280:, the western part of it is formed by the Tara ignimbrite while the eastern is part of the Guacha ignimbrite. This dome was cut by the Tara collapse, exposing 700 metres (2,300 ft) of Guacha ignimbrites. The resurgent dome in the caldera rises about 1.1 kilometres (0.68 mi) above the caldera floor. A second resurgence episode occurred inside the Tara caldera. The caldera is filled up to 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) thick with ignimbrites. Three lava domes, roughly coeval with the Tara ignimbrite, are constructed on the northern side of the resurgent dome. The western dome is named Chajnantor and is the most
41:
34:
634:. It has a minimum volume of 800 cubic kilometres (190 cu mi) and covers a surface area of at least 1,800 square kilometres (690 sq mi) in Chile and 2,300 square kilometres (890 sq mi) in Bolivia where it was at first not recognized. Some outflows are more than 200 metres (660 ft) thick. Several different dates have been determined on the basis of
692:
in 2011 linked the Tara ignimbrite to Guacha instead. Another ignimbrite associated with Guacha is the
Guataquina Ignimbrite named after Paso de Guataquina. It covers an area of 2,300 square kilometres (890 sq mi) and has an approximate volume of 70 cubic kilometres (17 cu mi). It
438:
The Guacha system was constructed over a timespan of 2 million years with a total volume of 3,400 cubic kilometres (820 cu mi). Eruptive activity occurred at regular intervals. Calculations indicate that the Guacha system was supplied by magmas at a rate of 0.007–0.018 cubic kilometres per
585:
The Guacha ignimbrite (including the Lowe Tara
Ignimbrite, Chajnantor Tuff, Pampa Guayaques Tuff and possibly the Bonanza Ignimbrite) was first considered part of another ignimbrite named Atana Ignimbrite. It has a minimum volume of 1,300 cubic kilometres (310 cu mi) and covers a surface
170:
Guacha ignimbrite with a volume of 1,300 cubic kilometres (310 cu mi) and the 3.5-3.6 mya Tara ignimbrite with a volume of 800 cubic kilometres (190 cu mi) were erupted from Cerro Guacha. More recent activity occurred 1.7 mya and formed a smaller ignimbrite with a volume of 10
272:
deposits and welded ignimbrites. Another eastern collapse was generated by the Tara
Ignimbrite eruption, with dimensions of 30 by 15 kilometres (18.6 mi Ă— 9.3 mi). The margins of the caldera-graben structure are about 5,250 metres (17,220 ft) high while the caldera floors are
267:
and is the presumable vent of the Guacha ignimbrite. The resulting caldera formed like a trapdoor and with a volume of 1,200 cubic kilometres (290 cu mi) is among the largest known. Volcanic structures are aligned along the eastern moat of this structure, which is filled by
174:
The larger caldera has dimensions of 60 by 40 kilometres (37 mi Ă— 25 mi) with a rim altitude of 5,250 metres (17,220 ft). Extended volcanic activity has generated two nested calderas, a number of lava domes and lava flows and a central resurgent dome.
1558:
Folkes, Chris B.; de Silva, Shanaka L.; Bindeman, Ilya N.; Cas, Raymond A.F. (July 2013). "Tectonic and climate history influence the geochemistry of large-volume silicic magmas: New δ18O data from the
Central Andes with comparison to N America and Kamchatka".
1104:
Mattioli, Michele; Renzulli, Alberto; Menna, Michele; Holm, Paul M. (November 2006). "Rapid ascent and contamination of magmas through the thick crust of the CVZ (Andes, OllagĂĽe region): Evidence from a nearly aphyric high-K andesite with skeletal olivines".
429:
ago and dramatically increased more than a million years later. Volcanic activity is linked to this fault zone and to the thermal maturation of the underlying crust. After 4 million years ago activity waned again in the
Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex.
364:
35-25 mya. Subsequently, renewed melt generation modified the overlying crust until major volcanism, associated with a "flare up" of ignimbritic volcanism occurred 10 mya. 100–250 kilometres (62–155 mi) beneath the local volcanic zone lies the
1596:
Breitkreuz, Christoph; de Silva, Shanaka L.; Wilke, Hans G.; Pfänder, Jörg A.; Renno, Axel D. (January 2014). "Neogene to
Quaternary ash deposits in the Coastal Cordillera in northern Chile: Distal ashes from supereruptions in the Central Andes".
