xylophone) and names, e.g.
4250:(the latter is also written
3911:Pronunciation of v in German
3767:, but others developed into
3685:
3684:. For more information, see
3059:in some words, for instance
2220:is sorted as though it were
1038:) and one is derived from a
265:Vereinfachte Ausgangsschrift
7:
9105:Ethiopian Semitic languages
8153:: 22–24, 36. Archived from
8140:"Spelling Reform in German"
7723:
5691:Used in some proper names.
5603:Used in some proper names.
5368:before vowels, otherwise,
5293:Across morpheme boundaries
5117:, in morpheme bounds (e.g.
3979:High German consonant shift
3749:High German consonant shift
3738:voiceless alveolar sibilant
3378:Double or triple consonants
3249:(which may correspond with
3207:('comb') has a short vowel
2761:) is long, for instance in
2656:'the photographer Hansen',
2614:auf die lange Bank schieben
2608:Auf-die-lange-Bank-Schieben
2425:Features of German spelling
1744:was underlined. The breved
1371:writing, the superscripted
282:plus four special letters.
274:consists of the twenty-six
192:
10:
9433:
8505:Phonology & ortography
7692:
7434:Johann Christoph Gottsched
7347:, based on the variety of
7324:and the occasional use of
5381:before vowels, otherwise
5095:. Many speakers pronounce
4921:⟨a, o, l, r⟩
4886:⟨ä, e, i, ö⟩
4663:in Austria.) Thus, German
4574:'potential' (adj.). Latin
4522:The etymological spelling
4446:") and derived words like
3747:that had developed in the
3478:('sheepskin', composed of
3217:('came') has a long vowel
2472:'Ohm's law', also written
2313:⟨AE, OE, UE⟩
2289:⟨au, äu, eu⟩
2204:⟨ae, oe, ue⟩
2107:
1919:(no forced replacement of
1759:
1653:is capitalized in German.
1467:does not exist in German.
1463:, an inflection. The word
1320:
1306:⟨a, o, u, s⟩
1301:⟨ä, ö, ü, ß⟩
196:
18:
9376:
9353:
9319:
9296:
9268:
9219:
9196:
9163:
9135:
9075:
9041:
9008:
8925:
8840:
8810:
8738:
8700:
8563:
8540:
8467:
8397:
8319:
8310:
8255:
7644:reform of the orthography
7594:Prime Minister of Prussia
5971:
5966:
5963:
5951:
5948:⟨a, ah, aa⟩
5938:
5928:
5916:
5865:⟨o, oh, oo⟩
5857:
5846:⟨e, eh, ee⟩
5823:
5789:
5731:
5726:
5709:
5707:
5697:
5683:
5672:
5654:
5643:
5632:
5607:
5595:
5583:
5572:
5545:
5533:
5515:
5504:
5493:
5454:
5417:
5401:
5360:
5348:
5336:
5324:
5313:
5302:
5278:
5267:
5256:
5245:
5234:
5210:
5201:when lengthening a vowel
5186:
5174:when part of word-final -
5138:
5127:
5103:
5078:
5054:
5042:
5002:
4906:
4893:
4846:
4836:
4812:
4801:
4639:, which means "coffee". (
4475:are normally rendered as
3719:alveolo-palatal consonant
2790:It is rare to see a bare
2448:'you' and the determiner
2345:⟨GOESSMANN⟩
2100:) "tube of wax", written
2018:
1838:"en masse". In all-caps,
1390:should be transcribed as
1125:
292:
187:German-speaking countries
8050:Guinness Book of Records
7401:and especially with the
5786:⟨ü, üh, y⟩
3981:, has been written with
3706:that was inherited from
3311:'to get something done'.
3119:) or etymology, such as
2924:('knees') (cf. singular
2559:Hyphen in compound words
2081:) "guardhouse", written
280:ISO basic Latin alphabet
7730:Antiqua-Fraktur dispute
7250:Carolingian Renaissance
6472:is often silent, as in
6458:Unstressed short vowels
5354:or (in a few regions)
5180:or (Southern Germany)
4931:⟨e, i, y⟩
4901:⟨a, o, u⟩
4729:(overture) from French
4718:/kɔmyniˈkeː,kɔmuniˈkeː/
4645:is normally pronounced
4615:In loan words from the
4473:⟨oe (οι)⟩
4469:⟨ae (αι)⟩
4187:) has been replaced by
4030:, it is allowed to use
3813:
3804:
3567:, was introduced, e.g.
3241:, which is replaced by
3225:, which is replaced by
3167:⟨a, e, o⟩
3155:
3130:
2903:
2893:
2341:⟨Gößmann⟩
2329:⟨MUELLER⟩
2305:⟨ä, ö, ü⟩
1846:or, optionally, by the
1635:⟨a, o, u⟩
253:Austria's standardized
122:phonetic transcriptions
8138:Upward, Chris (1997).
7934:"The Rules for Long S"
7701:
7624:recognized the Duden.
7612:
7488:(Smissen-Fraser, 1900)
7384:
7176:
7170:
7117:
7111:
7068:
7062:
6985:
6905:
6889:
6873:
6698:
6685:
6676:
6667:
6628:
6610:
6582:
6564:
6538:
6532:
6526:
6511:
6505:
6499:
6489:
6474:
6468:
6441:
6417:
6393:
6369:
6345:
6330:
6306:
6281:
6257:
6233:
6207:
6192:
6177:
6162:
6156:
6150:
6144:
6138:
6136:and the word endings -
6132:
6126:
6120:
6114:
6093:
6075:
6065:
6050:
6035:
6013:⟨ei, ai⟩
5999:⟨eu, äu⟩
5525:
5481:
5226:
5220:
5156:
5119:
5113:
5029:
5014:
4985:
4939:
4925:
4919:is pronounced before
4869:
4753:
4746:
4737:
4731:
4722:
4713:
4704:
4651:
4641:
4635:
4629:in German; accentless
4625:
4608:
4602:
4600:'expectorant', plural
4596:
4590:
4584:
4570:
4564:
4558:
4552:
4515:
4509:
4503:
4493:
4448:
4438:
4432:
4422:
4414:
4404:
4398:
4388:
4382:
4366:
4356:
4341:
4331:
4321:
4311:
4305:
4287:
4281:
4275:
4265:
4252:
4244:
4236:
4215:
4209:
4159:
4153:
4143:
4134:
4128:
4122:
4116:
4110:
4104:
4095:
4087:
4081:
4073:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4044:
4038:
4032:
4026:
4020:
4014:
3902:
3896:
3869:
3823:⟨st, sp⟩
3794:
3785:
3620:
3614:
3581:
3575:
3569:
3547:
3541:
3535:
3529:
3523:
3517:
3511:
3505:
3499:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3462:
3452:
3442:
3432:
3402:
3392:
3369:
3363:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3325:
3319:
3307:
3298:
3292:
3283:
3274:
3213:
3203:
3190:
3181:
3171:
3149:
3140:
3121:
3115:
3105:
3091:
3081:
3071:
3061:
3037:
3028:
3022:are confusable; hence
3008:
2971:
2958:
2949:
2935:
2926:
2917:
2915:as in the plural noun
2883:
2873:
2851:
2841:
2820:
2810:
2800:
2783:
2773:
2763:
2733:
2727:
2720:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2674:
2668:
2658:
2652:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2382:
2372:
2355:
2349:
2325:⟨Müller⟩
2293:⟨ui, oi⟩
2285:⟨ay, ey⟩
2281:⟨ai, ei⟩
2242:
2216:
2208:
2190:or in extended ASCII).
2161:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2087:
2068:
2043:
2034:
2028:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1971:
1961:
1951:
1900:
1894:
1834:
1828:
1779:
1773:
1769:
1643:
1619:
1611:
1603:
1591:
1583:
1571:
1559:
1547:
1508:
1500:
1484:
1476:
1455:
1443:
1429:
1423:
1414:
1408:
1317:Umlaut diacritic usage
1312:Use of special letters
1223:
1216:
1084:
1070:
1064:
929:
902:
877:
854:
831:
808:
785:
760:
737:
710:
703:
680:
657:
634:
611:
588:
563:
536:
529:
506:
483:
460:
437:
414:
391:
368:
345:
322:
267:
257:
210:
179:
119:This article contains
8588:Classical orthography
8422:Standard Written Form
7999:, p. 29, § 25 E3
7642:government planned a
7231:⟨z, tz⟩
6914:Shortened long vowels
6328:: only in the words
5882:⟨ä, äh⟩
5854:⟨ö, öh⟩
5797:⟨u, uh⟩
5591:follows short vowels
5390:Swiss Standard German
5050:Follows short vowels
4655:is mostly pronounced
4588:'ingredient', plural
4580:⟨-zien⟩
4571:potentiell/potenziell
4528:⟨-tion⟩
4301:⟨(c)ks⟩
4114:. Other examples are
3969:represents the sound
3927:represents the sound
3717:was pronounced as an
3551:already had a triple
3009:
2602:Tag-und-Nacht-Gleiche
2438:of nouns and of most
2356:Müller/Mueller/Muller
2337:⟨WEISS⟩
2321:machine-readable zone
2240:gets precedence, and
2157:telephone directories
2097:[ˈvaks.tuːbə]
2078:[ˈvax.ʃtuːbə]
2038:are distinguished in
2026:
2006:Prozessor-Architektur
1907:Incorrect use of the
1882:⟨ſz/ſʒ⟩
1767:
1740:. In rare cases, the
1692:). A horizontal bar (
1286:⟨SS/SZ⟩
1083:
263:
252:
209:
8658:Montenegrin alphabet
7830:"German orthography"
7815:improve this article
7781:Silent letter#German
7572:compulsory education
7476:(Falck-Lebahn, 1851)
7438:Fruitbearing Society
6115:an, das, es, in, mit
5877:⟨ä, e⟩
5817:⟨ü, y⟩
5444:⟨p, t⟩
5152:⟨e, i⟩
5097:⟨dsch⟩
4576:⟨-tia⟩
4568:'potential' (noun),
4556:'power' (from Latin
4548:⟨-zi-⟩
4544:⟨-ti-⟩
4536:⟨-tia⟩
4524:⟨-ti-⟩
4513:'federation' (Latin
4430:variant of the name
4126:some decades ago or
3894:is sometimes called
3490:'skin, fur, pelt').
