534:
426:
366:. Geysir's funnel like surface conduit has a diameter of between 0.4–1.0 m (1 ft 4 in – 3 ft 3 in) and until a narrow constriction a depth of about 23 m (75 ft). In the conduit above 10 m (33 ft) the geyser has a temperature between 85–95 °C (185–203 °F) and reaches higher temperatures of about 120 °C (248 °F) below this. The conduit in this higher temperature region is more constricted and irregular than earlier studies could ascertain, and fracture related with potential for the boiling temperature to be reached. Below 16 m (52 ft) the conduit has several branches and cavities. As it is closer to sea level than most of the world's 1000 odd geysers the actual erupted water temperature is higher than most.
558:
438:
Strokkur's conduit has also been mapped in detail and is pipe shaped to 8 m (26 ft), where it narrows before expanding into a cavity at about 11 m (36 ft) before narrowing again into a fracture configuration at about 13 m (43 ft) where temperatures become close to the boiling point. Strokkur's activity has also been affected by earthquakes, although to a lesser extent than the Great Geysir. Due to its eruption frequency, online photos and videos of
Strokkur are regularly mislabelled as depicting Geysir. There are around thirty much smaller geysers and
178:
261:
510:
69:
53:
248:, his work finished about 1206 which was printed in 1514 as Danorum Regum heroumque Historiae. However the oldest definitive accounts of the hot springs at Haukadalur in their present form, date back to 1294, in the chronicle “Oddaverjaannáll”, when earthquakes in the area caused significant changes in local neighbouring landscape, creating several new hot springs. Changes in the activity of Geysir and the surrounding geysers are strongly related to
546:
522:
1372:
76:
362:" which is a technical correction on historic definitions that mentions steam and a column in air. Geysir is technically a hot water pool geyser rather than a cone geyser so much heat is lost to the atmosphere explaining why the maximum temperature in its conduit is several meters below the top of the water column rather than at the top like is the case with
494:. Initially, he erected large fences around the site and an entrance fee was charged for visitors wishing to view the geysers. The following year, he gave the area as a present to a friend, E. Craig, who dropped the entrance fees. Later Craig's nephew Hugh Rogers inherited the site. In 1935, he sold the site to film director
291:
The records of recent centuries show that earthquakes have tended to revive the activity of Geysir, which then subsided again in the following years. Before 1896, Geysir was almost dormant. In that year an earthquake caused eruptions to begin again, occurring several times a day, lasting up to an
323:
typically erupted higher than this and up to 460 m (1,510 ft) high, but stopped all activity around 1908. Initially, Geysir eruptions were taking place on average eight times a day. By July 2003, this activity had again decreased to around three times per day. Large eruptions after this
437:
erupts much more frequently than Geysir, erupting to heights of up to 35 metres (115 ft) every few minutes. Strokkur was first described in 1789. There is contrast in its lack of warning of eruption with the case of Geysir and evidence that the plumbing might not be totally independent.
1188:
292:
hour and causing spouts of up to 70–80 m (230–260 ft) in height. In 1910, it was active every 30 minutes; by 1915, the time between the eruptions was as much as six hours, and in 1916, the eruptions all but ceased. In 1935, a man-made channel was dug through the
284:, resulted in a better general explanation of the mechanism of geyser activity which contributed significantly to the more refined models used today. Measurements by Professor Bunsen in that year showed that Geysir was erupting 45–54 m (148–177 ft) high.
397:, formed from the dissolved minerals in the hot water, shows that hot springs at the Geysir location have been active for approximately 10,000 years. However before Geysir became active as a definitive geyser the previous deposits were covered with
378:
nature of the rock that the water erupts through, may be important in its fracture network. It is now known that the areas of thermal activity of the geothermal field align along microfractures that became seismologically active after the
287:
In 1882 an account of the first accurate survey (previous attempts were associated with instrument problems), noted that a booming sound warned or Geysir's eruptions, eruptions were about 6 hourly but often of only 5 ft (1.5 m).
311:. Due to environmental concerns, soap was seldom added during the 1990s. During that time, Geysir seldom erupted. When it did erupt, it was spectacular, sending boiling water sometimes up to 70 metres (230 ft) into the air. On the
252:
activity. In records dated 1630, the geysers erupted so violently that the valley around them trembled. The name "Geysir" was first mentioned in written sources in 1647; as unusual natural phenomena were of great interest during the
369:
The 3 km (1.2 sq mi) in area
Haukadalur volcanic system, that provides the heat, is mainly to the west of Geysir but has not been active volcanically for over 10,000 years. Geysir is on the eastern slopes of the
179:
272:
a geologist, first proposed that expansion of steam in a subsurface cavity explained Geysir's activity. In 1845, it reached a height of 170 m (560 ft). In 1846, research on Geysir, and
Iceland sponsored by the
315:, authorized government geologists would force an eruption. Further earthquakes in 2000 revived the geyser, and it reached 122 meters for two days., thus becoming one of the highest known geysers in history. (
1322:
Walter, T.R.; Jousset, P.; Allahbakhshi, M.; Witt, T.; Gudmundsson, M.T.; Hersir, G.P. (2020). "Underwater and drone based photogrammetry reveals structural control at Geysir geothermal field in
Iceland".
