Geostrategy - Knowledge

643: 1077:'s major work, Democratic ideals and reality: a study in the politics of reconstruction, appeared in 1919. It presented his theory of the Heartland and made a case for fully taking into account geopolitical factors at the Paris Peace conference and contrasted (geographical) reality with Woodrow Wilson's idealism. The book's most famous quote was: "Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland; Who rules the Heartland commands the World Island; Who rules the World Island commands the World." 1028: 472:

they are willing, to conduct an all-out foreign policy. Instead they must focus politically and militarily on specific areas of the world. Geostrategy describes the foreign-policy thrust of a state and does not deal with motivations or decision-making processes. The geostrategy of a state, therefore, is not necessarily motivated by geographic or geopolitical factors. A state may project power to a location because of ideological reasons, interest groups, or simply the whim of its leader.

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than being shaped. A geostrategy is about securing access to certain trade routes, strategic bottlenecks, rivers, islands and seas. It requires an extensive military presence, normally coterminous with the opening of overseas military stations and the building of warships capable of deep oceanic power projection. It also requires a network of alliances with other great powers who share one's aims or with smaller "lynchpin states" that are located in the regions one deems important.

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technological factors that affect military, political, economic, and cultural engagement. Geostrategy can function prescriptively, advocating foreign policy based on geographic and historical factors, analytically, describing how foreign policy is shaped by geography and history, or predictively, projecting a country's future foreign policy decisions and outcomes.

1386:'s geopolitik expanded upon that of Ratzel and Kjellén. While the latter two conceived of geopolitik as the state-as-an-organism-in-space put to the service of a leader, Haushofer's Munich school specifically studied geography as it related to war and designs for empire. The behavioral rules of previous geopoliticians were thus turned into dynamic 1529:, despite its uniquely defensive position. The rimland possessed all of the key resources and populations—its domination was key to the control of Eurasia. His strategy was for Offshore powers, and perhaps Russia as well, to resist the consolidation of control over the rimland by any one power. Balanced power would lead to peace. 915:. Within this zone, Mahan asserted that there were no strong states capable of withstanding outside influence or capable even of maintaining stability within their own borders. So whereas the political situations to the north and south were relatively stable and determined, the middle remained "debatable and debated ground." 1080:

This message was composed to convince the world statesmen at the Paris Peace conference of the crucial importance of Eastern Europe as the strategic route to the Heartland was interpreted as requiring a strip of buffer state to separate Germany and Russia. These were created by the peace negotiators

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It is recognized that the term "geo-strategy" is more often used, in current writing, in a global context, denoting the consideration of global land-sea distribution, distances, and accessibility among other geographical factors in strategic planning and action... Here the definition of geo-strategy

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in Mesopotamia. The Nile and Tigris and Euphrates not only provided the fertile soil for crop production, but also allowed for the floods that taxed the ingenuity of the inhabitants. The climate of the area was conducive to an existence based primarily upon agriculture. The rivers also provided the

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relations or conclusions are differently observed by different and/or competitive geostrategic approaches. Geostrategic conceptions that stem from the theory become the base for the countries' foreign and international policies. Geostrategic conceptions have also historically been acquired or even

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Closely linked to this need was Haushofer's assertion that the existence of small states was evidence of political regression and disorder in the international system. The small states surrounding Germany ought to be brought into the vital German order. These states were seen as being too small to

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on specific issues to allow intervention on space. Such mechanisms let countries to have indirect control over space. The indirect space management reduces required capital and at the same time provides justification and legitimacy of the management, that the countries involved do not have to face

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eostrategy is about the exercise of power over particularly critical spaces on the Earth's surface; about crafting a political presence over the international system. It is aimed at enhancing one's security and prosperity; about making the international system more prosperous; about shaping rather

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Kennan advocated what was called "strongpoint containment." In his view, the United States and its allies needed to protect the productive industrial areas of the world from Soviet domination. He noted that of the five centers of industrial strength in the world—the United States, Britain, Japan,

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Geostrategy is the geographic direction of a state's foreign policy. More precisely, geostrategy describes where a state concentrates its efforts by projecting military power and directing diplomatic activity. The underlying assumption is that states have limited resources and are unable, even if

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considerations with geopolitical factors. While geopolitics is ostensibly neutral — examining the geographic and political features of different regions, especially the impact of geography on politics — geostrategy involves comprehensive planning, assigning means for achieving national goals or

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N.J. Spykman based his geostrategic ideas on those of Sir Halford Mackinder's Heartland theory. Spykman's key contribution was to alter the strategic valuation of the Heartland vs. the "Rimland" (a geographic area analogous to Mackinder's "Inner or Marginal Crescent"). Spykman does not see the

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is the geographic direction of a state's foreign policy. More precisely, geostrategy describes where a state concentrates its efforts by projecting military power and directing diplomatic activity. The underlying assumption is that states have limited resources and are unable, even if they are

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foreign policy. Instead they must focus politically and militarily on specific areas of the world. Geostrategy describes this foreign-policy thrust of a state and does not deal with motivation or decision-making processes. The geostrategy of a state, therefore, is not necessarily motivated by