3426:is a checked vowel.
3055:derives from an old
2994:
2380:, today's spelling:
2333:⟨Weiß⟩
2012:Prozess-Orientierung
2000:Prozessorarchitektur
1994:Prozessorarchitektur
1975:which is pronounced
1832:"in moderation" vs.
1617:(usually written as
1498:. Similar cases are
1091:German extra letters
175:Standard High German
7746:English orthography
7418:Counter-Reformation
7361:East Central German
7355:Early modern period
7318:⟨sch⟩
7213:. In these texts,
7118:Vater: Franz Müller
7000:/iː,yː,uː,eː,øː,oː/
6710:than short vowels.
5960:
5704:
4565:Potential/Potenzial
4297:⟨chs⟩
4203:) and spelled with
3989:in the 8th century.
3561:⟨sss⟩
3553:⟨fff⟩
3495:⟨fff⟩
3305:'business' despite
3270:⟨sch⟩
3235:⟨k-k⟩
3014:, the combinations
2581:'with 10 percent',
2262:⟨sch⟩
1982:Prozessorientierung
1748:was common in some
1682:⟨ ˝ ⟩
1465:⟨neü⟩
166:, which is largely
9407:German orthography
8048:(according to the
8017:2011-07-03 at the
7283:Middle High German
7243:⟨sz⟩
7058:period (full stop)
6071:⟨ch⟩
6020:⟨au⟩
5958:
5922:⟨er⟩
5702:
5378:(Austro-Bavarian)
5176:⟨ig⟩
4957:⟨ch⟩
4935:⟨th⟩
4917:⟨ch⟩
4913:⟨ch⟩
4540:⟨-z⟩
4412:, for instance in
4380:, for instance in
4228:⟨qu⟩
4000:⟨ph⟩
3876:(cf. Scandinavian
3682:⟨ss⟩
3668:⟨äu⟩
3656:⟨au⟩
3648:⟨iu⟩
3610:⟨ai⟩
3565:⟨ßs⟩
3266:⟨ch⟩
3255:⟨zz⟩
3251:⟨cc⟩
3247:⟨kk⟩
3243:⟨tz⟩
3231:⟨ck⟩
3227:⟨ck⟩
3024:⟨ie⟩
3004:
2967:⟨ie⟩
2839:, for instance in
2837:⟨ie⟩
2659:Müller-Lüdenscheid
2647:'elephant seal').
2317:⟨SS⟩
2274:⟨ch⟩
2270:⟨st⟩
2266:⟨sh⟩
2253:Accents in French
2234:⟨ss⟩
2222:⟨ss⟩
2177:⟨az⟩
2114:alphabetic sorting
2044:
1988:Prozeßorientierung
1947:⟨ss⟩
1921:⟨ss⟩
1917:⟨ss⟩
1890:⟨sz⟩
1870:⟨ss⟩
1844:⟨SS⟩
1824:⟨SZ⟩
1820:⟨sz⟩
1816:⟨ss⟩
1770:
1599:⟨ue⟩
1579:⟨oe⟩
1567:⟨ie⟩
1555:⟨eu⟩
1543:⟨ai⟩
1323:Umlaut (diacritic)
1085:
270:The modern German
268:
258:
211:
152:German orthography
74:Sentence structure
9394:
9393:
8836:
8835:
8685:Cyrillic alphabet
8648:Cyrillic alphabet
8578:Cyrillic alphabet
8427:Kernowek Standard
8249:world's languages
7891:
7890:
7883:
7865:
7741:Dutch orthography
7646:, but because of
7629:interior minister
7597:Otto von Bismarck
7416:Mid-16th century
7408:The invention of
7341:Middle Low German
7326:⟨v⟩
7268:Notker the German
7215:⟨z⟩
7201:The oldest known
7182:⟨e⟩
6694:⟨h⟩
6660:⟨e⟩
6495:⟨e⟩
6464:⟨e⟩
6025:
6024:
5956:
5955:
5943:⟨a⟩
5903:⟨o⟩
5895:⟨e⟩
5887:⟨ö⟩
5828:⟨u⟩
5809:⟨i⟩
5695:
5694:
5477:⟨s⟩
5469:when part of the
5111:Used in the word
5093:⟨g⟩
5089:⟨j⟩
4865:⟨ö⟩
4861:⟨c⟩
4857:⟨c⟩
4853:⟨z⟩
4849:⟨k⟩
4485:⟨e⟩
4481:⟨ö⟩
4477:⟨ä⟩
4460:as a sign of his
4458:⟨y⟩
4454:⟨i⟩
4352:⟨y⟩
4261:⟨x⟩
4224:⟨q⟩
4205:⟨z⟩
4193:⟨c⟩
4189:⟨k⟩
4181:⟨c⟩
4169:⟨c⟩
4007:⟨y⟩
3983:⟨z⟩
3967:⟨z⟩
3925:⟨w⟩
3892:⟨v⟩
3890:) 'bird' (hence,
3865:⟨v⟩
3837:⟨v⟩
3666:), it is spelled
3557:⟨ß⟩
3548:Sauerstoffflasche
3500:Sauerstoffflasche
3359:⟨ß⟩
3331:⟨ß⟩
3315:⟨ß⟩
3239:⟨z⟩
3223:⟨k⟩
3101:⟨h⟩
3053:⟨h⟩
3049:⟨h⟩
2988:⟨J⟩
2984:⟨I⟩
2792:⟨i⟩
2676:Baden-Württemberg
2525:; 'table lamp'),
2507:; 'house door'),
2395:⟨ß⟩
2368:⟨ß⟩
2364:⟨ẞ⟩
2309:⟨ß⟩
2291:and the historic
2238:⟨ß⟩
2230:⟨ß⟩
2226:⟨s⟩
2197:Microsoft Windows
2181:⟨b⟩
2173:⟨ä⟩
2153:⟨e⟩
2056:⟨ſ⟩
1937:⟨ß⟩
1933:⟨s⟩
1929:⟨ß⟩
1925:⟨ß⟩
1913:⟨ß⟩
1909:⟨ß⟩
1886:⟨ß⟩
1863:⟨ẞ⟩
1855:⟨ß⟩
1850:⟨ß⟩
1840:⟨ß⟩
1812:⟨ß⟩
1791:) represents the
1746:⟨u⟩
1742:⟨n⟩
1738:⟨n⟩
1734:⟨u⟩
1730:⟨°⟩
1722:⟨˜⟩
1714:⟨e⟩
1710:⟨N⟩
1706:⟨˘⟩
1698:⟨¯⟩
1674:⟨¨⟩
1670:⟨j⟩
1666:⟨i⟩
1639:⟨e⟩
1631:⟨ß⟩
1496:⟨ä⟩
1492:⟨a⟩
1472:⟨e⟩
1461:⟨e⟩
1439:⟨u⟩
1435:⟨e⟩
1404:⟨ü⟩
1400:⟨u⟩
1396:⟨e⟩
1377:⟨e⟩
1373:⟨e⟩
1365:⟨e⟩
1361:⟨e⟩
1244:
1243:
1101:
1068:"ess-zed/zee" or
1052:⟨z⟩
1044:⟨ſ⟩
946:
945:
227:
115:
114:
64:Adverbial phrases
9424:
8317:
8316:
8238:
8231:
8224:
8215:
8214:
8210:
8209:
8208:
8202:
8182:
8181:
8168:
8162:
8161:
8159:
8144:
8135:
8129:
8128:
8120:
8114:
8110:
8104:
8098:
8092:
8086:
8080:
8074:
8068:
8062:
8053:
8046:
8040:
8031:
8027:
8021:
8010:
8006:
8000:
7994:
7988:
7985:
7979:
7976:
7970:
7969:
7967:
7966:
7955:
7949:
7943:
7937:
7927:
7921:
7911:
7905:
7899:
7886:
7879:
7875:
7872:
7866:
7864:
7823:
7799:
7791:
7756:German phonology
7704:
7615:
7591:
7563:
7554:(Schlomka, 1885)
7551:
7542:
7533:
7524:
7515:
7506:
7497:
7485:
7473:
7461:
7389:
7345:Hanseatic League
7335:
7331:
7327:
7323:
7319:
7279:High Middle Ages
7277:dynasty (in the
7244:
7240:
7232:
7228:
7224:
7220:
7216:
7187:
7183:
7179:
7173:
7120:
7114:
7089:exclamation mark
7071:
7065:
7047:
7038:
7030:
7021:
7005:
7001:
6997:
6994:
6991:
6988:
6978:
6968:
6958:
6948:
6938:
6928:
6908:
6902:
6892:
6886:
6876:
6870:
6849:
6835:
6821:
6807:
6793:
6779:
6765:
6751:
6737:
6723:
6701:
6695:
6688:
6679:
6670:
6661:
6644:
6641:
6638:
6635:
6625:
6622:
6619:
6616:
6607:
6597:
6594:
6591:
6588:
6579:
6576:
6573:
6570:
6561:
6550:
6547:
6544:
6541:
6535:
6529:
6523:
6520:
6517:
6514:
6508:
6502:
6497:in the endings -
6496:
6492:
6486:
6483:
6480:
6477:
6471:
6465:
6453:
6450:
6447:
6444:
6438:
6429:
6426:
6423:
6420:
6414:
6405:
6402:
6399:
6396:
6390:
6381:
6378:
6375:
6372:
6366:
6357:
6354:
6351:
6348:
6342:
6333:
6327:
6318:
6315:
6312:
6309:
6303:
6293:
6290:
6287:
6284:
6278:
6269:
6266:
6263:
6260:
6254:
6245:
6242:
6239:
6236:
6230:
6219:
6216:
6213:
6210:
6204:
6201:
6198:
6195:
6189:
6186:
6183:
6180:
6174:
6171:
6168:
6165:
6159:
6153:
6147:
6141:
6135:
6129:
6124:. The suffixes -
6123:
6117:
6108:
6105:
6102:
6099:
6096:
6090:
6087:
6084:
6081:
6078:
6072:
6068:
6062:
6059:
6056:
6053:
6047:
6044:
6041:
6038:
6021:
6014:
6000:
5961:
5957:
5949:
5944:
5923:
5904:
5896:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5866:
5855:
5847:
5829:
5818:
5810:
5798:
5787:
5779:
5705:
5701:
5668:
5563:
5528:
5485:"little mouse")
5484:
5478:
5445:
5229:
5223:
5177:
5159:
5153:
5122:
5120:beredt, verwandt
5116:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5032:
5017:
4988:
4958:
4942:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4902:
4887:
4872:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4799:
4798:
4756:
4749:
4740:
4734:
4728:
4725:
4719:
4716:
4710:
4707:
4698:
4690:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4648:
4644:
4638:
4628:
4611:
4605:
4599:
4593:
4587:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4567:
4561:
4555:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4518:
4512:
4506:
4496:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4441:
4435:
4425:
4419:
4407:
4401:
4391:
4385:
4379:
4371:
4363:
4359:
4353:
4346:
4334:
4324:
4314:
4308:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4284:
4278:
4272:
4268:
4262:
4255:
4249:
4241:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4218:
4212:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4171:appears only in
4170:
4166:
4162:
4156:
4150:
4146:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4113:
4107:
4098:
4092:
4084:
4078:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4047:
4041:
4035:
4029:
4023:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4004:
4001:
3984:
3976:
3968:
3964:
3950:
3942:
3934:
3926:
3922:
3908:
3899:
3893:
3875:
3866:
3862:
3854:
3846:
3838:
3834:
3824:
3821:). The digraphs
3820:
3810:
3801:
3791:
3782:
3775:. The change to
3774:
3766:
3758:
3746:
3735:
3727:
3716:
3701:
3683:
3679:
3669:
3665:
3657:
3649:
3645:
3637:
3627:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3607:
3600:
3584:
3578:
3572:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3468:
3459:
3449:
3439:
3424:syllable nucleus
3409:
3399:
3384:consonant length
3372:
3366:
3360:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3271:
3267:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3245:. In loanwords,
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3206:
3197:
3188:('sea'/'lake'),
3187:
3178:
3168:
3161:
3152:
3146:
3137:
3127:
3118:
3112:
3102:
3098:
3088:
3078:
3068:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3034:
3025:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2989:
2985:
2982:, where capital
2977:
2974:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2955:
2952:
2946:
2938:
2933:). In the words
2932:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2914:
2910:
2900:
2890:
2880:
2862:
2858:
2848:
2838:
2831:
2827:
2817:
2807:
2797:
2793:
2786:
2780:
2770:
2736:
2730:
2723:
2717:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2671:
2661:
2655:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2477:
2471:
2469:Ohm'sches Gesetz
2465:
2459:
2457:der Stille Ozean
2453:
2447:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2389:
2379:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2352:
2350:MULLER, GOSSMANN
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2245:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2211:
2205:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2154:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2057:
2037:
2031:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1974:
1964:
1954:
1952:Ich denke, dass…
1948:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1871:
1864:
1857:was included in
1856:
1853:. The uppercase
1851:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1790:
1782:
1776:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1691:
1690:⟨⟩
1683:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1616:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1532:
1524:
1513:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1481:
1473:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1450:[ˈnɔʏ.ə]
1446:
1440:
1436:
1433:, as the second
1432:
1426:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1378:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1346:
1307:
1302:
1287:
1274:
1271:
1260:
1257:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1219:
1199:
1178:
1159:
1123:
1122:
1103:
1102:
1082:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1053:
1045:
1037:
1000:
997:
974:
971:
937:
932:
914:
910:
905:
885:
880:
862:
857:
839:
834:
816:
811:
793:
788:
768:
763:
745:
740:
722:
718:
713:
706:
688:
683:
665:
660:
642:
637:
619:
614:
596:
591:
571:
566:
548:
544:
539:
532:
514:
509:
491:
486:
468:
463:
445:
440:
422:
417:
399:
394:
376:
371:
353:
348:
330:
325:
290:
289:
229:
228:
208:
184:
141:
137:
107:
100:
93:
26:
25:
9432:
9431:
9427:
9426:
9425:
9423:
9422:
9421:
9412:German language
9397:
9396:
9395:
9390:
9372:
9349:
9322:Native American
9315:
9292:
9264:
9215:
9192:
9159:
9131:
9071:
9037:
9004:
8921:
8832:
8806:
8734:
8696:
8644:Serbo-Croatian
8559:
8536:
8463:
8454:Scottish Gaelic
8437:Unified Cornish
8417:Kernewek Kemmyn
8393:
8306:
8251:
8242:
8206:
8204:
8200:
8191:
8186:
8185:
8180:, 14 July 1998.
8170:
8169:
8165:
8157:
8142:
8136:
8132:
8121:
8117:
8111:
8107:
8099:
8095:
8087:
8083:
8075:
8071:
8063:
8056:
8047:
8043:
8029:
8028:
8024:
8019:Wayback Machine
8008:
8007:
8003:
7995:
7991:
7986:
7982:
7977:
7973:
7964:
7962:
7957:
7956:
7952:
7944:
7940:
7928:
7924:
7912:
7908:
7900:
7896:
7887:
7876:
7870:
7867:
7824:
7822:
7812:
7800:
7789:
7726:
7697:
7691:
7585:
7568:
7567:
7566:
7565:
7564:
7556:
7555:
7552:
7544:
7543:
7535:
7534:
7526:
7525:
7517:
7516:
7508:
7507:
7499:
7498:
7490:
7489:
7486:
7478:
7477:
7474:
7466:
7465:
7462:
7453:
7452:
7446:
7365:Austro-Bavarian
7357:
7325:
7317:
7242:
7234:
7230:
7218:
7214:
7211:Old High German
7199:
7194:
7185:
7181:
7158:quotation marks
7151:square brackets
7054:
7032:
7015:
7012:
6995:
6992:
6989:
6972:
6962:
6952:
6942:
6932:
6922:
6916:
6896:
6880:
6864:
6861:
6854:'psychological'
6843:
6829:
6815:
6801:
6787:
6773:
6759:
6745:
6731:
6717:
6693:
6692:followed by an
6659:
6652:
6645:and derivatives
6642:
6639:
6636:
6623:
6620:
6617:
6601:
6595:
6593:to ask, request
6592:
6589:
6577:
6574:
6571:
6555:
6548:
6545:
6542:
6521:
6518:
6515:
6494:
6484:
6482:to ask, request
6481:
6478:
6466:in the ending -
6463:
6460:
6451:
6448:
6445:
6432:
6427:
6424:
6421:
6408:
6403:
6400:
6397:
6384:
6379:
6376:
6373:
6360:
6355:
6352:
6349:
6336:
6321:
6316:
6313:
6310:
6297:
6291:
6288:
6285:
6272:
6267:
6264:
6261:
6248:
6243:
6240:
6237:
6224:
6217:
6214:
6211:
6202:
6199:
6196:
6187:
6184:
6181:
6172:
6169:
6166:
6106:
6103:
6100:
6088:
6085:
6082:
6070:
6060:
6057:
6054:
6045:
6042:
6039:
6030:
6019:
6012:
5998:
5947:
5942:
5921:
5902:
5894:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5864:
5853:
5845:
5827:
5816:
5808:
5796:
5785:
5777:
5700:
5561:
5476:
5443:
5192:before a vowel
5175:
5165:syllable final
5151:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5070:syllable final
5033:"roof (gen.)")
