330:
822:
Westphalia, of
Pomerania and of Lunenburg, Duke of Schleswig, of Holstein and of Crossen, Duke of Magdeburg, of Bremen, of Guelderland and of Jülich, Cleves and Berg, Duke of the Wends and the Kashubians, of Lauenburg and of Mecklenburg, Landgrave of Hesse and in Thuringia, Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia, Prince of Orange, of Rugen, of East Friesland, of Paderborn and of Pyrmont, Prince of Halberstadt, of Münster, of Minden, of Osnabrück, of Hildesheim, of Verden, of Kammin, of Fulda, of Nassau and of Moers, Princely Count of Henneberg, Count of the Mark, of Ravensberg, of Hohenstein, of Tecklenburg and of Lingen, Count of Mansfeld, of Sigmaringen and of Veringen, Lord of Frankfurt.
831:
of
Pomerania and of Lunenburg, Duke of Schleswig, of Holstein and of Crossen, Duke of Magdeburg, of Bremen, of Guelderland and of Jülich, Cleves and Berg, Duke of the Wends and the Kashubians, of Lauenburg and of Mecklenburg, Landgrave of Hesse and in Thuringia, Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia, Prince of Orange, of Rugen, of East Friesland, of Paderborn and of Pyrmont, Prince of Halberstadt, of Münster, of Minden, of Osnabrück, of Hildesheim, of Verden, of Kammin, of Fulda, of Nassau and of Moers, Princely Count of Henneberg, Count of the Mark, of Ravensberg, of Hohenstein, of Tecklenburg and of Lingen, Count of Mansfeld, of Sigmaringen and of Veringen, Lord of Frankfurt.
1038:
66:
222:
86:
980:
931:
523:, knew this was legally impossible, and in order to keep control of the growing revolutionary movement in Berlin, unilaterally announced Wilhelm's abdication of both thrones on 9 November, two days before the Armistice. Wilhelm realized his situation was untenable when the army made clear it would not defend his throne. Accepting the
830:
His
Imperial and Royal Majesty Wilhelm II, By the Grace of God, German Emperor and King of Prussia, Margrave of Brandenburg, Burgrave of Nuremberg, Count of Hohenzollern, Duke of Silesia and of the County of Glatz, Grand Duke of the Lower Rhine and of Posen, Duke of Saxony, of Angria, of Westphalia,
514:
Under the imperial constitution, the empire was a federation of states under the permanent presidency of the king of
Prussia. Thus, the imperial crown was directly tied to the Prussian crown—something Wilhelm II discovered in the aftermath of World War I. He erroneously believed that he ruled the
821:
His
Imperial and Royal Majesty Frederick III, By the Grace of God, German Emperor and King of Prussia, Margrave of Brandenburg, Burgrave of Nuremberg, Count of Hohenzollern, Duke of Silesia and of the County of Glatz, Grand Duke of the Lower Rhine and of Posen, Duke of Saxony, of Angria, of
434:
of the North German
Confederation had been a hereditary office of the kings of Prussia. The new constitution of 1 January 1871, following Reichstag and Bundesrat decisions on 9/10 December, transformed the North German Confederation
531:
later that night. It was not until 28 November that
Wilhelm formally acknowledged he had lost both of his crowns for good and gave up all claims to "the throne of Prussia and to the German imperial throne connected therewith."
223:
1211:
Das
Staatsrecht der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Band V: Die geschichtlichen Grundlagen des deutschen Staatsrechts. Die Verfassungsentwicklung vom Alten Deutschen Reich zur wiedervereinigten Bundesrepublik
423:. But more in general, Wilhelm was unhappy about a crown that looked artificial (like Napoléon's), having been created by a constitution. He was afraid that it would overshadow the Prussian crown.
307:
in 1849, but declined it as "not the
Parliament's to give". Frederick Wilhelm believed that only the German princes had the right to make such an offer, in accordance with the traditions of the
519:
with
Prussia. With the war's end, he conceded that he could not remain emperor, but initially thought he could at least retain his Prussian crown. However, his last chancellor,
541:
392:). However, that would have signaled a territorial sovereignty unacceptable to the South German monarchs, as well as a claim to lands outside his realm (
1173:
1300:
Röhl, John C. G. (10 March 2016). Daniel, Ute; Gatrell, Peter; Janz, Oliver; Jones, Heather; Keene, Jennifer; Kramer, Alan; Nasson, Bill (eds.).
