306:. Gipps was in charge of the construction of public works and had control over a few hundred slaves who were utilised as labourers. He proposed a scheme of removing these labourers from slavery after their work for the government had ceased. However, a minor scandal surfaced. Gipps fathered a child to his slave mistress named Louisa, after which he attempted to purchase her freedom. This scandal prevented the implementation of his plan. This caused an embarrassment to Gipps who returned to England in 1829. He married Elizabeth Ramsay, the daughter of Major-General George Ramsay, RA, in 1830.
1561:
669:
563:. The following year, Gipps implemented the changes with him nominating 12 members, and another 24 being elected by eligible land-holding male citizens of the colony. Although these changes seemed to increase democratic governance in New South Wales, it in fact markedly increased the influence of the wealthy land-holding squatters due to the prerequisite of owning at least £2,000 worth of land in order to be a candidate.
403:
452:
bill also allowed for a longer term 8 year tenancy of a small part of each property, the squatters were infuriated by these restrictions. This storm of protest from the squatters led to the foundation of the
Pastoral Association of New South Wales and added to the already toxic resentment felt toward Gipps by the wealthy colonists which continued until his departure.
214:, large immigration programs and the introduction of majority elected representation also featured strongly during his tenure. Gipps is regarded as having brought a high moral and intellectual standard to the position of governor, but was ultimately defeated in his aims by the increasing power and avarice of the squatters.
660:, Gipps proposed a strong public school system to be funded alongside the denominational system. Although their plan was unresolved during Gipps' tenure, it paved the way for the passing of the National Education Board Act of 1848. This Act established the secular public school system that exists today in New South Wales.
636:, failed and many colonists lost their fortunes. Revenues to fund policies such as the assisted migration scheme dried up and Gipps was forced to borrow large amounts of money to finance government spending. The drought ended in 1843 and the economic recovery was assisted by the new profitable industry of
676:
While being extremely conscientious and fair-dealing in his governorship, Gipps' health was broken down by overwork and the constant invective from the squatters. His appointment had been extended for another two years after the original six, due to the high regard the
Colonial Office held him in. By
619:
Although many squatters disliked Gipps' scheme because it collected tax off them and resulted in a more expensive workers, Gipps was successful in transforming the penal colony toward a free society of worker immigrants with the
European population of New South Wales nearly doubling to 190,000 people
582:
attacked Gipps consistently for his
Aboriginal protection and land policies that worked against their exclusive claims on property. When Gipps was removed from the governorship in 1846, he was the last obstacle to the squattocracy, who were then able to introduce favourable pastoral leasing laws that
451:
Further to this, in April 1844 Gipps introduced legislation that expanded the annual licensing fee for squatters, demanding £10 a year for every station they had taken up. Each property was to be limited to 20 square miles (52 km) with no more than 500 head of cattle and 7000 sheep. Although the
398:
suggesting ways to do this. As
Governor, Gipps was obligated by this report at least to attempt to protect Aboriginals under his jurisdiction. He ordered inquiries into both incidents with the Myall Creek massacre inquiry resulting in a judicial trial that saw seven stockmen being sentenced to death
532:
was completed soon after, which induced the Māori to cede their lands without reservation to the Queen of
England. Gipps openly accused Wentworth of a massive fraud in his attempts to acquire huge tracts of New Zealand land from the Māori. This heightened the fierce enmity between the squatters and
422:
of the colony. Although it provided important documentary evidence of widespread abuses toward
Aboriginal people, the Protectorate suffered from under-funding and financial mismanagement. Despite strong pressure from the squatters in the region to disband the scheme, Gipps kept it going during his
480:
in 1840. This acceleration of invasion of
Aboriginal lands led to even more frontier conflict and massacres during the early 1840s. After feeling the wrath of the squatters around the Myall Creek affair, Gipps was no longer willing or able to make a meaningful intervention into the violence. Well
410:
Gipps attempted twice to introduce legislation that allowed for
Aboriginal evidence to be given in the courts. In 1839, an Act was passed in the NSW legislature but was later vetoed by the British government. In 1844, Gipps tried again but the proposed Aboriginal Evidence Bill was defeated by the
370:
with
Aboriginal people, the rise of semi-elective government, and bitter contests with powerful squatters over land seizure would all create immense difficulties for him. Gipps' salary of £5,000 a year, the highest in the Empire for a colonial governor, was to be hard earned.
