258:
103:
331:
96:
33:
455:, which also allow heat circulation. Drilling has shown that the reservoirs have temperatures of about 250–260 °C (482–500 °F). The Sol de Mañana geothermal system may be physically connected to El Tatio, with Sol de Mañana being closer to the heat source and Tatio an outflow at lower elevation.
530:
Laguna
Colorada/Sol de Mañana are the main focus of geothermal power prospecting in Bolivia; other sites have drawn scarce interest. As of 2016 Bolivia did not have any legislation specific for geothermal power generation. Geothermal power development is also hindered by the remote location, which
1234:
Lagos, Magdalena Sofía; Muñoz, José Francisco; Suárez, Francisco
Ignacio; Fuenzalida, María José; Yáñez-Morroni, Gonzalo; Sanzana, Pedro (29 June 2023). "Investigating the effects of channelization in the Silala River: A review of the implementation of a coupled MIKE -11 and MIKE-SHE modeling
251:, which can be reached from Sol de Mañana. There are mines at Cerro Aguita Blanca, a few kilometres south of Sol de Mañana, and at Cerro Apacheta about five kilometres west-southwest; the latter can be reached through another road from Sol de Mañana.
186:. Apart from Sol de Mañana proper there are additional geothermal manifestations dispersed a few kilometres south-southwest at Apacheta and 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) from Sol de Mañana; north-northwest at Huayllajara; The first two feature
1379:
Pritchard, M. E.; Henderson, S. T.; Jay, J. A.; Soler, V.; Krzesni, D. A.; Button, N. E.; Welch, M. D.; Semple, A. G.; Glass, B.; Sunagua, M.; Minaya, E.; Amigo, A.; Clavero, J. (1 June 2014).
264:
154:. The field has been prospected as a possible geothermal power production site, with research beginning in the 1970s and after a pause recommencing in 2010. Development is ongoing as of 2023.
1183:
Delgadillo, T. Z.; Puente, Héctor G. (1998). The Laguna
Colorada (Bolivia) Project: A Reservoir Engineering Assessment (Report). Transactions-Geothermal Resources Council. pp. 257–262.
1188:
Fernandez-Turiel, J.L.; Garcia-Valles, M.; Gimeno-Torrente, D.; Saavedra-Alonso, J.; Martinez-Manent, S. (October 2005). "The hot spring and geyser sinters of El Tatio, Northern Chile".
515:
were undertaken in the following years; however development ceased in 1993 as the legal and political circumstances were unfavourable. A renewed effort began in 2010, spearheaded by the
467:
on Sol de Mañana. Mean annual precipitation is about 75 millimetres (3.0 in) and mean temperatures are about 8.9 °C (48.0 °F). The geothermal field is part of the
205:
and earthquakes have been recorded in the field. Sol de Mañana lies at about 4,900 metres (16,100 ft) elevation, making it among the highest geothermal fields in the world.
257:
197:-containing gases. The temperatures of the springs reach 30 °C (86 °F) and the fumaroles 70 °C (158 °F), hot enough to be visible from space in
1270:"Distribution, structural and hydrological control of the hot springs and geysers of El Tatio, Chile, revealed by optical and thermal infrared drone surveying"
1117:
524:
1507:
404:
have identified several rock units under Sol de Mañana, including several layers of dacitic ignimbrites with ages of about 5-1.2 million years and
504:
209:
213:
468:
143:
298:
is one of four belts of volcanoes in the Andes. Volcanic activity began 23 million years ago and involved the emplacement of a series of
1381:"Reconnaissance earthquake studies at nine volcanic areas of the central Andes with coincident satellite thermal and InSAR observations"
52:
390:, which constitute pathways for the ascent of hot water. The most important faults at the field trend north-northwest-south-southeast.
1502:
1330:"Three-dimensional magnetotelluric inversion for the characterization of the Sol de Mañana high-enthalpy geothermal field, Bolivia"
170:), in a remote and uninhabited region of Bolivia. In an area of 10 square kilometres (3.9 sq mi) there are steam vents,
516:
216:
in
Bolivia, 75 kilometres (47 mi) northeast from Sol de Mañana, and the field can be accessed through unpaved roads from
1139:
Cortecci, Gianni; Boschetti, Tiziano; Mussi, Mario; Lameli, Christian
Herrera; Mucchino, Claudio; Barbieri, Maurizio (2005).