195:
frontier. The terrain is difficult to access being located at altitudes between 3,000–4,000 metres (9,800–13,100 ft). The caldera is named after Cerro Guacha, a feature named as such by local topographic maps. Later research by the
602:, which is the preferred age. Various samples are separated by distances of up to 130 kilometres (81 mi), making this ignimbrite among the most widespread in the Andes. One stream spreads 60 kilometres (37 mi) northwards past
1389:
Schmitt, A.; de Silva, S.; Trumbull, R.; Emmermann, R. (March 2001). "Magma evolution in the Purico ignimbrite complex, northern Chile: evidence for zoning of a dacitic magma by injection of rhyolitic melts following mafic recharge".
621:
The later Tara ignimbrite (including the Upper Tara
Ignimbrite, the Filo Delgado Ignimbrite and the Pampa Tortoral Tuff) forms the western dome of the Guacha caldera and spreads mostly north and southeast, between
1351:
Caffe, P.J.; Soler, M.M.; Coira, B.L.; Onoe, A.T.; Cordani, U.G. (June 2008). "The
Granada ignimbrite: A compound pyroclastic unit and its relationship with Upper Miocene caldera volcanism in the northern Puna".
235:
of the Andes. Several large caldera complexes are found within this area, formed by crustal magma chambers generated by magmas derived from the melting of deep crustal layers. Present day activity is limited to
1442:
Kay, Suzanne
Mahlburg; Coira, Beatriz L.; Caffe, Pablo J.; Chen, Chang-Hwa (December 2010). "Regional chemical diversity, crustal and mantle sources and evolution of central Andean Puna plateau ignimbrites".
673:, named like that by tourists because of their surreal landscape. It has a volume of 10 cubic kilometres (2.4 cu mi) and it was apparently erupted at the hinge of the Guacha caldera. It has been
397:
research indicates the presence of a low density area centered beneath Guacha. The magmatic body underpinning the APVC is centered beneath Guacha. Guacha caldera is also closely linked to the neighbouring
163:. Above the subduction zone, the crust is chemically modified and generates large volumes of melts that form the local caldera systems of the APVC. Guacha is constructed over a basement of sediments.
504:
Geological considerations indicate that the Guacha ignimbrite was stored at a depth of 5–9.2 kilometres (3.1–5.7 mi) and the Tara ignimbrite at a depth of 5.3–6.4 kilometres (3.3–4.0 mi).
197:
1140:
Landrum, J.T.; Bennett, P.C.; Engel, A.S.; Alsina, M.A.; Pastén, P.A.; Milliken, K. (April 2009). "Partitioning geochemistry of arsenic and antimony, El Tatio Geyser Field, Chile".
802:"The Cerro Guacha caldera complex : an upper Miocene-Pliocene polycyclic volcano-tectonic structure in the Altiplano Puna Volcanic Complex of the Central Andes of Bolivia"
1228:
de Silva, Shanaka L.; Gosnold, William D. (November 2007). "Episodic construction of batholiths: Insights from the spatiotemporal development of an ignimbrite flare-up".
662:
stratovolcano. This ignimbrite was formerly known as Upper Tara. Geological considerations indicate that this ignimbrite formed from pre-existent melts and an influx of
288:. The Puripica Chico lavas on the western side of the caldera are not associated with a collapse. Dark coloured lava flows are found to the southwest of the caldera.
1523:
Strecker, M.R.; Alonso, R.N.; Bookhagen, B.; Carrapa, B.; Hilley, G.E.; Sobel, E.R.; Trauth, M.H. (May 2007). "Tectonics and
Climate of the Southern Central Andes".
446:
Located at a high altitude in an area of long term arid climate has preserved old volcanic deposits over time. Thus, unlike in other areas of the world such as the
273:
about 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) lower. Probably dacitic lava domes are found on the northern caldera rim, with the caldera floor possibly containing lava flows.