521:, had each laid claim to around 8 million hectares which amounted to nearly two thirds of the entire New Zealand land mass. The British government wished to prevent this transaction and declared sovereignty over New Zealand, altering Gipps' jurisdiction as governor by
447:
that enabled the enforcement of the land laws in the frontier regions. The Border Police were also meant to control the violence between the squatters and Aboriginals, but in reality this force were often utilised to kill Aboriginal people in large numbers.
399:
and hanged for the massacre. Although these actions upheld Gipps in the eyes of those concerned for Indigenous protection, the powerful squatters marked him as a dangerous enemy who interfered with their acquisition of vast tracts of Aboriginal land.
611:
labourers. Gipps was indifferent to these ideas and instead promoted the program of paying British and German people to emigrate to the colony. Gipps presided over the implementation of this scheme and, influenced by the pro-immigration colonist
652:
Gipps was a vociferous advocate for a secular government school system and wished to improve the situation in the colony where in 1844 fewer than half of the children received any form of education, whether public or private. With the
435:" spreading outside the "boundaries of location" and to minimise conflict between them and the Aboriginal people who resided in these lands. In 1839, Gipps amended an Act brought in by Governor
559:
In 1842, the British government passed the Constitution Act for New South Wales. This act allowed, for the first time, elected representatives to outnumber those nominated by the Crown in the
202:
for eight years, between 1838 and 1846. His governorship oversaw a tumultuous period where the rights to land were bitterly contested in a three way struggle between the colonial government,
1739:
270:
in 1812 where he was wounded in the arm leading an assault on the fort of La Picurina. He was deployed to other cities in Spain as well as elsewhere in Europe (although he missed the
566:
Although Gipps still had the power of veto, this new legislature made his ability to restrain the squattocracy from their land-grabbing almost impossible. Elected squatters such as
983:
45:
234:, the son of Rev George Gipps and Susannah Bonella Venn. Both his parents were from wealthy families, with his maternal grandfather having been an estate and slave owner in
1729:
342:, Gipps gained a reputation for political negotiation and colonial administration. On returning to England in April 1837, he found that he was promoted to the rank of
366:
in February 1838. He entered into the colony at one of its most turbulent periods during which drought, economic depression, cessation of convict transportation,
1704:
1429:
1047:"No. 27. " An Act further to restrain the unauthorised " occupation of Crown Lands, and to provide " the means of defraying the expense of a " Border Police.""
579:
792:
460:
Despite Gipps' attempts to rein in the squatters, the expansion of the frontiers of British colonisation increased dramatically under his governorship. The
1530:
1366:
1090:
544:, while Gipps retained control only of matters to do with the Imperial Prerogative. This arrangement ended in May 1841, when New Zealand became a
632:
of the early 1840s. Wool prices and land values plummeted while unemployment rose and graziers went bankrupt. Financial institutions such as the
394:
The British government at this time was interested in reducing the exterminatory effects of colonisation on Indigenous peoples, and in 1837 a
439:
three years earlier that attempted to restrain the unauthorised occupation Crown Lands. Gipps' amendment allowed for the formation of the
1608:
1583:
1422:
1219:
1734:
1535:
528:
In 1840, Gipps proclaimed all previous and future land purchases in New Zealand invalid unless they were approved by the Crown. The
338:, to examine grievances against colonial rule there. Although the commission was a complete failure which helped to ignite the 1837
1588:
444:
1515:
560:
331:
1724:
1699:
1415:
1147:
1030:
1520:
476:
in the south was quickly overrun with graziers. Gipps was commemorated during this period of growth through the naming of
1714:
654:
1349:
1296:
1051:
1709:
1550:
1545:
962:
379:
When Gipps arrived in 1838, he was immediately faced with the issue of two major massacres of Aboriginal people: the
323:
493:
were in large part a law unto themselves in how they took up land and how they dealt with the Aboriginal residents.