1533:
1206:
546:
The German Emperors had an extensive list of titles and claims that reflected the geographic expanse and diversity of the lands ruled by the
1407:
1381:
1338:
1219:
1158:
260:
488:
284:
1489:
256:
188:
329:
1896:
1876:
1856:
1526:
324:
1901:
1891:
1861:
1748:
1506:
738:
1921:
1871:
1713:
292:
1326:
1979:
1941:
1936:
1916:
1817:
1083:
742:
606:
381:
362:
17:
1301:
730:
630:
2068:
1994:
1931:
1926:
1906:
1881:
1866:
1846:
1802:
1679:
1674:
940:
718:
358:
288:
30:
This article is about the emperors of the German Empire. For a full list of German monarchs before 1871, see
2099:
1911:
1886:
1807:
1733:
1684:
1669:
1664:
1519:
456:
240:. A specifically chosen term, it was introduced with the 1 January 1871 constitution and lasted until the
1743:
1708:
1659:
1078:
726:
566:
460:
373:
678:
2035:
1951:
1834:
1088:
913:
734:
574:
558:
520:
366:
1823:
2063:
2044:
2025:
1792:
866:
370:
334:
132:
472:
248:
is sometimes also called "German Emperor" when the historical context is clear, as derived from the
2094:
2003:
1829:
1016:
582:
241:
216:
710:
1624:
1542:
1445:
1073:
71:
31:
1286:
1984:
1753:
1037:
384:. Wilhelm accepted this title grudgingly on 18 January, having preferred "Emperor of Germany" (
1148:
1114:
504:
1770:
1718:
1690:
1475:
923:
790:
690:
586:
547:
412:
2016:
1970:
1851:
1781:
1758:
1728:
782:
610:
492:
484:
408:
377:
342:
304:
65:
674:
8:
1797:
1787:
1775:
1613:
1584:
1569:
1555:
1053:
916:
from 1867 (such title being retained as a subsidiary title following the creation of the
750:
618:
562:
416:
233:
178:
1812:
1703:
1640:
1604:
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642:
638:
626:
468:
245:
1280:
908:
658:
429:
1645:
1574:
1485:
1411:
1385:
1346:
1253:
1215:
1154:
650:
476:
354:
308:
249:
1840:
1738:
1618:
1564:
1245:
786:
706:
452:
420:
346:
122:
1697:
1589:
1579:
1479:
794:
758:
654:
614:
444:
436:
393:
385:
338:
296:
272:
264:
201:
598:
1723:
1654:
1630:
1463:
778:
516:
508:
411:
in 1849, was ruled out by Wilhelm as he considered himself a king who ruled by
85:
2088:
2054:
1285:. Translated by Thomas R. Ybarra. Harper & Brothers Publishers. pp.
1257:
1134:
917:
746:
702:
698:
662:
646:
237:
229:
168:
1599:
1550:
1131:
Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789. Band III: Bismarck und das Reich.
1764:
802:
722:
714:
682:
528:
397:
320:
979:
252:'s official name of "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" from 1512.
2073:
1265:
1233:
989:
670:
602:
496:
480:
401:
142:
95:
1511:
1195:
Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte: Vom Alten Reich bis Weimar (1495–1934)
930:
810:
686:
1249:
1960:
1306:
1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
798:
634:
578:
570:
495:, among others, as well as the principalities, duchies and of the
369:, after discussion which continued until the proclamation of King
594:
500:
622:
207:
774:
762:
754:
666:
806:
766:
590:
464:
1448:
who was King of Prussia 1740–1786 but not German Emperor.
1146:
27:
1871–1918 hereditary head of state of the German Empire
1184:, 5. Aufl., Böhlau/UTB, Köln/Weimar/Wien 2008, S. 235.
407:"Emperor of the Germans", as had been proposed at the
542:
Titles and Emblems of the German Emperor after 1873
1426:
1369:Die Titel und Wappen des preußischen Königshauses.
2086:
295:was offered the title "Emperor of the Germans" (
1112:
834:
1527:
1468:The Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II, 1888–1918
1339:"Wilhelm II, Emperor of Germany (1859–1941)"
1272:
278:
1187:
1534:
1520:
1278:
1140:
906:Held the presidency of the Confederation (
1234:"Tenure and Powers of the German Emperor"
1167:
1106:
1200:
1153:. Oxford University Press. p. 189.