1257:
519:, during which additional cores were drilled, but as of 2023 is still at its early stages and as of 2016 is only used as
432:, across the border in Chile. The geothermal heat reservoir appears to be located within the ignimbrites and andesites.
193:
Steam/water emissions can under exceptional circumstances reach heights of 200 metres (660 ft). Gas vents release
224:, the best-known geothermal manifestation in the Central Andes. There are numerous volcanoes in the area, including
95:
284:
beneath the South
American Plate. The subduction is responsible for the volcanism of the Andes. The growth of the
1140:
307:
1219:"Uyuni, capital turística de Bolivia. Aproximaciones antropológicas a un fenómeno visual posmoderno desbordante"
306:
grew on top of the ignimbrites; there are about 150 separate volcanic centres. The
Altiplano volcanoes form the
318:. About 50 volcanoes in the Central Andes (Bolivia, northern Chile, northern Argentina) were active during the
1497:
408:
lavas. Hydrothermal alteration has taken place throughout the layers, forming from top to bottom layers rich
511:
as the most suitable areas for geothermal power generation. A geothermal project began in 1978 and numerous
45:
1380:
1269:
933:
827:
1460:
USGS (1992). Geology and mineral resources of the
Altiplano and Cordillera Occidental, Bolivia (Report).
1328:
Pereyra
Quiroga, Bruno; Meneses Rioseco, Ernesto; Kapinos, Gerhard; Brasse, Heinrich (1 September 2023).
527:. An electrical power potential of about 50–100 megawatts (67,000–134,000 hp) has been estimated.
1452:
339:
311:
220:, 340 kilometres (210 mi) away. 30 kilometres (19 mi) across the frontier, in Chile, lies
1119:
Valoración y gobernanza de los proyectos geotérmicos en América del Sur: una propuesta metodológica
1141:"New chemical and original isotopic data on waters from El Tatio geothermal field, northern Chile"
342:
geothermal area/caldera complex (the names are sometimes used interchangeably). The area features
1441:
135:
1482:
1318:
134:, hot springs and mud pools. It lies at about 4,900 metres (16,100 ft) elevation, south of
233:
295:
1420:
Suaznabar, Paola
Adriana Coca; Quiroga, Bruno Pereyra; Villarreal, José Ramón Pérez (2019).
1442:
Well Data Analysis and Volumetric Assessment of the Sol de Mañana Geothermal Field, Bolivia
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occur in the area. There are various north-south and northwest–southeast trending tectonic
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8:
1132:"Diputados aprueba financiamiento para construcción de Planta Geotérmica Laguna Colorada"
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1020:
1008:
996:
127:
1396:
1345:
1285:
1268:
Müller, Daniel; Walter, Thomas R.; Zimmer, Martin; Gonzalez, Gabriel (1 December 2022).
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904:
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in the region, associated with rock deformation. At Sol de Mañana there are a number of
1367:
1305:
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854:
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systems. The field lies 40 kilometres (25 mi)-20 kilometres (12 mi) south of
167:
163:
1422:"Well Drilling in Sol de Mañana Geothermal Field – Laguna Colorada Geothermal Project"
1354:
1329:
1218:
1408:
1404:
1371:
1359:
1309:
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commenced 25 million years ago before shifting eastward 12-6 million years ago.
1131:
851:
330:
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1400:
1349:
1289:
1244:
1205:
1160:
488:
302:, which form one of the largest ignimbrite plateaus of the world. Numerous younger
229:
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altered rocks and sometimes they are considered to be separate geothermal fields.
1320:
Two new supereruptions in the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex of the central Andes
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67:
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784:
32:
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The heat may originate either in the Altiplano-Puna Magma Body or in the
347:
278:
151:
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314:. The dry climate leads to an exceptional preservation of the volcanic
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erosion has taken place in the area during the past, which has left
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created the impetus for increased investigation of Bolivia's
217:
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networks, and the low price of electricity in the country.
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and is an important tourism attraction on the road between
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420:; each of these layers is several hundred metres thick.
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866:
551:
The Altiplano-Puna Magmatic Body is an accumulation of
1129:
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615:
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and the surrounding Andean ranges. Prospecting by the
599:
597:
471:
and one of the main tourism attractions on the Uyuni-
1258:
Informe de rendición pública de cuentas inicial 2022
1256:
Ministry of Hydrocarbons and Energies (April 2022).
655:
594:
142:geothermal field. The field is located within the
1489:
1182:
978:
945:
821:
1173:
1062:
707:
649:
1385:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1274:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
478:
1174:De Silva, Shanaka L.; Francis, Peter (1991).