1540:
1460:
440:
243:
239:
169:
164:
1618:
1240:
757:
741:
677:
the end of this term, Gipps was troubled by breathing difficulties, the cause of which was being misdiagnosed as
907:
384:
727:; and Gipps Street, East Melbourne, Victoria. There are several streets in suburban Sydney named after Gipps.
591:
In the late 1830s the British criminal system was undergoing major reform and as a result, transportation of
20:
685:, to arrive, departing Sydney in July 1846 in poor health. He arrived in England that November, and died at
1638:
1510:
724:
596:
1719:
1438:
1389:
736:
473:
347:
319:
195:
57:
720:
716:
1648:
1344:
1268:
415:
199:
1361:
828:
628:
From Gipps' arrival in the colony there was a devastating three-year drought, which resulted in the
1500:
1399:
682:
367:
102:
1643:
1570:
1447:
514:
501:
In 1839, two groups of British colonists had been attempting to acquire large amounts of land in
380:
267:
1593:
339:
203:
1613:
815:
690:
592:
419:
211:
1200:
1694:
1689:
1525:
1354:
388:
207:
179:
1560:
595:
ceased in 1840. These convicts provided slave labour for the squatters, some of whom like
8:
1008:
Travels of George Augustus Robinson, Chief Protector Port Phillip Aboriginal Protectorate
848:
629:
510:
335:
423:
time as governor. It failed, however, in providing protection to the Aboriginal people.
1465:
668:
571:
529:
414:
Additionally, the British government requested Gipps to oversee the introduction of an
271:
32:
1475:
1143:
1026:
958:
903:
640:, where excess livestock were killed, cut up and placed in huge boiling vats to make
633:
613:
567:
518:
314:
After a few years serving as a commanding engineer for the government in the town of
326:
in 1834. A year later, on Auckland's recommendation, Gipps was knighted and sent to
1668:
923:
796:
575:
291:
1598:
1505:
1480:
1182:
540:
Most of the administration in New Zealand was carried out by Lieutenant-Governor
255:
506:
1653:
1623:
1490:
1455:
1407:
1382:
1340:
1291:
1046:
978:
800:
746:
702:
541:
522:
490:
486:
482:
436:
263:
90:
78:
1263:
1235:
551:
He advanced to the regimental rank of lieutenant colonel on 23 November 1841.
350:. He accepted and was officially appointed to the position on 5 October 1837.
1683:
1628:
1485:
1470:
657:
600:
469:
1663:
1658:
1633:
1578:
706:
637:
608:
545:
534:
432:
343:
327:
1603:
1091:"Aborigines and Pastoral Leases – Imperial and Colonial Policy 1826-1855"
502:
461:
295:
686:
159:
136:
1320:
1218:
Connolly, Thomas William John (1898). Richard Fielding Edwards (ed.).
298:, where he was appointed as Commander of Engineers in the colonies of
751:
712:
583:
entrenched their power and wealth for at least the next fifty years.
477:
431:
One of Gipps' major tasks was to try to bring some control over the "
315:
223:
123:
723:, NSW; Gipps Street, Wellington, New Zealand; Gipps Street, Barton,
586:
537:", swearing "eternal vengeance" against Gipps for his interference.
465:
299:
1221:
Roll of Officers of the Corps of Royal Engineers from 1660 to 1898
1201:"Office of Ordnance, 27th November 1841: Corps of Royal Engineers"
525:
to include both the territory of New South Wales and New Zealand.
616:, funded it through revenue acquired by the sale of Crown Lands.
391:
perpetrated by squatter John Henry Fleming and his ten stockmen.