328:
1541:
1231:
14:
2087:
244:was announced on 9 November 1918. The
1515:
1474:
1327:Statement of Abdication of Wilhelm II
215:
1462:
1432:
1299:
1123:
455:; the emperor was head of state and
24:
1084:Family tree of the German monarchs
353:The title was carefully chosen by
25:
2111:
1500:
325:Proclamation of the German Empire
1147:Heinrich August Winkler (2006).
1036:
978:
929:
816:
228:) was the official title of the
84:
64:
1481:Source Records of the Great War
1455:
1438:
1400:
1374:
1361:
1331:
1320:
1113:William Dawson (14 July 2017).
293:Frederick Wilhelm IV of Prussia
1293:
1225:
1023:(30 years, 167 days)
954:18 October 1831 – 15 June 1888
559:His Imperial and Royal Majesty
535:
100:15 June 1888 – 9 November 1918
13:
1:
1137:, Stuttgart 1988, p. 750-753.
1119:. Merkaba Press. p. 355.
1094:
1002:27 January 1859 – 4 June 1941
902:(17 years, 69 days)
825:
359:Minister President of Prussia
1302:"Wilhelm II, German Emperor"
1116:History of the German Empire
1099:
889:22 March 1797 – 9 March 1888
553:
259:, the head of state was the
7:
1444:Enumerated as successor of
1367:Rudolf Graf v. Stillfried:
1238:Political Science Quarterly
1079:List of monarchs of Prussia
1047:
835:German Emperors (1871–1918)
527:Wilhelm went into exile in
426:Since 1867, the presidency
314:
10:
2116:
2036:North German Confederation
1952:Confederation of the Rhine
1308:. Freie Universität Berlin
1089:Year of the Three Emperors
914:North German Confederation
539:
443:) into the German Empire (
419:", not by the people in a
367:North German Confederation
318:
29:
2053:
2034:
2015:
1993:
1969:
1950:
1639:
1598:
1549:
1382:"Titles of Frederick III"
1232:Burgess, John W. (1888).
1214:C.H. Beck, München 2000,
1178:Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte
337:as German Emperor in the
289:German Empire (1848–1849)
279:German Empire (1848–1849)
184:
174:
164:
156:
148:
138:
128:
118:
113:
109:
105:
83:
79:
63:
56:
49:
41:
2004:Archduke John of Austria
1484:, Kessinger Publishing,
589:; sovereign and supreme
242:abdication of Wilhelm II
1074:List of German monarchs
217:[ˈdɔʏtʃɐˈkaɪzɐ]
32:List of German monarchs
1408:"Titles of Wilhelm II"
448:
440:
390:Kaiser von Deutschland
389:
350:
345:, France (painting by
300:
268:
261:president of the Reich
205:
1507:House of Hohenzollern
1027:Grandson of Wilhelm I
565:, German Emperor and
548:House of Hohenzollern
540:Further information:
451:). This empire was a
332:
319:Further information:
72:Imperial coat of arms
2017:German Confederation
1971:German Confederation
1282:The Kaiser's Memoirs
1129:Ernst Rudolf Huber:
1029:Son of Friedrich III
489:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
409:Frankfurt Parliament
378:Palace of Versailles
305:Frankfurt Parliament
301:Kaiser der Deutschen
123:His Imperial Majesty
2100:Monarchy in Germany
1556:Carolingian dynasty
1543:Monarchs of Germany
1349:on 22 December 2007
1279:Wilhelm II (1922).
1054:Crown of Wilhelm II
563:By the Grace of God
521:Prince Max of Baden
417:By the Grace of God
285:revolutions of 1848
283:In the wake of the
1641:Kingdom of Germany
1605:Kingdom of Germany
1150:Germany: 1789–1933
1069:Holy Roman Emperor
1064:History of Germany
1059:German State Crown
461:federated monarchs
441:Norddeutscher Bund
376:as emperor at the
351:
271:), beginning with
257:revolution of 1918
246:Holy Roman Emperor
129:First monarch
2082:
2081:
2008:
2007:(Imperial Regent)
1646:Holy Roman Empire
1575:Louis the Younger
1476:Horne, Charles F.
1220:978-3-406-07021-1
1197:, 2008, Rn. 2042.