4956:
4934:
4930:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4909:Austro-Bavarian
4900:
4885:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4828:syllable final
4790:
4779:German dialects
4775:Standard German
4767:
4692:
4684:
4659:in Germany but
4617:French language
4579:
4575:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4504:tempus praesens
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4457:
4453:
4373:
4351:
4300:
4296:
4260:
4227:
4223:
4204:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4180:
4168:
4006:
3999:
3996:
3987:Old High German
3982:
3966:
3958:
3924:
3916:
3891:
3864:
3836:
3828:
3822:
3691:
3681:
3673:
3667:
3655:
3647:
3646:represented by
3631:
3609:
3594:
3591:
3589:Typical letters
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3494:
3380:
3358:
3330:
3314:
3269:
3265:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3166:
3128:('cattle', MHG
3100:
3052:
3048:
3023:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2966:
2865:monophthongized
2836:
2791:
2743:
2620:A-Dur-Tonleiter
2561:
2484:
2475:ohmsches Gesetz
2432:
2427:
2394:
2367:
2363:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2269:
2268:) and likewise
2265:
2261:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2212:in this order.
2203:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2152:
2110:
2101:
2092:
2082:
2073:
2055:
2021:
1946:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1869:
1862:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1842:is replaced by
1839:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1784:
1762:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1689:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1627:Swiss keyboards
1598:
1578:
1566:
1554:
1542:
1541:, for example,
1526:
1518:
1510:Bernkastel-Kues
1495:
1491:
1471:
1464:
1460:
1438:
1434:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1376:
1372:
1364:
1360:
1332:
1325:
1319:
1314:
1305:
1300:
1285:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1263:
1258:
1249:
1239:
1232:
1221:
1203:
1182:
1142:
1133:
1121:
1120:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1096:
1093:
1086:
1080:
1055:
1051:
1043:
1023:
1009:
1007:Special letters
1004:
1003:
998:
977:
972:
951:
941:
911:
889:
772:
719:
708:
575:
545:
534:
309:
300:
288:
247:
246:
238:
236:
235:
234:
233:
230:
222:
219:
217:German alphabet
212:
206:
201:
199:German Alphabet
195:
164:German language
149:
148:
147:
111:
79:Modal particles
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9430:
9420:
9419:
9414:
9409:
9392:
9391:
9389:
9388:
9382:
9380:
9374:
9373:
9371:
9370:
9365:
9363:Haitian Creole
9359:
9357:
9351:
9350:
9348:
9347:
9342:
9337:
9332:
9326:
9324:
9317:
9316:
9314:
9313:
9308:
9302:
9300:
9294:
9293:
9291:
9290:
9285:
9280:
9274:
9272:
9266:
9265:
9263:
9262:
9257:
9252:
9247:
9242:
9237:
9226:
9224:
9217:
9216:
9214:
9213:
9208:
9202:
9200:
9194:
9193:
9191:
9190:
9185:
9180:
9175:
9169:
9167:
9161:
9160:
9158:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9141:
9139:
9133:
9132:
9130:
9129:
9124:
9119:
9118:
9117:
9107:
9102:
9101:
9100:
9095:
9087:
9081:
9079:
9073:
9072:
9070:
9069:
9064:
9059:
9054:
9048:
9046:
9039:
9038:
9036:
9035:
9030:
9025:
9020:
9014:
9012:
9006:
9005:
9003:
9002:
8997:
8992:
8987:
8982:
8977:
8972:
8967:
8962:
8957:
8952:
8947:
8942:
8937:
8931:
8929:
8923:
8922:
8920:
8919:
8914:
8909:
8908:
8907:
8902:
8892:
8887:
8882:
8877:
8872:
8871:
8870:
8865:
8857:
8852:
8846:
8844:
8838:
8837:
8834:
8833:
8831:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8814:
8812:
8808:
8807:
8805:
8804:
8799:
8794:
8789:
8788:
8787:
8777:
8776:
8775:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8744:
8742:
8736:
8735:
8733:
8732:
8727:
8722:
8717:
8712:
8706:
8704:
8698:
8697:
8695:
8694:
8693:
8692:
8690:Latin alphabet
8687:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8661:
8660:
8655:
8653:Latin alphabet
8650:
8642:
8637:
8636:
8635:
8630:
8622:
8621:
8620:
8615:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8591:
8590:
8585:
8583:Latin alphabet
8580:
8569:
8567:
8561:
8560:
8558:
8557:
8552:
8546:
8544:
8538:
8537:
8535:
8534:
8529:
8524:
8519:
8514:
8513:
8512:
8507:
8499:
8494:
8492:Istro-Romanian
8489:
8484:
8479:
8473:
8471:
8465:
8464:
8462:
8461:
8456:
8451:
8446:
8441:
8440:
8439:
8434:
8432:Modern Cornish
8429:
8424:
8419:
8409:
8403:
8401:
8395:
8394:
8392:
8391:
8386:
8381:
8380:
8379:
8374:
8366:
8361:
8356:
8351:
8346:
8341:
8336:
8331:
8325:
8323:
8314:
8308:
8307:
8305:
8304:
8303:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8267:
8262:
8256:
8253:
8252:
8241:
8240:
8233:
8226:
8218:
8212:
8211:
8190:
8189:External links
8187:
8184:
8183:
8163:
8160:on 2015-09-05.
8130:
8115:
8105:
8093:
8081:
8069:
8054:
8041:
8022:
8001:
7989:
7980:
7971:
7950:
7938:
7922:
7906:
7893:
7892:
7889:
7888:
7803:
7801:
7794:
7788:
7785:
7784:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7751:German braille
7748:
7743:
7738:
7732:
7725:
7722:
7693:Main article:
7690:
7687:
7610:published the
7558:
7557:
7553:
7546:
7545:
7537:
7536:
7528:
7527:
7519:
7518:
7510:
7509:
7501:
7500:
7492:
7491:
7487:
7480:
7479:
7475:
7468:
7467:
7464:(Becker, 1896)
7463:
7456:
7455:
7454:
7450:
7449:
7448:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7414:
7413:
7406:
7391:
7380:
7356:
7353:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7130:quotation dash
7053:
7050:
7011:
7008:
7004:/ˌmoːnoːˈloːk/
6981:
6980:
6970:
6960:
6950:
6940:
6930:
6915:
6912:
6911:
6910:
6899:ei, ai, ey, ay
6894:
6878:
6860:
6857:
6856:
6855:
6841:
6827:
6813:
6799:
6785:
6771:
6757:
6743:
6729:
6704:
6703:
6690:
6683:doubled as in
6681:
6672:
6663:
6651:
6648:
6647:
6646:
6599:
6487:. The ending -
6459:
6456:
6455:
6454:
6430:
6406:
6382:
6358:
6334:
6319:
6295:
6270:
6246:
6185:female readers
6029:
6026:
6023:
6022:
6017:
6015:
6010:
6004:
6003:
6001:
5996:
5994:
5988:
5987:
5982:
5976:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5954:
5953:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5937:
5931:
5930:
5927:
5924:
5918:
5915:
5909:
5908:
5905:
5900:
5897:
5892:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5868:
5867:
5862:
5859:
5856:
5851:
5848:
5843:
5840:
5834:
5833:
5830:
5825:
5822:
5819:
5814:
5811:
5806:
5800:
5799:
5794:
5791:
5788:
5783:
5780:
5775:
5772:
5766:
5765:
5762:
5759:
5756:
5753:
5750:
5747:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5730:
5724:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5699:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5676:
5670:
5669:
5660:
5658:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5647:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5636:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5625:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5605:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5593:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5576:
5570:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5543:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5531:
5530:
5521:
5519:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5497:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5486:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5411:
5405:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5366:
5364:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5346:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5334:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5317:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5260:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5249:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5232:
5231:
5224:, from French
5216:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5166:
5162:
5161:
5148:
5145:
5142:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5131:
5125:
5124:
5109:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5085:
5082:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5071:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5006:
5000:
4999:
4996:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4980:
4979:
4976:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4965:
4964:
4937:. In the word
4905:
4903:
4897:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4881:
4880:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4810:
4809:
4806:
4803:
4789:
4786:
4766:
4763:
4727:/u.vɛʁˈtyː.ʁə/
4720:(communiqué),
4711:(quarantine),
4671:: one for the
4167:), the letter
4138:even earlier.
4042:instead. Both
3995:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3956:
3914:
3855:was voiced to
3826:
3708:Proto-Germanic
3689:
3671:
3629:
3590:
3587:
3416:syllable onset
3379:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3367:'measure' and
3312:
3258:
3199:
3163:
3113:('sees', from
3045:
3035:('hedgehog'),
3001:
2956:('fourteen'),
2788:
2742:
2739:
2575:'US embassy',
2560:
2557:
2528:Kaltwasserhahn
2487:Compound words
2483:
2482:Compound words
2480:
2436:capitalization
2431:
2430:Capitalization
2428:
2426:
2423:
2300:
2297:
2283:(historically
2250:(projectile).