1478:
Allmendinger, Richard W.; Jordan, Teresa E.; Kay, Suzanne M.; Isacks, Bryan L. (May 1997). "The Evolution of the Altiplano-Puna Plateau of the Central Andes".
360:, resulting in variable amounts of volcanic activity. A short interruption of volcanism, associated with a flattening of the subducting plate, occurred in the
389:
covering a surface area of 70,000 square kilometres (27,000 sq mi). Here on an average altitude of 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) between 10 and 1
263:
A westward-facing semicircular scarp (60 by 40 kilometres (37 mi Ă— 25 mi)) contains subvertically banded Guacha ignimbrite layers rich in
508:
temperatures are 716 °C (1,321 °F), 784 °C (1,443 °F) and 705 °C (1,301 °F) for Guacha, Tara and Chajnantor respectively.
688:
old. After research indicated that it was different from another ignimbrite named Atana, it was originally linked to the Guacha caldera but Salisbury
1191:
658:
respectively. This ignimbrite ponded inside the Guacha caldera, and one particularly thick layer (>200 metres (660 ft)) is found beneath
1561:
831:
1673:
de Silva, S.L.; Francis, P.W. (May 1989). "Correlation of large ignimbrites — Two case studies from the Central Andes of northern Chile".
1634:"Correlation of ignimbrites using characteristic remanent magnetization and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, Central Andes, Bolivia"
516:
The climate of the Central Andes is characterized by extreme aridity. The eastern mountain chain of the Andes prevents moisture from the
72:
1755:
2419:
607:
1711:
1354:
985:"40Ar/39Ar chronostratigraphy of Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex ignimbrites reveals the development of a major magmatic province"
992:
586:
area of at least 5,800 square kilometres (2,200 sq mi). Several different dates have been determined on the basis of
450:
where water erosion governs the landscape the morphology of the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex is mostly tectonic in origin.
746:
Francis, P.W.; Baker, M.C.W. (August 1978). "Sources of two large ignimbrites in the central andes: Some landsat evidence".
1274:
1299:"Large ignimbrite eruptions and volcano-tectonic depressions in the Central Andes: a thermomechanical perspective"
914:"Large ignimbrite eruptions and volcano-tectonic depressions in the Central Andes: a thermomechanical perspective"
33:
702:
382:
373:. Recently a change in volcanic activity away from ignimbritic towards cone-forming volcanism has been observed.
216:
145:
895:
2449:
1748:
1632:
Ort, Michael H.; de Silva, Shanaka L.; Jiménez C., Néstor; Jicha, Brian R.; Singer, Bradley S. (January 2013).
983:
Salisbury, M. J.; Jicha, B. R.; de Silva, S. L.; Singer, B. S.; Jimenez, N. C.; Ort, M. H. (21 December 2010).
2424:
984:
570:
Guacha has been the source of eruptions with volumes of more than 450 cubic kilometres (110 cu mi)
2439:
520:
from reaching the Altiplano area. The area is also too far north for the precipitation associated with the
65:
2211:
1780:
575:
2444:
2098:
1741:
253:
1500:
846:
650:, which is the preferred age. The Chajnantor lavas and the Rio Guacha dome in the caldera have been
2434:
2281:
1297:
De Silva, S.; Zandt, G.; Trumbull, R.; Viramonte, J. G.; Salas, G.; Jimenez, N. (1 January 2006).
1186:
912:
De Silva, S.; Zandt, G.; Trumbull, R.; Viramonte, J. G.; Salas, G.; Jimenez, N. (1 January 2006).
2429:
1719:
1042:
809:
684:
The Puripicar ignimbrite has a volume of 1,500 cubic kilometres (360 cu mi) and is 4.2
2301:
693:
was later interpreted to be a combination of the Guacha, Tara and non-Guacha Atana ignimbrites.
618:
are linked to the Guacha eruption. The Guacha ignimbrite was also known as Lower Tara at first.
