1146:
434:
1204:
892:
394:
1224:
1239:
1115:
664:
49:
880:
406:
34:
359:. These can be distinguished by the degree of welding. The base of a cooling unit is typically unwelded due to chilling from the underlying cold surface, and the degree of welding and of secondary reactions from fluids in the flow increases upwards towards the center of the flow. Welding decreases towards the top of the cooling unit, where the unit cools more rapidly. The intensity of welding may also decrease towards areas in which the deposit is thinner, and with distance from source.
1268:
3774:
3798:
1661:
672:
68:
3545:
3810:
3786:
3371:
231:
847:-fields of southern Africa and other regions. The principal variety of kimberlite is a dark bluish-green, serpentine-rich breccia (blue-ground) which, when thoroughly oxidized and weathered, becomes a friable brown or yellow mass (the "yellow-ground"). These breccias were emplaced as gas–solid mixtures and are typically preserved and mined in
1595:
647:, or chalcedony; in microscopic sections, though, the nature of the original lava can nearly always be made out from the shapes and properties of the little crystals which occur in the decomposed glassy base. Even in the smallest details, these ancient tuffs have a complete resemblance to the modern ash beds of
264:, and tuff formed predominantly from glass shards is described as vitric tuff. The glass shards are typically either irregular in shape or are roughly triangular with convex sides. They are the shattered walls of countless small bubbles that formed in the magma as dissolved gases rapidly came out of solution.
851:
that form intrusive pipe-like structures. At depth, some kimberlite breccias grade into root zones of dikes made of unfragmented rock. At the surface, ultramafic tuffs may occur in maar deposits. Because kimberlites are the most common igneous source of diamonds, the transitions from maar to diatreme
362:
Cooler pyroclastic flows are unwelded and the ash sheets deposited by them are relatively unconsolidated. However, cooled volcanic ash can quickly become lithified because it usually has a high content of volcanic glass. This is a thermodynamically unstable material that reacts rapidly with ground
946:
and
Germany include many cleaved and partly recrystallized ash-beds, some of which still retain their fragmental structure, though their lapilli are flattened and drawn out. Their steam cavities are usually filled with calcite, but sometimes with quartz. The more completely altered forms of these
251:
Volcanic ash is further divided into fine ash, with particle sizes smaller than 0.0625 mm in diameter, and coarse ash, with particle sizes between 0.0625 mm and 2 mm in diameter. Tuff is correspondingly divided into coarse tuff (coarse ash tuff) and fine tuff (fine ash tuff or dust
386:
Tuffs are further classified by their depositional environment, such as lacustrine tuff, subaerial tuff, or submarine tuff, or by the mechanism by which the ash was transported, such as fallout tuff or ash flow tuff. Reworked tuffs, formed by erosion and redeposition of ash deposits, are usually
746:
strata, and among the still older rocks of the Lake
District, the southern uplands of Scotland, and Wales. They are black, dark green, or red in colour; vary greatly in coarseness, some being full of round spongy bombs a foot or more in diameter; and being often submarine, may contain shale,
433:
234:
Light-microscope image of tuff as seen in thin section (long dimension is several mm): The curved shapes of altered glass shards (ash fragments) are well preserved, although the glass is partly altered. The shapes were formed about bubbles of expanding, water-rich
2220:
Matthews, Naomi E.; Vazquez, Jorge A.; Calvert, Andrew T. (August 2015). "Age of the Lava Creek supereruption and magma chamber assembly at
Yellowstone based on 40 Ar/ 39 Ar and U-Pb dating of sanidine and zircon crystals: AGE OF THE LAVA CREEK SUPERERUPTION".
695:
that are nonexplosive and produce little ash. However, interaction between basaltic magma and groundwater or sea water results in hydromagmatic explosions that produce abundant ash. These deposit ash cones that subsequently can become cemented into tuff cones.
1275:
Tuffs are deposited geologically instantaneously and often over a large region. This makes them highly useful as time-stratigraphic markers. The use of tuffs and other tephra deposits in this manner is known as tephrochronology and is particularly useful for
2137:
1114:
1296:
grains found in many tuffs are highly durable and can survive even metamorphism of the host tuff to schist, allowing absolute ages to be assigned to ancient metamorphic rocks. For example, dating of zircons in a metamorphosed tuff bed in the
635:, ancient rocks of exactly similar nature are abundant. In color, they are red or brown; their scoriae fragments are of all sizes from huge blocks down to minute granular dust. The cavities are filled with many secondary minerals, such as
1145:
259:
Volcanic ash can vary greatly in composition, and so tuffs are further classified by the composition of the ash from which they formed. Ash from high-silica volcanism, particularly in ash flows, consists mainly of shards of
267:
Tuffs formed from ash consisting predominantly of individual crystals are described as crystal tuffs, while those formed from ash consisting predominantly of pulverized rock fragments are described as lithic tuffs.
538:
The Tioga
Bentonite of the northeastern United States varies in composition from crystal tuff to tuffaceous shale. It was deposited as ash carried by wind that fell out over the sea and settled to the bottom. It is
2152:
947:
rocks are platy, green chloritic schists; in these, however, structures indicating their original volcanic nature only sparingly occur. These are intermediate stages between cleaved tuffs and crystalline schists.
3296:"Detrital zircon evidence for non-Laurentian provenance, Mesoproterozoic (ca. 1490–1450 Ma) deposition and orogenesis in a reconstructed orogenic belt, northern New Mexico, USA: Defining the Picuris orogeny"
239:
Tephra is made when magma inside the volcano is blown apart by the rapid expansion of hot volcanic gases. Magma commonly explodes as the gas dissolved in it comes out of solution as the pressure decreases
2797:
Richan, Lindsay; Gibson, Harold L.; Houlé, Michel G.; Lesher, C. Michael (2015). "Mode of emplacement of
Archean komatiitic tuffs and flows in the Selkirk Bay area, Melville Peninsula, Nunavut, Canada".
1238:
1007:, but this name is now applied to a number of substances not always of identical character. In the historical architecture of Naples, Neapolitan yellow tuff is the most used building material.
511:
631,000 years ago. This tuff had an original volume of at least 1,000 cubic kilometers (240 cu mi). Lava Creek tuff is known to be at least 1000 times as large as the deposits of the
1203:
2436:
Macdonald, R.; Kjarsgaard, B. A.; Skilling, I. P.; Davies, G. R.; Hamilton, D. L.; Black, S. (June 1993). "Liquid immiscibility between trachyte and carbonate in ash flow tuffs from Kenya".
3295:
3225:
2651:
Tatsumi, Yoshiyuki; Ishizaka, Kyoichi (April 1982). "Magnesian andesite and basalt from Shodo-Shima Island, southwest Japan, and their bearing on the genesis of calc-alkaline andesites".
3229:
2177:
McArthur, A. N.; Cas, R. A. F.; Orton, G. J. (30 November 1998). "Distribution and significance of crystalline, perlitic and vesicular textures in the
Ordovician Garth Tuff (Wales)".
955:
The primary economic value of tuff is as a building material. In the ancient world, tuff's relative softness meant that it was commonly used for construction where it was available.
2547:
Nokleberg, Warren J.; Jones, David L.; Silberling, Norman J. (1 October 1985). "Origin and tectonic evolution of the
Maclaren and Wrangellia terranes, eastern Alaska Range, Alaska".
439:
Bandelier Tuff at San Diego Canyon, New Mexico, USA. The lower Otowi Member is a single massive cooling unit, while the upper
Tshirege Member is composed of multiple cooling units.
2401:
Giannetti, Bernardino; De Casa, Giancarlo (March 2000). "Stratigraphy, chronology, and sedimentology of ignimbrites from the white trachytic tuff, Roccamonfina
Volcano, Italy".