2194:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2166:
2149:
2109:
2106:
2020:
2017:
1761:
1758:
1357:printing press
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1297:
1296:
1291:Historically,
1289:
1276:
1275:
1261:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1227:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1130:
1127:
1111:
1105:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1008:
1005:
1002:
1001:
975:
948:
947:
944:
943:
938:
933:
926:
923:
919:
918:
915:
906:
899:
896:
892:
891:
886:
881:
874:
871:
867:
866:
863:
858:
851:
848:
844:
843:
840:
835:
828:
825:
821:
820:
817:
812:
805:
802:
798:
797:
794:
789:
782:
779:
775:
774:
769:
764:
757:
754:
750:
749:
746:
741:
734:
731:
727:
726:
723:
714:
700:
697:
693:
692:
689:
684:
677:
674:
670:
669:
666:
661:
654:
651:
647:
646:
643:
638:
631:
628:
624:
623:
620:
615:
608:
605:
601:
600:
597:
592:
585:
582:
578:
577:
572:
567:
560:
557:
553:
552:
549:
540:
526:
523:
519:
518:
515:
510:
503:
500:
496:
495:
492:
487:
480:
477:
473:
472:
469:
464:
457:
454:
450:
449:
446:
441:
434:
431:
427:
426:
423:
418:
411:
408:
404:
403:
400:
395:
388:
385:
381:
380:
377:
372:
365:
362:
358:
357:
354:
349:
342:
339:
335:
334:
331:
326:
319:
316:
312:
311:
306:
297:
294:
287:
286:Basic alphabet
284:
237:
231:
220:
215:
214:
213:
204:
203:
202:
194:
191:
142:⟩, see
118:
117:
116:
113:
112:
110:
109:
102:
95:
87:
84:
83:
82:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
33:
32:
30:German grammar
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9429:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9405:
9404:
9402:
9387:
9384:
9383:
9381:
9379:
9375:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9360:
9358:
9356:
9352:
9346:
9343:
9341:
9338:
9336:
9333:
9331:
9328:
9327:
9325:
9323:
9318:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9304:
9303:
9301:
9299:
9295:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9281:
9279:
9276:
9275:
9273:
9271:
9267:
9261:
9258:
9256:
9253:
9251:
9248:
9246:
9243:
9241:
9238:
9235:
9231:
9228:
9227:
9225:
9223:
9218:
9212:
9209:
9207:
9204:
9203:
9201:
9199:
9195:
9189:
9186:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9176:
9174:
9171:
9170:
9168:
9166:
9162:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9142:
9140:
9138:
9134:
9128:
9125:
9123:
9120:
9116:
9113:
9112:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9090:
9088:
9086:
9083:
9082:
9080:
9078:
9074:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9049:
9047:
9045:
9040:
9034:
9031:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9021:
9019:
9016:
9015:
9013:
9011:
9010:Tungus—Manchu
9007:
9001:
8998:
8996:
8993:
8991:
8988:
8986:
8983:
8981:
8978:
8976:
8973:
8971:
8968:
8966:
8963:
8961:
8958:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8932:
8930:
8928:
8924:
8918:
8915:
8913:
8910:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8897:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8860:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8847:
8845:
8843:
8839:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8815:
8813:
8809:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8790:
8786:
8783:
8782:
8781:
8778:
8774:
8771:
8770:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8745:
8743:
8741:
8737:
8731:
8728:
8726:
8723:
8721:
8718:
8716:
8713:
8711:
8708:
8707:
8705:
8703:
8699:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8682:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8649:
8646:
8645:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8626:
8625:
8623:
8619:
8616:
8614:
8611:
8610:
8608:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8575:
8574:
8571:
8570:
8568:
8566:
8562:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8547:
8545:
8543:
8539:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8515:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8502:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8474:
8472:
8470:
8466:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8452:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8418:
8415:
8414:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8404:
8402:
8400:
8396:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8369:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8326:
8324:
8322:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8312:Indo-European
8309:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8272:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8265:Orthographies
8263:
8261:
8258:
8257:
8254:
8250:
8246:
8245:Orthographies
8239:
8234:
8232:
8227:
8225:
8220:
8219:
8216:
8199:
8198:
8193:
8192:
8179:
8176:(in German),
8175:
8174:
8167:
8156:
8152:
8148:
8141:
8134:
8126:
8119:
8109:
8102:
8097:
8090:
8085:
8078:
8073:
8066:
8061:
8059:
8051:
8045:
8038:
8034:
8026:
8020:
8016:
8013:
8005:
7998:
7993:
7984:
7975:
7960:
7954:
7947:
7942:
7935:
7931:
7926:
7919:
7915:
7910:
7903:
7898:
7894:
7885:
7882:
7874:
7871:December 2010
7863:
7860:
7856:
7853:
7849:
7846:
7842:
7839:
7835:
7832: –
7831:
7827:
7826:Find sources:
7820:
7816:
7810:
7809:
7804:This article
7802:
7798:
7793:
7792:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7727:
7721:
7718:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7703:
7696:
7686:
7684:
7678:
7676:
7672:
7668:
7664:
7660:
7656:
7651:
7649:
7645:
7641:
7638:In 1944, the
7636:
7634:
7630:
7627:In 1901, the
7625:
7623:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7605:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7577:
7576:German Empire
7573:
7562:
7550:
7541:
7532:
7523:
7514:
7505:
7496:
7484:
7472:
7460:
7441:
7439:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7423:
7420:reintroduced
7419:
7411:
7407:
7404:
7400:
7396:
7392:
7388:
7387:
7381:
7378:
7374:
7370:
7369:
7368:
7366:
7362:
7352:
7350:
7346:
7342:
7337:
7316:
7312:
7308:
7304:
7301:lyric of the
7300:
7296:
7292:
7288:
7284:
7280:
7276:
7271:
7269:
7265:
7263:
7259:
7255:
7251:
7248:). After the
7247:
7238:
7212:
7208:
7204:
7189:
7178:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7159:
7154:
7152:
7147:
7145:
7140:
7138:
7133:
7131:
7127:
7122:
7119:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7101:
7096:
7094:
7093:question mark
7090:
7085:
7082:
7078:
7073:
7070:
7064:
7059:
7049:
7044:
7043:
7036:
7027:
7026:
7019:
7007:
6987:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6920:
6919:
6907:
6900:
6895:
6891:
6884:
6879:
6875:
6868:
6863:
6862:
6853:
6847:
6842:
6840:'above/about'
6839:
6833:
6828:
6825:
6819:
6814:
6811:
6805:
6800:
6797:
6791:
6786:
6783:
6777:
6772:
6769:
6763:
6758:
6755:
6749:
6744:
6741:
6738:: or as in
6735:
6730:
6727:
6721:
6716:
6715:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6700:
6691:
6687:
6682:
6678:
6673:
6669:
6664:
6657:
6656:
6655:
6634:
6632:
6615:
6614:
6605:
6600:
6587:
6586:
6569:
6568:
6559:
6554:
6553:
6552:
6540:
6534:
6528:
6513:
6507:
6501:
6491:
6476:
6470:
6443:
6436:
6431:
6419:
6412:
6407:
6395:
6388:
6383:
6371:
6364:
6359:
6347:
6340:
6335:
6332:
6325:
6320:
6308:
6301:
6296:
6283:
6276:
6271:
6259:
6252:
6247:
6235:
6228:
6223:
6222:
6221:
6209:
6194:
6179:
6170:female reader
6164:
6158:
6152:
6146:
6140:
6134:
6128:
6122:
6116:
6110:
6095:
6077:
6067:
6052:
6037:
6018:
6016:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6005:
6002:
5997:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5989:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5977:
5974:
5969:
5962:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5933:
5932:
5925:
5919:
5914:
5911:
5910:
5906:
5901:
5898:
5893:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5863:
5860:
5852:
5849:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5835:
5831:
5826:
5820:
5815:
5812:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5795:
5792:
5784:
5781:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5767:
5763:
5760:
5757:
5754:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5737:
5734:
5729:
5725:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5706:
5703:Monophthongs
5690:
5688:
5686:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5671:
5665:
5661:
5659:
5657:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5646:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5635:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5611:
5606:
5602:
5600:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5588:
5586:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5565:
5559:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5538:
5536:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5520:
5518:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5507:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5483:
5474:
5473:
5468:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5441:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5428:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5410:
5406:
5404:
5400:
5397:
5395:in all cases
5394:
5391:
5387:
5386:
5383:
5380:
5377:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5367:
5365:
5363:
5359:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5341:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5329:
5327:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5316:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5305:
5301:
5298:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5259:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5233:
5228:
5222:
5217:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5206:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5182:
5179:
5173:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5149:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5126:
5121:
5115:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5102:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5065:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5047:
5045:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5031:
5026:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5011:
5007:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4990:
4987:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4962:
4954:
4953:
4948:
4947:
4941:
4927:
4910:
4904:
4898:
4896:
4892:
4889:
4883:
4882:
4878:
4877:
4873:) or (e. g.
4871:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4804:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4762:
4760:
4755:
4748:
4742:
4739:
4733:
4724:
4715:
4709:/kaʁanˈtɛːnə/
4706:
4700:
4696:
4688:
4682:
4678:
4677:grave accents
4674:
4670:
4666:
4653:
4643:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4618:
4613:
4610:
4604:
4598:
4592:
4591:Ingredienzien
4586:
4572:
4566:
4560:
4554:
4550:are allowed:
4534:, etc. Latin
4520:
4517:
4511:
4505:
4500:
4499:present tense
4495:
4490:
4465:
4463:
4462:philhellenism
4450:
4445:
4440:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4411:
4406:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4384:
4377:
4370:
4369:
4358:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4307:
4289:
4283:
4277:
4267:
4257:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4240:
4239:
4220:
4217:
4211:
4178:
4174:
4161:
4155:
4145:
4139:
4136:
4130:
4124:
4118:
4112:
4106:
4100:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4069:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4046:
4040:
4034:
4028:
4022:
4016:
3994:Foreign words
3988:
3980:
3974:
3965:: The letter
3962:
3957:
3954:
3948:
3940:
3932:
3923:: The letter
3920:
3915:
3912:
3907:
3905:
3898:
3889:
3887:
3882:
3880:
3874:
3872:
3860:
3852:
3844:
3835:: The letter
3832:
3827:
3819:
3817:
3809:
3807:
3800:
3798:
3790:
3788:
3780:
3772:
3764:
3756:
3750:
3744:
3739:
3733:
3725:
3720:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3695:
3690:
3687:
3677:
3672:
3663:
3653:
3643:
3635:
3630:
3622:
3616:
3604:
3598:
3593:
3592:
3586:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3519:
3513:
3509:'oxygen' and
3507:
3501:
3491:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3458:
3456:
3448:
3446:
3438:
3436:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3420:syllable coda
3417:
3413:
3408:
3406:
3398:
3396:
3389:
3388:checked vowel
3385:
3371:
3365:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3327:
3321:
3313:
3309:
3300:
3294:
3285:
3276:
3263:
3259:
3215:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3194:
3186:
3185:
3177:
3175:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3136:
3134:
3126:
3125:
3117:
3111:
3109:
3097:
3095:
3089:('to go') or
3087:
3085:
3077:
3075:
3067:
3065:
3046:
3044:('Irishman').