1963:
1495:
651:
832:"Evolucion Tectonica Y Differenciacion Magmatica De La Caldera De Guacha, Sudoeste De Bolivia"
410:
1953:
1913:
571:
232:
141:
2276:
2221:
1034:
801:
133:
2286:
2256:
2153:
2028:
1890:
1764:
1682:
1645:
1606:
1570:
1544:
1532:
1487:
1452:
1399:
1363:
1310:
1237:
1149:
1114:
1076:
925:
883:
755:
160:
2316:
2216:
2138:
913:
842:
8:
2241:
1845:
1035:"Magma dynamics and evolution in continental arcs : insights from the Central Andes"
615:
292:
237:
1686:
1649:
1610:
1574:
1536:
1491:
1456:
1403:
1367:
1314:
1241:
1153:
1118:
1080:
929:
887:
759:
2374:
2206:
1933:
1415:
1326:
1298:
1065:"The nature and distribution of upper cenozoic ignimbrite centres in the Central Andes"
941:
674:
635:
587:
551:
478:. The Tara ignimbrite has a composition intermediary to that of these two domes, being
331:
542:
waters. This is consistent with the climate of the Guacha region displaying long-term
538:
analysis indicates that the Guacha caldera ignimbrites have had little influence from
2364:
2321:
2296:
2158:
1835:
1800:
1785:
1694:
1618:
1582:
1464:
1419:
1330:
1270:
1249:
1200:
1126:
1089:
1064:
945:
767:
393:
roughly 10,000 cubic kilometres (2,400 cu mi) of ignimbrites were erupted.
1161:
2379:
2369:
2291:
2271:
2226:
2103:
2068:
1830:
1805:
1690:
1653:
1614:
1578:
1540:
1509:
1505:
1460:
1407:
1371:
1318:
1245:
1165:
1157:
1122:
1084:
1001:
933:
891:
763:
670:
414:
324:
1322:
937:
2196:
2168:
2033:
1855:
1795:
1375:
1264:
487:
418:
2261:
1185:
Jiménez, Néstor; López-Velásquez, Shirley; Santiváñez, Reynaldo (October 2009).
874:
de Silva, S. L. (1989). "Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex of the central Andes".
2088:
2013:
722:
535:
406:
300:
277:
2413:
2331:
2311:
1943:
1204:
707:
669:
The Puripica Chico ignimbrite is known for having formed the Piedras de Dali
611:
559:
357:
245:
87:
74:
2336:
1815:
578:
of 8. The close succession of multiple large scale eruptions indicates that
421:
named the LĂpez lineament. Activity along this lineament commenced with the
2384:
2346:
2123:
2063:
1988:
517:
422:
366:
1411:
2341:
2191:
2058:
2053:
2043:
1983:
1790:
1658:
1633:
1263:
Troise, Claudia; de Natale, Giuseppe; Kilburn, Christopher R. J. (2006).
494:
370:
156:
1170:
151:
Cerro Guacha and the other volcanoes of that region are formed from the
2251:
2083:
2078:
2038:
2008:
1918:
1885:
1880:
1840:
685:
678:
655:
643:
595:
547:
521:
459:
426:
390:
353:
338:
269:
249:
220:
209:
167:
152:
144:(CVZ), one of the three volcanic arcs of the Andes, and its associated
2201:
2186:
2163:
2128:
2108:
2093:
1948:
1928:
1005:
717:
663:
623:
479:
471:
447:
399:
361:
342:
328:
224:
205:
1810:
2389:
2326:
2236:
2073:
2003:
1998:
1968:
1938:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1850:
1733:
659:
647:
603:
599:
555:
539:
529:
525:
483:
475:
463:
394:
349:
316:
304:
257:
241:
2266:
2143:
712:
2231:
2148:
2133:
2118:
2023:
1993:
1825:
1820:
639:
627:
591:
543:
528:
and was enhanced by geographical and orogenic changes during the
467:
334:
285:
228:
188:
184:
129:
125:
122:
1388:
1184:
2306:
2246:
2113:
2048:
2018:
1978:
1958:
1923:
1895:
579:
505:
498:
281:
248:
and Guacha, with recent activity encompassing the extrusion of
148:(APVC). A number of volcanic calderas occur within the latter.
1595:
1522:
1296:
911:
1973:
1860:
631:
582:
feeding such eruptions are assembled over millions of years.