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The GeGaLo index of geopolitical gains and losses assesses how the geopolitical position of 156 countries may change if the world fully transitions to renewable energy resources. Former fossil fuels exporters are expected to lose power, while the positions of former fossil fuel importers and

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geostrategy involves the purposeful management of geostrategically dynamic states and the careful handling of geopolitically catalytic states, in keeping with the twin interests of America in the short-term preservation of its unique global power and in the long-run transformation of it into

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point of view. Geostrategies are relevant principally to the context in which they were devised: the strategist's nation, the historically rooted national impulses, the strength of the country's resources, the scope of the country's goals, the political geography of the time period, and the

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but proved to be ineffective bulwarks in 1939 (although this may be seen as a failure of other, later statesmen during the interbellum). The principal concern of his work was to warn of the possibility of another major war (a warning also given by economist John Maynard Keynes).

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on one side and the mountains of Afghanistan and Western China on the other side. To prevent Russian expansionism and achievement of predominance on the Asian continent, Mahan believed pressure on Asia's flanks could be the only viable strategy pursued by sea powers.

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After the Cold War ended, states started preferring management of space at low cost to expansion of it with military force. Use of military force in order to secure space causes not only great burden on countries, but also severe criticism from the

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and cultural lands." Culture itself was seen as the most conducive element to dynamic expansion. Culture provided a guide as to the best areas for expansion, and could make expansion safe, whereas solely military or commercial power could not.

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Mackinder's work paved the way for the establishment of geography as a distinct discipline in the United Kingdom. His role in fostering the teaching of geography is probably greater than that of any other single British geographer.

1408:, whereas the old colonial powers had a much lower density: a virtual mandate for German expansion into resource-rich areas. A buffer zone of territories or insignificant states on one's borders would serve to protect Germany. 1001:(a natural sea power, but in this case necessarily acting as a land power), arrayed against Germany, Britain, Japan, and the United States as sea powers. Further, Mahan conceived of a unified, modern state composed of 1659:. The regional stabilizers were pro-American states which would receive significant U.S. aid in exchange for assuming responsibility for regional stability. Among the regional stabilizers designated by Kissinger were 328:

refers to the comprehensive and planned application of measures to achieve a central goal or to vital assets of military significance; and geostrategic merges strategic consideration with geopolitical ones.

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a doctrine and a force posture are needed that will enable the United States to respond more selectively to a large number of possible security threats to enhance deterrence in the current and foreseeable

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could be closed by a hostile power, thereby denying Russia access to the sea. Further, this disadvantageous position would reinforce Russia's proclivity toward expansionism in order to obtain wealth or

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strategy: the science and art of employing the political, economic, psychological, and military forces of a nation or group of nations to afford the maximum support to adopted policies in peace and war

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Haushofer defined geopolitik in 1935 as "the duty to safeguard the right to the soil, to the land in the widest sense, not only the land within the frontiers of the Reich, but the right to the

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would propose that airpower had fundamentally changed geostrategic considerations and thus proposed a "geopolitics of airpower." His ideas had some influence on the administration of President

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avenues of trade in a period when muscles of man and the winds of the sky were the motive power of ships. The river valleys became a unifying factor in the political development of the people.

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The geostrategy of location include river valleys, inland sea, world ocean, world island, and so on. For instance, the start of Western civilization was located in the river valleys of the

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Between 1890 and 1919 the world became a geostrategist's paradise, leading to the formulation of the classical geopolitical theories. The international system featured rising and falling

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by the United Kingdom was of key strategic importance, as India was best suited for exerting balancing pressure against Russia in Central Asia. The United Kingdom's predominance in

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The Heartland Theory and more generally classical geopolitics and geostrategy were extremely influential in the making of US strategic policy during the period of the Cold War.

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the United States should rely to a greater extent on a more flexible mix of nuclear and even non-nuclear strategic forces capable of executing more selective military mission

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maintain practical autonomy (even if they maintained large colonial possessions) and would be better served by protection and organization within Germany. In Europe, he saw

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A science named "geo-strategy" would be unimaginable in any other period of history but ours. It is the characteristic product of turbulent twentieth-century world politics.

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as interdependence between countries continuously increases. As a way of new space management, countries either created regional institutions related to the space or make

601:—the entire world was divided between the empires and colonial powers. From this point forward, international politics would feature the struggles of state against state. 426:

sum of geographic factors interact to influence or to give advantage to one adversary, or intervene to modify strategic planning as well as political and military venture.

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increasingly institutionalized global cooperation. To put it in a terminology that hearkens back to the more brutal age of ancient empires, the three grand imperatives of

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and "a place in the sun." They set as goals a New European Order, then a New Afro-European Order, and eventually to a Eurasian Order. This concept became known as a

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in the discipline's history. While there have been many other geostrategists, these have been the most influential in shaping and developing the field as a whole.

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reflects the combination of geographic and political factors determining the condition of a state or region, and emphasizing the impact of geography on politics;

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geographic or geopolitical factors. A state may project power to a location because of ideological reasons, interest groups, or simply the whim of its leader.