3042:
3040:
3033:
3031:
3021:
3017:
2981:
2978:('four'). In
2973:
2960:
2951:
2947:('quarter'),
2942:
2937:
2928:
2919:
2909:
2907:
2899:
2897:
2889:
2887:
2879:
2877:
2870:
2866:
2857:
2855:
2847:
2845:
2835:
2826:
2824:
2816:
2814:
2806:
2804:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2771:('to give'),
2769:
2767:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2738:
2735:
2729:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2670:
2669:Meyer-Schmidt
2665:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2596:Entweder-oder
2591:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2556:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2488:
2479:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2422:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2378:
2376:
2360:
2357:
2351:
2322:
2296:
2279:
2258:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2244:
2218:
2213:
2210:
2200:
2198:
2189:
2185:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2105:
2098:
2089:
2079:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2025:
2016:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1956:
1953:
1944:
1943:
1905:
1902:
1896:
1879:
1875:
1866:
1860:
1852:
1836:
1830:
1808:
1806:
1805:Liechtenstein
1802:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1781:
1775:
1766:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1727:
1719:
1703:
1695:
1687:
1686:vertical bars
1679:
1678:acute accents
1663:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1607:
1606:
1595:
1594:
1587:
1586:
1575:
1574:
1563:
1562:
1551:
1550:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1522:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1504:
1503:
1488:
1487:
1480:
1479:
1468:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1431:
1425:
1424:das neue Buch
1419:
1416:
1410:
1384:
1382:
1370:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1309:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1247:
1237:
1228:
1225:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1180:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1092:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1059:
1049:
1041:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1017:
1014:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
949:
939:
934:
931:
927:
924:
921:
920:
916:
907:
904:
900:
897:
894:
893:
887:
882:
879:
875:
872:
869:
868:
864:
859:
856:
852:
849:
846:
845:
841:
836:
833:
829:
826:
823:
822:
818:
813:
810:
806:
803:
800:
799:
795:
790:
787:
783:
780:
777:
776:
770:
765:
762:
758:
755:
752:
751:
747:
742:
739:
735:
732:
729:
728:
724:
715:
712:
705:
701:
698:
695:
694:
690:
685:
682:
678:
675:
672:
671:
667:
662:
659:
655:
652:
649:
648:
644:
639:
636:
632:
629:
626:
625:
621:
616:
613:
609:
606:
603:
602:
598:
593:
590:
586:
583:
580:
579:
573:
568:
565:
561:
558:
555:
554:
550:
541:
538:
531:
527:
524:
521:
520:
516:
511:
508:
504:
501:
498:
497:
493:
488:
485:
481:
478:
475:
474:
470:
465:
462:
458:
455:
452:
451:
447:
442:
439:
435:
432:
429:
428:
424:
419:
416:
412:
409:
406:
405:
401:
396:
393:
389:
386:
383:
382:
378:
373:
370:
366:
363:
360:
359:
355:
350:
347:
343:
340:
337:
336:
332:
327:
324:
320:
317:
314:
313:
307:
304:
298:
295:
291:
283:
281:
277:
273:
266:
262:
256:
251:
245:
243:
218:
200:
190:
188:
183:
182:
176:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
145:
133:
129:
127:
123:
108:
103:
101:
96:
94:
89:
88:
86:
85:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
60:
57:
55:
52:
50:
47:
45:
42:
40:
37:
36:
35:
34:
31:
28:
27:
22:
9306:Massachusett
9270:Austronesian
8384:West Frisian
8353:
8290:Prepositions
8264:
8205:, retrieved
8196:
8172:
8166:
8155:the original
8150:
8146:
8133:
8124:
8118:
8108:
8096:
8084:
8072:
8044:
8025:
8004:
7992:
7983:
7974:
7963:. Retrieved
7953:
7941:
7925:
7909:
7897:
7877:
7868:
7858:
7851:
7844:
7837:
7825:
7813:Please help
7808:verification
7805:
7714:
7711:
7698:
7679:
7675:East Germany
7667:West Germany
7659:World War II
7654:
7652:
7648:World War II
7637:
7626:
7608:Konrad Duden
7601:
7580:
7569:
7426:
7415:
7403:Luther Bible
7358:
7338:
7336:was voiced.
7275:Hohenstaufen
7272:
7266:
7200:
7163:
7155:
7148:
7141:
7134:
7123:
7104:
7097:
7086:
7081:serial comma
7074:
7055:
7040:
7034:
7023:
7017:
7013:
6982:
6974:
6964:
6954:
6944:
6934:
6924:
6917:
6898:
6882:
6866:
6851:
6845:
6837:
6831:
6823:
6817:
6809:
6803:
6795:
6789:
6781:
6775:
6767:
6761:
6753:
6747:
6739:
6733:
6725:
6719:
6712:
6705:
6653:
6630:
6612:
6603:
6584:
6566:
6557:
6461:
6434:
6410:
6386:
6362:
6338:
6323:
6299:
6274:
6250:
6226:
6111:
6031:
6028:Short vowels
5684:
5673:
5663:
5655:
5644:
5633:
5608:
5596:
5584:
5573:
5546:
5534:
5516:
5505:
5494:
5470:
5455:
5418:
5408:
5402:
5369:
5361:
5349:
5337:
5325:
5314:
5303:
5279:
5268:
5257:
5246:
5235:
5211:
5187:
5139:
5128:
5104:
5079:
5055:
5043:
5003:
4983:the suffix -
4960:
4950:
4944:
4894:
4874:
4837:
4813:
4802:Grapheme(s)
4791:
4783:
4768:
4743:
4701:
4679:and one for
4630:
4620:
4614:
4521:
4466:
4410:IJ (digraph)
4349:
4258:
4221:
4183:pronounced (
4177:proper nouns
4140:
4101:
4089:Portemonnaie
4070:
4045:Photographie
4012:in the word
3997:
3960:
3953:late-antique
3918:
3903:
3885:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3870:
3830:
3815:
3805:
3796:
3786:
3759:merged with
3697:
3693:
3675:
3633:
3596:
3492:
3484:'sheep' and
3471:
3464:
3454:
3444:
3434:
3428:
3412:ambisyllabic
3404:
3394:
3381:
3261:
3192:
3183:
3173:
3165:The letters
3157:
3142:
3132:
3123:
3107:
3093:
3083:
3073:
3063:
3038:
3029:
3019:
3015:
2954:/ˈfɪʁt͡seːn/
2940:
2905:
2895:
2885:
2875:
2853:
2843:
2822:
2812:
2802:
2775:
2765:
2747:vowel length
2745:Even though
2744:
2741:Vowel length
2649:
2578:10-prozentig
2572:US-Botschaft
2562:
2485:
2433:
2392:
2384:
2374:
2361:
2302:
2259:
2252:
2247:
2214:
2201:
2195:
2111:
2045:
1976:
1966:
1957:
1940:
1906:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1809:
1771:
1655:
1625:
1516:
1469:
1430:das neü Buch
1420:
1385:
1326:
1298:
1113:
1010:
269:
239:
172:
151:
150:
138:and ⟨
120:
9378:Constructed
9137:Niger–Congo
9077:Afroasiatic
8935:Azerbaijani
8868:orthography
8633:orthography
8618:orthography
8377:orthography
8280:Determiners
8260:Phonologies
8030:(in German)
8009:(in German)
7930:Andrew West
7776:Punctuation
7766:Otto Basler
7640:Nazi German
7622:Switzerland
7586: [
7422:Catholicism
7386:Ostsiedlung
7377:chancellery
7311:orthography
7307:interregnum
7295:epic poetry
7207:monasteries
7197:Middle Ages
7144:parentheses
7052:Punctuation
7046:/ˈtʁeːptoː/
6890:Deutschland
6742:'regularly'
6650:Long vowels
6608:or , as in
5959:Diphthongs
5227:journaliste
4805:Phoneme(s)
4665:typewriters
4530:, but also
4394:family name
4350:The letter
4259:The letter
4222:The letter
4213:instead of
4157:( or ) and
4065:Photografie
4058:Fotographie
3883:or English
3736:unlike the
3579:'must' and
3533:'ship' and
3524:Schifffahrt
3460:'kisses' →
3450:'he runs';
3440:'to run' →
3069:('to see')
2965:('forty'),
2963:/ˈfɪʁt͡sɪç/
2869:generalized
2734:München Ost
2728:München-Ost
2714:Gänseliesel
2664:Lüdenscheid
2653:Foto-Hansen
2644:See-Elefant
2605:'equinox',
2584:10er-Gruppe
2569:'A major',
2440:nominalized
2295:never are.