386:
320:
264:
192:
137:
982:
2401:
Note: volcanoes are ordered by latitude from north to south
1477:
896:
10.1130/0091-7613(1989)017<1102:APVCOT>2.3.CO;2
405:
The Guacha caldera forms a structure with the neighbouring
201:
1631:
1557:
1139:
1103:
554:
systems in the APVC which are essentially limited to the
462:
and rich in crystals. The Chajnantor lava dome contains
356:
has been occurring on the western margin of present-day
1471:
1262:
524:
to reach Guacha. This arid climate may go back to the
284:-rich of the domes. Rio Guacha in the middle is more
16:
Miocene caldera in southwestern Bolivia, in the Andes
1187:"Evolución tectonomagmática de los Andes bolivianos"
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
823:
1589:
1350:
1266:
Mechanisms of activity and unrest at large calderas
1223:
1221:
681:, making it the youngest Guacha caldera volcanite.
453:
323:in Bolivia. The Central Andes are underlaid by the
1516:
1133:
1097:
741:
739:
737:
1441:
959:
829:
2411:
1666:
1382:
1303:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
1290:
1256:
1218:
1178:
918:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
907:
905:
493:, Puripicar 67-68% and the Tara Ignimbrite 63%.
1672:
1551:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1227:
845:: 7o Congreso Geologico Chileno. Archived from
734:
1675:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1599:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1562:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1445:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1344:
1230:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1107:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1069:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
748:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1749:
1525:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
1480:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
902:
183:The caldera was discovered in 1978 thanks to
1625:
1426:
1192:Revista de la AsociaciĂłn GeolĂłgica Argentina
830:Mobarec, Roberto C.; Heuschmidt, B. (1994).
745:
315:Guacha is part of a volcanic complex in the
295:activity occurs within the caldera. Laudrum
212:sediments form the basement of the caldera.
869:
867:
550:as well as with the scarcity of pronounced
385:(APVC), an igneous province in the central
223:volcanism in the Central Andes between the
1756:
1742:
1269:. London: Geological Society. p. 54.
574:. These eruptions in Guacha's case have a
178:
1657:
1499:
1392:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
1169:
1088:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
341:. Previously, the area was formed from a
1355:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
1056:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
873:
864:
486:. The Guacha Ignimbrite contains 62-65%
345:marine basin with some early volcanics.
299:suggested that the heat from Guacha and
171:cubic kilometres (2.4 cu mi).
799:
337:. The Central Andes started to form 70
200:indicated the presence of three welded
2412:
1545:10.1146/annurev.earth.35.031306.140158
1032:
993:Geological Society of America Bulletin
774:
1737:
1062:
1019:
140:, it is considered to be part of the
136:. Part of the volcanic system of the
1763:
1638:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
614:. Some ash deposits in the northern
260:volcano north of the Guacha centre.
40:
565:
166:Two major ignimbrites, the 5.6-5.8
13:
433:
14:
2461:
1704:
443:10–0.000137 cu mi/Ms).
1712:"Cerro Guacha Ignimbrite Center"
1619:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2013.11.001
1583:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2013.05.014
1465:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.08.013
1250:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.07.015
1127:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.04.019
454:Composition and magma properties
39:
32:
1162:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2008.12.024
1063:Baker, M.C.W. (December 1981).
703:Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex
383:Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex
307:geothermal system to the west.
217:Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex
146:Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex
2420:Volcanoes of PotosĂ Department
1510:10.1146/annurev.earth.25.1.139
501:are found in all ignimbrites.
381:Guacha caldera is part of the
1:
1323:10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.269.01.04
938:10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.269.01.04
728:
198:Geological Service of Bolivia
1695:10.1016/0377-0273(89)90066-8
1376:10.1016/j.jsames.2007.10.004
1090:10.1016/0377-0273(81)90028-7
768:10.1016/0377-0273(78)90029-X
215:Cerro Guacha is part of the
7:
839:biblioserver.sernageomin.cl
696:
654:at 3.67±0.13 and 3.61±0.02
417:calderas associated with a
256:in the area occurs beneath
10:
2466:
1033:Grocke, Stephanie (2014).
576:Volcanic explosivity index
511:
310:
303:may be transferred to the
2398:
2355:
2177:
1904:
1771:
800:Iriarte, Rodrigo (2012).