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The strategy of sea powers, according to Mahan, ought to be to deny Russia the benefits of commerce that come from sea commerce. He noted that both the

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regime in the 1930s. The German interpretation of the Heartland Theory is referred to explicitly (without mentioning the connection to Mackinder) in

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political scientist and student of Friedrich Ratzel. He first coined the term "geopolitics." His writings would play a decisive role in influencing

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To Haushofer, the existence of a state depended on living space, the pursuit of which must serve as the basis for all policies. Germany had a high

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Haushofer and the Munich school of geopolitik would eventually expand their conception of lebensraum and autarky well past a restoration of the

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would further augment German strategic control of Eurasia, with those states becoming the naval arms protecting Germany's insular position.

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established professorial chairs in Geography in 1917. Mackinder himself became a full professor in geography in the University of London (

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over the next forty years, although the term would come to mean something significantly different from Kennan's original formulation.

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Beyond being an economic concept, pan-regions were a strategic concept as well. Haushofer acknowledged the strategic concept of the

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Further dividing the map by geographic features, Mahan stated that the two most influential lines of division would be the Suez and

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Geopolitics, broadly defined, may actually be seen as two distinct schools that comprise the organic state theory and geostrategy.

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of the international system from bipolar to tripolar; and, the designation of regional stabilizing states in connection with the

822: 2056: 1591:, called for "undifferentiated or global containment," along with a massive military buildup. Kennan saw the Soviet Union as an 1064: Key waterways identified by Mahan: the Suez Canal, Panama Canal, Turkish Straits, Strait of Gibraltar, and Danish Straits. 3208: 3117: 3083: 3052: 3007: 2916: 2810: 2655: 2498: 2465: 2429: 2156: 2125: 2395: 500:

inherited from one country to another due to common history, relations between the countries, culture and even propaganda.

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the United States needs to shift away from its long-standing preoccupation with the threat of a nuclear war between the

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A southern zone, located below the 30th parallel north, characterized by its hot climate, and dominated by sea power.

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Ratzel's ideas would influence the works of his student Rudolf Kjellén, as well as those of General Karl Haushofer.

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H.J. Mackinder, The geographical pivot of history. The Geographical Journal, 1904, 23, pp. 421–37; Pascal Venier, "

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Mackinder is often credited with introducing two new terms into the English language: "manpower" and "heartland".

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and political challenger rather than a true military threat. There was no reason to fight the Soviets throughout

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His system predicted that the larger states would swallow the smaller ones, resulting in eleven large states.

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Germany, and Russia—the only contested area was that of Germany. Kennan was concerned about maintaining the

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Blouet, Brian W. (1976). "Sir Halford Mackinder as British high commissioner to South Russia 1919–1920".

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infrastructure in the near future. As such, it won't be in a position to compete with the United States'

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Krishnendra Meena, "Munesh Chandra asked: What is the difference between geo-politics and geo-strategy?"

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Two strains of geopolitical thought gained prominence: an Anglo-American school, and a German school.

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Overland, Indra; Bazilian, Morgan; Ilimbek Uulu, Talgat; Vakulchuk, Roman; Westphal, Kirsten (2019).

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The process by which ends are related to means, intentions to capabilities, objectives to resources.

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Moscow: Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Scientific Information for Social Sciences, 2019.

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Tyner, JA (1998). "The Geopolitics of Eugenics and the Incarceration of Japanese Americans".

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This map depicts the world as divided by geostrategist Alfred Thayer Mahan in his 1900 piece

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The below geostrategists were instrumental in founding and developing the major geostrategic

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Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security policy

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investigated many officials and public figures to determine if they should face charges of

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outlined the American and British conceptions of geostrategy, respectively, in their works

609: 574: 533:, observers saw strategy as heavily influenced by the geographic setting of the actors. In 211: 763:

would decisively reject the idea that airpower changed geostrategic considerations, while

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factors as they inform, constrain, or affect political and military planning. As with all

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implemented two geostrategic objectives when in office: the deliberate move to shift the

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Maritime Geostrategy and the Development of the Chinese Navy in the Early 21st Century

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Gyorgy, Andrew (November 1943). "The Geopolitics of War: Total War and Geostrategy".

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notes the similarity between von Bülow's predictions and the map of Europe after the

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Evidence of Mackinder's Heartland Theory can be found in the works of geopolitician

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was published. In this volume he laid out the first geostrategy of the modern era.

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Russell, Greg (2006). "Theodore Roosevelt, geopolitics, and cosmopolitan ideals".

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Influenced by the works of Alfred Thayer Mahan, as well as the German geographers

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in his 1942 article "Let Us Learn Our Geopolitics." It was a translation of the

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Game Plan: A Geostrategic Framework for the Conduct of the U.S.–Soviet Contest

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was the social aspect of a nation's organization and cultural appeal, Kjellén

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series of books, which argued that naval supremacy was the deciding factor in

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As a science or science-based political practice geostrategy uses factual and

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The Geographical Pivot of History and Early 20th Century Geopolitical Culture

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Geostrategists, as distinct from geopoliticians, approach geopolitics from a

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Whilst Oxford did not appoint a professor of Geography until 1934, both the

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North of the 40th parallel, the vast expanse of Asia was dominated by the

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His writings focused on five central concepts that would underlie German

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The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and its Geostrategic Imperatives.