231:
Eruptions at Geysir can typically hurl boiling water up to 60 m (200 ft) in the air. However, eruptions are nowadays infrequent, and have in the past stopped altogether for many years at a time.
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557:
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geyser about 50 metres (160 ft) to the south. The
Strokkur geyser may be confused with it, and the geothermal field it is in is known usually as either, Geysir or Haukadalur.
1093:
463:
1126:
533:
495:
1211:
Jones, B.; Renaut, R.W.; Torfason, H.; Owen, R.B. (2007). "The geological history of Geysir, Iceland: a tephrochronological approach to the dating of sinter".
417:
apron around the geyser. This has allowed formation of the modern geyser to be dated to about 1150 CE which accords with the history of written mention above.
1393:
498:
who subsequently donated it to the
Icelandic people in perpetuity, although full public ownership of all routes of access did not take place until 2017.
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in the area, including one called Litli Geysir ('Little Geysir'). Detailed thermal mapping of the geothermal field has revealed 364 distinct hot areas.
909:
1296:
445:
Descriptions of the Great Geysir and
Strokkur have been given in many travel guides to Iceland published from the 18th century onwards. Together with
425:
1232:
Jones, B.; Renaut, R.W. (2021). "Multifaceted incremental growth of a geyser discharge apron – Evidence from Geysir, Haukadalur, Iceland".
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1157:
98:
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1361:, Helgi Torfason of the Icelandic National Energy Authority, 1985 (no ISBN, but book available from the Geysir tourist center).
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1400:
360:…a hot spring characterized by intermittent discharge of water ejected turbulently and accompanied by a vapor phase
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and a revival in activity. Gradually this channel also became clogged with silica and eruptions again became rare.
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In 1981, the ditch was cleared again and eruptions could be stimulated, on special occasions, by the addition of
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In 1809 and 1810 the eruptions were about every 30 hours and up to 30 m (98 ft) high. In 1811
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The two large earthquakes in the South
Iceland seismic zone on June 17 and 21, 2000. Veðurstofa Íslands
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274:
257:, the term became popular and has been used for similar hydrothermal features worldwide since then.
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and little sinter was deposited for about 2000 years. Once Geysir became active, precipitation of
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Hurwitz, S.; Manga, M. (2017). "The
Fascinating and Complex Dynamics of Geyser Eruptions".
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Until 1894, the Geysir area was owned by local farmers. In that year the area was sold to
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852:'Hot springs, mud pools and geysers - Geysers', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
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196:, that geological studies suggest started forming about 1150 CE. The English word
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1194:. In Pasvanoglu, S.; Kristmannsdóttir, H.; Björnsson, S.; Torfason, H. (eds.).
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339: Surface thermal features of Haukadalur valley geothermal area as of 2016
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Proceedings of the Royal
Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography
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1189:"Geochemical study of the Geysir geothermal field in Haukadalur, S-Iceland"
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valley on the slopes of Laugarfjall lava dome, which is also the home to
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A geyser at the general site is described in a written source by
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Peek, C.E. (1882). "Across Iceland by the Sprengisandr Route".
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Stefánsson, R.; Guðmundsson, G.B.; Halldórsson, P. (2000).
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became so rare that one in 2016 was considered newsworthy.
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906:"Rare eruption of Iceland's most famous hot spring Geysir"
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A current geological definition of a hot water geyser is "
1127:"Historian Explains Why Icelandic Government Owns Geysir"
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813:
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Information and photos of Geysir and the geothermal area
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Diagram of a theoretical structure for Geysir, from 1882
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663:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 913–915.
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ice sheet, about 50 km (31 mi) to the north.
791:
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726:. Vol. X (9th ed.). 1879. pp. 556–558.
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464:Ministry for the Environment and Natural Resources
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459:, the most famous tourist route in the country.
386:The geothermal water source may be the southern
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1119:
1117:
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1325:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
837:Stefánsson, Guðmundsson & Halldórsson 2000
220:("to go quickly forward"). Geysir lies in the
1276:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
1198:. United Nations University. pp. 281–318
296:rim around the edge of the geyser vent. This
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1196:Geothermal Training Programme Reports 1998
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353:Mouse over is enabled on clicking the map.
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515:The erupting Great Geysir in summer 2009
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462:Geysir was officially protected by the
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947:, 2. Geography and Geology of Geysers.
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1402:Iceland Travel Journal by Keith Chan
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413:from the geothermal water lead to a
1288:10.1146/annurev-earth-063016-015605
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19:For the ship of the same name, see
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492:Prime Minister of Northern Ireland
351: Selected geothermal features
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1213:Journal of the Geological Society
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57:The Great Geysir erupting in 2000
1370:
1345:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2018.01.010
1160:. 25 August 2017. Archived from
1094:"Geysir Area Declared Protected"
1019:, 1. Background, 5. Conclusions.