1116:Bona, Paolo; Coviello, Manlio (April 2016).
1115:
1098:
809:
630:
499:and the state agency for geology identified
469:Eduardo Avaroa Andean Fauna National Reserve
277:Off the western coast of South America, the
144:Eduardo Avaroa Andean Fauna National Reserve
18:Geothermally active area in southern Bolivia
398:east and north-northwest of Sol de Mañana.
1217:Damir, Galaz-Mandakovic Fernández (2014).
861:Ministry of Hydrocarbons and Energies 2022
451:water reaches the reservoirs through deep
1465:
1353:
1178:. Vol. 220. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
1164:
1508:Tourist attractions in Potosí Department
1439:
898:
881:
791:Suaznabar, Quiroga & Villarreal 2019
719:
458:
329:
1130:Communication Ministry (25 July 2020).
1490:
517:Japan International Cooperation Agency
267:Panorama of the Sol de Mañana mudpools
1440:Sullcani, Pedro Rómulo Ramos (2015).
1216:
661:
572:Including the Tara Ignimbrite from a
102:
1459:
603:
236:southwest of Sol de Mañana, and the
1449:National Energy Authority (Iceland)
1323:. 2009 Portland GSA Annual Meeting.
1316:
951:
439:. It is transported upward through
13:
208:The nearest major communities are
14:
1519:
1476:
1355:10.1016/j.geothermics.2023.102748
424:rocks were not encountered. This
1405:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.05.004
1317:Ort, Michael H. (October 2009).
1294:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107696
256:
101:
94:
31:
566:
545:
308:Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex
130:in southern Bolivia, including
1503:Landforms of Potosí Department
1176:Volcanoes of the central Andes
334:The landscape of Sol de Mañana
310:, which is underpinned by the
157:
1:
587:
531:would require building large
338:Sol de Mañana is part of the
1210:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.07.005
979:Delgadillo & Puente 1998
940:Fernandez-Turiel et al. 2005
834:Fernandez-Turiel et al. 2005
822:Delgadillo & Puente 1998
497:National Electricity Company
7:
1087:Pereyra Quiroga et al. 2023
1063:De Silva & Francis 1991
1039:Pereyra Quiroga et al. 2023
1027:Pereyra Quiroga et al. 2023
1015:Pereyra Quiroga et al. 2023
1003:Pereyra Quiroga et al. 2023
991:Pereyra Quiroga et al. 2023
967:Pereyra Quiroga et al. 2023
916:Pereyra Quiroga et al. 2023
846:Pereyra Quiroga et al. 2023
764:Pereyra Quiroga et al. 2023
737:Pereyra Quiroga et al. 2023
708:De Silva & Francis 1991
689:Pereyra Quiroga et al. 2023
650:De Silva & Francis 1991
616:Communication Ministry 2020
491:resources, focusing on the
479:Geothermal power generation
10:
1524:
1108:
272:
162:Sol de Mañana lies in the
1453:United Nations University
312:Altiplano-Puna Magma Body
128:geothermal manifestations
88:
83:
44:
39:
30:
25:
1099:Bona & Coviello 2016
810:Bona & Coviello 2016
631:Bona & Coviello 2016
538:
325:
1166:10.2343/geochemj.39.547
1263:(Report) (in Spanish).
428:is similar to that at
335:
928:Pritchard et al. 2014
749:Pritchard et al. 2014
459:Climate and ecosystem
362:) emplaced on top of
354:forming ignimbrites,
333:
296:Central Volcanic Zone
68:22.42639°S 67.75972°W
1498:Landforms of Bolivia
1125:(in Spanish). CEPAL.
1051:Cortecci et al. 2005
73:-22.42639; -67.75972
1397:2014JVGR..280...90P
1346:2023Geoth.11302748P
1286:2022JVGR..43207696M
1202:2005SedG..180..125F
1190:Sedimentary Geology
1157:2005GeocJ..39..547C
1145:Geochemical Journal
513:drilling operations
228:west-southwest and
64: /
776:Müller et al. 2022
533:power transmission
525:San Cristobal mine
386:active during the
366:marine sediments.
336:
168:Sud Lipez Province
164:San Pablo de Lipez
40:Highest point
1249:10.1002/wat2.1673
1075:Lagos et al. 2023
121:
120:
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1429:GRC Transactions
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350:volcanic rocks (
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509:Laguna Colorada
505:Salar de Empexa
485:1973 oil crisis
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465:weather station
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340:Laguna Colorada
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1477:External links
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1225:(in Spanish).