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Democratic Ideals and Reality: A Study in the Politics of Reconstruction

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examined the idea of a "shatterbelt", which would eventually inform the

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countries rich in renewable energy resources is expected to strengthen.

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Jones, Stephen B. (1954). "The Power Inventory and National Strategy".

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The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives

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South of the 30th parallel lay areas dominated by the sea powers – the

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Many geostrategists are also geographers, specializing in subfields of

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Geopolitics of Environment, A Wider Approach to the Global Challenges.

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which laid the foundation for Germany's unique school of geostrategy.

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were only temporary, representing pauses in their natural movement.

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Turkey, a longtime U.S. ally, now pursues its own path. Guess why.

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Andrew S. Erickson and Lyle J. Goldstein, , "21世纪初海上地缘战略与中国海军的发展"

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Cosmopolitan Mediation?: Conflict Resolution and the Oslo Accords

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Type of foreign policy guided principally by geographical factors

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James Rogers and Luis Simón, "Think Again: European Geostrategy"

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put forward by the Halford Mackinder. If Germany could control

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would contribute to the people's pacification and coordination.

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The "Debatable and Debated" zone, located between the 40th and

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The Debated and Debatable zone, Mahan observed, contained two

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Most definitions of geostrategy below emphasize the merger of

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The Problem of Asia: Its Effects Upon International Politics.

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Fifield, Russell H. (The Journal of geography, Vol.- No.-, )

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based on land, formulated in reaction to the vicissitudes of

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Ratzel wrote on the natural division between land powers and

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Geopolitik: Doctrine of National Self-Sufficiency and Empire

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The Problem of Asia: Its Effect upon International Politics

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or a massive Soviet conventional attack in central Europe.

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Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1996.

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heartland as a region which will be unified by powerful

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and Geoffrey Sloan state it, " the mother of strategy."

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Russian Geostrategic Imperatives. Collection of Essays.

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proposed a geometrical science of strategy in the 1799

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Brzezinski, Zbigniew (Foreign affairs, Vol.66 No.4, )

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was enthusiastically taken up by the German school of

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and the intervening six years between the two books.

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in the international system, taking advantage of the

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is used in a more limited regional frame wherein the

228:. Previous translations had been attempted, such as " 1501:-American geostrategist, known as the "godfather of 686:, an academic primarily, was interrogated by Father 2518:. Singapore: Singapore University Press. p. 4. 2424:. Boston: The Atlantic Monthly Press. p. xiv. 2090: 2054: 1682:

laid out his most significant contribution to post-

2198: 2143: 2113: 993:In this contest between land power and sea power, 1947: 1717:, Brzezinski updates his geostrategy in light of 891:, two countries marked by their mountain ranges ( 741:laid down the foundations for the U.S. policy of 449:The Geopolitics of War: Total War and Geostrategy 3287: 3197:New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2003. 3023:X (July 1947). "The Sources of Soviet conduct". 1564:", which would become the guiding idea for U.S. 1356:inter-state relations more than Ratzel had; and, 2584: 2582: 2197:Hillen, John; Michael P. Noonan (Autumn 1998). 1755: 1751: 1314:was a territorial concept that was composed of 749:geostrategic thought for the next forty years. 2619:Asean-China Relations: Realities and Prospects 2177:Center for Strategic and International Studies 2870:Geopolitics in United States Strategic Policy 2732:, vol. 170, no 4, December 2004, pp. 330–336. 465:, "The Power Inventory and National Strategy" 274:. Consider transferring direct quotations to 2902: 2900: 2898: 2579: 2390:Rogers, James; Simón, Luis (14 March 2010). 2093:Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1937:. Instituto Altos Estudos Militares, Lisboa. 1509:(1944), argued that the balance of power in 856:, characterized by a temperate climate; and, 841:divides the continent of Asia into 3 zones: 589:, many with global reach. There were no new 173:, some scholars divide geostrategy into two 3204:Italy: Comunità Internazionale, SIOI, 2007. 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2389: 2383: 2091:Philip Babcock Gove, ed. (September 1961). 434:Geo-Strategy and the South China Sea Basin. 320:are used to convey the following meanings: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2616:Saw Swee-Hock, Sheng Lijun, Chin Kin Wah, 2594:, Manchester University Press, 1999, p. 43 2516:Geo-Strategy and the South China Sea Basin 2444: 2438: 2416: 1513:directly affected United States security. 1393:for action on lebensraum and world power. 1170:, particularly in his geopolitical model " 789:criticism from the international society. 210:The term "geo-strategy" was first used by 3274: 3264: 3098: 2957: 2951: 2640: 2634: 2342: 2340: 2190: 2120:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 1955:. International Peace Research Foundation 1941: 1651:" as a deliberate strategy to change the 1607:, and later spoke out critically against 1378: 950:, and Japan. To Mahan, the possession of 792: 482: 80:Learn how and when to remove this message 3033: 3016: 2911:. New York: Farrar & Rinehart, Inc. 2906: 2875: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2513: 2507: 2410: 2102: 2084: 2048: 1987: 1926: 1618: 1536: 1181: 1026: 726:, Derwent Whittlesey and Andrew Gyorgy. 641: 3092: 3067: 3061: 2994: 2981: 2942: 2925: 2480: 2304: 2266: 2260: 1129:. Geopolitik was later embraced by the 1069: 563:The Spirit of the Modern System of War. 14: 3288: 3126: 3039: 2825: 2346: 2337: 2147:; Geoffrey Sloan (November 30, 1999). 2108: 2057:"The Art of War—Part, Present, Future" 1674: 1489: 1125:, in particular by its main proponent 804: 690:, a professor of geopolitics from the 205: 3074:. New York: New York, Wiley. p. 2947:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press. 2797: 2772: 2746: 2735: 2686:"In Defense of Classical Geopolitics" 2684:Mackubin Thomas Owens (Autumn 1999). 2664: 2528: 2522: 2474: 2228: 2222: 2200:"The Geopolitics of NATO Enlargement" 2173:"Brzezinski Institute on Geostrategy" 2137: 1706:The Middle East, the Eurasian Balkans 1332:was a racial conception of the state; 1092:forces, which he attempted to unite. 265:too many or overly lengthy quotations 243: 3179:Geopolitics, Geography and Strategy. 2485:Great Powers and Geopolitical Change 415:Great Powers and Geopolitical Change 247: 240:" as another alternate translation. 29: 3177:Gray, Colin S. and Geoffrey Sloan. 2872:, Brighton: Wheatsheaf Books, 1988. 2392:"Think Again: European Geostrategy" 2149:Geopolitics, Geography and Strategy 2055:Col. David J. Andre (Autumn 1995). 1948:Dr. John Garafano (5–9 July 2004). 1587:, whose seminal Cold War document, 1532: 1232:would support the development of a 1177: 845:A northern zone, located above the 823:Influence of Sea Power upon History 722:by American geopoliticians such as 24: 3174:Council on Foreign Relations, 1988 3157: 2752:Total Power: A Footnote to History 2095:. Cambridge, MA: Riverside Press. 1641:. In Chapter 28 of his long work, 1614: 224:" as used by German geostrategist 25: 3312: 3071:America, Russia, and the Cold War 3022: 2456:. New York: Basic Books. p. 1700:Europe, the Democratic Bridgehead 1657:split within the Sino-Soviet bloc 1276: 619:The Geographical Pivot of History 3108:. Simon & Schuster. p. 1436:and the "mutilated alliance" of 1324:), and strategic military shape; 1246:. He theorized that states were 1105:University of Wales, Aberystwyth 774: 252: 34: 3232: 3181:Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 1999. 3145: 2862: 2819: 2758: 2711: 2625: 2610: 2597: 2565: 2298: 2269:Review of International Studies 2007:United Nations Security Council 970:was also considered important. 830:warfare. In 1900, Mahan's book 637: 378:and protected, and to keep the 3187:Democratic Ideals and Reality. 2909:The World of General Haushofer 2805:. Little, Brown, and Company. 2307:"Let Us Learn Our Geopolitics" 2305:Schuman, Frederick L. (1942). 1935:Elementos de Estratégia. Vol I 1933:Dr. Cabral Abel Couto (1988). 