979:
in the fourth century BC, is also built almost entirely from tuff. The Romans also cut tuff into small, rectangular stones that they used to create walls in a pattern known as
3237:
1280:
chronostratigraphy. Individual tuff beds can be "fingerprinted" by their chemical composition and phenocryst assemblages. Absolute ages for tuff beds can be determined by
496:, and quartz) and by devitrification. The frequent presence of rounded corroded quartz crystals, such as occur in rhyolitic lavas, helps to demonstrate their real nature.
405:
123:
Tuff is a relatively soft rock, so it has been used for construction since ancient times. Because it is common in Italy, the Romans used it often for construction. The
2358:
Gillot, P-Y.; Chiesa, S.; Pasquaré, G.; Vezzoli, L. (September 1982). "<33,000-yr K–Ar dating of the volcano–tectonic horst of the Isle of Ischia, Gulf of Naples".
2093:
Howells, M. F.; Reedman, A. J.; Campbell, S. D. G. (May 1986). "The submarine eruption and emplacement of the Lower
Rhyolitic Tuff Formation (Ordovician), N Wales".
252:
tuff). Consolidated tephra composed mostly of coarser particles is called lapillistone (particles 2 mm to 64 mm in diameter) or agglomerate or pyroclastic
2993:
1442:"Descriptive nomenclature and classification of pyroclastic deposits and fragments: recommendations of the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Igneous Rocks"
711:
Although conventional mafic volcanism produce little ash, such ash as is formed may accumulate locally as significant deposits. An example is the Pahala ash of
2835:"Volcanological and petrogenetic characteristics of komatiites of the 3.3 Ga Saw Mill Complex, Weltevreden Formation, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa"
2926:
Colella, A.; Di Benedetto, C.; Calcaterra, D.; Cappelletti, P.; d'Amore, M.; Di Martire, D.; Graziano, S.F.; Papa, L.; De Gennaro, M.; Langella, A. (2017).
2620:
Cronin, Shane J.; Neall, Vincent E.; Palmer, Alan S. (January 1996). "Geological history of the north-eastern ring plain of Ruapehu volcano, New Zealand".
1160:
2512:
Donnelly-Nolan, Julie M.; Nolan, K. Michael (1 October 1986). "Catastrophic flooding and eruption of ash-flow tuff at Medicine Lake volcano, California".
1223:
3141:
2256:
3172:
2479:
Motoki, Akihisa; Geraldes, Mauro Cesar; Iwanuch, Woldemar; Vargas, Thais; Motoki, Kenji Freire; Balmant, Alex; Ramos, Marina Nascimento (March 2012).
2001:
Crisci, G. M.; Rosa, R.; Lanzafame, G.; et al. (September 1981). "Monte guardia sequence: a late-pleistocene eruptive cycle on Lipari (Italy)".
1038:
has been widely used for construction of railroad stations and other buildings in Frankfurt, Hamburg, and other large cities. Construction using the
519:(VEI) of 8, greater than any eruption known in the last 10,000 years. Ash flow tuffs cover 7,000 square kilometers (2,700 sq mi) of the
348:. During welding, the glass shards and pumice fragments adhere together (necking at point contacts), deform, and compact together, resulting in a
244:. These violent explosions produce particles of material that can then fly from the volcano. Solid particles smaller than 2 mm in diameter (
3038:
Long, Jane C .S.; Ewing, Rodney C. (19 May 2004). "YUCCA MOUNTAIN: Earth-Science Issues at a Geologic Repository for High-Level Nuclear Waste".
1076:, a U.S. Department of Energy terminal storage facility for spent nuclear reactor and other radioactive waste, is in tuff and ignimbrite in the
4576:
1630:
3103:
563:
and sometimes oligoclase feldspar, with occasional biotite, augite, and hornblende. In weathering, they often change to soft red or yellow
1681:
715:
island, which locally is as thick as 15 meters (49 ft). These deposits also rapidly alter to palagonite, and eventually weather to
449:
Tuffs have the potential to be deposited wherever explosive volcanism takes place, and so have a wide distribution in location and age.
3024:
2585:(1987). "Low ?18O silicic volcanic rocks at the Calabozos caldera complex, southern Andes: Evidence for upper-crustal contamination".
393:
3074:
106:
into a solid rock. Rock that contains greater than 75% ash is considered tuff, while rock containing 25% to 75% ash is described as
3727:
2481:"The pyroclastic dyke and welded crystal tuff of the Morro dos Gatos alkaline intrusive complex, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"
1073:
336:. Welding requires temperatures in excess of 600 °C (1,100 °F). If the rock contains scattered, pea-sized fragments or
2834:
1676:
906:
In course of time, changes other than weathering may overtake tuff deposits. Sometimes, they are involved in folding and become
3209:...walls of monumental buildings at Ani (including the fortifications) were built of smoothly dressed blocks of tuff stone...
3117:
2342:
1804:
1607:
1419:
2989:
Sächsische „Porphyrtuffe" aus dem Rotliegend als Baugesteine: Vorkommen und Abbau, Anwendung, Eigenschaften und Verwitterung
926:
also, the tuffs are slaty and cleaved. The green color is due to the large development of chlorite. Among the crystalline
488:, etc., similar tuffs are known, but in all cases, they are greatly changed by silicification (which has filled them with
3848:
3403:
3000:
747:
sandstone, grit, and other sedimentary material, and are occasionally fossiliferous. Recent basaltic tuffs are found in
344:-tuff. Welded tuffs (and welded lapilli-tuffs) can be of fallout origin, or deposited from ash flows, as in the case of
1596:"Making Moai: Reconsidering concepts of riskin the construction of megalithic architecture in Rapa Nui (Easter Island)"
2909:
2730:
1717:
1394:
512:
3204:
1529:
1229:
332:
Particles of volcanic ash that are sufficiently hot will weld together after settling to the surface, producing a
3814:
1104:
Tuff from Rano Raraku was used by the Rapa Nui people of Easter Island to make the vast majority of their famous
3183:
The city, whose population is now upwards of 800,000, has been rebuilt in the rosy volcanic stone called tufa...
2772:"Petrology of explosive Middle-Upper Triassic ultramafic rocks in the Mess Creek area, northern Stikine terrane"
938:
tuffs. They often accompany masses of epidiorite and hornblende – schists which are the corresponding lavas and
271:
The chemical composition of volcanic ash reflects the entire range of volcanic rock chemistry, from high-silica
2882:"The tuffs of the "Servian Wall" in Rome: Materials from the local quarries and from the conquered territories"
2707:
2568:
3151:
2533:
930:
of many regions, green beds or green schists occur, which consist of quartz, hornblende, chlorite or biotite,
289:
The most straightforward way for volcanic ash to move away from the vent is as ash clouds that are part of an
919:
72:
2138:"Igneous processes within late Precambrian volcanic centres near Whitwick, northwestern Charnwood Forest"
891:
176:
38:
3790:
3757:
3752:
516:
3156:...pink tuff is rare outside of the region and Yerevan is the only major city built out of this stone.
2914:
Fracture and Failure of Natural Building Stones. Applications in the Restoration of Ancient Monuments.
1958:
Jónasson, K. (December 1994). "Rhyolite volcanism in the Krafla central volcano, north-east Iceland".
1210:
2282:
Dennison, J. M.; Textoris, D. A. (March 1970). "Devonian tioga tuff in Northeastern United States".
3259:
1214:
1077:
1065:
with an architectural history over 1,000 years in Germany. The quarries are located near Rochlitz.
473:
1487:
4855:
3901:
3881:
3841:
3396:
1560:"The Judicious Selection and Preservation of Tuff and Travertine Building Stone in Ancient Rome*"
313:
that characteristically are poorly sorted and pool in low terrain. Surge deposits sometimes show
3294:
Daniel, Christopher G.; Pfeifer, Lily S.; Jones, James V III; McFarlane, Christopher M. (2013).
1757:
352:. Welded tuff is commonly rhyolitic in composition, but examples of all compositions are known.