1193:Michael Kotulla:
1160:978-0-19-926597-8
1045:
1044:
355:Otto von Bismarck
309:Holy Roman Empire
250:Holy Roman Empire
194:
193:
139:Last monarch
44:the German Empire
16:(Redirected from
2107:
2006:
1565:Louis the German
1536:
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1522:
1513:
1512:
1494:
1470:
1449:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1414:on 14 March 2007
1410:. Archived from
1404:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1388:on 14 March 2007
1384:. Archived from
1378:
1372:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1345:. Archived from
1335:
1329:
1324:
1318:
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1290:
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1270:
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1040:
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1012:28 November 1918
1005:
1001:
999:
983:
982:
971:Son of Wilhelm I
957:
953:
951:
934:
933:
892:
888:
886:
839:
838:
707:Prince of Orange
453:federal monarchy
421:popular monarchy
347:Anton von Werner
333:Proclamation of
234:hereditary ruler
227:
226:
225:
219:
214:
160:28 November 1918
88:
68:
51:Deutscher Kaiser
45:
39:
38:
21:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2095:German emperors
2085:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2049:
2030:
2011:
1989:
1965:
1946:
1813:Frederick (III)
1644:
1635:
1603:
1594:
1590:Louis the Child
1580:Charles the Fat
1554:
1545:
1540:
1503:
1498:
1492:
1464:Hull, Isabel V.
1458:
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1452:
1443:
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1401:
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1309:
1298:
1294:
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1273:
1250:10.2307/2139036
1230:
1226:
1222:, Rn. 128.
1205:
1201:
1192:
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1174:Karl Kroeschell
1172:
1168:
1161:
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1111:
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1014:
1013:
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997:
995:
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955:
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947:
944:
928:
909:Bundespräsidium
900:
890:
884:
882:
879:
875:
837:
828:
819:
599:County of Glatz
567:King of Prussia
556:
544:
538:
529:the Netherlands
449:Deutsches Reich
430:Bundespräsidium
339:Hall of Mirrors
327:
317:
287:and during the
281:
273:Friedrich Ebert
269:Reichspräsident
221:
220:
212:
189:Georg Friedrich
101:
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93:
75:
59:
43:
35:
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23:
22:
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2080:
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2058:
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2050:
2048:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2026:Franz Joseph I
2022:
2020:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2000:
1998:
1991:
1990:
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1982:
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1974:
1967:
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1963:
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1934:
1929:
1924:
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1914:
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1904:
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1879:
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1854:
1849:
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1837:
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1827:
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1714:Lothair II/III
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1006:(aged 82)
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967:(99 days)
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958:(aged 56)
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896:1 January 1871
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805:and Veringen;
767:Princely Count
715:East Friesland
697:; Margrave of
665:, Duke of the
555:
552:
537:
534:
525:fait accompli,
517:personal union
382:Siege of Paris
316:
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255:Following the
198:German Emperor
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2069:Frederick III
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2055:German Empire
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2018:
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1995:German Empire
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1877:Maximilian II
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1857:Frederick III
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703:Lower Lusatia
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37:
33:
19:
1902:Ferdinand IV
1892:Ferdinand II
1862:Maximilian I
1839:
1822:
1780:
1765:Henry (VIII)
1763:
1749:Frederick II
1704:Conrad (III)
1696:
1689:
1623:
1600:East Francia
1551:East Francia
1480:
1467:
1456:Bibliography
1446:Frederick II
1440:
1428:
1416:. Retrieved
1412:the original
1402:
1390:. Retrieved
1386:the original
1376:
1371:Berlin 1875.
1368:
1363:
1351:. Retrieved
1347:the original
1342:
1333:
1322:
1310:. Retrieved
1305:
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1212:Deutschland.