1478:could be denied. Allying with 1207:would lay the foundations for 997:would find itself allied with 13: 1: 3002:. New York: Harcourt, Brace. 1920: 1692:. He defined four regions of 1686:geostrategy in his 1997 book 1557:The Sources of Soviet Conduct 1440:as supporting his assertion. 816:officer and president of the 580: 524: 188: 3167:New York: Basic Books, 1997. 1752:Other notable geostrategists 1709:Asia, the Far Eastern Anchor 1296:, and indirectly the future 668:Allied occupation of Germany 236:had coined and popularized " 7: 1905:Geostrategy in Central Asia 1878: 1872:Republic of China (Taiwan) 1647:, Kissinger discusses the " 1244:organic theory of the state 820:. He is best known for his 700: 632:organic theory of the state 559:Dietrich Heinrich von Bülow 359:geostrategy are to prevent 202:or political significance. 60:the claims made and adding 10: 3317: 3172:America's New Geostrategy. 3000:The Geography of the Peace 2943:Mattern, Johannes (1942). 2907:Dorpalen, Andreas (1984). 2481:Grygiel, Jakub J. (2006). 1583:Here Kennan differed from 1507:The Geography of the Peace 1505:." His geostrategic work, 1451:, taken from the American 1109:London School of Economics 658:geopolitician was General 519: 3266:10.1016/j.esr.2019.100406 2281:10.1017/S0260210506007157 1730:America's New Geostrategy 1576:between the U.S. and the 695:School of Foreign Service 3068:LaFeber, Walter (2002). 2690:Naval War College Review 1713:In his subsequent book, 593:for the great powers to 314:geopolitical, strategic, 272:summarize the quotations 3245:Energy Strategy Reviews 3200:Daclon, Corrado Maria. 2349:The Journal of Politics 2251:10.1111/1467-8330.00077 1101:University of Liverpool 745:, which would dominate 115:is as intertwined with 3193:Mahan, Alfred Thayer. 3184:Mackinder, Halford J. 3170:Brzezinski, Zbigniew. 3163:Brzezinski, Zbigniew. 2514:Joo-Jock, Lim (1979). 2036:Cite journal requires 1975:Cite journal requires 1728:In his journal called 1703:Russia, the Black Hole 1627: 1560:. He coined the term " 1542: 1445:German borders of 1914 1379:General Karl Haushofer 1290:General Karl Haushofer 1250:and growing, and that 1199:Alexander von Humboldt 1190: 1066: 793:Notable geostrategists 651: 571:unification of Germany 483:Theory and methodology 480: 468: 454: 439: 436:(emphasis in original) 420: 417:(emphasis in original) 400:willing, to conduct a 393: 343: 340:(emphasis in original) 309: 177:: the uniquely German 103:guided principally by 3222:Ukrainian Geostrategy 3207:Efremenko, Dmitry V. 2959:Mackinder, Halford J. 2066:: 129. Archived from 2064:Joint Force Quarterly 1900:Geostrategy in Taiwan 1895:Pakistani geostrategy 1848:Alexander de Seversky 1622: 1611:'s military buildup. 1540: 1344:international markets 1185: 1030: 782:international society 753:Alexander de Seversky 645: 567:Mackubin Thomas Owens 469: 455: 440: 421: 394: 387:Zbigniew Brzezinski, 382:from coming together. 344: 310: 298: 169:Especially following 119:as geography is with 3217:European Geostrategy 3047:. pp. 354–367. 2996:Spykman, Nicholas J. 2828:Geographical Journal 2799:Mahan, Alfred Thayer 2730:Geographical Journal 2446:Brzezinski, Zbigniew 2418:Brzezinski, Zbigniew 1778:Thomas P. M. Barnett 1689:The Grand Chessboard 1217:'s unique strain of 1075:Halford J. Mackinder 1070:Halford J. Mackinder 757:Dwight D. Eisenhower 610:Halford J. Mackinder 389:The Grand Chessboard 212:Frederick L. Schuman 179:organic state theory 3257:2019EneSR..2600406O 2840:1976GeogJ.142..228B 2696:(4). Archived from 2243:1998Antip..30..251T 1858:Robert Strausz-Hupé 1680:Zbigniew Brzezinski 1675:Zbigniew Brzezinski 1495:Nicholas J. Spykman 1490:Nicholas J. Spykman 1398:more extensive Volk 1172:Intermediate Region 1084:Mackinder was anti- 1033:The Problem of Asia 847:40th parallel north 832:The Problem of Asia 810:Alfred Thayer Mahan 805:Alfred Thayer Mahan 724:Robert Strausz-Hupé 654:The most prominent 614:The Problem of Asia 606:Alfred Thayer Mahan 365:security dependence 334:Zbigniew Brzezinski 234:Robert Strausz-Hupé 230:defense-geopolitics 206:Original definition 198:securing assets of 181:; and, the broader 164:strategic geography 148:political geography 3045:Memoirs: 1925–1950 2724:2007-12-15 at the 2110:Gaddis, John Lewis 1890:Indian geostrategy 1885:German geostrategy 1628: 1543: 1457:drive for colonies 1406:population density 1354:anthropomorphizing 1191: 1067: 1022:North–South divide 990:, and Asia Minor. 928:Caucasus Mountains 652: 489:empirical analysis 244:Modern definitions 160:military geography 156:cultural geography 152:economic geography 45:possibly contains 3142:, 5 February 2006 3139:American Prospect 3132:Stephen Kinzer. " 3119:978-0-671-65991-2 3085:978-0-471-51138-0 3054:978-0-09-085800-2 3041:Kennan, George F. 3009:978-0-208-00654-7 2918:978-0-8046-0112-2 2812:978-0-7658-0524-9 2657:978-1-4165-1697-2 2500:978-0-8018-8480-1 2467:978-0-465-02725-5 2431:978-0-87113-084-6 2158:978-0-7146-8053-8 2127:978-0-19-503097-6 1998:(20 April 2001). 