4326:
3146:
1285:
592:
314:
2045:
942:. Some chlorite-schists also are probably altered beds of volcanic tuff. The "Schalsteins" of
4291:
3375:
2975:
1907:
1178:
52:
20:
3340:
1666:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
3307:
3059:
3047:
2846:
2807:
2695:
2660:
2625:
2556:
2521:
2445:
2410:
2367:
2291:
2186:
2102:
2010:
1967:
1745:
1156:
697:
2686:
Oertel, G. (1970). "Deformation of a Slaty, Lapillar Tuff in the Lake District, England".
8:
4850:
3109:
604:
504:
329:) when mingled with water from rainfall or through eruption into a body of water or ice.
305:
results in a more spectacular and destructive form of transport, which takes the form of
3311:
3051:
2850:
2811:
2699:
2664:
2629:
2560:
2525:
2449:
2414:
2371:
2295:
2190:
2106:
2014:
1971:
1749:
1193:, the country's medieval capital, now in Turkey. A small village in Armenia was renamed
663:
226:, particles of solid material of all shapes and sizes ejected and thrown through the air
4122:
3834:
3778:
3722:
3509:
3484:
3389:
3177:
2862:
2602:
2461:
2383:
2307:
2238:
2202:
2118:
2026:
1983:
1624:
1461:
1441:
911:
2943:
2422:
4077:
3797:
3717:
3576:
3514:
3113:
3018:
2771:
2726:
2672:
2637:
2606:
2465:
2338:
2311:
2242:
2206:
2122:
2030:
1987:
1800:
1713:
1603:
1576:
1559:
1465:
1415:
1390:
1345:
967:
used it for many buildings and bridges. For example, the whole port of the island of
692:
588:
349:
310:
306:
298:
99:
2927:
2866:
2819:
2497:
2480:
279:
ash, and tuffs are likewise described as rhyolitic, andesitic, basaltic, and so on.
4774:
4486:
4273:
4142:
3802:
3732:
3701:
3696:
3479:
3315:
3251:
3221:
3200:
3055:
2939:
2889:
2854:
2815:
2703:
2668:
2633:
2594:
2564:
2529:
2492:
2453:
2418:
2387:
2375:
2330:
2299:
2230:
2194:
2110:
2060:
2018:
1975:
1902:
1892:
1753:
1571:
1499:
1453:
1318:
1289:
1262:
1244:
1031:
981:
923:
868:
768:
760:
485:
203:
159:
Tuff is often erroneously called tufa in guidebooks and in television programs but
145:
48:
37:
Cliff face of welded tuff pockmarked with holes — some natural, some man-made from
4845:
4586:
4346:
4199:
3671:
3534:
3446:
3436:
3168:
2334:
1488:"Arenig volcanic and sedimentary strata, central New Brunswick and eastern Maine"
1302:
1298:
1058:
907:
712:
620:
547:, where the tuff reaches its maximum thickness of about 40 meters (130 ft).
500:
325:. Volcanic ash already deposited on the surface can be transported as mud flows (
302:
290:
124:
3195:
Haviland, William A; Harald, E. L. Prins; Dana, Walrath; McBride, Bunny (2015).
2894:
2881:
2064:
603:
Andesitic tuffs are exceedingly common. They occur along the whole chain of the
4779:
4621:
4214:
4137:
3747:
3676:
3494:
3474:
1152:
1050:
939:
879:
640:
624:
261:
241:
195:
191:
87:
76:
2325:
Lippolt, H. J. (1983). "Distribution of Volcanic Activity in Space and Time".
1530:"Home Away from Home: Ancestral Pueblo Fieldhouses in the Northern Rio Grande"
815:
Ultramafic tuffs are extremely rare; their characteristic is the abundance of
531:. Ash flow tuffs are the only volcanic product with volumes rivaling those of
4839:
4824:
4739:
4704:
4551:
4112:
4017:
3742:
3646:
3553:
3529:
3504:
3499:
3489:
2582:
2114:
1672:
1667:
1340:
1181:. It is the dominant type of stone used in construction in Armenia's capital
1120:
1089:
896:
884:
856:
kimberlite is more properly called an ultramafic breccia rather than a tuff.
752:
743:
731:
680:
632:
616:
576:
153:
134:
33:
2991:. In: Institut für Steinkonservierung e. V. Bericht Nr. 22, 2006, p. 47-58.
2044:
Zelenka, Tibor; Balázs, Endre; Balogh, Kadosa; Kiss, János (December 2004).
999:
also is a decomposed tuff, but of basic character, originally obtained near
480:
are among the areas where such tuffs are prominent. In the ancient rocks of
4749:
4729:
4601:
4248:
4226:
4167:
4067:
4012:
3997:
3863:
3737:
3681:
3519:
3451:
2858:
972:
964:
935:
727:
723:
560:
532:
520:
364:
183:
141:
91:
2198:
1267:
1096:, areas made of tuff are routinely excavated for storage of wine barrels.
457:
Rhyolite tuffs contain pumiceous, glassy fragments and small scoriae with
4638:
4529:
4509:
4499:
4426:
4376:
4301:
4147:
4082:
4052:
4007:
3965:
3938:
3933:
3923:
3886:
3631:
3586:
3561:
3469:
3441:
3431:
2968:
2908:
Giavarini, Carlo, A. Samueli Ferretti, and Maria Laura Santarelli. 2006.
2234:
1271:
Pilar Formation outcrop showing metatuff beds used for radiometric dating
1128:
1085:
612:
524:
477:
412:
56:
2925:
1528:
Dolan, S.G.; Cates, K.M.; Conrad, C.N.; Copeland, S.R. (14 March 2019).
387:
described by the transport agent, such as aeolian tuff or fluvial tuff.
4804:
4789:
4764:
4759:
4669:
4654:
4571:
4539:
4504:
4494:
4476:
4456:
4401:
4381:
4336:
4258:
4243:
4219:
4179:
4152:
4132:
4102:
4062:
4037:
4027:
4022:
4002:
3911:
3656:
3606:
3581:
2598:
2457:
2303:
2022:
1979:
1799:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 73.
1457:
1363:
1277:
1093:
1011:
931:
836:
804:
739:
705:
704:. The glassy basaltic ash produced in such eruptions rapidly alters to
493:
416:
345:
164:
42:
1885:"Ash-flow tuffs: Their origin, geologic relations, and identification"
4819:
4809:
4799:
4784:
4754:
4734:
4719:
4714:
4679:
4674:
4633:
4626:
4591:
4561:
4546:
4524:
4466:
4446:
4441:
4431:
4416:
4396:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4351:
4341:
4316:
4281:
4194:
4162:
4107:
4097:
4072:
4047:
4042:
3982:
3943:
3906:
3641:
3626:
3611:
3459:
3319:
2928:"The Neapolitan Yellow Tuff: An outstanding example of heterogeneity"
2770:
Milidragovic, D.; Joyce, N.L.; Zagorevski, A.; Chapman, J.B. (2015).
2379:
1334:
1046:
996:
968:
864:
800:
796:
792:
772:
756:
735:
701:
684:
564:
322:
272:
149:
103:
4794:
4769:
4694:
4664:
4659:
4581:
4566:
4534:
4514:
4411:
4386:
4263:
4238:
4231:
4209:
4204:
4157:
4092:
3977:
3928:
3918:
3876:
3686:
3661:
3636:
3566:
1194:
1040:
992:
988:
900:
848:
820:
788:
784:
716:
671:
652:
648:
628:
556:
544:
540:
465:
276:
3275:
2769:
1897:
1884:
116:). Tuff composed of sandy volcanic material can be referred to as
4814:
4744:
4709:
4684:
4616:
4451:
4391:
4331:
4296:
4189:
4117:
4032:
3992:
3960:
3955:
3871:
3826:
3616:
3601:
3544:
3426:
3412:
3220:
2725:(2nd ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 9.