303:
279:
259:
235:
231:
44:
1140:
A Distant Field of Murder: Western District Frontiers, 1834-1848
395:
678:
641:
604:
402:
359:
275:
1339:
1165:
The Governors: New Zealand's Governors and Governors-General
715:
was named in Gipps' honour by his close friend the explorer
681:
by colonial doctors. Gipps did not wait for his successor,
227:
1740:
People associated with massacres of Indigenous Australians
1187:
An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand, edited by A. H. McLintock
210:. The management of other major issues such as the end of
1325:. Goulburn: Chas. MacAlister Book Publication Committee.
1181:
McLintock, Alexander Hare; Foster, Bernard John (1966).
472:
were opened up to the colonists in the north, while the
1189:. Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatū Taonga.
928:
Centre for the study of the legacies of British slavery
443:, which were paramilitary units controlled by various
383:
perpetrated by Major James Nunn and his detachment of
847:
McCulloch, Samuel. "Gipps, Sir George (1791–1847)".
374:
623:
1730:Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
1207:. No. 20047. 30 November 1841. p. 3094.
587:Immigration and the end of convict transportation
262:before being transferred in 1811 to serve in the
1681:
1437:
533:Gipps, with Wentworth, a leading member of the "
517:, and a consortium of Sydney speculators led by
1180:
1020:
1073:
353:
194:(23 December 1790 – 28 February 1847) was the
1705:British Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
1423:
1005:
1211:
719:. He is also commemorated by Gipps Street,
672:George Gipps memorial, Canterbury Cathedral
1430:
1416:
647:
481:connected colonists and squatters such as
455:
411:squatters in the NSW Legislative Council.
43:
16:British colonial administrator (1790–1847)
1224:. Chatham: The Royal Engineers Institute.
1137:
1118:
1116:
554:
346:and was being considered for the role of
19:For other people named George Gipps, see
1300:. No. 60. 18 July 1843. p. 921
1217:
1088:
952:
893:
891:
667:
401:
318:, Gipps became Private Secretary to the
282:where he was preparing fortifications).
1318:
1176:
1174:
948:
946:
944:
897:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
70:5 October 1837 – 2 August 1846
1682:
1322:Old Pioneering Days in the Sunny South
1162:
1156:
1122:
1113:
1025:. Minerva Australia (published 1993).
561:Legislative Council of New South Wales
396:select committee had produced a report
1411:
1167:. Otago University Press. p. 24.
846:
842:
840:
838:
790:
330:as a Commissioner, together with the
1171:
1006:Robinson, G.A.; Clark, I.D. (2014).
941:
868:
771:
705:, who later became a general in the
663:
593:convicts to mainland New South Wales
426:
222:Gipps was born in December 1790 at
13:
1362:Encyclopaedia of New Zealand entry
1350:Dictionary of Australian Biography
1297:New South Wales Government Gazette
1052:New South Wales Government Gazette
855:Australian Dictionary of Biography
835:
14:
1751:
1333:
603:tried to replace them with cheap
375:Policies toward Aboriginal people
249:
1735:Colony of New South Wales people
1559:
957:. Sydney: Simon & Schuster.
441:Border Police of New South Wales
244:Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
1312:
1284:
1256:
1228:
1193:
1131:
1082:
1067:
758:Historical Records of Australia
742:Governor-General of New Zealand
624:Drought and economic depression
309:
1142:. Melbourne University Press.
1039:
1014:
999:
971:
916:
701:Gipps and his wife had a son,
496:
385:New South Wales Mounted Police
285:
206:and wealthy graziers known as
1:
764:
240:The King's School, Canterbury
217:
165:The King's School, Canterbury
21:George Gipps (disambiguation)
1725:Military personnel from Kent
1700:Governors of New South Wales
1439:Governors of New South Wales
1319:Charles, MacAlister (1907).