1996:Secretary General 1876: 1875: 1472:Russian territory 1470:and subsequently 968:Cape of Good Hope 926:, bounded by the 905:Tibetan Himalayas 818:Naval War College 507:in Egypt and the 297: 296: 90: 89: 82: 47:original research 16:(Redirected from 3308: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3268: 3236: 3152: 3149: 3143: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3100:Kissinger, Henry 3096: 3090: 3089: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3020: 3014: 3013: 2992: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2969: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2940: 2923: 2922: 2904: 2873: 2866: 2860: 2859: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2795: 2770: 2769: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2748:Walsh, Edmund A. 2744: 2733: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2706: 2705: 2681: 2662: 2661: 2638: 2632: 2629: 2623: 2614: 2608: 2601: 2595: 2586: 2577: 2576: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2526: 2520: 2519: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2488: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2455: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2414: 2408: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2398:on 24 April 2010 2394:. Archived from 2387: 2381: 2380: 2344: 2335: 2334: 2302: 2296: 2295: 2264: 2258: 2257: 2226: 2220: 2219: 2217: 2216: 2202: 2194: 2188: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2169: 2163: 2162: 2141: 2135: 2134: 2119: 2106: 2100: 2099: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2079: 2078: 2072: 2061: 2052: 2046: 2045: 2039: 2034: 2032: 2024: 2022: 2021: 2015: 2009:. Archived from 2004: 1991: 1985: 1984: 1978: 1973: 1971: 1963: 1961: 1960: 1954: 1945: 1939: 1938: 1930: 1756: 1653:balance of power 1649:opening of China 1574:balance of power 1546:George F. Kennan 1541:George F. Kennan 1533:George F. Kennan 1362:was the form of 1300:foreign policy. 1204:Friedrich Ratzel 1187:Friedrich Ratzel 1178:Friedrich Ratzel 1168:Dimitri Kitsikis 1158:propaganda films 1142:, the second of 1139:The Nazis Strike 1119:Heartland Theory 1063: 1057: 1051: 1045: 1039: 984:warm water ports 739:George F. Kennan 707:Second World War 680:Nuremberg trials 624:Friedrich Ratzel 478: 466: 463:Stephen B. Jones 452: 437: 418: 411:Jakub J. Grygiel 391: 341: 307: 292: 289: 283: 256: 255: 248: 95:, a subfield of 85: 78: 74: 71: 65: 62:inline citations 38: 37: 30: 21: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3306: 3305: 3286: 3285: 3284: 3237: 3233: 3160: 3158:Further reading 3155: 3150: 3146: 3131: 3127: 3120: 3097: 3093: 3086: 3066: 3062: 3055: 3038: 3034: 3029:(XXV): 575–576. 3026:Foreign Affairs 3021: 3017: 3010: 2993: 2982: 2974: 2967: 2956: 2952: 2941: 2926: 2919: 2905: 2876: 2867: 2863: 2848:10.2307/1796597 2824: 2820: 2813: 2796: 2773: 2764: 2763: 2759: 2745: 2736: 2726:Wayback Machine 2716: 2712: 2703: 2701: 2682: 2665: 2658: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2615: 2611: 2602: 2598: 2588:Deiniol Jones, 2587: 2580: 2571: 2570: 2566: 2543:10.2307/2009020 2527: 2523: 2512: 2508: 2501: 2479: 2475: 2468: 2443: 2439: 2432: 2415: 2411: 2401: 2399: 2388: 2384: 2361:10.2307/2125293 2345: 2338: 2311:Current History 2303: 2299: 2265: 2261: 2227: 2223: 2214: 2212: 2195: 2191: 2181: 2179: 2171: 2170: 2166: 2159: 2142: 2138: 2128: 2107: 2103: 2089: 2085: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2059: 2053: 2049: 2037: 2035: 2026: 2025: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2002: 1992: 1988: 1976: 1974: 1965: 1964: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1946: 1942: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1910:Oil geostrategy 1881: 1798:George Friedman 1754: 1677: 1631:Henry Kissinger 1624:Henry Kissinger 1617: 1615:Henry Kissinger 1535: 1492: 1453:Monroe Doctrine 1381: 1338:was a call for 1279: 1262:connected to a 1234:merchant marine 1180: 1072: 1065: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1041: 1037: 975:Turkish Straits 901:Pamir Mountains 877:Isthmus of Suez 867:on either end ( 839:Problem of Asia 807: 795: 777: 703: 688:Edmund A. Walsh 648:Edmund A. Walsh 640: 583: 527: 522: 485: 479: 476: 467: 461: 453: 447:Andrew Gyorgi, 446: 438: 431: 419: 409: 392: 386: 342: 332: 308: 305: 293: 287: 284: 278:or excerpts to 269: 257: 253: 246: 238:war geopolitics 208: 191: 185:geostrategies. 144:human geography 99:, is a type of 86: 75: 69: 66: 51: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3314: 3304: 3303: 3298: 3283: 3282: 3230: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3205: 3198: 3191: 3182: 3175: 3168: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3153: 3144: 3125: 3118: 3091: 3084: 3060: 3053: 3032: 3015: 3008: 2980: 2977:on 2009-03-05. 2950: 2924: 2917: 2874: 2861: 2818: 2811: 2771: 2757: 2734: 2710: 2663: 2656: 2644:(2005-11-29). 2633: 2624: 2609: 2596: 2578: 2564: 2531:World Politics 2521: 2506: 2499: 2473: 2466: 2437: 2430: 2409: 2382: 2355:(4): 347–362. 2336: 2317:(9): 161–165. 2297: 2275:(3): 541–559. 2259: 2237:(3): 251–269. 2221: 2189: 2164: 2157: 2145:Gray, Colin S. 2136: 2126: 2101: 2083: 2047: 2038:|journal= 2005:. S/2001/394. 