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1194:
1189:
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1177:
1169:
1149:
1142:
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1125:
1115:
1108:
1032:Hohenzollern
1022:
1009:15 June 1888
1004:(1941-06-04)
988:
974:Hohenzollern
966:
964:15 June 1888
961:9 March 1888
956:(1888-06-15)
939:
924:Hohenzollern
907:
901:
899:9 March 1888
891:(1888-03-09)
873:
865:
829:
820:
709:; Prince of
587:Hohenzollern
557:
545:
524:
513:
427:
425:
415:and chosen "
413:divine right
406:
352:
282:
254:
197:
195:
185:Pretender(s)
94:
90:
70:
50:
36:
2057:(1871–1918)
2038:(1867–1871)
2019:(1850–1866)
1997:(1848/1849)
1985:Ferdinand I
1973:(1815–1848)
1954:(1806–1813)
1922:Charles VII
1872:Ferdinand I
1754:Henry (VII)
1729:Frederick I
1207:Klaus Stern
848:Reign start
803:Sigmaringen
791:Tecklenburg
727:Halberstadt
683:Mecklenburg
607:Lower Rhine
597:and of the
585:, Count of
575:Brandenburg
561:Wilhelm I,
536:Full titles
497:free cities
481:grand dukes
473:Württemberg
398:Switzerland
380:during the
321:Kaiserbrief
42:Emperor of
2089:Categories
2074:William II
1961:Napoleon I
1942:Francis II
1937:Leopold II
1917:Charles VI
1830:Wenceslaus
1818:Charles IV
1724:Henry (VI)
1719:Conrad III
1648:(962–1806)
1643:within the
1553:during the
1418:15 October
1392:15 October
1353:11 January
1095:References
998:1859-01-27
990:Wilhelm II
950:1831-10-18
885:1797-03-22
826:Wilhelm II
787:Hohenstein
783:Ravensberg
743:Hildesheim
619:Westphalia
613:; Duke of
603:Grand Duke
515:empire in
402:Luxembourg
374:of Prussia
363:Chancellor
343:Versailles
213:pronounced
206:Deutscher
179:Hereditary
143:Wilhelm II
96:Wilhelm II
2064:William I
2045:William I
1980:Francis I
1932:Joseph II
1927:Francis I
1907:Leopold I
1882:Rudolf II
1867:Charles V
1852:Albert II
1847:Sigismund
1803:Henry VII
1759:Conrad IV
1680:Henry III
1675:Conrad II
1607:(919–962)
1602:(911–919)
1558:(843–911)
1433:Hull 2004
1258:0032-3195
1182:Seit 1650
1180:, Bd. 3:
1100:Citations
1017:abdicated
912:) in the
874:the Great
867:Wilhelm I
851:Reign end
811:Frankfurt
771:Henneberg
739:Osnabrück
719:Paderborn
695:Thuringia
687:Landgrave
679:Lauenburg
643:Magdeburg
639:Schleswig
631:Lunenburg
627:Pomerania
583:Nuremberg
554:Wilhelm I
457:president
404:, etc.).
371:Wilhelm I
335:Wilhelm I
303:) by the
175:Appointer
165:Residence
157:Abolition
149:Formation
133:Wilhelm I
1912:Joseph I
1887:Matthias
1808:Louis IV
1798:Albert I
1788:Rudolf I
1734:Henry VI
1685:Henry IV
1670:Henry II
1665:Otto III
1614:Conrad I
1570:Carloman
1478:(2009),
1466:(2004),
1048:See also
845:Lifespan
799:Mansfeld
671:Kassubes
669:and the
651:Guelders
635:Holstein
579:Burgrave
571:Margrave
315:Creation
58:Imperial
1824:Günther
1782:Alfonso
1776:Richard
1771:William
1744:Otto IV
1709:Henry V
1698:Hermann
1660:Otto II
1619:Henry I
1266:2139036
731:Münster
723:Pyrmont
675:Crossen
609:and of
605:of the
595:Silesia
501:Hamburg
469:Bavaria
459:of the
394:Austria
365:of the
291:, King
236:of the
114:Details
1835:Rupert
1739:Philip
1691:Rudolf
1655:Otto I
1631:Otto I
1625:Arnulf
1585:Arnulf
1488:
1312:30 May
1264:
1256:
1218:
1157:
857:Family
795:Lingen
759:Nassau
751:Cammin
747:Verden
735:Minden
659:Jülich
655:Cleves
647:Bremen
623:Angria
615:Saxony
509:Bremen
505:Lübeck
479:, the
477:Saxony
445:German
437:German
386:German
297:German
265:German
208:Kaiser
202:German
1841:Jobst
1793:Adolf
1262:JSTOR
860:Image
854:Notes
797:, of
785:, of
781:, of
775:Count
763:Moers
755:Fulda
745:, of
725:, of
717:, of
713:, of
711:Rügen
699:Upper
691:Hesse
673:, of
667:Wends
649:, of
645:, of
641:, of
625:, of
621:, of
617:, of
611:Posen
493:Hesse
485:Baden
465:kings
463:(the
119:Style
1486:ISBN
1420:2007
1394:2007
1355:2022
1314:2024
1289:-91.
1254:ISSN
1216:ISBN
1155:ISBN
842:Name
807:Lord
793:and
779:Mark
761:and
721:and
701:and
693:and
681:and
663:Berg
661:and
637:and
591:Duke
507:and
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232:and
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