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453:waterfall, they are part of the
277:, by amongst others, the German
206:) derives from Geysir. The name
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908:. 19 April 2016. Archived from
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842:
374:Laugarfjall lava dome, but the
1129:. 2 April 2014. Archived from
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75:
1:
1458:West Volcanic Zone of Iceland
1092:Vala Hafstað (21 June 2020).
585:
157:West volcanic zone of Iceland
1246:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2021.105905
771:, 4.1. Subsurface Processes.
393:Research on the deposits of
7:
1453:Volcanic systems of Iceland
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345: Laugarfjall lava dome
210:itself is derived from the
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1479:
1180:
1158:"Geysir Soon To Be Bought"
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1443:Southern Region (Iceland)
1225:10.1144/0016-76492006-178
300:caused a lowering of the
202:(a periodically spouting
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94:
62:
50:
41:
34:
1414:Global Volcanism Program
1302:(Report). Archived from
969:Hurwitz & Manga 2017
945:Hurwitz & Manga 2017
875:, 4.2. Surface Eruption.
873:Hurwitz & Manga 2017
769:Hurwitz & Manga 2017
551:A forest near the Geysir
381:2000 Iceland earthquakes
169:Icelandic pronunciation:
141:110 m (360 ft)
1419:Smithsonian Institution
1187:Pasvanoglu, S. (1998).
1056:Jones & Renaut 2021
1029:Jones & Renaut 2021
895:Retrieved on 2008-04-04
754:Jones & Renaut 2021
737:Jones & Renaut 2021
723:Encyclopædia Britannica
660:Encyclopædia Britannica
617:Jones & Renaut 2021
25:Geyser (disambiguation)
676:, pp. 282, 285–6.
430:
313:Icelandic National Day
265:
264:1873 drawing of Geysir
184:), sometimes known as
23:. For other uses, see
1463:Pleistocene volcanoes
1379:at Wikimedia Commons
886:"World Geyser Fields"
527:Litli Geysir erupting
470:Ownership of the area
428:
263:
1133:on 25 September 2022
810:, 4.2. Implications.
631:, pp. 282, 285.
580:Volcanism of Iceland
255:Age of Enlightenment
133:Southwestern Iceland
1337:2020JVGR..39106282W
1234:Sedimentary Geology
334:Approximate map of:
173:[ˈceiːsɪr̥]
114:64.3137°N 20.2995°W
110: /
1448:Geysers of Iceland
1309:on 25 January 2022
1164:on 31 January 2024
1080:Walter et al. 2020
1031:, Geology setting.
1017:Walter et al. 2020
981:Walter et al. 2020
957:Walter et al. 2020
930:Walter et al. 2020
891:2007-06-30 at the
808:Walter et al. 2020
433:The nearby geyser
431:
266:
244:, as a mention in
1375:Media related to
1100:on 2 October 2023
1044:Jones et al. 2007
1007:, pp. 282–3.
959:, 5. Conclusions.
912:on 27 April 2016.
884:Glennon, J Allan
496:Sigurður Jónasson
466:on 17 June 2020.
192:in south-western
162:
161:
119:64.3137; -20.2995
16:Geyser in Iceland
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1359:The Great Geysir
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1219:(6): 1241–1252.
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1096:. Archived from
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1070:, p. 282-3.
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756:, Introduction.
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717:"Geysers"
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95:Coordinates:
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1304:the original
1282:(1): 31–59.
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1098:the original
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83:Location in
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1082:, Abstract.
1058:, Abstract.
476:James Craig
321:New Zealand
302:water table
117: /
1437:Categories
1331:: 106282.
1313:3 February
1269:: 129–140.
1240:: 105905.
1202:29 January
1168:31 January
1137:31 January
1104:31 January
932:, Fig. 5..
858:1 February
586:References
447:Þingvellir
388:Langjökull
250:earthquake
222:Haukadalur
204:hot spring
105:20°17′58″W
102:64°18′49″N
1254:0037-0738
796:Peek 1882
440:hot pools
372:rhyolitic
212:Icelandic
146:Volcanic
138:Elevation
21:MV Geysir
1409:"Geysir"
1399:Videos:
1390:Photos:
889:Archived
575:Strokkur
569:See also
451:Gullfoss
449:and the
435:Strokkur
226:Strokkur
130:Location
1424:25 June
1333:Bibcode
1181:Sources
502:Gallery
484:whiskey
478:(later
328:Geology
279:chemist
236:History
194:Iceland
188:, is a
85:Iceland
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488:Ulster
399:tephra
395:sinter
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294:silica
208:Geysir
199:geyser
190:geyser
165:Geysir
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36:Geysir
1307:(PDF)
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482:), a
407:Hekla
403:Katla
401:from
298:ditch
217:geysa
214:verb
1426:2021
1315:2024
1250:ISSN
1204:2024
1170:2024
1139:2024
1106:2024
860:2024
411:opal
405:and
309:soap
152:belt
1341:doi
1329:391
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1221:doi
1217:164
319:in
148:arc
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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