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are the most well known hydrothermal feature. they occur when groundwater in underground cavities becomes superheated under a lid of colder surface water. When the superheated water breaches the surface, it flashes to steam, causing the pressure below it to suddenly drop, which causes a chain
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is affected by geothermal heating, either from active volcanism or the continuous heat production from an active geothermal area. Ice cauldrons can have many different appearances. These range from a smooth dent in the ice cap to deep holes with very steep walls formed by concentric rings of
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There are two main types of geyser. Fountain geysers, which erupt in violent bursts from a pool, and cone geysers, which erupt in steady jets for minutes at a time from a sinter cone of siliceous material that has been deposited surrounding the main vent.
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occur when a mass of superheated water is unable to reach the surface, causing pressure underground to rise until a critical point is reached and an explosion occurs, ejecting the superheated water along with the rock.
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In other areas, the heated groundwater gathers in pools, forming hot springs. Where very little groundwater is available, rising hot groundwater in combination with microbial activity leads to the formation of
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underground. Geothermal activity can manifest itself in a variety of different phenomena, including, among others, elevated surface temperatures, various forms of hydrothermal activity, and the presence of
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is a group of natural heat transfer processes, occurring on Earth's surface, caused by the presence of excess heat in the subsurface of the affected area, usually caused by the presence of an
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Fumaroles, or volcanic vents, are holes in the ground from which volcanic vapors and gases escape to the atmosphere. Geothermally active areas are often located over an active
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Geothermal activity mostly appears in volcanic provinces, where it is fueled by the presence of a magma chamber. In some rare cases it can be caused by
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The behaviour of these mud pots can vary on a seasonal cycle based on variations in the amount of rainfall and the level of the water table.
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305:"Геотермальная активность // ГОСТ 19431-84 ГОСТ 21027-75 ГОСТ 32144-2013 ГОСТ 24291-90 ГОСТ Р 57114-2016 ГОСТ 19880-74"
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crater, the orange and yellow colouration is from minerals that are deposited by the superheated fumes as they cool to
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reaction where most of the water in the geyser's feed system flashes to steam all at once.
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or by large deposits of radioactive elements. Other sources of internal heating can be
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Geothermal heat and groundwater can interact in several ways.
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The yellow coloring in the soil derives from deposits of
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431:"Hydrothermal Features - Yellowstone National Park"
621:"Hydrothermal Explosions | U.S. Geological Survey"
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579:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
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368:, in Hargitai, Henrik; Kereszturi, Ákos (eds.),
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550:"Mudpots - Old Faithful Virtual Visitor Center"
332:Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology
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372:, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 953–958,
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266:References
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