2435:
1504:
1357:
1182:
1174:
1035:
1008:
844:
816:
780:
776:
748:
644:
636:
508:
469:
383:, crystallize from the dissolved substances and cement the tuff.
380:
372:
368:
341:
253:
95:
67:
1927:
1776:
527:
and about 100,000 square kilometers (39,000 sq mi) of
301:
and tend to form a blanket of uniform thickness across terrain.
4724:
4699:
4596:
4556:
4519:
4421:
4286:
4184:
4174:
4127:
4087:
4057:
3987:
3972:
3950:
3896:
3891:
3666:
3651:
3621:
3596:
3591:
3571:
3524:
3370:
1842:
1840:
1360: – Tuff containing both pyroclastic and detrital materials
1351:
1348: – Layered or banded texture in some extrusive rock bodies
1293:
1186:
1136:
1081:
1062:
1004:
1000:
927:
853:
824:
767:, etc. When weathered, they are filled with calcite, chlorite,
584:
580:
568:
528:
462:
458:
424:
420:
337:
223:
2076:
2074:
1852:
1825:
571:
with secondary quartz. Recent trachyte tuffs are found on the
230:
4689:
4611:
4606:
4471:
4436:
4356:
4311:
4306:
1132:
1027:
1023:
943:
915:
764:
608:
572:
481:
326:
318:
217:
187:
60:
3381:
3234:Հայաստանի և հարակից շրջանների տեղանունների բառարան Volume V
2950:
2751:
1837:
1813:
1689:
1600:
Rapa Nui: Easter Island Cultural and Historical Perspectives
1354: – Variety of rhyolite containing fragments of andesite
4461:
4406:
4321:
3464:
3293:
2478:
2357:
2071:
2000:
1939:
1764:
1558:
Jackson, M. D.; Marra, F.; Hay, R. L.; et al. (2005).
1281:
1124:
1105:
991:
has been used in Rome and Naples as a building stone, is a
976:
840:
835:
Occurrences of ultramafic tuff include surface deposits of
676:
489:
376:
245:
213:
160:
129:
27:
2739:
2708:
10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[1173:DOASLT]2.0.CO;2
2569:
10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<1251:OATEOT>2.0.CO;2
1736:
O'Brien, R. T. (1 March 1963). "Classification of tuffs".
1247:, early 11th century, in the medieval Armenian capital of
256:(particles over 64 mm in diameter) rather than tuff.
3194:
2910:"Mechanical characteristics of Roman 'opus caementicium'"
2534:
10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14<875:CFAEOA>2.0.CO;2
1712:(2nd ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. pp. 27–29.
1248:
1190:
852:
to root-zone dikes have been studied in detail. Diatreme-
587:. Trachyte-carbonatite tuffs have been identified in the
499:
Welded ignimbrites can be highly voluminous, such as the
2546:
1915:
1864:
1527:
2796:
2043:
3266:
2219:
2092:
1788:
1589:
1587:
1049:-style sculpted portal outside the chapel entrance in
1026:
region of Germany, a trachytic, pumiceous tuff called
1557:
1366: – Type of volcanic rock, a type of welded tuff.
934:, feldspar, etc., and are probably recrystallized or
555:
Trachyte tuffs contain little or no quartz, but much
3173:"Despite Ages of Captivity, The Armenians Persevere"
700:, is an example of a tuff cone, as is the island of
3142:"How Ancient Volcanoes Created Armenia's Pink City"
2511:
1584:
1553:
1551:
1151:The rhyolitic tuff portal of the "church house" at
2973:Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler, Sachsen II.
2257:"What is a supervolcano? What is a supereruption?"
1014:tuff was also used widely in Naples and Campania.
148:. It is usually studied in the context of igneous
3236:(in Armenian). Yerevan University Press. p.
2619:
1523:
1521:
591:. Alkaline crystal tuffs have been reported from
4837:
2400:
2281:
2176:
1710:Petrology: Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic
1548:
355:A sequence of ash flows may consist of multiple
102:. Following ejection and deposition, the ash is
3281:
2650:
2046:"Buried Neogene volcanic structures in Hungary"
1933:
1858:
1831:
1797:Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology
1782:
1695:
1384:
2403:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1731:
1729:
1518:
1435:
1433:
1431:
543:in age and likely came from a vent in central
284:
3842:
3397:
3072:
3040:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
2080:
1945:
1794:
1385:Fisher, Richard V.; Schmincke, H.-U. (1984).
1131:crater: The second moai from the right has a
819:or serpentine and the scarcity or absence of
1883:Ross, Clarence S.; Smith, Robert L. (1961).
1795:Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009).
1685:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1337: – Rock type or absorbent swelling clay
1301:provided some of the first evidence for the
691:Mafic volcanism typically takes the form of
2832:
2723:Volcanoes in the sea: the geology of Hawaii
1758:10.1306/74D70E20-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D
1735:
1726:
1485:
1428:
1389:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 89–90.
1030:has been extensively worked as a hydraulic
874:
152:, although it is sometimes described using
3849:
3835:
3404:
3390:
1870:
1770:
1707:
1629:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
971:(still in use), was carved from tuff. The
708:as part of the process of lithification.
220:when it emerges and flows over the surface
3037:
2956:
2893:
2757:
2745:
2720:
2587:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
2496:
2438:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
1921:
1906:
1896:
1882:
1846:
1819:
1575:
1503:
1409:
771:, and especially where the lavas contain
598:
3250:
1957:
1708:Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert J. (1996).
1671:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1593:
1486:Poole, W. H.; Neuman, Robert B. (2003).
1266:
890:
878:
670:
662:
452:
229:
66:
47:
32:
3167:
3139:
3101:
3073:Kositsky, Andrew; Lewis, Scott (2016).
2581:
2324:
1439:
1197:(literally "village of tuff") in 1946.
1074:Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository
810:
738:volcanic rocks are found; in Scotland,
317:typical of high-velocity flow, such as
4838:
3140:Billock, Jennifer (28 December 2016).
3060:10.1146/annurev.earth.32.092203.122444
3023:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2688:Geological Society of America Bulletin
2685:
2135:
1232:in Gyumri, built mainly of black tuff
895:19th century embankment wall built of
371:from the glass. New minerals, such as
71:A house constructed of tuff blocks in
3830:
3385:
2879:
1637:
1251:(modern-day Turkey) was built in tuff
1189:, Armenia's second largest city, and
1057:is the traditional designation for a
867:tuffs are found, for example, in the
550:
472:, etc. Iceland, Lipari, Hungary, the
297:deposits that are characteristically
248:or smaller) are called volcanic ash.
3785:
2223:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
179:can be classified into three types:
3809:
3075:"Seismic Performance of Wine Caves"
2932:Construction and Building Materials
1256:
175:The material that is expelled in a
16:Rock consolidated from volcanic ash
13:
3856:
2833:Huber, M.S.; Byerly, G.R. (2018).
658:
615:, New Zealand, Japan, etc. In the
363:water or sea water, which leaches
14:
4867:
3363:
2944:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.01.053
2263:. United States Geological Survey
2095:Journal of the Geological Society
1414:. Berlin: Springer. p. 138.
1135:("topknot") which is made of red
963:Tuff is common in Italy, and the
722:Basaltic tuffs are also found in
513:1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens
140:Tuff can be classified as either
3808:
3796:
3784:
3773:
3772:
3543:
3369:
2880:Panei, Liliana (10 April 2010).
2839:South African Journal of Geology
1891:. Professional Paper (366): 19.
1659:
1577:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2005.00215.x
1237:
1222:
1202:
1144:
1113:
1068:
432:
404:
392:
210:S, depending on the temperature)
194:, and a sulfur compound (either
3333:
3287:
3244:
3214:
3188:
3161:
3133:
3095:
3066:
3031:
2981:
2962:
2919:
2902:
2873:
2826:
2820:10.1016/j.precamres.2015.03.004
2790:
2763:
2714:
2679:
2644:
2613:
2575:
2540:
2505:
2498:10.1590/S0370-44672012000100006
2472:
2429:
2394:
2351:
2318:
2275:
2249:
2213:
2170:
2129:
2086:
2037:
1994:
1951:
1876:
1738:Journal of Sedimentary Research
1701:
1410:Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich (2003).