1244:. 9 December 1842. p. 3
984:The Melbourne Weekly Courier
609:blackbirded Pacific Islander
445:Commissioners of Crown Lands
258:and was initially posted to
7:
1390:Governor of New South Wales
1055:. 6 April 1839. p. 393
795:. Hobson's Bay Publishing.
737:Governor of New South Wales
730:
354:Governor of New South Wales
348:Governor of New South Wales
320:First Lord of the Admiralty
58:Governor of New South Wales
10:
1756:
1715:People from Dover District
134:28 February 1847 (aged 56)
18:
1568:
1557:
1445:
1396:
1387:
1379:
1374:
1272:. 19 July 1843. p. 2
1269:The Sydney Morning Herald
1074:O'Sullivan, John (1979).
987:. 29 June 1844. p. 3
696:
605:Chinese and Indian coolie
266:. Gipps took part in the
200:Colony of New South Wales
185:
175:
158:
150:
142:
130:
117:
112:
108:
96:
84:
74:
63:
55:
51:
42:
30:
1710:Royal Engineers officers
1089:Reynolds, Henry (1996).
1078:. Rigby. pp. 35–45.
1021:Cannon, Michael (1994).
801:10.4225/03/581fbc79f22ff
683:Charles Augustus FitzRoy
103:Charles Augustus FitzRoy
1138:Critchett, Jan (1992).
1123:Hughes, Robert (1987).
953:Tedeschi, Mark (2016).
898:Milliss, Roger (1992).
793:"Every Inch A Governor"
717:Paweł Edmund Strzelecki
648:Education in the colony
515:Edward Gibbon Wakefield
505:by duping the resident
464:region (later known as
456:Expansion of the colony
416:Aboriginal Protectorate
381:Waterloo Creek massacre
1163:McLean, Gavin (2006).
1023:Black Land, White Land
823:Cite journal requires
673:
555:Elected representation
407:
340:Lower Canada Rebellion
290:In 1824 he joined the
274:due to his posting in
254:In 1809 he joined the
212:convict transportation
170:Royal Military Academy
1367:Every Inch a Governor
1355:Angus & Robertson
1292:"Legislative Council"
1264:"Legislative Council"
1236:"New South Wales Act"
1076:Mounted Police in NSW
979:"Legislative Council"
955:Murder at Myall Creek
902:. Ringwood: Penguin.
703:Reginald Ramsay Gipps
693:on 28 February 1847.
671:
474:Portland Bay District
420:Port Phillip District
405:
238:. He was educated at
154:Reginald Ramsay Gipps
791:Gipps, John (2016).
389:Myall Creek massacre
1400:Sir Charles FitzRoy
1375:Government offices
1183:"Gipps, Sir George"
630:economic depression
511:New Zealand Company
336:Charles Edward Grey
1720:People from Sydney
1308:– via Trove.
1280:– via Trove.
1252:– via Trove.
1205:The London Gazette
1127:. London: Collins.
1063:– via Trove.
995:– via Trove.
674:
572:Hannibal Macarthur
548:in its own right.