638:, including 3.55±0.01 on
590:, including 5.81±0.01 on
458:The Guacha Ignimbrite is
108:
103:
64:
59:
26:
21:
376:
231:and associated with the
1720:Oregon State University
1043:Oregon State University
810:Oregon State University
276:The caldera contains a
219:, an area of extensive
179:Geography and structure
2178:Southern Volcanic Zone
1964:Andagua volcanic field
1772:Northern Volcanic Zone
572:dense rock equivalents
252:lava domes and flows.
2450:Miocene South America
2356:Austral Volcanic Zone
2282:Puyehue-CordĂłn Caulle
1954:Huambo volcanic field
1905:Central Volcanic Zone
1412:10.1007/s004100000214
470:composition contains
233:Central Volcanic Zone
142:Central Volcanic Zone
2425:Andean Volcanic Belt
1891:Licto volcanic field
1659:10.1029/2012GC004276
1142:Applied Geochemistry
466:while Rio Guacha of
425:volcanic complex 10
187:imagery. It lies in
161:South American Plate
2440:Calderas of Bolivia
1687:1989JVGR...37..133D
1650:2013GGG....14..141O
1611:2014JVGR..269...68B
1575:2013JVGR..262...90F
1537:2007AREPS..35..747S
1492:1997AREPS..25..139A
1457:2010JVGR..198...81K
1404:2001CoMP..140..680S
1368:2008JSAES..25..464C
1315:2006GSLSP.269...47D
1242:2007JVGR..167..320D
1154:2009ApGC...24..664L
1119:2006JVGR..158...87M
1081:1981JVGR...11..293B
930:2006GSLSP.269...47D
888:1989Geo....17.1102D
852:on 27 November 2015
760:1978JVGR....4...81F
616:Chilean Coast Range
84: /
2277:Carrán-Los Venados
2222:Nevados de Chillán
2207:Descabezado Grande
636:argon-argon dating
606:volcano along the
588:argon-argon dating
369:of the subducting
332:Arequipa-Antofalla
134:Sur LĂpez Province
60:Highest point
2407:
2406:
2217:Nevado de LongavĂ
2159:Cueros de Purulla
2139:CordĂłn del Azufre
1801:Nevado del Tolima
675:argon-argon dated
116:
115:
88:22.750°S 67.467°W
2457:
2445:Miocene calderas
2402:
2272:Mocho-Choshuenco
1806:Nevado del Huila
1765:Andean volcanoes
1758:
1751:
1744:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1699:
1698:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1503:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1439:
1424:
1423:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1236:(1–4): 320–335.
1225:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1075:(2–4): 293–315.
1060:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1030:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1006:10.1130/B30280.1
1000:(5–6): 821–840.
989:
980:
957:
956:
954:
952:
909:
900:
899:
871:
862:
861:
859:
857:
851:
836:
827:
821:
820:
818:
816:
797:
772:
771:
743:
566:Eruptive history
546:for the last 10
442:
325:Paleoproterozoic
128:in southwestern
109:Language of name
99:
98:
96:
95:
94:
93:-22.750; -67.467
89:
85:
82:
81:
80:
77:
43:
42:
36:
19:
18:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2435:VEI-8 volcanoes
2410:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2400:
2394:
2357:
2351:
2179:
2173:
2169:Ojos del Salado
2099:Aguas Calientes
1906:
1900:
1796:Nevado del Ruiz
1773:
1767:
1762:
1724:
1722:
1716:oregonstate.edu
1710:
1707:
1702:
1671:
1667:
1630:
1626:
1594:
1590:
1556:
1552:
1521:
1517:
1501:10.1.1.469.3590
1476:
1472:
1451:(1–2): 81–111.
1440:
1427:
1387:
1383:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1295:
1291:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1261:
1257:
1226:
1219:
1209:
1207:
1183:
1179:
1138:
1134:
1113:(1–2): 87–105.