476:of the American southwest, and
399:Layers of fallout tuff in Japan
293:. These fall to the surface as
170:
3272:Philpotts and Ague 2009, p. 74
3105:Armenia: with Nagorno Karabagh
2978:, München, Berlin 1998, p. 160
1479:
1403:
1378:
1034:. Tuff of the Eifel region of
975:, built to defend the city of
830:
631:, and many other districts of
444:
1:
3411:
2721:Macdonald, Gordon A. (1983).
2423:10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00144-4
1602:. Berlin . pp. 160–161.
1371:
950:
922:are finely cleaved ashes. In
859:
340:in it, it is called a welded
2673:10.1016/0024-4937(82)90007-X
2638:10.1016/1040-6182(95)00066-6
2485:Rem: Revista Escola de Minas
2335:10.1007/978-3-642-69219-2_15
1889:USGS Profession Paper Series
1308:
1173:Tuff is used extensively in
887:in Rome, made of tuff blocks
871:of Canada and South Africa.
242:when it flows to the surface
127:used it to make most of the
73:Rieden, Rhineland-Palatinate
7:
3282:Fisher & Schmincke 1984
3197:The Essence of Anthropology
3082:The World Tunnel Conference
2895:10.4000/archeosciences.2599
2065:10.1556/ageol.47.2004.2-3.6
1934:Fisher & Schmincke 1984
1908:2027/ucbk.ark:/28722/h26b1t
1859:Fisher & Schmincke 1984
1832:Fisher & Schmincke 1984
1783:Fisher & Schmincke 1984
1696:Fisher & Schmincke 1984
1327:
1099:
285:Transport and lithification
186:, a mixture made mostly of
55:tuff blocks from a tomb at
39:Bandelier National Monument
10:
4872:
3345:Collins English Dictionary
1260:
1168:
1123:on Easter Island, with 15
1017:
734:, and other places, where
517:Volcanic Explosivity Index
25:
18:
4647:
4485:
4272:
3862:
3768:
3710:
3552:
3541:
3419:
2151:(1): 7–28. Archived from
2081:Philpotts & Ague 2009
1946:Philpotts & Ague 2009
667:Diamond Head, a tuff cone
3447:Cryptovolcanic structure
3260:Yerevan University Press
3258:(in Armenian). Yerevan:
2622:Quaternary International
2115:10.1144/gsjgs.143.3.0411
2053:Acta Geologica Hungarica
1594:Richards, Colin (2016).
1078:Basin and Range Province
958:
875:Folding and metamorphism
742:, and Ireland among the
26:Not to be confused with
3902:Basaltic trachyandesite
3882:Alkali feldspar granite
3728:Eruptions by death toll
3226:Melik-Bakhshian, St. T.
2284:Bulletin Volcanologique
2179:Bulletin of Volcanology
2003:Bulletin Volcanologique
1960:Bulletin of Volcanology
1682:Encyclopædia Britannica
1217:, built of yellow tuff
883:Remains of the ancient
3341:"Definition of 'tuff'"
2859:10.25131/sajg.121.0031
1871:Blatt & Tracy 1996
1771:Blatt & Tracy 1996
1272:
903:
888:
688:
668:
599:Intermediate volcanism
315:sedimentary structures
236:
80:
64:
45:
4292:Banded iron formation
3252:Hakobyan, Tadevos Kh.
3232:(2001). "Տուֆաշեն ".
2976:Deutscher Kunstverlag
2199:10.1007/s004450050232
2136:Carney, John (2000).
1270:
1230:Holy Saviour's Church
1179:Armenian architecture
1045:, can be seen in the
894:
882:
674:
666:
453:High-silica volcanism
423:on left, welded with
233:
70:
51:
36:
21:Tuff (disambiguation)
3378:at Wikimedia Commons
3171:(29 February 1976).
3102:Holding, N. (2006).
2800:Precambrian Research
2776:Geological Fieldwork
2329:. pp. 112–120.
2235:10.1002/2015GC005881
2158:on 28 September 2022
1440:Schmidt, R. (1981).
1317:is derived from the
914:. Many of the green
811:Ultramafic volcanism
779:, are often rich in
698:Diamond Head, Hawaii
114:tuffaceous sandstone
19:For other uses, see
3312:2013GSAB..125.1423D
3306:(9–10): 1423–1441.
3284:, pp. 352–356.
3169:Lottman, Herbert R.
3110:Bradt Travel Guides
3052:2004AREPS..32..363L
2959:, pp. 280–281.
2851:2018SAJG..121..463H
2812:2015PreR..263..174R
2760:, pp. 349–353.
2700:1970GSAB...81.1173O
2665:1982Litho..15..161T
2630:1996QuInt..34...21C
2561:1985GSAB...96.1251N
2526:1986Geo....14..875D
2450:1993CoMP..114..276M
2415:2000JVGR...96..243G
2372:1982Natur.299..242G
2296:1970BVol...34..289D
2191:1998BVol...60..260M
2107:1986JGSoc.143..411H
2015:1981BVol...44..241C
1972:1994BVol...56..516J
1849:, pp. 186–187.
1822:, pp. 138–157.
1750:1963JSedR..33..234O
505:Yellowstone Caldera
4648:Specific varieties
3723:Lists of volcanoes
3510:Subglacial volcano
3485:Pyroclastic shield
3230:Barseghian, H. Kh.
3178:The New York Times
2599:10.1007/BF00518031
2458:10.1007/BF00307762
2304:10.1007/BF02597791
2023:10.1007/BF02600562
1980:10.1007/BF00302832
1458:10.1007/BF01822152
1273:
1161:Andreas Walther II
1127:made of tuff from
904:
889:
693:Hawaiian eruptions
689:
683:are carved out of
669:
551:Alkaline volcanism
275:ash to low-silica
237:
118:volcanic sandstone
81:
65:
46:
4833:
4832:
4078:Nepheline syenite
3824:
3823:
3577:Basaltic andesite
3515:Submarine volcano
3374:Media related to
3119:978-1-84162-163-0
2748:, pp. 17–20.
2583:Grunder, Anita L.
2555:(10): 1251–1270.
2366:(5880): 242–245.
2344:978-3-642-69221-5
2145:Mercian Geologist
1936:, pp. 89–90.
1806:978-0-521-88006-0
1785:, pp. 98–99.
1773:, pp. 27–29.
1609:978-3-7329-0265-1
1421:978-3-540-43650-8
1387:Pyroclastic rocks
1346:Eutaxitic texture
1053:. The trade name
655:, and Mont Pelé.
589:East African Rift
307:pyroclastic flows
177:volcanic eruption
100:volcanic eruption
4863:
4775:Rapakivi granite
4487:Metamorphic rock
4274:Sedimentary rock
4143:Quartz monzonite
3851:
3844:
3837:
3828:
3827:
3812:
3811:
3800:
3788:
3787:
3776:
3775:
3733:Decade Volcanoes
3711:Lists and groups
3702:Pyroclastic flow
3697:Pyroclastic fall
3547:
3480:Pyroclastic cone
3406:
3399:
3392:
3383:
3382:
3373:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3320:10.1130/B30804.1
3291:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3222:Hakobian, T. Kh.
3218:
3212:
3211:
3201:Cengage Learning
3199:(4th ed.).
3192:
3186:
3185:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3154:on 9 June 2020.
3150:. Archived from
3137:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3079:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3022:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3005:
2999:. Archived from
2998:
2985:
2979:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2923:
2917:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2624:. 34–36: 21–28.
2617:
2611:
2610:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2409:(3–4): 243–295.