2040:blackletter
1859:Unicode 5.1
1801:Switzerland
1795:sound. The
1402:instead of
1240:scharfes S
1234:/ˈʃaʁfəsɛs/
1183:Österreich
1020:umlaut sign
913:/ʏˈpsiːlɔn/
156:orthography
69:Conjugation
9401:Categories
9368:Papiamento
9255:Vietnamese
9222:East Asian
8859:Hungarian
8768:Hindustani
8740:Indo-Aryan
8605:Macedonian
8573:Belarusian
8555:Lithuanian
8517:Portuguese
8275:Adjectives
8207:2024-07-09
8103:2011-03-13
8091:2011-03-13
8079:2011-03-13
8067:2011-03-13
7965:2018-09-24
7841:newspapers
7787:References
7707:loan words
7429:Low German
7371:Under the
7287:Franconian
7166:apostrophe
7029:/dyːsbʊʁk/
6859:Diphthongs
6810:Österreich
6740:regelmäßig
6442:Dystrophie
6178:Leserinnen
6098:/ˈʃpʁaːxə/
6066:waschschen
5804:near-close
5615:otherwise
5551:otherwise
5460:otherwise
5221:Journalist
5144:otherwise
5060:otherwise
5018:"badger")
4842:otherwise
4818:otherwise
4794:consonants
4788:Consonants
4738:Communiqué
4714:Kommuniqué
4705:Quarantäne
4681:circumflex
4609:Solvenzien
4585:Ingrediens
4516:foederatio
4510:Föderation
4392:(a common
4362:/ˈʏpsilɔn/
4303:, as with
4238:Coq au vin
4051:Fotografie
3658:(from MHG
3618:'string',
3545:, whereas
3542:Schiffahrt
3506:Sauerstoff
3400:'always',
3339:'wet' and
3257:can occur.
3179:('seed'),
2881:('much'),
2863:which was
2849:('love'),
2759:free vowel
2510:Tischlampe
1997:(Adelung:
1985:(Adelung:
1904:example).
1848:uppercase
1780:scharfes S
1708:), a tiny
1656:Unlike in
1645:Österreich
1478:Dehnungs-e
1321:See also:
1293:long s (ſ)
1273:In Austria
1259:In Germany
1230:/ɛsˈt͡sɛt/
1224:scharfes S
1116:media help
1071:scharfes S
999:In Austria
973:In Germany
940:Zacharias,
909:/ˈʏpsilɔn/
888:Xanthippe,
773:Siegfried
448:Friedrich
242:media help
197:See also:
54:Adjectives
9386:Esperanto
9335:Inuktitut
9245:Mongolian
9188:Malayalam
9165:Dravidian
8895:Mordvinic
8780:Maldivian
8680:Ukrainian
8595:Bulgarian
8477:Aromanian
8364:Norwegian
8359:Icelandic
8329:Afrikaans
7683:print run
7606:director
7604:Gymnasium
7602:In 1880,
7299:minnesang
7100:semicolon
7069:der erste
6993:monologue
6903:: as in
6893:'Germany'
6887:: as in
6871:: as in
6852:psychisch
6850:: as in
6836:: as in
6822:: as in
6812:'Austria'
6808:: as in
6794:: as in
6790:o, oh, oo
6780:: as in
6766:: as in
6752:: as in
6748:e, eh, ee
6728:'railway'
6724:: as in
6720:a, ah, aa
6708:tenseness
6680:"offered"
6562:: as in
6449:dystrophy
6439:: as in
6415:: as in
6391:: as in
6367:: as in
6343:: as in
6304:: as in
6279:: as in
6255:: as in
6231:: as in
5980:unrounded
5913:near-open
5838:close-mid
5728:unrounded
5008:within a
4940:Orchester
4759:Norwegian
4723:Ouvertüre
4669:dead keys
4603:Solventia
4501:' (Latin
4487:(but see
4433:Schneider
4428:Alemannic
4288:Xanthippe
4282:Alexander
4173:loanwords
4096:Portmonee
4068:are not.
3897:Vogel-vau
3603:diphthong
3585:'game').
3570:Mussspiel
3518:Schaffell
3475:Schaffell
3303:/ɡəˈʃɛft/
3262:different
3198:('moor').
3047:A silent
2945:/ˈfɪrtəl/
2689:Nordkorea
2632:rot-braun
2383:HEINZ GRO
2373:HEINZ GRO
2307:) and/or
2255:loanwords
2088:Wachstube
2069:Wachſtube
2035:Wachſtube
2029:Wachstube
1878:(round) z
1835:in Massen
1754:Sütterlin
1658:Hungarian
1641:, except
1535:diaeresis
1494:, not an
1381:diaeresis
1282:Capital ẞ
1143:Alphabet
1062:; called
574:Kaufmann,
494:Heinrich
310:Alphabet
9330:Cherokee
9283:Hawaiian
9278:Filipino
9211:Okinawan
9206:Japanese
9115:Biblical
9089:Aramaic
9067:Georgian
9044:European
8885:Livonian
8875:Karelian
8863:alphabet
8850:Estonian
8823:Armenian
8818:Albanian
8763:Gurmukhi
8758:Gujarati
8640:Silesian
8628:alphabet
8624:Russian
8613:alphabet
8527:Sicilian
8522:Romanian
8510:alphabet
8372:alphabet
8368:Swedish
8321:Germanic
8295:Pronouns
8270:Grammars
8037:Die Zeit
8015:Archived
7932:(2006):
7902:DIN 5009
7771:Spelling
7735:Binnen-I
7724:See also
7663:Mannheim
7655:de facto
7410:printing
7373:Habsburg
7315:trigraph
7254:Ottonian
7246:ligature
7241:(an old
7239:⟩
7235:⟨
7137:ellipsis
7091:and the
7037:⟩
7033:⟨
7025:Duisburg
7020:⟩
7016:⟨
6977:⟩
6973:⟨
6967:⟩
6963:⟨
6957:⟩
6953:⟨
6947:⟩
6943:⟨
6937:⟩
6933:⟨
6927:⟩
6923:⟨
6901:⟩
6897:⟨
6885:⟩
6881:⟨
6869:⟩
6865:⟨
6848:⟩
6844:⟨
6834:⟩
6830:⟨
6820:⟩
6816:⟨
6806:⟩
6802:⟨
6792:⟩
6788:⟨
6778:⟩
6774:⟨
6764:⟩
6760:⟨
6750:⟩
6746:⟨
6736:⟩
6732:⟨
6722:⟩
6718:⟨
6606:⟩
6602:⟨
6560:⟩
6556:⟨
6503:(, e.g.
6437:⟩
6433:⟨
6413:⟩
6409:⟨
6389:⟩
6385:⟨
6365:⟩
6361:⟨
6341:⟩
6337:⟨
6326:⟩
6322:⟨
6302:⟩
6298:⟨
6277:⟩
6273:⟨
6253:⟩
6249:⟨
6229:⟩
6225:⟨
6215:pumpkins
6208:Kürbisse
6104:language
6080:/ˈdʁaxə/
5872:open-mid
5667:/ˈjeːti/
5482:Mäuschen
5479:, (e.g.
5407:same as
5284:usually
5010:morpheme
4946:Chemnitz
4926:Charisma
4870:Cölestin
4697:⟩
4693:⟨
4689:⟩
4685:⟨
4661:/kaˈfeː/
4647:/kaˈfeː/
4559:potentia
4449:bayrisch
4423:Schnyder
4378:⟩
4374:⟨
4117:Telephon
4021:-graphie
3963:⟩
3959:⟨
3921:⟩
3917:⟨
3833:⟩
3829:⟨
3792:'snow',
3704:sibilant
3700:⟩
3692:⟨
3678:⟩
3674:⟨
3636:⟩
3632:⟨
3599:⟩
3595:⟨
3469:'kiss'.