1102:
1098:
1061:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1031:
1020:
1010:
1008:
987:
981:
960:
950:
948:
910:
903:
872:
865:
855:
853:
849:
834:
828:
824:
814:
812:
798:
775:
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735:
731:
699:
568:
514:
491:
456:
440:
436:
434:Geologic record
379:
313:
181:
92:
90:
86:
83:
78:
75:
73:
71:
70:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
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48:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2463:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2430:Supervolcanoes
2427:
2422:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2353:
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2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2183:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2089:Purico complex
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
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1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1910:
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1858:
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1848:
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1798:
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1706:
1705:External links
1703:
1701:
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1681:(2): 133–149.
1665:
1644:(1): 141–157.
1624:
1588:
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1531:(1): 747–787.
1515:
1486:(1): 139–174.
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1425:
1398:(6): 680–700.
1381:
1362:(4): 464–484.
1343:
1289:
1275:
1255:
1217:
1195:(in Spanish).
1177:
1148:(4): 664–676.
1132:
1096:
1055:
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901:
863:
841:(in Spanish).
822:
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754:(1–2): 81–87.
732:
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723:Pastos Grandes
720:
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710:
705:
698:
695:
642:and 3.49±0.01
594:and 5.65±0.01
567:
564:
536:Oxygen isotope
513:
510:
489:
455:
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435:
432:
378:
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319:region of the
312:
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301:Pastos Grandes
278:resurgent dome
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1944:Hualca Hualca
1942:
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1925:
1922:
1920:
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1912:
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1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
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1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:(6° N – 3° S)
1770:
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1721:
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1276:9781862392113
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1039:OSU Libraries
1036:
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1023:
1007:
1003:
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994:
986:
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803:
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742:
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733:
724:
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714:
711:
709:
708:Cerro Bitiche
706:
704:
701:
700:
694:
691:
687:
682:
680:
677:at 1.72±0.01
676:
672:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
619:
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613:
610:valley until
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
583:
581:
577:
573:
563:
561:
560:Sol de Manana
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
509:
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502:
500:
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477:
473:
469:
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451:
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431:
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408:
407:Cerro Panizos
403:
401:
396:
392:
388:
384:
374:
372:
368:
363:
359:
358:South America
355:
351:
346:
344:
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330:
326:
322:
318:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
274:
271:
266:
265:lithic clasts
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
246:Sol de Manana
243:
240:phenomena in
239:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
211:
208:red beds and
207:
203:
199:
194:
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107:
102:
97:
69:
67:
63:
58:
35:
25:
20:
2262:Quetrupillán
2124:Llullaillaco
1989:Huaynaputina
1723:. Retrieved
1715:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1566:
1560:
1553:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1448:
1444:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1359:
1353:
1346:
1336:26 September
1334:. Retrieved
1309:(1): 47–63.
1306:
1302:
1292:
1280:. Retrieved
1265:
1258:
1233:
1229:
1210:26 September
1208:. Retrieved
1196:
1190:
1180:
1171:10533/142624
1145:
1141:
1135:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1072:
1068:
1058:
1048:28 September
1046:. Retrieved
1038:
1011:26 September
1009:. Retrieved
997:
991:
949:. Retrieved
924:(1): 47–63.
921:
917:
882:(12): 1102.
879:
875:
854:. Retrieved
847:the original
838:
825:
815:27 September
813:. Retrieved
805:
751:
747:
689:
683:
668:
620:
584:
569:
534:
515:
503:
457:
445:
437:
423:Abra Granada
404:
380:
367:Benioff zone
347:
314:
296:
290:
275:
262:
214:
191:next to the
182:
173:
165:
159:beneath the
150:
119:Cerro Guacha
118:
117:
47:Cerro Guacha
22:Cerro Guacha
2358:(49°–55° S)
2342:Mate Grande
2192:Tupungatito
2180:(33°–46° S)
2059:Olca-Paruma
2054:Irruputuncu
2044:Tata Sabaya
1984:Pichu Pichu
1914:Quimsachata
1907:(14°–27° S)
1791:Cerro Bravo
1282:26 November
951:27 November
856:26 November
495:Plagioclase
371:Nazca Plate
254:Deformation
157:Nazca Plate
91: /
66:Coordinates
2414:Categories
2302:Hornopirén
2287:Casablanca
2257:Villarrica
2252:Sollipulli
2212:Cerro Azul
2084:Licancabur
2079:Sairecabur
2039:Guallatiri
2029:Parinacota
2009:Purupuruni
1919:Auquihuato
1886:Tungurahua
1881:Chimborazo
1841:Reventador
1816:Doña Juana
1569:: 90–103.