2398:
2392:
2391:
2380:10.1038/299242a0
2355:
2349:
2348:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2229:(8): 2508–2528.
2217:
2211:
2210:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2157:
2142:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2069:
2068:
2059:(2–3): 177–219.
2050:
2041:
2035:
2034:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1966:(6–7): 516–528.
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1900:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1733:
1724:
1723:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1656:
1635:
1634:
1628:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1555:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1525:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1492:Atlantic Geology
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1437:
1426:
1425:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1382:
1290:carbon-14 dating
1263:Tephrochronology
1257:Tephrochronology
1245:Cathedral of Ani
1241:
1226:
1211:Government House
1206:
1148:
1117:
1055:Rochlitz Porphyr
982:opus reticulatum
924:Charnwood Forest
901:City of Brisbane
869:greenstone belts
761:Hawaiian Islands
436:
419:, unwelded with
408:
396:
350:eutaxitic fabric
204:hydrogen sulfide
154:sedimentological
146:sedimentary rock
4871:
4870:
4866:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4829:
4643:
4587:Pseudotachylite
4481:
4268:
4200:Tephriphonolite
3858:
3855:
3825:
3820:
3764:
3706:
3672:Tephriphonolite
3548:
3539:
3535:Harmonic tremor
3437:Complex volcano
3415:
3410:
3366:
3361:
3360:
3350:
3348:
3347:. HarperCollins
3339:
3338:
3334:
3324:
3322:
3292:
3288:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3267:
3256:Անի մայրաքաղաք
3249:
3245:
3219:
3215:
3193:
3189:
3166:
3162:
3138:
3134:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3100:
3096:
3086:
3084:
3077:
3071:
3067:
3036:
3032:
3016:
3015:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2994:"Archived copy"
2992:
2987:Heiner Siedel:
2986:
2982:
2967:
2963:
2955:
2951:
2924:
2920:
2907:
2903:
2878:
2874:
2831:
2827:
2795:
2791:
2781:
2779:
2768:
2764:
2756:
2752:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2719:
2715:
2684:
2680:
2649:
2645:
2618:
2614:
2580:
2576:
2545:
2541:
2520:(10): 875–878.
2510:
2506:
2477:
2473:
2434:
2430:
2399:
2395:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2323:
2319:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2264:
2261:Natural Hazards
2255:
2254:
2250:
2218:
2214:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2140:
2134:
2130:
2091:
2087:
2079:
2072:
2048:
2042:
2038:
1999:
1995:
1956:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1932:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1793:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1675:, ed. (1911). "
1660:
1658:
1657:
1638:
1622:
1621:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1592:
1585:
1556:
1549:
1539:
1537:
1526:
1519:
1510:
1508:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1468:
1438:
1429:
1422:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1330:
1311:
1303:Picuris orogeny
1299:Pilar Formation
1265:
1259:
1252:
1242:
1233:
1227:
1218:
1215:Republic Square
1207:
1171:
1164:
1149:
1140:
1118:
1102:
1071:
1059:dimension stone
1020:
961:
953:
918:of the English
877:
862:
833:
813:
661:
659:Mafic volcanism
619:, North Wales,
601:
553:
515:, and it had a
501:Lava Creek Tuff
474:Basin and Range
455:
447:
440:
437:
428:
411:Rocks from the
409:
400:
397:
303:Column collapse
291:eruption column
287:
209:
201:
173:
125:Rapa Nui people
94:ejected from a
79:region, Germany
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4869:
4859:
4858:
4856:Volcanic rocks
4853:
4848:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4780:Rhomb porphyry
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4622:Talc carbonate
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4491:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4278:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4215:Trachyandesite
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4138:Quartz diorite
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3868:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3857:Types of rocks
3854:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3831:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3806:
3794:
3782:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3748:Volcanic field
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3677:Trachyandesite
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3558:
3556:
3554:Volcanic rocks
3550:
3549:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3495:Shield volcano
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3475:Parasitic cone
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3409:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3365:
3364:External links
3362:
3359:
3358:
3332:
3286:
3274:
3265:
3262:. p. 118.
3243:
3213:
3187:
3160:
3132:
3118:
3112:. p. 32.
3094:
3065:
3046:(1): 363–401.
3030:
2980:
2961:
2957:Schmincke 2003
2949:
2918:
2901:
2886:ArchéoSciences
2872:
2845:(4): 463–486.
2825:
2789:
2762:
2758:Macdonald 1983
2750:
2746:Macdonald 1983
2738:
2731:
2713:
2678:
2659:(2): 161–172.
2643:
2612:
2574:
2539:
2504:
2471:
2444:(2): 276–287.
2428:
2393:
2350:
2343:
2327:Plateau Uplift
2317:
2290:(1): 289–294.
2274:
2248:
2212:
2185:(4): 260–285.
2169:
2128:
2101:(3): 411–423.
2085:
2070:
2036:
2009:(3): 241–255.
1993:
1950:
1938:
1926:
1924:, p. 138.
1922:Schmincke 2003
1914:
1875:
1863:
1861:, p. 209.
1851:
1847:Schmincke 2003
1836:
1834:, p. 215.
1824:
1820:Schmincke 2003
1812:
1805:
1787:
1775:
1763:
1744:(1): 234–235.
1725:
1718:
1700:
1688:
1673:Chisholm, Hugh
1636:
1608:
1583:
1570:(3): 485–510.
1547:
1536:. 19–21132: 96
1517:
1478:
1427:
1420:
1402:
1395:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1338:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1310:
1307:
1261:Main article:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1243:
1236:
1234:
1228:
1221:
1219:
1208:
1201:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1159:, designed by
1153:Colditz Castle
1150:
1143:
1141:
1119:
1112:
1101:
1098:
1070:
1067:
1051:Colditz Castle
1019:
1016:
1003:and used as a
960:
957:
952:
949:
876:
873:
861:
858:
832:
829:
812:
809:
759:, Sicily, the
660:
657:
625:Pentland Hills
600:
597:
593:Rio de Janeiro
552:
549:
454:
451:
446:
443:
442:
441:
438:
431:
429:
410:
403:
401:
398:
391:
286:
283:
262:volcanic glass
228:
227:
221:
216:, the name of
211:
207:
199:
196:sulfur dioxide
192:carbon dioxide
184:Volcanic gases
172:
169:
112:(for example,
77:Volcanic Eifel
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4868:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4740:Litchfieldite
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4705:Hyaloclastite
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4552:Litchfieldite
4550:
4548:
4545:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4113:Phonotephrite
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4018:Hyaloclastite
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3852:
3847:
3845:
3840:
3838:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3817:
3816:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3743:Volcanic belt
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3647:Phonotephrite
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3546:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3530:Volcanic cone
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3505:Stratovolcano
3503:
3501:
3500:Somma volcano
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3490:Rootless cone
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3402:
3400:
3395:
3393:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3278:
3269:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3136:
3121:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3098:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3026:
3020:
3006:on 2011-06-11
3002:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2958:
2953:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2896:
2891:
2888:(34): 39–43.
2887:
2883:
2876:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2793:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2754:
2747:
2742:
2734:
2732:0-8248-0832-0
2728:
2724:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2543:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2346:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2083:, p. 77.
2082:
2077:
2075:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1948:, p. 73.
1947:
1942:
1935:
1930:
1923:
1918:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1898:10.3133/pp366
1894:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1873:, p. 29.
1872:
1867:
1860:
1855:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1833:
1828:
1821:
1816:
1808:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1779:
1772:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1730:
1721:
1719:0-7167-2438-3
1715:
1711:
1704:
1698:, p. 96.