3308:schaffen
3299:Geschäft
3281:'moon',
3211:, while
2950:vierzehn
2922:/kniː.ə/
2751:phonemic
2707:Heulsuse
2638:rotbraun
2463:Berliner
2409:or from
2343:becomes
2335:becomes
2327:becomes
2278:digraphs
2248:Geschoss
2183:etc.) or
2175:between
1972:Geschoss
1829:in Maßen
1789:⟩
1785:⟨
1736:from an
1549:Karaïmen
1531:⟩
1527:⟨
1523:⟩
1519:⟨
1502:Coesfeld
1486:Straelen
1353:fronting
1345:⟩
1333:⟨
1331:letters
1329:accented
1202:Übermut,
1141:Spelling
1060:⟩
1056:⟨
1040:ligature
1036:⟩
1024:⟨
1018:with an
1016:accented
917:Ypsilon
865:Wilhelm
796:Theodor
748:Richard
645:Nordpol
308:Spelling
272:alphabet
193:Alphabet
168:phonemic
158:used in
136:/ /
132:Help:IPA
59:Pronouns
49:Articles
9340:Nahuatl
9230:Chinese
9198:Japonic
9183:Kannada
9122:Maltese
9093:Aramaic
8985:Turkmen
8980:Turkish
8945:Crimean
8940:Bashkir
8855:Finnish
8792:Marathi
8748:Bengali
8725:Persian
8715:Kurdish
8710:Avestan
8702:Iranian
8675:Sorbian
8670:Slovene
8609:Polish
8550:Latvian
8532:Spanish
8497:Italian
8482:Catalan
8469:Romance
8412:Cornish
8389:Yiddish
8349:Faroese
8344:English
8247:of the
7855:scholar
7671:Leipzig
7399:Leipzig
7343:of the
7291:Swabian
7126:em dash
7042:Treptow
6986:Monolog
6776:ie, ieh
6640:Austria
6533:kleinem
6524:) and -
6377:goddess
6353:to come
6200:pumpkin
6163:Leserin
6094:Sprache
6063:, not *
6051:waschen
5985:rounded
5964:
5952:
5939:
5929:
5926:
5917:
5907:
5899:
5891:
5858:
5832:
5824:
5821:
5813:
5790:
5733:rounded
5716:central
5442:before
5204:silent
5150:before
4884:before
4863:before
4792:Double
4657:/ˈkafe/
4597:Solvens
4494:Präsens
4444:Bavaria
4357:Ypsilon
4327:mermaid
4276:Xylofon
4253:Chigong
4195:before
4123:Telefon
4075:Delphin
4033:-grafie
3943:became
3512:Flasche
3279:/moːnt/
3237:), and
2980:Fraktur
2976:/fiːɐ̯/
2959:vierzig
2941:viertel
2936:Viertel
2834:digraph
2492:Haustür
2406:Mueller
2323:, e.g.
2319:in the
2315:and/or
2243:Geschoß
2188:Swedish
2108:Sorting
2064:antiqua
2048:Fraktur
2046:In the
1977:Geschoß
1949:, e.g.
1939:(as in
1760:Sharp s
1750:Kurrent
1620:Italien
1613:Italiën
1593:Hoëcker
1585:von Loë
1561:Alëuten
1539:digraph
1415:Mueller
1369:Kurrent
1349:umlauts
1238:Eszett,
1181:Ökonom,
1126:Letter
942:Zürich
936:/t͡sɛt/
903:Ypsilon
890:Xavier
842:Viktor
819:Ulrich
771:Samuel,
725:Quelle
622:Martha
599:Ludwig
576:Konrad
551:Julius
471:Gustav
375:/t͡seː/
293:Letter
278:of the
276:letters
255:cursive
173:Today,
160:writing
154:is the
124:in the
9355:Creole
9320:other
9311:Ojibwe
9240:Korean
9234:Dungan
9220:other
9178:Telugu
9127:Somali
9110:Hebrew
9098:Syriac
9085:Arabic
9062:Dargwa
9057:Basque
9052:Abkhaz
9042:other
9028:Manchu
9023:Evenki
8990:Uyghur
8965:Kyrgyz
8960:Khakas
8955:Kazakh
8950:Gagauz
8927:Turkic
8917:Udmurt
8905:Erzyan
8900:Moksha
8842:Uralic
8802:Romani
8785:Thaana
8753:Chakma
8720:Pashto
8665:Slovak
8565:Slavic
8542:Baltic
8501:Latin
8487:French
8407:Breton
8399:Celtic
8354:German
8334:Danish
7857:
7850:
7843:
7836:
7828:
7395:Erfurt
7349:Lübeck
7303:knight
7258:Salian
7227:/s(ː)/
7203:German
7063:der 1.
7002:(thus
6909:'side'
6883:eu, äu
6877:'loud'
6784:'huge'
6782:riesig
6702:"pain"
6696:as in
6689:"boat"
6626:, in
6519:mortar
6512:Mörtel
6506:Tunnel
6475:bitten
6425:miller
6418:Müller
6401:mother
6394:Mutter
6370:Göttin
6346:kommen
6314:medium
6307:Mittel
6258:Männer
6234:Wasser
6193:Kürbis
6118:, and
6086:dragon
6076:Drache
6036:Wasser
5761:short
5755:short
5749:short
5698:Vowels
5012:(e.g.
4899:after
4808:Notes
4652:Kaffee
4636:Kaffee
4553:Potenz
4439:Bayern
4416:Schwyz
4343:Xanten
4339:) and
4246:Qigong
4216:Zirkus
4210:Circus
4175:or in
4129:Bureau
4082:Delfin
4027:Photo-
4015:Physik
3985:since
3955:Latin.
3652:umlaut
3530:Schiff
3361:, cf.
3354:musste
3320:Straße
3293:nimm-t
3288:/hant/
3219:/kaːm/
3153:, MHG
2931:/kniː/
2913:/iː.ə/
2818:'we',
2784:Oliver
2540:Wasser
2400:Müller
2339:, and
2217:Eszett
2052:long s
2019:Long s
1991:) vs.
1942:Straße
1901:Massen
1874:long s
1774:Eszett
1694:macron
1662:tittle
1409:Müller
1217:Eszett
1162:Ärger
1065:Eszett
1050:) and
1048:long s
1013:vowels
838:/faʊ̯/
721:/kveː/
691:Paula
379:Cäsar
356:Berta
333:Anton
140:
9345:Osage
9298:Algic
9288:Malay
9260:Nivkh
9173:Tamil
9150:Sotho
9033:Udege
9000:Yakut
8995:Uzbek
8975:Tatar
8970:Nogai
8890:Mansi
8828:Greek
8811:other
8730:Tajik
8600:Czech
8459:Welsh
8444:Irish
8339:Dutch
8300:Verbs
8285:Nouns
8201:(PDF)
8158:(PDF)
8143:(PDF)
7862:JSTOR
7848:books
7618:Duden
7590:]
7262:Latin
7107:colon
7077:comma
6906:Seite
6832:ü, üh
6826:'cow'
6818:u, uh
6804:ö, öh
6798:'son'
6762:i, ih
6756:'sea'
6734:ä, äh
6671:"car"
6668:Wagen
6633:reich
6621:water
6546:small
6539:klein
6536:from
6241:water
6043:water
5992:close
5968:front
5770:close
5764:long
5758:long
5752:long
5740:short
5711:front
5597:tzsch
5472:-chen
5157:Genie
5114:Stadt
5030:Dachs
5015:Dachs
4959:is (
4876:Cölbe
4752:*
4673:acute
4405:Meier
4399:Maier
4389:Meyer
4383:Mayer
4317:witch
4306:Fuchs
4271:/ɪks/
4111:Photo
4063:*
4056:*
4039:Foto-
3949:]
3945:[
3941:]
3937:[
3861:]
3857:[
3781:]
3777:[
3773:]
3769:[
3757:]
3753:[
3734:]
3730:[
3726:]
3722:[
3686:above
3664:]
3660:[
3644:]
3640:[
3626:/aɪ̯/
3621:Waise
3615:Saite
3606:/aɪ̯/
3582:Spiel
3536:Fahrt
3481:Schaf
3443:er re
3370:fußte
3342:mußte
3326:Masse
3209:/kam/
3116:sehen
2695:Sankt
2566:A-Dur
2522:Lampe
2516:Tisch
2418:Weiss
2060:sigma
1967:Spass
1895:Maßen
1876:with
1718:tilde
1702:breve
1700:), a
1684:) or
1637:plus
1573:Piëch
1453:) is
1204:Übel
1129:Name
884:/ɪks/
861:/veː/
792:/teː/
717:/kuː/
687:/peː/
668:Otto
570:/kaː/
547:/jeː/
543:/jɔt/
490:/haː/
467:/ɡeː/
425:Emil
402:Dora
398:/deː/
352:/beː/
296:Name
128:(IPA)
44:Verbs
39:Nouns
9250:Thai
9145:Fula
9018:Even
8912:Sámi
8880:Komi
8797:Odia
8773:Urdu
8449:Manx
7834:news
7669:and
7397:and
7363:and
7328:for
7320:for
7297:and
7256:and
7233:and
7225:and
7223:/ts/
7174:for
7164:The
7156:The
7149:The
7142:The
7135:The
7124:The
7105:The
7098:The
7087:The
7075:The
7066:for
7056:The
6874:laut
6838:über
6796:Sohn
6770:'we'
6754:Meer
6726:Bahn
6686:Boot
6611:Wass
6583:bitt
6565:Ochs
6462:The
6282:Bett
6058:wash
6008:open
5973:back
5935:open
5745:long
5721:back
5685:zsch
5664:Yeti
5574:tsch
5560:in -
5426:or
5296:or
5147:or
5084:or
5080:dsch
5063:or
5036:or
4986:chen
4978:or
4961:Chur
4952:Chur
4821:or
4754:Schi
4675:and
4642:Café
4631:Cafe
4626:Café
4621:café
4546:and
4479:and
4471:and
4426:(an
4322:Nixe
4312:Hexe
4293:/ks/
4285:and
4232:/kv/
4201:/ts/
4135:Büro
4105:Foto
4048:and
4010:/yː/
3873:ogel
3576:muss
3487:Fell
3351:and
3348:nass
3284:Hand
3275:Mond
3268:and
3260:For
3204:Kamm
3018:and
2986:and
2972:vier
2927:Knie
2918:Knie
2861:/iə/
2830:/iː/
2796:/iː/
2778:-gen
2768:-ben
2590:n-te
2546:Hahn
2534:Kalt
2498:Haus
2412:Weiß
2272:and
2232:vs.
2179:and
2145:Mull
2142:vs.
2139:Müll
2127:Füße
2093:IPA:
2085:and
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