843:Concepcion
729:References
652:K-Ar dated
612:Suni K'ira
552:geothermal
522:Westerlies
484:rhyolithic
460:rhyodacite
354:subduction
348:Since the
293:geothermal
270:lacustrine
250:Quaternary
238:geothermal
221:ignimbrite
210:Ordovician
153:subduction
2322:Corcovado
2242:Lonquimay
2202:Calabozos
2187:Tupungato
2164:Incahuasi
2129:Lastarria
2109:Chiliques
1949:Sabancaya
1929:Sara Sara
1846:Pichincha
1781:Paipa-Iza
1605:: 68–82.
1496:CiteSeerX
1420:129724498
1331:129924955
1205:1851-8249
946:129924955
718:La Pacana
664:andesitic
624:Argentina
480:andesitic
472:amphibole
448:Himalayas
439:year (5.3
411:CoranzulĂ
402:caldera.
400:La Pacana
362:Oligocene
343:Paleozoic
329:Paleozoic
225:Altiplano
206:Paleogene
2390:Fueguino
2375:Aguilera
2327:Mentolat
2237:Callaqui
2074:Zapaleri
2004:Yucamane
1999:Tutupaca
1969:Chachani
1939:Coropuna
1934:Solimana
1876:Quilotoa
1871:Cotopaxi
1866:Illiniza
1851:Antisana
697:See also
660:Zapaleri
648:sanidine
604:Uturunku
600:sanidine
562:fields.
556:El Tatio
540:meteoric
530:Cenozoic
526:Mesozoic
476:pyroxene
464:sanidine
395:Gravitic
350:Jurassic
317:back-arc
305:El Tatio
258:Uturuncu
242:El Tatio
227:and the
2365:Lautaro
2317:Chaitén
2297:Calbuco
2232:Copahue
2149:Peinado
2134:Lazufre
2119:Socompa
2024:Taapaca
1994:Ticsani
1836:Cayambe
1826:Azufral
1821:Galeras
1786:Romeral
1683:Bibcode
1646:Bibcode
1607:Bibcode
1571:Bibcode
1533:Bibcode
1488:Bibcode
1453:Bibcode
1400:Bibcode
1364:Bibcode
1311:Bibcode
1238:Bibcode
1150:Bibcode
1115:Bibcode
1077:Bibcode
926:Bibcode
884:Bibcode
876:Geology
756:Bibcode
671:hoodoos
666:magma.
640:biotite
628:Bolivia
608:Quetena
592:biotite
580:plutons
544:aridity
512:Climate
468:dacitic
335:terrane
311:Geology
286:dacitic
229:Atacama
193:Chilean
189:Bolivia
185:Landsat
155:of the
130:Bolivia
126:caldera
123:Miocene
112:Spanish
79:67°28′W
76:22°45′S
2385:Burney
2380:Reclus
2370:Viedma
2347:Hudson
2307:Huequi
2292:Osorno
2247:Llaima
2227:Antuco
2114:Aracar
2104:Lascar
2094:Pacana
2069:Azufre
2049:Isluga
2019:Tacora
2014:Casiri
1979:Ubinas
1959:Ampato
1924:Firura
1896:Sangay
1831:Chiles
1811:Puracé
1725:19 May
1498:
1418:
1329:
1273:
1203:
944:
690:et al.
518:Amazon
506:Zircon
499:quartz
415:Vilama
297:et al.
282:silica
104:Naming
2267:LanĂn
2197:Maipo
2144:Galán
2034:Lauca
1974:Misti
1861:Soche
1856:Aliso
1416:S2CID
1327:S2CID
1199:(1).
988:(PDF)
942:S2CID
850:(PDF)
835:(PDF)
713:Galán
632:Chile
419:fault
387:Andes
377:Local
321:Andes
291:Some
202:tuffs
138:Andes
121:is a
2337:Macá
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