1697:
1692:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1668:public domain
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1632:
1626:
1611:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1588:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1552:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1522:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1423:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1398:
1396:3-540-12756-9
1392:
1388:
1381:
1377:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1341:Brisbane tuff
1339:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1269:
1264:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1213:in Yerevan's
1212:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1121:Ahu Tongariki
1116:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1090:Sonoma Valley
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1069:United States
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
984:
983:
978:
974:
970:
966:
956:
948:
945:
941:
937:
936:metamorphosed
933:
929:
925:
921:
920:Lake District
917:
913:
909:
902:
898:
897:Brisbane tuff
893:
886:
885:Servian Walls
881:
872:
870:
866:
857:
855:
850:
846:
842:
838:
828:
826:
822:
818:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
753:Faroe Islands
750:
745:
744:Carboniferous
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
720:
718:
714:
709:
707:
703:
699:
694:
686:
682:
681:Easter Island
678:
673:
665:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
633:Great Britain
630:
626:
622:
618:
617:Lake District
614:
610:
606:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
577:Siebengebirge
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
548:
546:
542:
536:
534:
533:flood basalts
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
503:erupted from
502:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
464:
460:
450:
435:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
407:
402:
395:
390:
389:
388:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
365:alkali metals
360:
358:
357:cooling units
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
282:
280:
278:
274:
269:
265:
263:
257:
255:
249:
247:
243:
232:
225:
222:
219:
215:
212:
205:
197:
193:
189:
185:
182:
181:
180:
178:
168:
166:
163:is a form of
162:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
138:
136:
135:Easter Island
132:
131:
126:
121:
119:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
86:is a type of
85:
78:
74:
69:
62:
58:
54:
50:
44:
40:
35:
29:
22:
4750:Luxullianite
4730:Lapis lazuli
4675:Blue Granite
4602:Serpentinite
4577:Metapsammite
4327:Conglomerate
4253:
4249:Trondhjemite
4227:Trachybasalt
4168:Pantellerite
4068:Monzogranite
4013:Hornblendite
3998:Granodiorite
3864:Igneous rock
3813:
3801:
3789:
3777:
3738:Volcanic arc
3691:
3682:Trachybasalt
3520:Supervolcano
3452:Fissure vent
3351:30 September
3349:. Retrieved
3344:
3335:
3323:. Retrieved
3303:
3300:GSA Bulletin
3299:
3289:
3277:
3268:
3255:
3246:
3233:
3216:
3208:
3196:
3190:
3182:
3176:
3163:
3155:
3152:the original
3145:
3135:
3123:. Retrieved
3104:
3097:
3085:. Retrieved
3081:
3068:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3008:. Retrieved
3001:the original
2988:
2983:
2972:
2964:
2952:
2935:
2931:
2921:
2916:pp. 108, 110
2913:
2904:
2885:
2875:
2842:
2838:
2828:
2803:
2799:
2792:
2780:. Retrieved
2775:
2765:
2753:
2741:
2722:
2716:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2621:
2615:
2593:(1): 71–81.
2590:
2586:
2577:
2552:
2549:GSA Bulletin
2548:
2542:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2491:(1): 35–45.
2488:
2484:
2474:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2326:
2320:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2267:30 September
2265:. Retrieved
2260:
2251:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2160:. Retrieved
2153:the original
2148:
2144:
2131:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2056:
2052:
2039:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1941:
1929:
1917:
1888:
1878:
1866:
1854:
1827:
1815:
1796:
1790:
1778:
1766:
1741:
1737:
1709:
1703:
1691:
1680:
1613:. Retrieved
1599:
1567:
1564:Archaeometry
1563:
1540:29 September
1538:. Retrieved
1533:
1509:. Retrieved
1505:10.4138/1257
1495:
1491:
1481:
1471:27 September
1469:. Retrieved
1449:
1445:
1411:
1405:
1386:
1380:
1321:
1314:
1312:
1274:
1172:
1103:
1072:
1054:
1039:
1021:
987:
980:
973:Servian Wall
962:
954:
905:
863:
834:
814:
721:
710:
690:
687:basalt tuff.
675:Most of the
602:
561:anorthoclase
554:
537:
521:North Island
498:
456:
448:
385:
361:
356:
354:
333:
331:
294:
288:
281:
270:
266:
258:
250:
238:
174:
171:Volcanic ash
158:
139:
128:
122:
117:
113:
108:
107:
92:volcanic ash
83:
82:
4639:Whiteschist
4530:Greenschist
4510:Cataclasite
4500:Amphibolite
4427:Phosphorite
4377:Itacolumite
4302:Calcarenite
4148:Quartzolite
4083:Nephelinite
4053:Lamprophyre
4008:Harzburgite
3966:Napoleonite
3939:Charnockite
3934:Carbonatite
3924:Blairmorite
3887:Anorthosite
3815:WikiProject
3758:polygenetic
3753:monogenetic
3632:Nephelinite
3587:Blairmorite
3562:Agglomerate
3470:Mud volcano
3442:Cryovolcano
3432:Cinder cone
3147:Smithsonian
2969:Georg Dehio
2938:: 361–373.
2806:: 174–196.
2694:(4): 1173.
1129:Rano Raraku
1086:Napa Valley
932:iron oxides
831:Kimberlites
613:West Indies
605:Cordilleras
525:New Zealand
478:New Zealand
445:Occurrences
413:Bishop tuff
346:ignimbrites
334:welded tuff
299:well-sorted
133:statues on
57:Banditaccia
4851:Tuff cones
4840:Categories
4805:Teschenite
4790:Shonkinite
4765:Pietersite
4760:Novaculite
4670:Borolanite
4655:Adamellite
4572:Metapelite
4540:Calcflinta
4505:Blueschist
4495:Anthracite
4477:Wackestone
4457:Travertine
4402:Lumachelle
4382:Jaspillite
4337:Diamictite
4259:Websterite
4244:Troctolite
4220:Benmoreite
4180:Shonkinite
4153:Rhyodacite
4133:Pyroxenite
4103:Peridotite
4063:Lherzolite
4038:Kimberlite
4028:Ignimbrite
4023:Icelandite
4003:Granophyre
3912:Shoshonite
3657:Rhyodacite
3607:Ignimbrite
3582:Benmoreite
3203:. p.
3010:2010-05-09
1511:2022-09-24
1372:References
1364:Ignimbrite
1278:Quaternary
1209:Armenia's
1094:California
1012:ignimbrite
951:Importance
860:Komatiites
837:kimberlite
805:heulandite
783:, such as
769:serpentine
740:Derbyshire
706:palagonite
643:, quartz,
567:, rich in
565:claystones
494:chalcedony
417:California
246:sand-sized
165:travertine
109:tuffaceous
43:New Mexico
4820:Variolite
4810:Theralite
4800:Tachylite
4785:Rodingite
4755:Mangerite
4735:Larvikite
4720:Jasperoid
4715:Jadeitite
4680:Epidosite
4634:Tectonite
4627:Soapstone
4592:Quartzite
4562:Migmatite
4547:Itabirite
4525:Granulite
4467:Turbidite
4447:Sylvinite
4442:Siltstone
4432:Sandstone
4417:Oil shale
4397:Limestone
4372:Gritstone
4367:Greywacke
4362:Geyserite
4352:Evaporite
4342:Diatomite
4317:Claystone
4282:Argillite
4195:Tachylyte
4163:Comendite
4108:Phonolite
4098:Pegmatite
4073:Monzonite
4048:Lamproite
4043:Komatiite
3983:Foidolite
3944:Enderbite
3907:Mugearite
3642:Phonolite
3627:Leucitite
3612:Komatiite
3460:Lava dome
3456:Lava cone
3413:Volcanoes
3087:1 October
2607:128952431
2466:128821707
2312:129708915
2243:131340369
2207:128474768
2162:1 October
2123:129147300
2031:128627430
1988:129012636
1625:cite book
1466:128375559
1452:: 41–43.
1412:Volcanism
1335:Bentonite
1313:The word
1309:Etymology
1108:statues.