1994:Report of the 1986: 1977:|journal= 1940: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1862:United States 1860: 1854: 1853: 1852:United States 1850: 1844: 1843: 1840: 1834: 1833: 1832:United States 1830: 1824: 1823: 1822:United States 1820: 1814: 1813: 1810: 1808:Julian Corbett 1804: 1803: 1802:United States 1800: 1794: 1793: 1792:United States 1790: 1784: 1783: 1782:United States 1780: 1774: 1773: 1772:United States 1770: 1764: 1763: 1760: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1711: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1676: 1673: 1639:Nixon Doctrine 1616: 1613: 1566:grand strategy 1534: 1531: 1491: 1488: 1468:Eastern Europe 1438:Austro-Hungary 1384:Karl Haushofer 1380: 1377: 1376: 1375: 1357: 1347: 1333: 1325: 1282:Rudolf Kjellén 1278: 1277:Rudolf Kjellén 1275: 1258:was the land, 1179: 1176: 1127:Karl Haushofer 1071: 1068: 1060: 1054: 1048: 1042: 1036: 979:Danish Straits 940:United Kingdom 920:Russian Empire 909:Yangtze Valley 861: 860: 857: 854:30th parallels 850: 806: 803: 794: 791: 776: 773: 702: 699: 660:Karl Haushofer 639: 636: 628:Rudolf Kjellén 582: 579: 526: 523: 521: 518: 484: 481: 474: 459: 444: 432:Lim Joo-Jock, 429: 407: 384: 330: 303: 295: 294: 288:September 2012 260: 258: 251: 245: 242: 226:Karl Haushofer 221:Wehrgeopolitik 207: 204: 190: 187: 183:Anglo-American 101:foreign policy 88: 87: 70:September 2016 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3313: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3277: 3276:11250/2634876 3272: 3267: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3235: 3231: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3211: 3206: 3203: 3199: 3196: 3192: 3189: 3188: 3183: 3180: 3176: 3173: 3169: 3166: 3162: 3161: 3148: 3141: 3140: 3135: 3129: 3121: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3106: 3101: 3095: 3087: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3072: 3064: 3056: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3036: 3028: 3027: 3019: 3011: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2973: 2966: 2965: 2960: 2954: 2946: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2920: 2914: 2910: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2871: 2865: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2834:(2): 228–36. 2833: 2829: 2822: 2814: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2767: 2766:"이화여자대학교 도서관" 2761: 2753: 2749: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2720: 2714: 2700:on 2001-03-06 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2659: 2653: 2649: 2648: 2643: 2637: 2628: 2621: 2620: 2613: 2606: 2600: 2593: 2592: 2585: 2583: 2574: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2525: 2517: 2510: 2502: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2486: 2477: 2469: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2433: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2413: 2397: 2393: 2386: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2343: 2341: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2301: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2263: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2225: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2193: 2178: 2174: 2168: 2160: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2140: 2133: 2129: 2123: 2118: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2098: 2094: 2087: 2073:on 2004-11-14 2069: 2065: 2058: 2051: 2043: 2030: 2016:on 2004-01-13 2012: 2008: 2001: 1997: 1990: 1982: 1969: 1951: 1944: 1936: 1929: 1925: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1882: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1821: 1819: 1818:Colin S. Gray 1816: 1815: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1805: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1791: 1789: 1788:Saul B. Cohen 1786: 1785: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1734: 1733: 1731: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1719:globalization 1716: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1625: 1621: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1558: 1553: 1552: 1551:Long Telegram 1547: 1539: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1523:communication 1520: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1409: 1407: 1402: 1399: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1317: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1308: 1306: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1240: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1211: 1206: 1205: 1200: 1196: 1188: 1184: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1140: 1135: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1093: 1091: 1090:White Russian 1087: 1082: 1078: 1076: 1034: 1029: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1018:Panama Canals 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 991: 989: 985: 980: 976: 971: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 944:United States 941: 936: 933: 929: 925: 921: 916: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 858: 855: 851: 848: 844: 843: 842: 840: 835: 833: 829: 825: 824: 819: 815: 811: 802: 800: 790: 787: 783: 775:Post-Cold War 772: 770: 769:domino theory 766: 765:Saul B. Cohen 762: 758: 754: 750: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 727: 725: 721: 717: 716: 712: 708: 698: 696: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 672:United States 669: 666:, during the 665: 661: 657: 649: 644: 635: 633: 630:developed an 629: 625: 621: 620: 615: 611: 607: 602: 600: 596: 592: 588: 578: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 537: 532: 517: 514: 510: 506: 501: 498: 494: 490: 473: 464: 458: 450: 443: 435: 428: 427: 416: 412: 406: 403: 402:tous asimuths 398: 390: 383: 381: 377: 374: 370: 366: 363:and maintain 362: 358: 353: 349: 348:United States 339: 335: 329: 327: 323: 319: 315: 302: 291: 281: 277: 273: 267: 266: 261:This section 259: 250: 249: 241: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 222: 217: 213: 203: 201: 196: 186: 184: 180: 176: 172: 167: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 136: 133: 128: 126: 125:Colin S. 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