530:Treaty of Waitangi
408:
294:and served in the
272:Battle of Waterloo
33:Lieutenant Colonel
1677:
1676:
1406:
1405:
1397:Succeeded by
1149:978-0-522-84527-3
1032:978-1-86330-315-6
664:Return to England
634:Bank of Australia
614:John Dunmore Lang
568:William Wentworth
519:William Wentworth
368:frontier conflict
358:Gipps arrived in
204:Aboriginal people
189:
188:
180:Military engineer
1747:
1563:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1409:
1408:
1380:Preceded by
1372:
1371:
1358:
1327:
1326:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1178:
1169:
1168:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1120:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1095:UNSW Law Journal
1086:
1080:
1079:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1003:
997:
996:
994:
992:
975:
969:
968:
950:
939:
938:
936:
934:
920:
914:
913:
895:
866:
865:
863:
861:
850:Sir George Gipps
844:
833:
832:
826:
821:
819:
811:
809:
807:
788:
655:Attorney-General
576:Richard Windeyer
427:Land managements
406:Sir George Gipps
292:Colonial Service
268:Siege of Badajoz
192:Sir George Gipps
146:Elizabeth Ramsay
121:23 December 1790
113:Personal details
99:
87:
68:
47:
37:Sir George Gipps
28:
27:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1564:
1555:
1441:
1436:
1402:
1393:
1385:
1345:"Gipps, George"
1341:Serle, Percival
1336:
1331:
1330:
1317:
1313:
1303:
1301:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1245:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1216:
1212:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1179:
1172:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1136:
1132:
1125:The Fatal Shore
1121:
1114:
1104:
1102:
1087:
1083:
1072:
1068:
1058:
1056:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1019:
1015:
1004:
1000:
990:
988:
977:
976:
972:
965:
951:
942:
932:
930:
924:"Rev John Venn"
922:
921:
917:
910:
896:
869:
859:
857:
845:
836:
824:
822:
813:
812:
805:
803:
789:
772:
767:
733:
699:
666:
650:
626:
597:James Macarthur
589:
557:
499:
458:
429:
377:
356:
332:Earl of Gosford
312:
288:
256:Royal Engineers
252:
220:
198:of the British
168:
135:
126:, Kent, England
122:
97:
85:
69:
64:
38:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1753:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1566:
1565:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1443:
1442:
1435:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1412:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1395:
1386:
1383:Richard Bourke
1381:
1377:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1335:
1334:External links
1332:
1329:
1328:
1311:
1283:
1255:
1241:The Australian
1227:
1210:
1192:
1170:
1155:
1148:
1130:
1112:
1081:
1066:
1038:
1031:
1013:
998:
970:
963:
940:
915:
908:
900:Waterloo Creek
867:
834:
825:|journal=
769:
768:
766:
763:
762:
761:
754:
749:
747:William Hobson
744:
739:
732:
729:
698:
695:
665:
662:
649:
646:
625:
622:
588:
585:
580:William Foster
556:
553:
542:William Hobson
523:Letters Patent
498:
495:
491:Arthur Hodgson
487:Patrick Leslie
483:Angus McMillan
457:
454:
437:Richard Bourke
428:
425:
376:
373:
355:
352:
311:
308:
287:
284:
264:Peninsular War
251:
250:Peninsular War
248:
219:
216:
187:
186:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
162:
156:
155:
152:
148:
147:
144:
140:
139:
132:
128:
127:
119:
115:
114:
110:
109:
106:
105:
100:
94:
93:
91:Richard Bourke
88:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
61:
60:
53:
52:
49:
48:
40:
39:
36:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1752:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1401:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1324:
1323:
1315:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1259:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1175:
1166:
1159:
1151:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1126:
1119:
1117:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1077:
1070:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1042:
1034:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1009:
1002:
986:
985:
980:
974:
966:
964:9781925456264
960:
956:
949:
947:
945:
929:
925:
919:
911:
905:
901:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
856:
852:
851:
843:
841:
839:
830:
817:
802:
798:
794:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
770:
760:
759:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
734:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
708:
704:
694:
692:
689:of a massive
688:
684:
680:
670:
661:
659:
658:John Plunkett
656:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
621:
617:
615:
610:
606:
602:
601:Benjamin Boyd
598:
594:
584:
581:
577:
573:
569:
564:
562:
552:
549:
547:
543:
538:
536:
531:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
494:
492:
488:
484:
479:
475:
471:
470:Darling Downs
467:
463:
453:
449:
446:
442:
438:
434:
424:
421:
417:
412:
404:
400:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
372:
369:
365:
361:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
324:Lord Auckland
321:
317:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
247:
245:
242:, and at the
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
184:
181:
178:
174:
171:
166:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
138:
133:
129:
125:
120:
116:
111:
107:
104:
101:
95:
92:
89:
83:
80:
77:
73:
67:
62:
59:
54:
50:
46:
41:
34:
29:
26:
22:
1495:
1388:
1348:
1321:
1314:
1302:. Retrieved
1295:
1286:
1274:. Retrieved
1267:
1258:
1246:. Retrieved
1239:
1230:
1220:
1213:
1204:
1195:
1186:
1164:
1158:
1139:
1133:
1124:
1103:. Retrieved
1098:
1094:
1084:
1075:
1069:
1057:. Retrieved
1050:
1041:
1022:
1016:
1007:
1001:
989:. Retrieved
982:
973:
954:
931:. Retrieved
927:
918:
899:
858:. Retrieved
854:
849:
816:cite journal
804:. Retrieved
756:
711:
707:British Army
700:
691:heart attack
675:
651:
638:boiling down
627:
618:
590:
565:
558:
550:
546:Crown Colony
539:
535:squattocracy
527:
507:Māori people
500:
459:
450:
433:squattocracy
430:
413:
409:
393:
378:
364:Upton Castle
363:
357:
328:Lower Canada
313:
310:Lower Canada
289:
253:
221:
191:
190:
98:Succeeded by
65:
25:
1695:1847 deaths
1690:1790 births
503:New Zealand
497:New Zealand
462:Moreton Bay
362:aboard the
296:West Indies
286:West Indies
86:Preceded by
1684:Categories
1589:Strickland
1584:Chelmsford
1571:Federation
1531:Carrington
1448:Federation
1394:1838–1846
1353:. Sydney:
909:0869141562
765:References
687:Canterbury
468:) and the
387:, and the
218:Early life
176:Profession
160:Alma mater
137:Canterbury
1624:Northcott
1619:Wakehurst
1551:Beauchamp
1476:Macquarie
752:Gippsland
713:Gippsland
620:by 1846.
513:, led by
478:Gippsland
316:Sheerness
224:Ringwould
208:squatters
124:Ringwould
66:In office
1649:Sinclair
1629:Woodward
1614:Anderson
1599:De Chair
1594:Davidson
1521:Robinson
1481:Brisbane
1343:(1949).
1304:30 March
1276:30 March
1248:30 March
1105:28 March
1101:(2): 327
1059:28 March
991:31 March
933:27 March
860:30 March
806:27 March
731:See also
721:Waverley
466:Brisbane
334:and Sir
300:Demerara
196:Governor
151:Children
79:Victoria
56:9th
1669:Beazley
1654:Samuels
1639:Rowland
1546:Hampden
1516:Belmore
1506:Denison
1501:FitzRoy
1486:Darling
1456:Phillip
1446:Before
418:in the
304:Berbice
280:Belgium
260:Ireland
236:Jamaica
232:England
75:Monarch
1664:Hurley
1659:Bashir
1644:Martin
1634:Cutler
1609:Gowrie
1579:Rawson
1569:After
1536:Jersey
1526:Loftus
1491:Bourke
1461:Hunter
1146:
1029:
961:
906:
697:Legacy
679:asthma
642:tallow
509:. The
360:Sydney
276:Ostend
143:Spouse
1511:Young
1496:Gipps
1471:Bligh
344:major
167:, and
1604:Game
1541:Duff
1466:King
1306:2022
1278:2022
1250:2022
1144:ISBN
1107:2022
1061:2022
1027:ISBN
993:2022
959:ISBN
935:2022
904:ISBN
862:2022
829:help
808:2022
599:and
578:and
489:and
302:and
228:Kent
131:Died
118:Born
797:doi
725:ACT
607:or
1686::
1347:.
1294:.
1266:.
1238:.
1203:.
1185:.
1173:^
1115:^
1099:19
1097:.
1093:.
1049:.
981:.
943:^
926:.
870:^
853:.
837:^
820::
818:}}
814:{{
773:^
709:.
644:.
574:,
570:,
485:,
322:,
278:,
246:.
230:,
226:,
1431:e
1424:t
1417:v
1357:.
1152:.
1109:.
1035:.
1010:.
967:.
937:.
912:.
864:.
831:)
827:(
810:.
799::
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