1047:Mannerist
997:Pozzolana
969:Ventotene
865:Komatiite
849:diatremes
801:chabazite
797:scolecite
793:natrolite
773:nepheline
757:Jan Mayen
736:Paleogene
685:tholeiite
611:, in the
583:and near
486:Charnwood
323:antidunes
273:rhyolitic
150:petrology
104:lithified
98:during a
75:, in the
4795:Taconite
4770:Pyrolite
4695:Ganister
4665:Aphanite
4660:Appinite
4582:Phyllite
4567:Mylonite
4535:Hornfels
4515:Eclogite
4412:Mudstone
4387:Laterite
4347:Dolomite
4264:Wehrlite
4239:Trachyte
4232:Hawaiite
4210:Tonalite
4205:Tephrite
4158:Rhyolite
4123:Porphyry
4093:Obsidian
3978:Essexite
3929:Boninite
3919:Basanite
3877:Andesite
3779:Category
3687:Trachyte
3662:Rhyolite
3637:Obsidian
3567:Andesite
3325:17 April
3254:(1988).
3019:cite web
2867:56281060
2778:: 2016–1
1328:See also
1195:Tufashen
1100:Rapa Nui
1041:Rochlitz
993:trachyte
989:Peperino
821:feldspar
789:prehnite
785:analcite
781:zeolites
717:laterite
653:Krakatoa
649:Cotopaxi
641:chlorite
629:Cheviots
557:sanidine
545:Virginia
541:Devonian
466:feldspar
427:on right
373:zeolites
277:basaltic
90:made of
53:Etruscan
4815:Unakite
4745:Llanite
4710:Ijolite
4685:Felsite
4617:Suevite
4452:Tillite
4392:Lignite
4332:Coquina
4297:Breccia
4190:Syenite
4118:Picrite
4033:Ijolite
3993:Granite
3961:Diorite
3956:Diabase
3872:Adakite
3791:Commons
3718:Hotspot
3617:Lapilli
3602:Felsite
3427:Caldera
3308:Bibcode
3125:May 26,
3048:Bibcode
2847:Bibcode
2808:Bibcode
2782:27 July
2696:Bibcode
2661:Bibcode
2626:Bibcode
2557:Bibcode
2522:Bibcode
2514:Geology
2446:Bibcode
2411:Bibcode
2388:4332634
2368:Bibcode
2292:Bibcode
2187:Bibcode
2103:Bibcode
2011:Bibcode
1968:Bibcode
1746:Bibcode
1670::
1615:29 July
1534:Lanl-Ur
1498:(2/3).
1446:Geology
1358:Tuffite
1319:Italian
1183:Yerevan
1175:Armenia
1169:Armenia
1043:Porphyr
1036:Germany
1022:In the
1018:Germany
1009:Piperno
928:schists
912:cleaved
908:sheared
845:diamond
843:in the
817:olivine
807:, etc.
777:leucite
749:Iceland
645:epidote
637:calcite
509:Wyoming
470:biotite
381:calcite
369:calcium
342:lapilli
295:fallout
254:breccia
156:terms.
142:igneous
63:, Italy
4846:Tephra
4725:Kenyte
4700:Gossan
4597:Schist
4557:Marble
4520:Gneiss
4422:Oolite
4287:Arkose
4185:Sovite
4175:Scoria
4128:Pumice
4088:Norite
4058:Latite
3988:Gabbro
3973:Dunite
3951:Dacite
3897:Basalt
3892:Aplite
3803:Portal
3667:Tephra
3652:Pumice
3622:Latite
3597:Dacite
3592:Cinder
3572:Basalt
3525:Tossol
3116:
2865:
2729:
2653:Lithos
2605:
2464:
2386:
2360:Nature
2341:
2310:
2241:
2205:
2121:
2029:
1986:
1803:
1716:
1664:
1606:
1464:
1418:
1393:
1352:Sillar
1294:Zircon
1187:Gyumri
1163:(1584)
1157:Saxony
1137:scoria
1082:Nevada
1063:Saxony
1032:mortar
1005:cement
1001:Naples
995:tuff.
965:Romans
916:slates
854:facies
825:quartz
751:, the
732:Antrim
713:Hawaii
702:Ka'ula
627:, the
623:, the
585:Naples
581:Ischia
579:), in
569:kaolin
529:Nevada
463:alkali
459:quartz
425:fiamme
421:pumice
379:, and
338:fiamme
327:lahars
311:surges
224:Tephra
4690:Flint
4612:Slate
4607:Skarn
4472:Varve
4437:Shale
4357:Flint
4312:Chert
4307:Chalk
3420:Types
3078:(PDF)
3004:(PDF)
2997:(PDF)
2863:S2CID
2603:S2CID
2462:S2CID
2384:S2CID
2308:S2CID
2239:S2CID
2203:S2CID
2156:(PDF)
2141:(PDF)
2119:S2CID
2049:(PDF)
2027:S2CID
1984:S2CID
1462:S2CID
1288:, or
1286:Ar-Ar
1133:Pukao
1084:. In
1028:trass
1024:Eifel
959:Italy
944:Devon
940:sills
841:maars
765:Samoa
677:moais
621:Lorne
609:Andes
573:Rhine
482:Wales
377:clays
319:dunes
218:magma
202:, or
188:steam
61:Lazio
4462:Tufa
4407:Marl
4322:Coal
4254:Tuff
3692:Tuff
3465:Maar
3376:Tuff
3353:2020
3327:2020
3127:2010
3114:ISBN
3089:2020
3025:link
2784:2021
2727:ISBN
2339:ISBN
2269:2020
2164:2020
1801:ISBN
1714:ISBN
1677:Tuff
1631:link
1617:2021
1604:ISBN
1542:2020
1473:2020
1416:ISBN
1391:ISBN
1322:tufo
1315:tuff
1282:K-Ar
1177:and
1125:moai
1106:moai
1088:and
977:Rome
910:and
823:and
728:Mull
724:Skye
607:and
575:(at
490:opal
367:and
321:and
309:and
235:gas.
214:Lava
198:, SO
161:tufa
130:moai
96:vent
88:rock
84:Tuff
28:Tufa
4825:Wad
3316:doi
3304:125
3238:147
3205:137
3056:doi
2940:doi
2936:136
2890:doi
2855:doi
2843:121
2816:doi
2804:263
2704:doi
2669:doi
2634:doi
2595:doi
2565:doi
2530:doi
2493:doi
2454:doi
2442:114
2419:doi
2376:doi
2364:299
2331:doi
2300:doi
2231:doi
2195:doi
2111:doi
2099:143
2061:doi
2019:doi
1976:doi
1903:hdl
1893:doi
1754:doi
1679:".
1572:doi
1500:doi
1454:doi
1249:Ani
1191:Ani
1080:in
1061:of
839:at
775:or
719:.
679:in
559:or
523:of
507:in
415:in
206:, H
144:or
4842::
3343:.
3314:.
3302:.
3298:.
3228:;
3224:;
3207:.
3181:.
3175:.
3144:.
3108:.
3080:.
3054:.
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2802:.
2774:.
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2690:.
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2655:.
2632:.
2601:.
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2563:.
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2551:.
2528:.
2518:14
2516:.
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2487:.
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2452:.
2440:.
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2405:.
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2337:.
2306:.
2298:.
2288:34
2286:.
2259:.
2237:.
2227:16
2225:.
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2193:.
2183:60
2181:.
2149:15
2147:.
2143:.
2117:.
2109:.
2097:.
2073:^
2057:47
2055:.
2051:.
2025:.
2017:.
2007:44
2005:.
1982:.
1974:.
1964:56
1962:.
1901:.
1887:.
1839:^
1752:.
1742:33
1740:.
1728:^
1639:^
1627:}}
1623:{{
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827:.
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791:,
787:,
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755:,
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639:,
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535:.
492:,
484:,
468:,
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375:,
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167:.
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120:.
59:,
41:,
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3843:t
3836:v
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3355:.
3329:.
3318::
3310::
3240:.
3129:.
3091:.
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3050::
3027:)
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