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502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
476:
474:
470:
466:
456:
454:
450:
449:Precipitation
446:
442:
438:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
384:normal faults
381:
377:
373:
370:deposits and
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
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345:
341:
332:
323:
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280:
265:
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219:
215:
214:Quetena Chico
211:
206:
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200:
196:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
124:Sol de Mañana
109:Sol de Mañana
97:
87:
82:
77:
49:
47:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:Sol de Mañana
24:
21:
16:
1448:
1432:
1428:
1388:
1384:
1337:
1333:
1319:
1277:
1273:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1222:
1193:
1189:
1175:
1148:
1144:
1118:
1094:
1082:
1077:, p. 5.
1070:
1058:
1046:
1034:
1022:
1010:
998:
986:
974:
969:, p. 5.
954:, p. 1.
947:
935:
923:
918:, p. 3.
848:, p. 8.
841:
829:
817:
793:, p. 2.
778:, p. 3.
771:
766:, p. 2.
744:
739:, p. 1.
715:
691:, p. 4.
657:
611:
578:Cerro Guacha
568:
547:
529:
521:process heat
482:
462:
437:volcanic arc
434:
426:stratigraphy
400:
382:, including
337:
293:
289:high plateau
276:
242:Cerro Guacha
207:
192:
161:
138:and east of
123:
122:
20:
15:
1334:Geothermics
1237:WIREs Water
473:Antofagasta
463:There is a
402:Drill cores
348:Pleistocene
300:ignimbrites
294:The Andean
279:Nazca Plate
176:hot springs
158:Description
152:Antofagasta
71: /
46:Coordinates
1492:Categories
1451:(Report).
1391:: 90–103.
1340:: 102748.
1280:: 107696.
1229:: 147–173.
662:Damir 2014
588:References
441:convection
376:lineaments
59:67°45′35″W
56:22°25′35″S
1413:0377-0273
1372:259617984
1364:0375-6505
1310:253033476
1302:0377-0273
1235:system".
604:USGS 1992
561:Altiplano
493:Altiplano
406:andesitic
316:landforms
286:Altiplano
234:Escalante
226:Tocorpuri
184:fumaroles
172:mud pools
132:fumaroles
84:Geography
952:Ort 2009
523:for the
430:El Tatio
422:Basement
396:moraines
388:Holocene
372:moraines
368:Alluvial
364:Cenozoic
320:Holocene
282:subducts
222:El Tatio
201:images.
140:El Tatio
1393:Bibcode
1342:Bibcode
1282:Bibcode
1198:Bibcode
1153:Bibcode
1109:Sources
559:of the
555:in the
447:layer.
418:epidote
392:Glacial
344:Miocene
273:Geology
245:caldera
180:geysers
1411:
1370:
1362:
1308:
1300:
501:Sajama
475:road.
453:faults
414:silica
380:faults
352:dacite
230:Putana
195:sulfur
1445:(PDF)
1425:(PDF)
1368:S2CID
1306:S2CID
1261:(PDF)
1123:(PDF)
557:crust
553:magma
539:Notes
410:clays
360:tuffs
356:lavas
326:Local
218:Uyuni
199:ASTER
148:Uyuni
1409:ISSN
1360:ISSN
1298:ISSN
507:and
483:The
445:clay
416:and
358:and
240:and
232:and
212:and
182:and
150:and
1462:doi
1401:doi
1389:280
1350:doi
1338:113
1290:doi
1278:432
1245:doi
1206:doi
1194:180
1161:doi
576:of
1494::
1447:.
1433:43
1431:.
1427:.
1407:.
1399:.
1387:.
1383:.
1366:.
1358:.
1348:.
1336:.
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1288:.
1276:.
1272:.
1243:.
1241:11
1239:.
1227:16
1221:.
1204:.
1192:.
1159:.
1149:39
1147:.
1143:.
959:^
906:^
889:^
868:^
853:^
798:^
783:^
756:^
727:^
696:^
669:^
638:^
623:^
596:^
503:,
412:,
322:.
178:,
174:,
1470:.
1464::
1455:.
1435:.
1415:.
1403::
1395::
1374:.
1352::
1344::
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1292::
1284::
1251:.
1247::
1212:.
1208::
1200::
1169:.
1163::
1155::
618:.
580:.
563:.
346:-
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